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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RqjWnNZjF9wVQ6KRVPsNyhM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Spectral Analysis Related to Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting
               Coronary Stent Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Greco</surname>
            <given-names>Otaviano Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Divin&#243;polis, MG -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Belo Horizonte; Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus,
               Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold>, Faculdade de
               Medicina da UFMG - Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Postal Code
               30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>138</fpage>
      <lpage>145</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in cardiovascular regulation;
                  sympathetic activation occurs during myocardial ischemia. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the spectral analysis of heart rate variability during stent
                  implantation, comparing the types of stent. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 61 patients (mean age, 64.0 years; 35 men) with ischemic heart
                  disease and indication for stenting. Stent implantation was performed under Holter
                  monitoring to record the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (Fourier
                  transform), measuring the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components,
                  and the LF/HF ratio before and during the procedure. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Bare-metal stent was implanted in 34 patients, while the others received
                  drug-eluting stents. The right coronary artery was approached in 21 patients, the
                  left anterior descending, in 28, and the circumflex, in 9. As compared with the
                  pre-stenting period, all patients showed an increase in LF and HF during stent
                  implantation (658 versus 185 ms2, p = 0.00; 322 versus 121, p = 0.00,
                  respectively), with no change in LF/HF. During stent implantation, LF was 864 ms2
                  in patients with bare-metal stents, and 398 ms2 in those with drug-eluting stents
                  (p = 0.00). The spectral analysis of heart rate variability showed no association
                  with diabetes mellitus, family history, clinical presentation, beta-blockers, age,
                  and vessel or its segment. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Stent implantation resulted in concomitant sympathetic and vagal activations.
                  Diabetes mellitus, use of beta-blockers, and the vessel approached showed no
                  influence on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Sympathetic
                  activation was lower during the implantation of drug-eluting stents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Spectrum Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="7"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is used for patients with coronary artery
            disease (CAD) and critical obstructive lesion to improve symptoms and increase
               survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Two types of stent can be implanted: bare-metal stents and the
            drug-eluting stents. The later have a lower stenosis rate, but are more expensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. They were used in 75% of the PCI procedures in
            the United States in 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sympathetic activation occurs during myocardial ischemia, which, along with coronary
            reperfusion, also cause excitation of cardiac vagal nerve endings and activation of the
            Bezold-Jarisch reflex, resulting in bradycardia and hypotension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Studies have been performed to assess the hypothesis that
            balloon-catheter coronary angioplasty and its associated transient myocardial ischemia
            cause changes in neural circulatory control. In a study with 23 patients with angina,
            coronary artery balloon occlusion caused sympathetic activation, which was attenuated by
            cardiac sympathetic denervation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Other studies
            have shown that, in 70 patients exposed to a mean 110-second coronary occlusion, 41%
            showed no change in heart rate, while 24% showed a decrease in vagal tone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. There was an association of heart rate variability (HRV) with the
            incidence of ventricular tachycardia during coronary angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, as well as with the increase in sympathetic tone and vagal
            sympathetic balance in half of the patients, 80 seconds after coronary balloon
               inflation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Indicators of sympathetic
            activation and vagal depression identify restenosis after PCI, showing differences in
            autonomic cardiovascular regulation after the procedure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation, vasomotor
            dysfunction has been reported two weeks after acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, attributed to possible inflammatory reaction,
            although its lower restenosis rate has been well established<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In stable patients with CAD, a HRV reduction has been associated
            with an increase in systemic inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.
            There are no studies assessing the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of patients undergoing
            coronary stent implantation and comparing the types of stents implanted. Those are the
            objectives of the present study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective, longitudinal, observational study including 61 patients aged 18
            years and older, of both sexes, and diagnosed with CAD. Those patients received
            indication for coronary stent implantation and originated from the Cardiac
            Catheterization Service of the Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus, in the city of Divin&#243;polis,
            Minas Gerais state. Patients with the following characteristics were excluded: pregnant
            women; coexisting conditions that could affect the spectral analysis of HRV, such as
            atrial fibrillation, pacemaker rhythm, use of antiarrhythmic drugs (except
            beta-blocker), and heart failure; and previous cardiac transplantation. The indication
            for either coronary stent implantation or clinical treatment was determined by the
            attending physicians and according to established guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The research project was approved by the Committees on Ethics and Research of the
            Federal University of Minas Gerais and of the Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus. The patients
            were invited to participate in the study at the time of their medical care, and their
            inclusion was performed consecutively, from February 2009 to June 2011. After accepting
            the invitation and providing written informed consent, the patients underwent clinical
            assessment, electrocardiography and PCI, which was performed by the same professional,
            and consisted of stent implantation under digital Holter monitoring. Three-channel DMS
            300-7 Holter recorder (modified V1 and V5, and D3 leads), version 1.0, was used for the
            spectral analysis of HRV. That spectral analysis was based on the mathematical model of
            Fourier transformation, after strict manual edition of the recordings, with elimination
            of artifacts and correction of arrhythmias. The following measurements were taken:
            low-frequency (LF) components, representing mainly the sympathetic system;
            high-frequency (HF) components, representing the parasympathetic system; and LF/HF
               ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The spectral analysis of HRV was
            performed with the patient in the supine position, 5-10 minutes before PCI (baseline)
            and during stent implantation; the time considered was that from coronary artery
            occlusion, during endoprosthesis implantation, added up to five minutes, because the
            analysis was determined with that minimum recording time by the program. In addition,
            another spectral analysis of HRV was obtained five minutes after the procedure ended.
            The results of the analysis were expressed in absolute units (ms<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the PCI technique, femoral arterial access was preferred, and, when not
            available, radial arterial access was used. Patients were sedated with benzodiazepines
            one hour before the procedure. Multiple projections of radiographic images of the major
            epicardial vessels to be approached were acquired. A 0.014'' guidewire was advanced and
            positioned distal to the target lesion. The size and diameter of the balloon and stent
            were visually estimated based on the subjective analysis of the catheterization lab
            physician, using the diameter of the guidewire as reference or quantitative angiography.
            The balloon catheter, in the pre-dilatation technique, or directly the stent, in the
            technique of direct endoprosthesis implantation, was positioned at the level of the
            target lesion, under fluoroscopy. Coronary occlusion had a mean duration of 60 seconds,
            and was performed according to the high-pressure implantation technique (&gt; 12 atm).
            Additional inflations, called post-dilatation, were performed in some cases, aiming at
            optimizing the initial results. The procedures were performed under invasive blood
            pressure monitoring, electrocardiographic recording, and oxygen saturation monitoring.
            Precordial pain was assessed based on its severity, according to Smokler's numerical
            scale, being classified as mild, moderate, moderately severe and maximally severe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software, version 14.0, was used
            for statistical analysis. The results of categorical variables were expressed as numbers
            and proportions, and those of continuous variables, as measures of central tendency
            (mean and median) and dispersion. The Mann-Whitney and chi-square or Fisher tests, when
            appropriate, were used to compare the differences between quantitative continuous
            variables and qualitative or categorical variables (nominal or ordinal), respectively.
            The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the periods (before, during and after coronary
            occlusion) of the spectral analysis components. For comparing more than two groups,
            Kruskal-Wallis test was used. To assess the correlation between continuous variables,
            Pearson coefficient was used. The 0.05-level was established for rejecting the null
            hypothesis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General characteristics of the case series</title>
        <p>The mean age of the patients was 64.0 &#177; 10.6 years, and 35 (57.4%) were men.
               Regarding the clinical presentation, 21 patients (34.4%) had stable angina, while 32
               (52.5%) had unstable angina, eight of whom (13.1%) one week after acute myocardial
               infarction, and none of them had any ischemia episode for at least seven days. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical variables.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patients' clinical characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>Standard deviation</th>
                <th>Minimum value</th>
                <th>Maximum value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td>64.0</td>
                <td align="center">10.6</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBP (mm Hg)</td>
                <td>138.1</td>
                <td align="center">20.6</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP (mm Hg)</td>
                <td>84.6</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                <td>71.2</td>
                <td align="center">13.3</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RR (bpm)</td>
                <td>18.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>25.9</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
                <td align="center">18.4</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HR: heart rate; RR: respiratory rate; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic
                        blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The distribution of risk factors was as follows: systemic arterial hypertension, 56
               patients (91.8%); diabetes mellitus, 13 (21.3%); smoking, 20 (32.8%); positive family
               history of CAD, 21 (34.4%); and dyslipidemia, 27 (44.3%).</p>
        <p>The medications used were as follows: acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, all
               patients; beta-blockers, 44 (72.1%); calcium channel blockers, 12 (19.7%);
               angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, 27 (44.2%); and angiotensin receptor
               blocker, 21 (34.4%). Of the diabetic patients studied (21.3%), only six used
               intermediate-acting insulin.</p>
        <p>All patients had sinus rhythm before the procedure. The mean heart rate was 71 &#177; 13.3
               bpm (range, 49-120 bpm). Six patients (9.8%) had right bundle-branch block; five
               (8.2%), left bundle-branch block; and one (1.6%), left anterior hemiblock. Three
               patients (4.9%) had arrhythmias, as follows: two patients had atrial fibrillation
               with spontaneous reversion; one patient had transient Mobitz type 2 second-degree
               atrioventricular block.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients' variables related to the procedure</title>
        <p>Thirty-four patients (55.7%) underwent bare-metal stent implantation, and the others,
               sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Pre-dilatation was performed in 39 patients
               (63.9%), and post-dilatation in 33 (54.1%). The coronary arteries approached were as
               follows: right, 21 patients (34.4%); anterior descending, 28 (45.9%); circumflex, 9
               (14.8%); and left main coronary artery, 3 (4.9%). In 40 patients (65.6%), the
               proximal segment of the vessel was the target of the procedure. Precordial pain
               during stent implantation was reported as follows: no pain, 29 patients (47.5%); mild
               pain, 17 (27.9%); moderate pain, 7 (11.5%); moderately severe pain, 2; maximally
               severe pain, 1 patient. Four patients required a second vessel to be approached.
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the hemodynamic variables
               and those of the procedure.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic variables and of the percutaneous coronary intervention
                     procedure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>Standard deviation</th>
                <th>Minimum value</th>
                <th>Maximum value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Occlusion time (min)</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Balloon diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.44</td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Balloon length (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">17.7</td>
                <td align="center">4.03</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ATM</td>
                <td align="center">12.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">2.25</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">23.6</td>
                <td align="center">6.21</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent occlusion time (min)</td>
                <td align="center">1.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ATM of the stent</td>
                <td align="center">16.0</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of stents</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Occlusion time in post-dilatation</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ATM: pressure during balloon inflation in atmospheres; ATM of the stent:
                        pressure during stent implantation in atmospheres; min: minutes; mm:
                        millimeters; occlusion time: duration of coronary occlusion in
                        pre-dilatation; stent occlusion time: duration of coronary occlusion during
                        stent implantation; occlusion time in post-dilatation: duration of coronary
                        occlusion in post-dilatation with balloon.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability related to the procedure</title>
        <p>The values shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tables 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>
               were obtained by use of spectral analysis. Non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to
               compare the values of the spectral analysis components before, during and after stent
               implantation, considering the first stent and the vessel. As shown in those tables,
               there was an increase in the LF and HF components during stent implantation, and a
               reduction after that. The logarithmic transformation of those components was
               performed, and the same <italic>p</italic> value was obtained.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability before and during stent
                     implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Before (mean)</th>
                <th>During (mean)</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">185.7</td>
                <td align="center">658.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">121.8</td>
                <td align="center">322.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">9.6</td>
                <td align="center">12.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.098</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HF: high-frequency component of HRV; LF: low-frequency component of HRV;
                        HRV: heart rate variability.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability before and after stent
                     implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Before</th>
                <th>After</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">185.7</td>
                <td align="center">220.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.771</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">121.8</td>
                <td align="center">114.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">9.6</td>
                <td align="center">14.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.165</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HF: high-frequency component of HRV; LF: low-frequency component of HRV;
                        HRV: heart rate variability.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability during and after stent
                     implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>During</th>
                <th>After</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">658.4</td>
                <td align="center">220.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">322.8</td>
                <td align="center">114 .0</td>
                <td align="center">0.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">12.2</td>
                <td align="center">14.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.675</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HF: high-frequency component of HRV; LF: low-frequency component of HRV;
                        HRV: heart rate variability.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the association and correlation between variables</title>
        <p>The spectral analysis of HRV before stent implantation showed no association with the
               following: presence of diabetes mellitus; family history; CAD presentation;
               beta-blocker use; age; vessel approached or its segment. That analysis used the
               Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and the results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between the variables and spectral analysis related to stent
                     implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th>LF/HF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>DM present</td>
                <td align="center">231.7</td>
                <td align="center">129.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM absent</td>
                <td align="center">173.2</td>
                <td align="center">119.9</td>
                <td align="center">10.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FH present</td>
                <td align="center">214.7</td>
                <td align="center">127.8</td>
                <td align="center">9.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FH absent</td>
                <td align="center">170.5</td>
                <td align="center">118.7</td>
                <td align="center">9.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CAD clinical presentation</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stable angina</td>
                <td align="center">206.7</td>
                <td align="center">127.6</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">166.3</td>
                <td align="center">116.6</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Post-AMI</td>
                <td align="center">211.1</td>
                <td align="center">127.7</td>
                <td align="center">9.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Use of BB</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Present</td>
                <td align="center">653.8</td>
                <td align="center">369.4</td>
                <td align="center">17.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Absent</td>
                <td align="center">670.0</td>
                <td align="center">202.0</td>
                <td align="center">10.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vessel approached</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left coronary artery</td>
                <td align="center">201</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Right coronary artery</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">9.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Proximal segment of the vessel</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">117.2</td>
                <td align="center">10.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medial segment of the vessel</td>
                <td align="center">253.5</td>
                <td align="center">128.4</td>
                <td align="center">8.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p value</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BB: beta-blocker; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH:
                        family history; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: high-frequency
                        component of HRV; LF: low-frequency component of HRV.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding the type of stent (bare-metal or drug-eluting), no association with the
               following was observed: sex; diabetes mellitus; positive family history; CAD
               presentation; pain scale; and vessel approached. The chi-square test was used. The
               proportions of patients undergoing bare-metal and drug-eluting stent implantation
               with diabetes mellitus and on beta-blockers were 15% and 29%, and 68% and 78%,
               respectively. By using the Mann-Whitney test, no influence of age was observed on the
               following: blood pressure levels; heart rate, body mass index; and stent type.</p>
        <p>Comparing the spectral analysis of HRV according to the type of stent, the
               differential of the magnitude of the alteration in the LF and HF components, during
               and before stent implantation, was similar between the groups of patients undergoing
               bare-metal and drug-eluting stenting. However, when using univariate analysis
               (Mann-Whitney test), the LF component during stent implantation was significantly
               greater in the group of patients undergoing bare-metal stenting (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 7</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spectral analysis of heart rate variability according to the type of
                     stent</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables / stent type</th>
                <th>Bare-metal</th>
                <th>Drug-eluting</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF during stent implantation (ms<sup>2</sup> )</td>
                <td align="center">864.5</td>
                <td align="center">398.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>&#916; difference in the values of HRV components between 'during' and 'before'
                        stent implantation; HF: high-frequency component of HRV; LF: low-frequency
                        component of HRV.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pearson coefficient between age and spectral analysis of HRV during stent
               implantation was 0.07 (p = 0.55) for the LF component, 0.13 (p = 0.29) for the HF
               component, and -0.10 (p = 0.40) for the LF/HF ratio. In addition, when applying the
               Pearson coefficient, the spectral analysis of HRV during the procedure showed no
               correlation with the following: blood pressure levels; heart rate; respiratory rate;
               duration of occlusion; characteristics of the balloon and of the stent; and the
               hemodynamic variables of PCI.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Recent studies, assessing the ANS of patients after acute myocardial infarction or with
            acute ischemic chest pain by use of HRV, have identified, in addition to T-wave
               <italic>alternans</italic> and heart rate turbulence, those at high risk for fatal
            arrhythmic events and other complications; in addition, they have reported that the
            autonomic dysfunction or inadequate recovery of HRV after acute ischemia is an important
            predictor of adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The importance of HRV analysis during coronary
            artery stent implantation has not been investigated, but this study showed sympathetic
            and parasympathetic activation of different magnitudes during that endoprosthesis
            implantation. In addition, and avoiding biases, no influence of the variables reported
            in the literature as capable of altering HRV, such as age, sex, respiratory cycle, blood
            pressure levels, use of medications and conditions resulting in autonomic dysfunction,
            was observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Such finding can be explained by the fact that the reduction in
            HRV, mainly of the parasympathetic nervous system, occurs after the age of 50 years and
            with no difference between the sexes after the age of 60 years. The patients in the
            present study had a mean age of 64 years and an almost equal distribution of sexes. The
            general characteristics of this case series, such as mean age, proportion of male
            patients and risk factors for CAD, are in accordance with those in the literature,
            except for the higher proportion of systemic arterial hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>To avoid other interpretation biases, patients using antiarrhythmic drugs were excluded
            from the present study. However, because of their need to use beta-blockers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in that population with ischemic
            heart disease, those conditions were not excluded, and statistical treatment was
            performed, demonstrating no influence of those variables in the ANS behavior. In
            addition to the fact that most patients were on beta-blockers and 21.3% of them had
            diabetes mellitus, a similar proportion of patients with those conditions was observed
            in the groups undergoing bare-metal and drug-eluting stent implantation.</p>
      <p>The studies on spectral analysis of HRV and acute coronary occlusion have not assessed
            the relationship between the ANS and the atherosclerotic disease location in coronary
               arteries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Hayano et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have
            reported an association between the reduction in cardiac vagal function and the
            angiographic severity of the coronary lesion, but no relationship with previous
            myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic disease location and ventricular function. Moore
            et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, however, have demonstrated that
            decreasing LF spectral power, measured in ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz, was independently
            associated with proximal right coronary artery stenosis greater than 75%, explaining
            that finding by the fact that such coronary artery is responsible for the sinus node
            supply, which would influence HRV. The present study showed no association between the
            vessel affected or its segment and spectral analysis, but a similar proportion of
            coronary impairment, as in the previously cited study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, and no heart failure findings among patients.</p>
      <p>Regarding the spectral analysis of HRV during myocardial ischemia, Manfrini et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have reported sympathetic activation during
            spontaneous episodes of myocardial ischemia, with an increase in the LF/HF ratio; the
            opposite occurred during balloon-induced coronary occlusion, with a decrease in that
            ratio, in 14 patients with indication for coronary angioplasty. The severity of chest
            pain, the magnitude of the ST-T segment change and the coronary location were comparable
            between the spontaneous and balloon-induced forms of ischemia. The opposite response
            during balloon occlusion is attributed to baroreflex activity. Thus, spontaneous
            ischemia was accompanied by mechanisms that ignore vagal reaction or was secondary to
            them, which has not occurred during balloon occlusion.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery occlusion can trigger several neural responses. Some are secondary to
            coronary mechanoreceptors, and others are due to stimulation of ventricular
            mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. The stimulation of mechanoreceptors can result from
            both an increase in coronary perfusion pressure and the stretch stimulus of the vessel
            wall, and can induce a decrease in the sympathetic reflex impulse. Conversely, the
            myocardial blood flow reduction and the ischemia resulting from coronary occlusion can
            stimulate those receptors and chemoreceptors, and increase activity in sympathetic
            efferent axons that excite the heart. The vagal fibers seem to exert a small action or
            none at all. Thus, in balloon-induced coronary occlusion, there is vagal predominance,
            which can represent a beneficial adaptive mechanism to increase coronary blood flow
            during myocardial ischemia. Conversely, when coronary perfusion is deficient, an
            increase in sympathetic activity occurs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. In the present
            study, an increase in the LF and HF components was observed, with no significant change
            in the LF/HF ratio, during stent implantation, as compared with the values of those
            variables before and after the procedure. Thus, we infer that coronary occlusion with
            stent implantation caused a predominance of parasympathetic activity via coronary
            baroreceptor stimuli in response to the stretch stimulus that follows balloon dilatation
            and endoprosthesis implantation. The reduction in myocardial perfusion related to the
            procedure-induced occlusion led to sympathetic activation.</p>
      <p>The literature lacks studies assessing the spectral analysis of HRV in patients
            undergoing coronary stent implantation and studies comparing between the types of stent.
            Some studies assessing the autonomic alterations related to stent implantation for the
            treatment of carotid atherosclerotic disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> have detected an
            increase in the HF component and a decrease in the LF component of systolic blood
            pressure variability.</p>
      <p>Thus, our results cannot be compared with those of studies on heart rate variability of
            patients undegoing coronary stenting, but only with those whose patients underwent
            coronary angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Those studies have also demonstrated the dynamic pattern of HRV. However,
            the results are not homogeneous, showing an increase in the LF component during balloon
            inflation in half of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, an increase
            in the HF component in 34% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and
            a decrease in the LF/HF ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In addition to
            different case series, with patients with spontaneous angina and/or submitted to
            coronary angioplasty, and different numbers of patients (14, 70 and 14, respectively),
            the methodology is also different, and not all HRV components have been always measured.
            The greater sympathetic activation during bare-metal stent implantation cannot be
            attributed to the anatomical characteristics of the stent or of the balloon, or even to
            the hemodynamic variables, because no statistical difference was observed. The
            endothelium-dependent vasomotor response, occurring hours after stent implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and mainly related to first-generation stents,
            was not assessed to explain that sympathetic response. Stent implantation triggers
            several biological responses, such as prosthesis-induced lesion, thrombus formation,
            inflammation and smooth-muscle cell proliferation, resulting in vasomotor
               dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. However, those responses are observed within 15-28 days, and the
            precise mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction remain unknown. The findings can have
            implications for the development of more appropriate prostheses, minimizing
            smooth-muscle cell proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. In the
            present study, HRV analysis was performed concomitantly with stent implantation, when
            those biological responses would not have been triggered. Experimental and clinical
            studies are required to clarify the vascular changes, which cannot be attributed only to
            acute stent-induced lesion.</p>
      <p>The study limitations are related to the small number of patients in each group,
            according to the type of stent and the vessel approached. In addition, the influence of
            ventricular function and of inflammation biomarkers was not assessed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Coronary occlusion due to stent implantation resulted in sympathetic activation and
            concomitant vagal activation. The following variables showed no influence on HRV
            spectral analysis: sex; age; diabetes mellitus; blood pressure levels; respiratory rate;
            use of beta-blockers; and vessel approached or its segment. A higher increase in the LF
            component was observed during bare-metal stent implantation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research e Statistical analysis: Silva RMFL; Acquisition
               of data: Silva CAB, Greco OJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva RMFL,
               Silva CAB, Greco OJ, Moreira MCV; Writing of the manuscript: Silva RMFL, Silva CAB,
               Greco OJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva RMFL,
               Moreira MCV.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Augusto Bueno Silva,
               from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">An&#225;lise Espectral Relacionada ao Implante de Stent
               Coronariano Convencional e Farmacol&#243;gico</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          </name>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
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        </contrib>
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Divin&#243;polis, MG -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Belo Horizonte; Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus,
               Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold>, Faculdade de
               Medicina da UFMG - Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246, Santa Efig&#234;nia, CEP 30130-100,
               Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo tem papel central na regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular,
                  ocorrendo uma ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (AE) durante o implante de
                  stent, comparando os tipos de stent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 61 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 64 anos), 35 homens, com cardiopatia
                  isqu&#234;mica e indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de stent. O implante foi feito sob monitoramento
                  pelo Holter para o registro da AE (transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier), com medidas dos
                  componentes LF (baixa frequ&#234;ncia), HF (alta frequ&#234;ncia) e rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, antes e
                  durante o procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Implante de stent convencional feito em 34 pacientes; nos demais, farmacol&#243;gico. A
                  coron&#225;ria abordada foi a direita em 21 pacientes, a descendente anterior em 28, a
                  circunflexa em nove. Houve aumento do LF e do HF durante o implante em todos os
                  pacientes, comparando-se com o per&#237;odo antes do implante (658 versus 185 ms2, p =
                  0,00, para LF; 322 versus 121 ms2, p = 0,00, para HF, respectivamente), sem
                  altera&#231;&#227;o da LF/HF. LF durante o implante foi de 864 ms2 nos pacientes com stent
                  convencional e de 398 com farmacol&#243;gico (p = 0,00). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
                  AE e a presen&#231;a de diabetes, hist&#243;ria familiar, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, uso de
                  betabloqueador (BB), idade, vaso ou seu segmento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O implante de stent resultou em ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e concomitante ativa&#231;&#227;o vagal.
                  N&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia do quadro de diabetes, uso de BB e vaso sobre a AE. Houve
                  menor ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante o implante de stent farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Espectral</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; utilizado para pacientes
               com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), com les&#227;o obstrutiva cr&#237;tica, para melhora dos
               sintomas e aumento da sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. H&#225; dois tipos de
               stent para o implante - o de metal e o farmacol&#243;gico. Este &#250;ltimo apresenta menor
               taxa de estenose, apesar de ser mais dispendioso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>; foi utilizado em 75% dos procedimentos de ICP em 2010, nos Estados
                  Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Durante a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, por&#233;m a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e a
               reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria provocam tamb&#233;m excita&#231;&#227;o das termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas card&#237;acas
               vagais e ativa&#231;&#227;o do reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch, resultando em bradicardia e
                  hipotens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Foram realizados estudos para
               verificar a hip&#243;tese de que a angioplastia coronariana com cateter-bal&#227;o e a isquemia
               mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria associada produzem mudan&#231;as no controle circulat&#243;rio neural.
               Em estudo com 23 pacientes com angina, a oclus&#227;o coronariana com bal&#227;o causou
               ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, a qual foi atenuada pela denerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Outros estudos demonstraram que, em 70
               pacientes expostos a um tempo m&#233;dio de 110 segundos de oclus&#227;o coronariana, n&#227;o houve
               altera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 41% deles, enquanto em 24% foi observada
               diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variabilidade da
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e a incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular durante
               angioplastia coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, e o aumento do
               t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e do balan&#231;o simp&#225;tico vagal em metade dos pacientes, ap&#243;s 80
               segundos da insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o na coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Indicadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e depress&#227;o vagal identificaram
               reestenose ap&#243;s ICP, demonstrando diferen&#231;as na regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular auton&#244;mica
               ap&#243;s o procedimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em pacientes submetidos
               a implante de stent farmacol&#243;gico, foi relatada disfun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora, duas semanas
               ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, atribu&#237;da
               a poss&#237;vel rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria, apesar de j&#225; estar bem estabelecida sua menor taxa de
                  reestenose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em pacientes est&#225;veis, com
               doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC foi associada a aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o
                  sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre a an&#225;lise
               do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) de pacientes submetidos a implante de stent
               coronariano e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tipos de stent, constituindo estes os objetivos
               do presente estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo. Foram inclu&#237;dos 61
               pacientes, provenientes do Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus, em
               Divin&#243;polis, para os quais foi indicado o implante de stent coronariano, com
               diagn&#243;stico de DAC, de ambos os sexos e com idade superior a 18 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos
               gestantes, pacientes que apresentaram condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes que poderiam afetar a
               an&#225;lise da VFC, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ritmo de marca-passo, uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos
               (exceto betabloqueador) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os submetidos a transplante
               card&#237;aco. A indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de stent coronariano e de tratamento cl&#237;nico foi
               determinada por seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, segundo as diretrizes j&#225; estabelecidas na
                  literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica e pesquisa da Universidade
               Federal de Minas Gerais e do Hospital S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Deus. Os pacientes foram convidados
               a participar da pesquisa quando do seu atendimento m&#233;dico, sendo a sua inclus&#227;o feita
               de maneira consecutiva, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2009 a junho de 2011. Ap&#243;s o
               aceite e a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os pacientes
               foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma e procedimento
               de ICP, feito pelo mesmo operador, com implante de stent sob monitoramento pelo
               sistema Holter digital. Para esse monitoramento, foi utilizado o aparelho da marca
               DMS 300-7, modelo com tr&#234;s canais (V1 e V5 modificados e D3), vers&#227;o 1.0, para a
               an&#225;lise da VFC. Essa an&#225;lise espectral foi feita pelo modelo matem&#225;tico da
               transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier, ap&#243;s edi&#231;&#227;o manual rigorosa dos registros, com elimina&#231;&#227;o
               dos artefatos e corre&#231;&#227;o das arritmias, com as medidas dos componentes de baixa
               frequ&#234;ncia (LF), que representa principalmente o simp&#225;tico, de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF),
               que representa o parassimp&#225;tico, e da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A an&#225;lise foi obtida com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina em 5-10 min
               antes da ICP (basal) e durante o implante do stent, considerando-se o tempo desde o
               momento de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, durante o implante da endopr&#243;tese, acrescido
               do tempo de at&#233; cinco minutos a partir dessa oclus&#227;o, visto ser a an&#225;lise determinada
               com esse tempo m&#237;nimo de registro pelo programa. Foi obtida tamb&#233;m a an&#225;lise
               espectral ap&#243;s cinco minutos do t&#233;rmino do procedimento. Os resultados dessa an&#225;lise
               foram expressos em unidades absolutas (ms<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; t&#233;cnica de ICP, o acesso arterial foi preferencialmente o femoral e, menos
               frequentemente, o acesso radial, este na impossibilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro.
               Os pacientes foram sedados com benzodiazep&#237;nico, uma hora antes do procedimento.
               Foram adquiridas imagens radiogr&#225;ficas dos vasos epic&#225;rdicos maiores a serem
               abordados, em m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es. O fio-guia de 0,014 polegada foi avan&#231;ado e
               posicionado distalmente &#224; les&#227;o-alvo. A sele&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o e do
               stent baseou-se na estima&#231;&#227;o visual, pela an&#225;lise subjetiva do m&#233;dico operador,
               usando o di&#226;metro do cateter-guia como refer&#234;ncia ou a angiografia quantitativa. O
               cateter-bal&#227;o, na t&#233;cnica de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o - ou diretamente o stent, na t&#233;cnica do
               implante direto da endopr&#243;tese -, foi posicionado no n&#237;vel da les&#227;o-alvo, sob
               fluoroscopia. A dura&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o coronariana foi, em m&#233;dia, de 60 segundos, sendo
               respeitada a t&#233;cnica de implante a altas press&#245;es (acima de 12 atmosferas de
               press&#227;o). Insufla&#231;&#245;es adicionais, ditas de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#245;es, foram realizadas em alguns
               casos, visando &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados iniciais. Os procedimentos foram
               realizados sob monitoramento invasivo de press&#227;o arterial, registro
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e monitoramento de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. Foi feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o
               da dor precordial de acordo com a gradua&#231;&#227;o de sua gravidade, segundo a escala
               num&#233;rica de Smokler's, como leve, moderada, moderadamente grave e maximamente
                  grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi utilizado o programa SPSS (Statistical
               Package for the Social Sciences) vers&#227;o 14.0. Os resultados foram expressos em
               n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#227;o, em se tratando de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e em medidas de
               tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia e mediana) e de dispers&#227;o, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os
               testes de Mann-Whitney e do qui-quadrado ou de Fisher, quando apropriado, foram
               utilizados para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas e
               as vari&#225;veis qualitativas ou categ&#243;ricas (tipo nominal ou ordinal), respectivamente.
               O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar os per&#237;odos (antes, durante e ap&#243;s a
               oclus&#227;o coronariana) dos componentes da an&#225;lise espectral. Para comparar mais de dois
               grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Para verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as
               vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o coeficiente de Pearson. Ficou estabelecido em
               0,05 o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 64,0 &#177; 10,6 anos, sendo 35 (57,4%) do sexo
                  masculino. Apresentaram-se com quadro de angina est&#225;vel 21 pacientes (34,4%); com
                  angina inst&#225;vel foram 32 (52,5%), sendo oito (13,1%) ap&#243;s uma semana do quadro de
                  infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, todos sem epis&#243;dios de isquemia h&#225; pelo menos sete
                  dias. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">138,1</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,2</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FR (irpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>bpm: batimento por minuto; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FR: frequ&#234;ncia
                           respirat&#243;ria; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; kg/m2: quilograma por metro
                           quadrado; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica;
                           PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto aos fatores de risco, 56 pacientes (91,8%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o
                  arterial sist&#234;mica, 13 (21,3%) tinham diabetes melito (DM), 20 (32,8%) eram
                  tabagistas, 21 (34,4%) apresentavam hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC e 27
                  (44,3%) apresentavam dislipidemia.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es, todos os pacientes estavam em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico
                  e clopidogrel, 44 (72,1%) em uso de betabloquadores (BB) e 12 (19,7%) em uso de
                  bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio. Faziam uso de inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o de
                  angiotensina 27 pacientes (44,2%), e uso de bloqueador do receptor da
                  angiotensina, 21 (34,4%). Dos 21,3% diab&#233;ticos estudados, apenas seis usavam
                  insulina de formula&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam ritmo sinusal antes do procedimento. A frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca m&#233;dia foi de 71 &#177; 13,3 bpm, variando de 49-120 bpm. Seis pacientes (9,8%)
                  apresentavam bloqueio de ramo direito; cinco (8,2%), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; um
                  (1,6%), bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo. Tr&#234;s pacientes (4,9%)
                  desenvolveram arritmias, sendo dois casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com posterior
                  revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea; um paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo
                  grau do tipo Mobitz II, transit&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis dos pacientes relacionadas ao procedimento</title>
          <p>Trinta e quatro pacientes (55,7%) foram submetidos a implante de stent
                  convencional, e os demais, ao farmacol&#243;gico, com sirolimo. Foi realizada
                  pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o em 39 pacientes (63,9%) e p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o em 33 (54,1%). A coron&#225;ria
                  abordada foi a direita em 21 pacientes (34,4%), a descendente anterior em 28
                  (45,9%), a circunflexa em nove (14,8%) e o tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda em tr&#234;s
                  (4,9%). Em 40 pacientes (65,6%), a por&#231;&#227;o proximal do vaso foi alvo do
                  procedimento. Durante o implante do stent, 29 pacientes (47,5%) n&#227;o apresentaram
                  dor precordial; 17 (27,9%) apresentaram dor leve; sete (11,5%), dor moderada;
                  dois, dor moderadamente grave; um paciente apresentou dor maximamente grave. Foi
                  necess&#225;ria a abordagem de um segundo vaso em quatro pacientes. As vari&#225;veis
                  hemodin&#226;micas e do procedimento est&#227;o relacionadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e do procedimento de Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana
                        percut&#226;nea</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do bal&#227;o (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,03</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATM</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do stent (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do stent (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,21</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o do stent (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATM do stent</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de stent</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do bal&#227;o (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,03</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATM</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do stent (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento do stent (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,21</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o do stent (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATM do stent</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de stent</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de oclus&#227;o na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ATM: press&#227;o em atmosferas durante a insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o; ATM do stent:
                           press&#227;o em atmosferas durante o implante do stent; min: minutos; mm:
                           mil&#237;metros; tempo de oclus&#227;o: dura&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o do vaso na
                           pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o; tempo de oclus&#227;o do stent: tempo de oclus&#227;o coronariana
                           durante o implante do stent; tempo de oclus&#227;o na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o: tempo de
                           oclus&#227;o coronariana na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise espectral da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca relacionada ao
                  procedimento</title>
          <p>Por meio da an&#225;lise espectral, foram obtidos os valores mostrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">5</xref>. Foi utilizado o teste
                  n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon para comparar os valores dos componentes da an&#225;lise
                  espectral antes, durante e ap&#243;s o implante de stent, considerando-se os primeiros
                  stent e o vaso. Conforme observado nas tabelas, houve aumento dos componentes LF e
                  HF durante o implante e redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o implante do stent. Foi feita a
                  transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos valores daqueles componentes, obtendo-se os mesmos
                  resultados quanto ao valor p.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes antes e durante o
                        implante de <italic>stent</italic>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Antes (m&#233;dia)</th>
                  <th>Durante (m&#233;dia)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">185,7</td>
                  <td align="center">658,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">121,8</td>
                  <td align="center">322,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; LF: componente de baixa
                           frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; ms2: milissegundos ao quadrado; VFC: variabilidade da
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s o
                        implante de <italic>stent</italic>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Antes</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">185,7</td>
                  <td align="center">220,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,771</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">121,8</td>
                  <td align="center">114,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; LF: componente de baixa
                           frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; ms2: milissegundos ao quadrado; VFC: variabilidade da
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes durante e ap&#243;s o
                        implante de <italic>stent</italic>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Durante</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">658,4</td>
                  <td align="center">220,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">322,8</td>
                  <td align="center">114 ,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,675</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; LF: componente de baixa
                           frequ&#234;ncia da VFC; ms2: milissegundos ao quadrado; VFC: variabilidade da
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre an&#225;lise espectral antes do implante de stent e presen&#231;a
                  de DM, hist&#243;ria familiar, apresenta&#231;&#227;o da DAC, uso de BB, idade, vaso abordado ou
                  seu segmento. Para essa an&#225;lise, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney e de
                  Kruskal-Wallis, e os resultados est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis e an&#225;lise espectral dos pacientes
                        relacionada ao Implante de <italic>stent</italic>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>LF/HF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM presente</td>
                  <td align="center">231,7</td>
                  <td align="center">129,1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">173,2</td>
                  <td align="center">119,9</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HistF presente</td>
                  <td align="center">214,7</td>
                  <td align="center">127,8</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HistF ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">170,5</td>
                  <td align="center">118,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o DAC</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">206,7</td>
                  <td align="center">127,6</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">166,3</td>
                  <td align="center">116,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">211,1</td>
                  <td align="center">127,7</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Uso de BB</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presente</td>
                  <td align="center">653,8</td>
                  <td align="center">369,4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">670,0</td>
                  <td align="center">202,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Vaso abordado</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">201</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento proximal do vaso</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">117,2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento medial</td>
                  <td align="center">253,5</td>
                  <td align="center">128,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>BB: betabloqueador; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronarina; DM: diabetes melito;
                           HistF: hist&#243;ria familiar; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; LF: componente
                           de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto ao tipo de stent (convencional ou farmacol&#243;gico), n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com
                  sexo, DM, hist&#243;ria familiar positiva, apresenta&#231;&#227;o da DAC, escala de dor ou vaso
                  abordado, sendo aplicado o teste do qui-quadrado. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes
                  submetidos ao implante de stent convencional e farmacol&#243;gico com DM e em uso de BB
                  foi de 15% e 29%, e de 68% e 78%, respectivamente. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia da
                  idade, dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, do &#237;ndice de massa corporal
                  e do tipo de stent, utilizando-se o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          <p>Comparando a an&#225;lise espectral quanto ao tipo de stent, o diferencial da magnitude
                  da altera&#231;&#227;o dos componentes LF e HF, durante e antes de seu implante, foi
                  semelhante entre os grupos de pacientes com stent convencional e com o
                  farmacol&#243;gico. Por&#233;m, ao se averiguar o componente LF durante o implante por meio
                  da an&#225;lise univariada (teste de Mann-Whitney), o mesmo foi significantemente maior
                  no grupo de pacientes submetidos ao implante de stent convencional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes conforme o tipo
                        de <italic>stent</italic>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis/tipo de stent</th>
                  <th>Convencional</th>
                  <th>Farmacol&#243;gico</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,257</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF durante o implante (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">864,5</td>
                  <td align="center">398,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O coeficiente de Pearson entre a idade e a an&#225;lise espectral durante o implante de
                  stent foi de 0,07 (p = 0,55) para o componente LF, de 0,13 (p = 0,29) para o HF e
                  de -0,10 (p = 0,40) para a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o,
                  aplicando-se o coeficiente de Pearson, entre a an&#225;lise espectral durante o
                  procedimento e os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a frequ&#234;ncia
                  respirat&#243;ria, o tempo de oclus&#227;o, as caracter&#237;sticas do bal&#227;o e do stent, e as
                  vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas da ICP.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos recentes sobre a an&#225;lise do SNA em pacientes ap&#243;s o quadro de infarto agudo
               do mioc&#225;rdio ou com dor tor&#225;cica aguda isqu&#234;mica, utilizando VFC, al&#233;m da altern&#226;ncia
               da onda T e da turbul&#234;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, identificaram os pacientes de alto
               risco para eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais e outras complica&#231;&#245;es, constituindo importante
               preditor de eventos adversos a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou a recupera&#231;&#227;o inadequada da
               VFC ap&#243;s quadros de isquemia aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A import&#226;ncia da
               an&#225;lise da VFC durante o implante de stent em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ainda n&#227;o foi
               investigada, demonstrando o presente estudo que, durante o implante daquela
               endopr&#243;tese, houve ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica em diferentes magnitudes.
               Associado a esse resultado e evitando vieses, n&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis j&#225;
               estudadas na literatura e que podem alterar a VFC, como idade, g&#234;nero, ciclo
               respirat&#243;rio, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, uso de medicamentos e condi&#231;&#245;es que resultem em
               disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Esses achados se explicam pelo fato de a
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC, notadamente o parassimp&#225;tico, ocorrer ap&#243;s os 50 anos de idade e
               sem diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros ap&#243;s os 60 anos. Na casu&#237;stica do presente estudo, a
               idade m&#233;dia foi de 64 anos e com distribui&#231;&#227;o quase igual entre os g&#234;neros. As
               caracter&#237;sticas gerais dessa casu&#237;stica est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, como a idade m&#233;dia, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo masculino e dos
               fatores de risco de DAC, por&#233;m com propor&#231;&#227;o maior de hipertens&#227;o arterial
               sist&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Para evitar outros vieses de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes em uso de
               antiarr&#237;tmico no presente estudo. Todavia, devido &#224; necessidade de uso de BB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos, essas
               condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;das, e o tratamento estat&#237;stico foi realizado,
               demonstrando-se que n&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis no comportamento do SNA.
               Al&#233;m do fato de a maioria dos pacientes estar em uso de BB e 21,3% deles com DM,
               houve propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante de pacientes com essas condi&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos
               submetidos a implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional e farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Na literatura, os estudos sobre a an&#225;lise espectral e a oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda n&#227;o
               avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SNA e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nas
               art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Hayano e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca vagal e a
               gravidade da les&#227;o coronariana angiogr&#225;fica, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de infarto do
               mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, localiza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Por
               outro lado, Moore e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> demonstraram que a
               redu&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia do LF medida em ms<sup>2</sup>/Hz esteve independentemente
               associada com estenose superior a 75% em por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria
               direita, explicando esse achado pelo fato de ser aquela coron&#225;ria respons&#225;vel pelo
               suprimento do n&#243; sinusal, o que influenciaria a VFC. O presente estudo n&#227;o demonstrou
               associa&#231;&#227;o entre o vaso acometido ou seu segmento e a an&#225;lise espectral, apresentando
               propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante de acometimento das coron&#225;rias, como no estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, e sem quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre
               os pacientes.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise espectral da VFC durante a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, foi demonstrado,
               por Manfrini e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, que houve ativa&#231;&#227;o
               simp&#225;tica durante epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica espont&#226;nea, com aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o
               LF/HF, e o oposto durante a oclus&#227;o induzida por bal&#227;o, com diminui&#231;&#227;o daquela
               rela&#231;&#227;o, em 14 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana. A gravidade da
               dor no peito, a magnitude da mudan&#231;a do segmento ST-T e a localiza&#231;&#227;o coronariana
               foram compar&#225;veis entre as duas formas de isquemia, espont&#226;nea ou induzida por bal&#227;o.
               Atribuiu-se a resposta oposta, durante a oclus&#227;o por bal&#227;o, &#224; a&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo.
               Assim, a isquemia espont&#226;nea foi acompanhada por mecanismos que ignoram a rea&#231;&#227;o
               vagal ou secund&#225;ria a eles, o que n&#227;o ocorreu durante a oclus&#227;o com bal&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o coronariana pode desencadear diversas respostas neurais. Algumas s&#227;o
               secund&#225;rias aos mecanorreceptores coronarianos, e outras s&#227;o devidas &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de
               mecanorreceptores e quimiorreceptores ventriculares. A estimula&#231;&#227;o de
               mecanorreceptores pode ser produzida tanto por aumento da press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o
               coronariana quanto pelo mecanismo de estiramento da parede do vaso e pode induzir um
               decr&#233;scimo no impulso do reflexo simp&#225;tico. Em contraste, a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo
               sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico e a isquemia resultante da oclus&#227;o coronariana podem estimular
               aqueles receptores e os quimiorreceptores, e aumentar a atividade nos ax&#244;nios
               eferentes simp&#225;ticos que excitam o cora&#231;&#227;o. As fibras vagais parecem n&#227;o exercer
               nenhuma ou pequena a&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, no quadro da oclus&#227;o coronariana com bal&#227;o ocorre
               predomin&#226;ncia vagal, o que pode representar um mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fico para
               aumento do fluxo coronariano durante a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Por outro lado, ocorrendo
               preju&#237;zo da perfus&#227;o coronariana, h&#225; aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. No presente estudo, houve aumento dos componentes LF e HF, sem mudan&#231;a
               significante da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, durante o implante do stent, comparando com os valores
               dessas vari&#225;veis antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento. Assim, infere-se que a oclus&#227;o
               coronariana com implante de stent provocou predom&#237;nio de a&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica por meio
               de est&#237;mulos de barorreceptores coronarianos em resposta ao est&#237;mulo de estiramento
               que se segue &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o e ao implante das endopr&#243;teses. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada &#224; oclus&#227;o induzida pelo procedimento induziu a
               ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Na literatura, n&#227;o h&#225; trabalhos sobre a an&#225;lise espectral da VFC em pacientes
               submetidos a implante de stent coronariano e tampouco existe compara&#231;&#227;o segundo o
               tipo de stent. H&#225; estudos que avaliaram as altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas relacionadas ao
               implante dessas endopr&#243;teses para o tratamento da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica da
                  car&#243;tida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, detectando-se aumento do componente HF e decr&#233;scimo do
               componente LF da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Por isso, n&#227;o h&#225; como comparar nossos resultados com estudos sobre a variabilidade da
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes submetidos ao implante de <italic>stent</italic>
               coronariano, somente com aqueles nos quais os pacientes foram submetidos a
               angioplastia coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Nesses estudos, o padr&#227;o din&#226;mico da VFC tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado.
               Entretanto, os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o homog&#234;neos, demonstrando-se aumento do componente
               LF durante a insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o em metade dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, aumento do componente HF em 34% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e diminui&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Al&#233;m de a casu&#237;stica ser distinta, com
               pacientes com angina espont&#226;nea e/ou submetidos a angioplastia coronariana, e n&#250;mero
               de 14, 70 e 14 pacientes, respectivamente, a metodologia tamb&#233;m &#233; diversa, n&#227;o sendo
               sempre mensurados todos os componentes da VFC. Quanto &#224; maior ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica
               durante o implante de stent convencional, isso n&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224;s
               caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas do mesmo ou do bal&#227;o, ou &#224;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, pois
               n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. A resposta vasomotora dependente do endot&#233;lio,
               presente horas ap&#243;s implante de stent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,
               relacionada principalmente aos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi avaliada para explicar
               aquela resposta simp&#225;tica. O implante de stent resulta em v&#225;rias respostas
               biol&#243;gicas, como a pr&#243;pria les&#227;o induzida pela pr&#243;tese, a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, a
               inflama&#231;&#227;o e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  vasomotora<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Entretanto, essas respostas s&#227;o observadas em
               15-28 dias, ainda permanecendo desconhecidos os exatos mecanismos da disfun&#231;&#227;o
               endotelial. Os achados podem apresentar implica&#231;&#245;es para o desenvolvimento de
               pr&#243;teses mais adequadas, minimizando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. No presente estudo, a an&#225;lise da VFC foi
               feita concomitante ao implante de stent, momento no qual ainda n&#227;o tinham sido
               deflagradas aquelas respostas biol&#243;gicas. Estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o
               necess&#225;rios para o entendimento das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, as quais n&#227;o podem ser
               atribu&#237;das somente &#224; les&#227;o aguda induzida pelo stent.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo est&#227;o relacionadas ao n&#250;mero de pacientes em cada grupo,
               segundo o tipo de stent e o vaso abordado, e ao fato de que n&#227;o foi avaliada a
               influ&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e os biomarcadores da inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o coronariana com implante de stent resultou em ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e
               concomitante ativa&#231;&#227;o vagal. N&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia de sexo, idade, quadro de diabetes
               melito, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, uso de betabloqueadores, vaso
               abordado ou seu segmento sobre a an&#225;lise espectral. Houve maior aumento do componente
               LF durante o implante de stent convencional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva RMFL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Silva CAB, Greco OJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva RMFL, Silva
                  CAB, Greco OJ, Moreira MCV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva RMFL, Silva CAB, Greco
                  OJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva
                  RMFL, Moreira MCV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carlos Augusto Bueno Silva pela
                  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
                  Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
