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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QGJYWXj9JwMrPNpjXm7mgFv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140118</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A Comparison of Radiation Dose Between Standard and 3D
               Angiography in Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Langer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Scott</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Fachel de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broetto</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Ivo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
                  Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o
                  Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Luiz Langer Manica</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370,
               Santana. Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. Email:
                  <email>joca.pesquisa@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>o potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>131</fpage>
      <lpage>137</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The use of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) to assess patients
                  with congenital heart diseases appears to be a promising technique despite the
                  scarce literature available. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> The objective of this study was to describe our initial experience with 3D-RA and
                  to compare its radiation dose to that of standard two-dimensional angiography
                  (2D-SA). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Between September 2011 and April 2012, 18 patients underwent simultaneous 3D-RA
                  and 2D-SA during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Radiation dose was assessed
                  using the dose-area-product (DAP). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The median patient age and weight were 12.5 years and 47.5 Kg, respectively. The
                  median DAP of each 3D-RA acquisition was 1093<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>
                  and 190<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> for each 2D-SA acquisition (p&lt;0.01).
                  In patients weighing more than 45Kg (n=7), this difference was attenuated but
                  still significant (1525 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2
                     </sup>vs.413<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p=0.01). No difference was
                  found between one 3D-RA and three 2D-SA (1525<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>
                  vs.1238 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.575) in this population. This
                  difference was significantly higher in patients weighing less than 45Kg (n=9)
                     (713<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> vs.81<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>,
                  P = 0.008), even when comparing one 3D-RA with three 2D-SA
                     (242<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, p&lt;0.008). 3D-RA was
                  extremely useful for the assessment of conduits of univentricular hearts, tortuous
                  branches of the pulmonary artery, and aorta relative to 2D-SA acquisitions. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> The radiation dose of 3D-RA used in our institution was higher than those
                  previously reported in the literature and this difference was more evident in
                  children. This type of assessment is of paramount importance when starting to
                  perform 3D-RA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography/ radiation effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography,Digital Subtraction/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Computed tomography angiography, or three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA),
            was introduced in the neurovascular field to improve the assessment of intracranial
            aneurysms and to guide interventional neurovascular procedures. 3D-RA quickly became the
            gold standard for an accurate diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. This technique is also used in electrophysiological and
            peripheral vascular procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and has been tested for coronary evaluation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite all the recent progress with new diagnostic modalities for congenital heart
            diseases, cardiac catheterization continues to be of great value in this field because
            of its diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic advantages. The use of 3D-RA to assess
            patients with congenital heart diseases appears to be a promising technique despite the
            scarce literature available<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of 3D-RA
            images in comparison to those of 2D-SA, the radiation dose must be evaluated carefully
            to ensure that the long-term deleterious effects of radiation to both patients and the
            medical team are not increased.</p>
      <p>The objectives of the present study were to report our initial experience with 3D-RA in
            patients with congenital heart diseases; to compare its radiation dose to that of
            standard two-dimensional procedures in the same patient; and to report our initial
            impressions of the defects best evaluated with this tool.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective study that comprised our initial experience with 3D-RA in 18
               patients referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization between September 2011 and
               April 2012. The objective of the procedure was basically to evaluate the aorta,
               pulmonary arteries and cavopulmonary connections, apart from one patient with patent
               ductus arteriosus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure and Radiation Exposure</title>
        <p>All children underwent general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. Adult patients
               routinely underwent conscious sedation and local anesthesia for diagnostic
               procedures, which did not pose any problems for three-dimensional acquisition. All
               patients were under pacemaker overdrive suppression during 3D-RA to allow adequate
               filling of the structures studied, for a preselected time frame. All patients or
               their parents gave informed consent prior to the procedure.</p>
        <p>Initially, patients routinely underwent standard two-dimensional imaging. Subsequent
               3D-RA was performed to compare and better understand the benefits of this technique
               in the same patient. As we gained experience, 3D-RA images and reconstruction became
               easier and 2D-SA was performed only if necessary after evaluating the reconstructed
               three-dimensional images. This approach was adopted in six patients undergoing only
               one complementary two-dimensional angiography, and one patient underwent only 3D-RA,
               without the need for additional images. The cumulative dose (CD) was measured in all
               procedures. The total dose-area-product (DAP) in each angiography and number of
               angiographies, as well as the quality and impact of 2D-SA and 3D-RA images, were also
               compared.</p>
        <p>All procedures were performed using the same equipment. The 3D-RA images were
               acquired with 200-degree rotation using a C-arm-mounted flat-panel monoplane
               angiographic system (Artis zee, Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany). The
               images were reconstructed using a commercially available software (syngo DynaCT,
               Siemens Medical Solutions). The radiation settings were changed from those
               recommended by the manufacturer in order to reduce X-ray exposure. Three-dimensional
               rotational image acquisition was performed with a dose of 0.17
               <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy/f, a frame rate of 30 frames/s, and tube voltage of 70 Kv.
               Post-processing reconstruction was performed on a separate workstation in the
               interventional suite (Leonardo Dyna CT, Siemens Medical Solutions).</p>
        <p>In adults, 2D-SA imaging was obtained with a dose of 0.17 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy/f at
               10 to 15 frames/s, and tube voltage of 81 Kv. In children weighing less than 40 Kg,
               the dose was 0.14 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy per image, frame rate of 30 frames/s, and tube
               voltage of 73 Kv. The anti-scatter grid was removed before the procedure in children
               weighing less than 20 Kg.</p>
        <p>To evaluate radiation exposure, the software automatically calculates DAP separately
               for each 2D-SA or 3D-RA and for fluoroscopic images. The amount of contrast media
               used was assessed in this study. Institutional review board approval was obtained for
               this retrospective analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive statistics, including median and interquartile range, were calculated for
               continuous variables not normally distributed. The results were compared using the
               Wilcoxon test (95% confidence level). All statistical calculations were performed
               using SPSS Statistics 19 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Characteristics</title>
        <p>The median age of the patients included in the study was 12.5 years (ranging from 1
               to 44 years) and the median weight was 47.5 Kg (ranging from 9 to 100 Kg). The
               diagnoses included 7 patients with tetralogy of Fallot; 5 patients with aortic
               coarctation; 2 patients previously undergoing Fontan anastomosis; 1 patient with
               truncus arteriosus; 1 patient with patent ductus arteriosus; 1 patient with pulmonary
               artery stenosis; and 1 patient with dilatation of the ascending aorta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographics of Patients Included In The Study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Patient</th>
                <th align="center">S -X</th>
                <th align="center">Age (years)</th>
                <th align="center">Weight (Kg)</th>
                <th align="center">Diagnosis</th>
                <th align="center">Air Kerma (miligray)</th>
                <th align="center">DAP/3D-RA(&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th align="center">DAP 2D(&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                <th align="center">2D-SA (n)</th>
                <th align="center">dose/2D-SA (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">Post-Fontan</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">429</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">115</td>
                <td align="center">663</td>
                <td align="center">323</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Coarctation</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">2546</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">Truncus Arteriosus</td>
                <td align="center">166</td>
                <td align="center">792</td>
                <td align="center">930</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">410</td>
                <td align="center">193</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Coarctation</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">1012</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Coarctation</td>
                <td align="center">586</td>
                <td align="center">2435</td>
                <td align="center">991</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">991</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">707</td>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">4607</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">942</td>
                <td align="center">292</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">Patent Ductus Arteriosus</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">415</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">1071</td>
                <td align="center">1690</td>
                <td align="center">1107</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">Post-Fontan</td>
                <td align="center">185</td>
                <td align="center">1167</td>
                <td align="center">949</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">1360</td>
                <td align="center">360</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">14</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">Pulmonary Artery Stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">1130</td>
                <td align="center">440</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">803</td>
                <td align="center">1360</td>
                <td align="center">4791</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">16</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Coarctation</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">713</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">17</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Stenosis - Ascending Aorta Dilatation</td>
                <td align="center">281</td>
                <td align="center">2043</td>
                <td align="center">1501</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1501</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">18</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">Aortic Coarctation</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">1056</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DAP: Dose-area-product; 3D-RA: Three-dimensional rotational angiography; 2D:
                        Two-dimensional standard angiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Radiation Dose</title>
        <p>The median CD in both 2D-SA and 3D-RA was 171 mGy (interquartile range 40.6 to 1071
               mGy). The median total DAP for the 3D-RA protocol was 1093
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 701 to 1767
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>), and the median DAP for the two-dimensional
               study in the same patients was 360 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile
               range 200 to 1049 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>). The DAP of two-dimensional
               angiography alone was 190 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 76
               to 413 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.01).</p>
        <p>The difference seemed to be similar in patients weighing more than 45 kilograms. In
               this population, the median DAP for each 3D-RA acquisition was 1525
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 1074 to 2031
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) compared to 413
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> in each 2D-SA acquisition in the same patient
               (p = 0.01). If we consider a mean of three two-dimensional angiographies for an
               adequate procedure, no difference was found in radiation exposure between
               two-dimensional study and 3D-RA (1525 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> vs. 1238
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.575)</p>
        <p>However, if we only evaluate patients weighing less than 45 Kg, this difference is
               even greater. The median DAP from a single 3D-RA acquisition in this population was
               713 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 422 to 1090
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) and the median DAP for each two-dimensional
               acquisition in the same patient was 81 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (p =
               0.008). If we consider a mean of three angiographies for an adequate study, the
               median DAP is 242 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 183 to 423
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>). This difference is still favorable to 2D-SA
               acquisitions in this population (p = 0.008). Some of these results are summarized in
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between DAP of one 3D-RA and one and three 2D-SA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Angiography (n)</th>
                <th>Rotational (1)</th>
                <th>Standard (1)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Standard (3)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Median DAP (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>1093</td>
                <td>190</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.01</td>
                <td>569</td>
                <td>0.210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt; 45Kg</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Median DAP (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2 </sup>)</td>
                <td>1525</td>
                <td>413</td>
                <td>0.01</td>
                <td>1238</td>
                <td>0.575</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&lt; 45Kg</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Median DAP (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2 </sup>)</td>
                <td>713</td>
                <td>81</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>242</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DAP: Dose-area-product; 3D-RA: Three-dimensional rotational angiography;
                        2D-SA: Two-dimensional standard angiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Imaging Quality and Additional Information</title>
        <p>Of 11 patients undergoing both a complete two-dimensional standard evaluation and
               subsequently a 3D-RA, we verified that 3D-RA provided additional information in 3
               (27%). Apart from 1 patient with patent ductus arteriosus, all other images were
               acceptable and at least comparable to those of 2D-SA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Children and adults with congenital heart disease are increasingly more frequently
            undergoing successive diagnostic or therapeutic radiation-based procedures. The harmful
            cumulative long-term effects of X-ray exposure are well known and extensively described
            in the literature. DAP has been previously correlated with peak skin dose and can be
            used as a reliable and online parameter to guide radiation exposure during cardiac
               catheterization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>New advances in technology intend to improve diagnostic accuracy without increasing the
            risks for patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>The use of 3D-RA was initially described for the assessment of intracranial aneurysms
            and was also reported in electrophysiological and peripheral vascular procedures, as
            well as for the assessment of coronary arteries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>The rationale for incorporating this technology in the field of congenital heart disease
            was to obtain additional information not available from 2D-SA. Despite the scarce
            information in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, the use of 3D-RA in this context reduces the number of necessary
            acquisitions and brings the possibility of increasing accuracy in the assessment of
            patients with defects with a complex anatomy; however, it is not yet well established
            whether 3D-RA adds information on these defects.</p>
      <p>In 2010, Kapins et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> first described a series
            of 53 cases of diagnostic catheterization using 2D-SA and 3D-RA in patients with
            congenital heart disease and a mean weight of 28.5Kg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. At least half of the patients benefited from this new technology in the
            planning of their further surgical or percutaneous procedures. No differences were found
            in DAP between two-dimensional angiographies and 3D-RA (356 x 374
               <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Glatz et al. described the use of 3D-RA in 41 cases of congenital heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Despite providing high-quality diagnostic imaging
            in over 70% of cases, this technique provided additional information in less than 30% of
            the cases studied. After using a phantom test to measure the DAP for different settings,
            the authors found a radiation dose of approximately 122
               <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> for a 10 year-old child and 471
               <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> for an adult male.</p>
      <p>In 2011, Glockler et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> evaluated and reported
            their experience in 62 patients with a median weight of 14.4 Kg undergoing rotational
            angiography for the assessment of pulmonary arteries, aorta, and cavopulmonary
            connections. In this study, the images were considered superior to those of conventional
            angiography in 90.3% of cases and very useful for guiding interventional procedures
            using overlaying three-dimensional images. The median DAP from each run was 111
               <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, Berman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> described the
            usefulness of 3D-RA in patients previously undergoing cavopulmonary connections with a
            clear understanding of the mechanism of pulmonary stenosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The median DAP was 306 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> in
            this population with a median weight of 15.7Kg. The authors reported unpublished data
            with even smaller doses in three-dimensional procedures after working with the company
            and physicists.</p>
      <p>The lower dose of radiation exposure compared to that used in our study can be explained
            by the lower median weight of patients in all these studies reported. This linear dose
            variation among patients of different weights has already been described in the
               literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the median DAP of one run of 3D-RA was higher than that of a
            two-dimensional view alone. However, if we consider that multiple two-dimensional
            projections are sometimes necessary, this difference is considerably reduced and the
            benefits from 3D-RA can surpass the slightly increased radiation dose.</p>
      <p>In the subgroup of patients with less than 45Kg, the difference detected between both
            groups was much higher. Even comparing to 3 two-dimensional angiographies, the
            difference in radiation exposure was favorable to the standard technique and may not
            justify the benefits obtained from this technique in this particular population.</p>
      <p>However, if we consider only patients weighing more than 45 Kg, the difference between
            each 3D-RA and 2D-SA alone was not prohibitive. Considering the need for multiple
            two-dimensional views, this difference was similar, or even favorable to 3D-RA and can
            support the recommendation of the use of 3D-RA for the assessment of patients with
            aortic coarctation or Fontan anastomosis, and for the evaluation of the right ventricle
            and pulmonary arteries.</p>
      <p>The difference observed in the pediatric population and the higher radiation exposure,
            when compared to that reported in the literature, led our local physicist to work hard
            together with the manufacturer's technicians to reduce radiation exposure from 3D-RA
            performed in our institution. This effort eventually resulted in an important reduction
            in the radiation dose and reinforced the importance of this assessment whenever any
            center intends to start performing tridimensional angiographies. As already described by
            Berman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, this confirms that cooperation
            between local staff and companies is a process that must be continuously evaluated and
            the goal is to achieve the lowest possible radiation dose without losing image quality.
            If not adequately surveyed, the dose can be prohibitive and may not justify the benefits
            obtained from the technique in certain patient populations. We strongly recommend this
            evaluation to all institutions that perform 3D-RA. Further prospective studies
            quantifying the radiation dose both on the patient's skin level and on the operator are
            necessary to answer some questions regarding radiation exposure in 3D-RA, primarily in
            children with congenital heart disease, and to determine whether rotational angiography
            can safely replace 2D-SA acquisitions. Akhtar described the presence of a learning curve
            for rotational angiography with benefits obtained in the latter half of rotational
               procedures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In the field of congenital heart
            diseases, the learning curve is essential for elucidating which cases will benefit from
            rotational 3D-DSA studies without requiring additional two-dimensional acquisitions.</p>
      <p>Three-dimensional rotational angiography is very useful in patients diagnosed with
            aortic coarctation. A single acquisition can demonstrate the size of the ascending
            aorta, features from the aortic arch hardly viewed in two-dimensional studies, and the
            presence of aneurysm in patients previously undergoing percutaneous or surgical
            procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In one patient, additional
            information on aortic arch tortuosity was available because of the spatial resolution
            provided by three-dimensional reconstruction. The possibility of evaluating the
            ascending aorta with the same contrast injection is useful in patients at an increased
            risk of progressive dilatation. An additional 2D-SA injection in these patients does not
            seem to be useful to provide more information from three-dimensional reconstruction.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bare stent previously implanted in a patient with aortic coarctation with an
                  adequate late result</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0131-40118-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the assessment of the pulmonary arteries, the possibility of reconstruction can allow
            visualization of the spatial relationship not feasible in two-dimensional procedures and
            is useful for guiding or planning percutaneous and surgical interventions. Considering
            eight patients previously operated on for pulmonary circulation (7 patients with
            tetralogy of Fallot and 1 patient with truncus arteriosus) and one patient with native
            pulmonary artery stenosis, three-dimensional assessment was elucidative with clear and
            useful images of the pulmonary branches, subvalvar region, and previously implanted
            stents (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The images were considered
            superior to 2D-SA acquisitions in patients with an aneurysmatic right ventricular
            outflow tract and those with tortuous branches of the pulmonary artery, providing
            optimal assessment of these lesions. Finally, stent fractures and neointimal hyperplasia
            were better evaluated in two-dimensional angiographies, with little additional
            information to be obtained from 3D-RA.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Late post-operative period of truncus arteriosus with a tubular stenosis of
                  the left pulmonary artery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0131-40118-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In patients with Fontan anastomosis, the slow flow from the right atrial or conduit
            anastomosis sometimes makes visualization of the pulmonary arteries difficult and
            requires a lot of different two-dimensional projections. This issue is not a concern in
            3D-RA and only one acquisition can delineate the anastomosis and pulmonary branches
            clearly. In the two patients previously undergoing Fontan anastomosis, 3D-RA provided
            better images than four or five two-dimensional angiographies in different projections.
            Careful placement of the angiographic catheter ensured good visualization of the
            conduit, pulmonary arteries, and Glenn anastomosis.</p>
      <p>The only case in which 3D-RA did not provide good visualization was that of a patient
            with ductus arteriosus. The defect could not be well reconstructed and we suspect it was
            a technical problem related to the learning curve period.</p>
      <p>The fact that intravascular stenosis like neointimal hyperplasia with or without stent
            fractures could be better visualized in two-dimensional views could be related to
            failure of contrast filling of this part of the vessel during the acquisition time.
            Glatz has already described the "dropout" phenomenon in areas of tight stenosis or
            stented regions and warned about the risks of misdiagnosis that not uncommonly occur
            with computed tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance and that could also be present
            during 3D-RA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The retrospective single-center design is a limitation of our study. Moreover, the
               patients included in this study comprised the initial experience with 3D-RA in our
               institution, and only 11 patients underwent both 3D-RA and a complete 2D-SA study.
               However, we considered it was necessary due to the scarce literature available in the
               beginning of the experience. From our point of view, the lack of information on the
               benefits of and radiation exposure from three-dimensional angiography in the
               assessment of congenital heart diseases justified the use of both approaches in the
               same patient. The amount of contrast used was not assessed, which is another
               limitation of the study and can be an additional benefit of this approach.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The use of 3D-RA seems to be of great value in the field of congenital heart diseases.
            The radiation dose of 3D-RA performed in our institution was higher than that of 2D-SA
            and this difference was more evident in children. The radiation dose was even higher
            than that previously reported in the literature for 3D-RA. The information obtained from
            this initial experience and the comparison with the literature available were of
            paramount importance to work on radiation dose reduction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Manica JLL, Medeiros RF; Acquisition of data:
               Manica JLL, Rossi Filho RI, Fischer LS, Medeiros RF, Broetto G, Borges MS; Analysis
               and interpretation of the data: Manica JLL, Fischer LS, Medeiros RF, Broetto G;
               Statistical analysis: Manica JLL; Writing of the manuscript: Manica JLL, Rossi Filho
               RI; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Manica JLL, Rossi
               Filho RI, Borges MS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Compara&#231;&#227;o das Doses de Radia&#231;&#227;o entre Angiografias Padr&#227;o
               e 3D em Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Langer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Scott</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Fachel de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broetto</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Ivo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
                  Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o
                  Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Luiz Langer Manica</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370,
               Santana. CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. Email:
                  <email>joca.pesquisa@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O uso da angiografia rotacional tridimensional (AR-3D) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes
                  portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita parece ser promissor, apesar de haver pouca
                  literatura dispon&#237;vel. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com AR-3D,
                  comparando sua dose de radia&#231;&#227;o com a da angiografia padr&#227;o bidimensional (AP-2D).
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Entre setembro de 2011 e abril de 2012, 18 pacientes foram submetidos
                  simultaneamente a AR-3D e AP-2D durante cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca diagn&#243;stica. A dose
                  de radia&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do produto dose-&#225;rea (DAP). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A mediana de idade e de peso dos pacientes foi de, respectivamente, 12,5 anos e
                  47,5 kg. O DAP mediano de cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o em AR-3D foi de
                     1093<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, e de
                     190<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> para cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o em AP-2D (p &lt;
                  0,01). Nos pacientes que pesavam mais de 45 kg (n=7), essa diferen&#231;a foi menor,
                  mas ainda significativa (1525<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> versus 413
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre uma
                  AR-3D e tr&#234;s AP-2D (1525<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m2
                     versus1238<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,575) nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Essa
                  diferen&#231;a foi significativamente maior em pacientes que pesavam menos de 45 kg (n
                  = 9) (713 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> versus 81
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,008), mesmo quando se comparou uma
                  AR-3D com tr&#234;s AP 2D (242<italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente, p
                  &lt; 0,008). A AR-3D mostrou-se extremamente &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de condutos de
                  cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares, ramos pulmonares tortuosos e aorta em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
                  aquisi&#231;&#245;es em AP-2D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> A dose de radia&#231;&#227;o da AR-3D em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foi maior que a anteriormente
                  relatada na literatura, sendo essa diferen&#231;a mais evidente em crian&#231;as. Esse tipo
                  de avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia quando se come&#231;a a realizar AR-3D.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria/efeitos de radia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Digital/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A tomografia computadorizada angiogr&#225;fica ou angiografia rotacional tridimensional
               (AR-3D) foi introduzida no campo neurovascular para uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o de
               aneurismas intracranianos e para guiar procedimentos neurovasculares
               intervencionistas. A AR-3D tornou-se rapidamente o exame de excel&#234;ncia para um
               diagn&#243;stico preciso de aneurismas intracranianos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, sendo tamb&#233;m utilizada em procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e vasculares
                  perif&#233;ricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, al&#233;m de ter sido testada para avalia&#231;&#227;o das
                  coron&#225;rias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de todo o recente avan&#231;o em novas modalidades diagn&#243;sticas para cardiopatias
               cong&#234;nitas, a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca continua tendo grande valor neste campo, devido
               &#224; sua precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e vantagens terap&#234;uticas. O uso da AR-3D na avalia&#231;&#227;o de
               pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas parece promissor, apesar de haver
               pouca literatura dispon&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. N&#227;o obstante os benef&#237;cios potenciais das
               imagens da AR-3D em compara&#231;&#227;o com os da angiografia padr&#227;o bidimensional, a dose de
               radia&#231;&#227;o deve ser analisada com cautela para assegurar que os efeitos delet&#233;rios em
               longo prazo da radia&#231;&#227;o, tanto para os pacientes como para a equipe m&#233;dica, n&#227;o
               aumentem.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos do presente estudo foram relatar nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com AR-3D em
               pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, comparar a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o com a de
               procedimentos de angiografia padr&#227;o bidimensional no mesmo paciente, e relatar nossas
               impress&#245;es iniciais sobre os defeitos mais bem avaliados por essa ferramenta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo sobre nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com AR-3D em 18
                  pacientes encaminhados para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca diagn&#243;stica entre setembro de
                  2011 e abril de 2012. O objetivo do procedimento foi basicamente avaliar a aorta,
                  as art&#233;rias pulmonares e as conex&#245;es cavopulmonares, al&#233;m de um paciente portador
                  de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento e Exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; Radia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Todas as crian&#231;as foram submetidas &#224; anestesia geral sob intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Os
                  pacientes adultos foram rotineiramente submetidos &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o consciente e anestesia
                  local para procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos, o que n&#227;o acarretou em nenhum problema para
                  a aquisi&#231;&#227;o tridimensional. Todos os pacientes ficaram sob supress&#227;o por
                  hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o por marcapasso durante a AR-3D para permitir o preenchimento
                  adequado das estruturas estudadas, por um per&#237;odo pr&#233;-selecionado de tempo. Todos
                  os pacientes ou respons&#225;veis assinaram o termo de consentimento antes do
                  procedimento.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram rotineiramente submetidos a imagens
                  bidimensionais padr&#227;o. Na sequ&#234;ncia, foi realizada AR-3D para comparar e melhor
                  compreender os benef&#237;cios desta t&#233;cnica no mesmo paciente. Conforme ganhamos
                  experi&#234;ncia, as imagens de AR-3D e reconstru&#231;&#227;o se tornaram mais f&#225;ceis e a AP-2D
                  passou a ser realizada apenas quando necess&#225;rio, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens
                  tridimensionais reconstru&#237;das. Essa abordagem foi feita em seis pacientes
                  submetidos a apenas uma angiografia bidimensional complementar, e um paciente foi
                  submetido apenas a AR-3D, sem a necessidade de imagens complementares. A dose
                  cumulativa (DC) foi medida em todos os procedimentos. Foram tamb&#233;m comparados o
                  produto dose-&#225;rea (DAP) total em cada angiografia, o n&#250;mero de angiografias, e a
                  qualidade e impacto das imagens de AP-2D e AR-3D.</p>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com o mesmo equipamento. As imagens de
                  AR-3D foram adquiridas com rota&#231;&#227;o de 200 graus atrav&#233;s de um sistema angiogr&#225;fico
                  monoplanar com painel plano montado em bra&#231;o em C (Artis zee, Siemens Medical
                  Solutions, Forsheim, Alemanha). As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das atrav&#233;s de um
                  software dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (syngo Dyna CT, Siemens Medical Solutions). As
                  configura&#231;&#245;es de radia&#231;&#227;o foram alteradas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recomendada pelo fabricante
                  a fim de reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos raios-X. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens rotacionais
                  tridimensionais foi realizada com uma dose de 0,17 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy/f, uma
                  taxa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens de 30 quadros/s, e tens&#227;o do tubo de 70 kV. A
                  reconstru&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-processamento foi realizada numa esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho separada na
                  su&#237;te de interven&#231;&#227;o (Leonardo Dyna CT, Siemens Medical Solutions).</p>
          <p>Nos adultos, as AP-2D foram obtidas com uma dose de 0,17 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy/f, a
                  10 a 15 quadros/s e tens&#227;o do tubo de 81 kV. Nas crian&#231;as que pesavam menos de 40
                  kg, a dose foi de 0,14 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy/f por imagem, taxa de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 30
                  quadros/s, e tens&#227;o do tubo de 73 kV. A grade antidifusora foi removida antes do
                  procedimento em crian&#231;as que pesavam menos de 20 kg.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, o software calcula automaticamente o DAP
                  separadamente para cada imagem de AP-2D, AR-3D e imagens fluorosc&#243;picas. Foi
                  analisada a quantidade de meio de contraste usado neste estudo. Foi obtida
                  aprova&#231;&#227;o do conselho de revis&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o para esta an&#225;lise
                  retrospectiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi utilizada estat&#237;stica descritiva incluindo mediana e varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil
                  para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O teste de Wilcoxon foi
                  utilizado para comparar os resultados (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%). Todos os
                  c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram feitos atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS Statistics 19 (SPSS
                  Inc, Chicago, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Amostra</title>
          <p>A idade mediana dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi de 12,5 anos (variando de 1
                  a 44 anos), e a mediana de peso foi de 47,5 kg (variando de 9 a 100 kg). Os
                  diagn&#243;sticos inclu&#237;ram tetralogia de Fallot em 7 pacientes, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta em
                  5 pacientes, anastomose de Fontan anteriormente realizada em 2 pacientes, tronco
                  arterioso em 1 paciente, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial em 1 paciente, estenose de
                  art&#233;ria pulmonar em 1 paciente e dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente em 1 paciente
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                  <th>Sexo</th>
                  <th>Idade (Anos)</th>
                  <th>Peso (Kg)</th>
                  <th>Diagn&#243;stico</th>
                  <th>Air Kerma (Miligray)</th>
                  <th>DAP/AR-3D (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>DAP 2D (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th>2D-SA (N)</th>
                  <th>Dose/AP-2D (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>P&#243;s Fontan</td>
                  <td>82</td>
                  <td>429</td>
                  <td>325</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td>22</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>115</td>
                  <td>663</td>
                  <td>323</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td>100</td>
                  <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</td>
                  <td>226</td>
                  <td>2546</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>37</td>
                  <td>Tronco Arterioso</td>
                  <td>166</td>
                  <td>792</td>
                  <td>930</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>41</td>
                  <td>410</td>
                  <td>193</td>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>42</td>
                  <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</td>
                  <td>176</td>
                  <td>1012</td>
                  <td>51</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>29</td>
                  <td>89</td>
                  <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</td>
                  <td>586</td>
                  <td>2435</td>
                  <td>991</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>991</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>39</td>
                  <td>74</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>707</td>
                  <td>1998</td>
                  <td>4607</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>1152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>18</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>116</td>
                  <td>942</td>
                  <td>292</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td>Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial</td>
                  <td>94</td>
                  <td>415</td>
                  <td>187</td>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">11</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>27</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>1071</td>
                  <td>1690</td>
                  <td>1107</td>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td>36</td>
                  <td>P&#243;s Fontan</td>
                  <td>185</td>
                  <td>1167</td>
                  <td>949</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">13</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td>33</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>176</td>
                  <td>1360</td>
                  <td>360</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">14</td>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td>31</td>
                  <td>57</td>
                  <td>Estenose da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar</td>
                  <td>144</td>
                  <td>1130</td>
                  <td>440</td>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">15</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td>53</td>
                  <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td>803</td>
                  <td>1360</td>
                  <td>4791</td>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td>532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">16</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>33</td>
                  <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</td>
                  <td>105</td>
                  <td>713</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">17</td>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td>44</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td>Estenose A&#243;rtica - Dilata&#231;&#227;o da Aorta Ascendente</td>
                  <td>281</td>
                  <td>2043</td>
                  <td>1501</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>1501</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">18</td>
                  <td>M</td>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td>60</td>
                  <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</td>
                  <td>134</td>
                  <td>1056</td>
                  <td>207</td>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>207</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>DAP: Produto dose-&#225;rea; AR-3D: angiograf&#237;a rotacional tridimensional;
                           AP-2D: angiografia padr&#227;o bidimensional.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dose de Radia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A DC mediana tanto na AP-2D quanto na AR-3D foi de 171 mGy (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil
                  de 40,6 a 1071 mGy). O DAP total mediano para o protocolo AR-3D foi de 1093
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de 701 a 1767
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>), e o DAP mediano para o estudo
                  bidimensional nos mesmos pacientes foi de 360 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>
                  (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de 200 a 1049 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>). O DAP da
                  angiografia bidimensional isoladamente foi de 190
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de 76 a 413
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,01).</p>
          <p>A diferen&#231;a pareceu semelhante nos pacientes que pesavam mais de 45 quilogramas.
                  Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o DAP mediano para cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o de AR-3D foi de 1525
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de 1074 a 2031
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) em compara&#231;&#227;o com 413
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> em cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o de AP-2D no mesmo paciente
                  (p = 0,01). Se considerarmos uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s angiografias tridimensionais para
                  um procedimento adequado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o entre o
                  estudo bidimensional e a AR-3D (1525 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> versus
                  1238 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,575).</p>
          <p>Entretanto, se analisarmos apenas os pacientes que pesavam menos de 45 kg, essa
                  diferen&#231;a &#233; ainda maior. O DAP mediano para uma &#250;nica aquisi&#231;&#227;o de AR-3D nesta
                  popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 713 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil de
                  422 a 1090 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) e o DAP mediano para cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o
                  bidimensional no mesmo paciente foi 81 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (p =
                  0,008). Se considerarmos uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s angiografias para um estudo adequado, o
                  DAP mediano foi de 242 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil
                  de 183 a 423 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>). Essa diferen&#231;a ainda &#233; favor&#225;vel
                  &#224;s aquisi&#231;&#245;es em AP-2D nesta popula&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,008). Alguns dos resultados est&#227;o
                  resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o DAP de uma AR-3D e uma e tr&#234;s AP-2D</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">Angiografia (n)</th>
                  <th>Rotacional (1)</th>
                  <th>Padr&#227;o (1)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Padr&#227;o (3)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DAP mediano (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>1093</td>
                  <td>190</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,01</td>
                  <td>569</td>
                  <td>0,210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&gt; 45Kg</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DAP mediano (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>1525</td>
                  <td>413</td>
                  <td>0,01</td>
                  <td>1238</td>
                  <td>0,575</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&lt; 45Kg</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DAP mediano (&#181;Gy.m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>713</td>
                  <td>81</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>242</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>DAP: Produto dose-&#225;rea; AR-3D: angiografia rotacional tridimensional;
                           AP-2D: angiografia padr&#227;o bidimensional.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de Imagem e Informa&#231;&#245;es Adicionais</title>
          <p>Dos 11 pacientes submetidos tanto a avalia&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o bidimensional completa e
                  subsequentemente a AR-3D, observamos que a AR-3D descobriu informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais
                  em 3 pacientes (27%). &#192; exce&#231;&#227;o de 1 paciente com persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial,
                  todas as outras imagens foram aceit&#225;veis e no m&#237;nimo compar&#225;veis &#224;s da AP-2D.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;as e adultos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas est&#227;o cada vez mais sendo
               submetidos a sucessivos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos ou terap&#234;uticos que utilizam
               radia&#231;&#227;o. Os efeitos nocivos cumulativos de longo prazo da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos raios-X s&#227;o
               bem conhecidos e extensivamente descritos na literatura. O DAP foi anteriormente
               correlacionado &#224; dose de pico na pele e pode ser usado como par&#226;metro confi&#225;vel e
               online para guiar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o durante a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os novos avan&#231;os em tecnologia visam aperfei&#231;oar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica sem aumentar
               os riscos para o paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>O uso da AR-3D foi inicialmente descrito para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas
               intracranianos, tendo sido tamb&#233;m relatado em procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e
               vasculares perif&#233;ricos e para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>A justificativa para se incorporar esta tecnologia no campo das cardiopatias
               cong&#234;nitas foi obter informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais n&#227;o fornecidas pela AP-2D. Apesar da
               pouca literatura dispon&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, o uso da AR-3D nesse contexto reduz o n&#250;mero de aquisi&#231;&#245;es
               necess&#225;rias, al&#233;m da possibilidade de aumentar a precis&#227;o em pacientes com anatomia
               complexa, mas para cujos defeitos os benef&#237;cios da AR-3D ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem
               estabelecidos.</p>
        <p>Em 2010, Kapins e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> descreveram pela
               primeira vez uma s&#233;rie de 53 casos de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica usando AP-2D e AR-3D
               em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e com peso m&#233;dio de 28,5 kg. Pelo
               menos metade dos pacientes se beneficiou dessa nova tecnologia para o planejamento de
               procedimentos percut&#226;neos ou cir&#250;rgicos posteriores. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no DAP
               entre as angiografias bidimensionais e as AR-3D (356 x 374
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Glatz e cols. descreveram o uso de AR-3D em 41 casos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Apesar de ter fornecido imagens diagn&#243;sticas
               de qualidade em mais de 70% dos casos, essa t&#233;cnica ofereceu informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais
               em menos de 30% dos casos estudados. Depois de usar um teste de fantoma para medir o
               DAP para diferentes ajustes, a dose de radia&#231;&#227;o foi de aproximadamente 122
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> para uma crian&#231;a de 10 anos de idade e de 471
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> para um adulto do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Em 2011, Glockler e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> avaliaram e
               relataram sua experi&#234;ncia em 62 pacientes com peso mediano de 14,4 kg submetidos a
               angiografia rotacional para avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, aorta e conex&#245;es
               cavopulmonares. Nesse estudo, as imagens foram consideradas superiores &#224;s da
               angiografia convencional em 90,3% dos casos e muito &#250;teis para guiar procedimentos
               intervencionistas atrav&#233;s do uso de imagens tridimensionais sobrepostas. O DAP
               mediano de cada ciclo foi de 111 <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, Berman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
               descreveram a utilidade da AR-3D em pacientes anteriormente submetidos a conex&#245;es
               cavopulmonares, com uma compreens&#227;o clara do mecanismo de estenose pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O DAP mediano foi de 306
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>Gy.m<sup>2</sup> nesta popula&#231;&#227;o com peso mediano de 15,7 kg. Os
               autores relataram dados n&#227;o publicados com doses ainda menores nos procedimentos
               tridimensionais ap&#243;s trabalharem com a empresa e com os f&#237;sicos.</p>
        <p>Essa menor dose de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com a de nosso estudo pode ser
               explicada pela menor mediana de peso dos pacientes em todos esses estudos relatados.
               Essa varia&#231;&#227;o linear da dose entre pacientes de diferentes pesos j&#225; havia sido
               descrita na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o DAP mediano de um ciclo de AR-3D foi maior que o de uma imagem
               bidimensional isoladamente. Entretanto, se considerarmos que &#224;s vezes s&#227;o necess&#225;rias
               m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es bidimensionais, essa diferen&#231;a se reduz consideravelmente e os
               benef&#237;cios da AR-3D podem suplantar o leve aumento na dose de radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>No subgrupo de pacientes com menos de 45 kg, a diferen&#231;a detectada entre ambos os
               grupos foi muito maior. Mesmo comparando 3 angiografias bidimensionais, a diferen&#231;a
               na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o foi favor&#225;vel &#224; t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o, o que pode n&#227;o justificar os
               benef&#237;cios obtidos com essa t&#233;cnica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o em particular.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, se considerarmos s&#243; os pacientes que pesavam mais de 45 kg, a diferen&#231;a
               entre cada AR-3D em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma AP-2D isoladamente n&#227;o foi proibitiva.
               Considerando-se a necessidade de m&#250;ltiplas imagens bidimensionais, essa diferen&#231;a foi
               semelhante, ou mesmo favor&#225;vel &#224; AR-3D e pode ser usada para recomendar os uso da
               AR-3D para avaliar pacientes portadores de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta ou anastomose de
               Fontan, bem como para avaliar o ventr&#237;culo direito e as art&#233;rias pulmonares.</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a observada na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica e a maior exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com as da literatura, estimularam nossos f&#237;sicos a trabalhar arduamente
               junto aos t&#233;cnicos do fabricante para reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o da AR-3D em
               nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, o que acabou resultando numa importante redu&#231;&#227;o da dose de
               radia&#231;&#227;o e refor&#231;ou a import&#226;ncia dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o no in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia de cada
               centro que pretende realizar angiografias tridimensionais. Como j&#225; havia sido
               descrito por Berman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, isso confirma
               que a coopera&#231;&#227;o entre a equipe local e as empresas &#233; um processo que deve estar sob
               cont&#237;nua avalia&#231;&#227;o, tendo como objetivo a menor dose de radia&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel sem que
               haja perda da qualidade de imagem. Se n&#227;o adequadamente monitorada, a dose pode ser
               proibitiva e n&#227;o justificar os benef&#237;cios obtidos com a t&#233;cnica em certas popula&#231;&#245;es
               de pacientes. &#201; altamente recomend&#225;vel que essa avalia&#231;&#227;o seja feita em todas as
               institui&#231;&#245;es que realizam AR-3D. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos prospectivos medindo a
               dose de radia&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel da pele do paciente e no operador para esclarecer algumas
               d&#250;vidas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o em AR-3D, primariamente em crian&#231;as
               portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, e determinar se a angiografia rotacional pode
               substituir as aquisi&#231;&#245;es da AP-2D de maneira segura. Aktar descreveu a presen&#231;a de
               uma curva de aprendizado para angiografia rotacional, sendo os benef&#237;cios obtidos na
               segunda metade dos procedimentos rotacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. No campo das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, a curva de aprendizado &#233; essencial
               para elucidar que casos se beneficiar&#227;o dos estudos de AR-3D sem que haja necessidade
               de aquisi&#231;&#245;es bidimensionais adicionais.</p>
        <p>A angiografia rotacional tridimensional foi muito &#250;til em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico
               de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta. Uma &#250;nica aquisi&#231;&#227;o pode mostrar o tamanho da aorta
               ascendente, aspectos do arco a&#243;rtico dificilmente visualizados em estudos
               bidimensionais e a presen&#231;a de aneurisma em pacientes anteriormente submetidos a
               procedimentos percut&#226;neos ou cir&#250;rgicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
                  1</xref>). Em um paciente, houve informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre a tortuosidade do
               arco a&#243;rtico devido &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o especial proporcionada pela reconstru&#231;&#227;o
               tridimensional. A possibilidade de avaliar a aorta ascendente com a mesma inje&#231;&#227;o de
               contraste &#233; &#250;til em pacientes com risco aumentado de dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva. A inje&#231;&#227;o
               complementar para AP-2D nesses pacientes n&#227;o parece ser &#250;til para se obter mais
               informa&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m da fornecidas pela reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Stent convencional anteriormente implantado em paciente portador de
                     coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, com resultado tardio adequado</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0131-40118-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, a possibilidade de reconstru&#231;&#227;o pode permitir a
               visualiza&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o especial n&#227;o visualizada nos procedimentos bidimensionais,
               sendo &#250;til para guiar ou planejar interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas ou cir&#250;rgicas.
               Considerando-se oito pacientes anteriormente operados por circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (7
               pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot e 1 paciente com tronco arterioso) e um paciente
               com estenose da art&#233;ria pulmonar nativa, a avalia&#231;&#227;o tridimensional foi elucidativa
               com imagens claras e &#250;teis dos ramos pulmonares, da regi&#227;o subvalvar e de stents
               implantados anteriormente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). As
               imagens foram consideradas superiores &#224;s aquisi&#231;&#245;es em AP-2D em pacientes com via de
               sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito aneurism&#225;tica e naqueles com ramos pulmonares tortuosos,
               fornecendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ideal dessas les&#245;es. Por fim, fraturas de stent e
               hiperplasia da neo&#237;ntima foram mais bem avaliadas por angiografias bidimensionais,
               com poucas informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais a serem obtidas com a AR-3D.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de tronco arterioso com estenose tubular da art&#233;ria
                     pulmonar esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0131-40118-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em pacientes com anastomose de Fontan, o fluxo lento do &#225;trio direito ou anastomose
               em conduto &#224;s vezes dificulta a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares, requerendo
               muitas proje&#231;&#245;es bidimensionais diferentes. Isto n&#227;o representa um problema na AR-3D,
               e uma &#250;nica aquisi&#231;&#227;o pode delinear com nitidez a anastomose e os ramos pulmonares.
               Nos dois pacientes anteriormente submetidos &#224; anastomose de Fontan, a AR-3D forneceu
               imagens melhores do que quatro ou cinco angiografias bidimensionais em diferentes
               proje&#231;&#245;es. O posicionamento cuidadoso do cateter angiogr&#225;fico assegurou uma boa
               visualiza&#231;&#227;o do conduto, das art&#233;rias pulmonares, e da anastomose de Glenn.</p>
        <p>O &#250;nico caso em que a AR-3D n&#227;o forneceu uma boa visualiza&#231;&#227;o foi em um paciente
               portador de canal arterial. O defeito n&#227;o p&#244;de ser adequadamente reconstru&#237;do, e
               suspeitamos que por um problema t&#233;cnico ligado ao per&#237;odo de curva de
               aprendizado.</p>
        <p>O fato de que a estenose intravascular e a hiperplasia neo&#237;ntima com ou sem fraturas
               de stent foram mais bem visualizadas em proje&#231;&#245;es bidimensionais pode estar
               relacionado &#224; falha de preenchimento de contraste nesta parte do vaso durante o
               per&#237;odo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o. Glatz j&#225; descreveu do fen&#244;meno de "dropout" em &#225;reas de
               estenose estreita ou regi&#245;es com stent, e alertou para os riscos de que erros
               diagn&#243;sticos que n&#227;o raro acontecem com a tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia
               magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca possam estar presentes durante a AR-3D<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo foi ter sido uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva monoc&#234;ntrica.
                  Ademais, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos compuseram a experi&#234;ncia inicial com AR-3D em
                  nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e apenas 11 deles foram submetidos tanto a AR-3D quanto a estudo
                  AP-2D completo. Consideramos que este estudo seria necess&#225;rio devido &#224; pouca
                  literatura dispon&#237;vel no in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia. Sob nosso ponto de vista, a falta
                  de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre os benef&#237;cios e sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o na angiografia
                  tridimensional durante avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas justificou o uso de
                  ambas as abordagens no mesmo paciente. N&#227;o foi avaliada a quantidade de contraste
                  utilizado, o que constitui outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, e pode ser um benef&#237;cio
                  adicional desta abordagem.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso da AR-3D parece ser de grande valor no campo das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. A
               dose de radia&#231;&#227;o da AR-3D em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foi maior do que a da AP-2D, sendo
               essa diferen&#231;a mais evidente em crian&#231;as. A dose de radia&#231;&#227;o foi ainda maior do que a
               anteriormente relatada na literatura para AR-3D. As informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas desta
               experi&#234;ncia inicial e a compara&#231;&#227;o com a literatura dispon&#237;vel foram de import&#226;ncia
               fundamental para que se trabalhasse na redu&#231;&#227;o da dose de radia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Manica JLL, Medeiros RF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Manica JLL, Rossi Filho RI, Fischer LS, Medeiros RF, Broetto G, Borges MS; An&#225;lise
                  e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Manica JLL, Fischer LS, Medeiros RF, Broetto G; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Manica JLL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Manica JLL, Rossi Filho RI;
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Manica
                  JLL, Rossi Filho RI, Borges MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
