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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9HCfy5GbHn8bsMnsYMDj4FJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Gender-Based Differences in Cardiac Remodeling and ILK
               Expression after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sofia</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antonio</surname>
            <given-names>Ednei Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manchini</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Trindade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Aparecida Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente Paulo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
               Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
               Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal
               de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia - Universidade Federal de
               S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrey Jorge Serra,</bold> Rua Araurari, 159, Vila Esperan&#231;a.
               Postal Code 03650-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>andreyserra@gmail.com</email>, <email>andreyserra@uninove.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>124</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Gender can influence post-infarction cardiac remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether gender influences left ventricular (LV) remodeling and
                  integrin-linked kinase (ILK) after myocardial infarction (MI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Female and male Wistar rats were assigned to one of three groups: sham, moderate
                  MI (size: 20-39% of LV area), and large MI (size: &#8805;40% of LV area). MI was induced
                  by coronary occlusion, and echocardiographic analysis was performed after six
                  weeks to evaluate MI size as well as LV morphology and function. Real-time RT-PCR
                  and Western blot were used to quantify ILK in the myocardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>MI size was similar between genders. MI resulted in systolic dysfunction and
                  enlargement of end-diastolic as well as end-systolic dimension of LV as a function
                  of necrotic area size in both genders. Female rats with large MI showed a lower
                  diastolic and systolic dilatation than the respective male rats; however, LV
                  dysfunction was similar between genders. Gene and protein levels of ILK were
                  increased in female rats with moderate and large infarctions, but only male rats
                  with large infarctions showed an altered ILK mRNA level. A negative linear
                  correlation was evident between LV dimensions and ILK expression in female rats
                  with large MI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Post-MI ILK expression is altered in a gender-specific manner, and higher ILK
                  levels found in females may be sufficient to improve LV geometry but not LV
                  function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction, Gender Identity</kwd>
        <kwd>Protein-Serine Threonine Kinases/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>It is well established that premenopausal women have a lower risk of cardiovascular
            disease than men of the same age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. However, there
            are conflicting data about gender differences with regard to the adaptive response of
            the heart during the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI).
            Thus, although some studies have shown worse cardiac remodeling in male than female
            rodents post-MI, other researchers have found no gender differences or worse cardiac
            remodeling in females<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The female sex hormone estrogen has been the most frequently studied mechanism for
            gender-based left ventricular (LV) remodeling post-MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The cardiovascular
            system is influenced not only by estrogen but also by multiple molecular factors that
            may determine significant gender differences that already exist in the normal heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In fact, the different characteristics of the
            normal myocardium suggest that different molecular responses occur between males and
            females in response to MI. In this regard, a wealth of data supports a key role of
            integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the ischemic myocardium. ILK is a critical effector in
            the Akt signaling pathway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> and has been shown to be up-regulated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> as well as to promote cardiac repair after
               MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Moreover, ILK gene therapy has been
            shown to improve cardiac remodeling in rats after MI and was associated with increased
            angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, and increased cardiomyocyte proliferation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Since gender differences in post-MI LV remodeling are unclear, we conducted this study
            using a rat MI model with a reliable and comprehensive method to examine gender-based
            differences in myocardial remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Given that previous
            studies have established that ILK influences LV remodeling, we also examined whether
            gender affects the myocardial expression of ILK after MI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and MI surgery</title>
        <p>The investigation conforms to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
               published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH publication no. 85-23, revised
               1985) as well as to the policy and UK regulations described in the Journal of
                  Physiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Ethical Principles in
               Animal Experimentation of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).
               The protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the
               Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Ten-week-old female and male Wistar rats
               were subjected to surgical induction of MI or sham operation. Under ketamine (50
               mg/kg) plus Xylazin (10 mg/kg) anesthesia the left anterior descending coronary
               artery was occluded near its origin following a previously described method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Sham-operated rats were treated similarly except that the ligature was
               not tied. Female and male rats were assigned to either a sham group, a moderate MI
               group (infarct size between 20-39% of LV area), or a large MI group (infarct size &#8805;
               40% of LV area).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of MI size, LV geometry and function</title>
        <p>Six weeks after the surgical ligation of the coronary artery or sham operations, the
               animals were anesthetized as described above and measurements were performed using a
               12-MHz transducer connected to a HP Sonos-5500 echocardiograph (Hewlett-Packard,
               California, USA) as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The MI size was
               measured by transversal 2-dimensional view of the left ventricle on the basal,
               midtransversal, and apical planes. Measurements of the endocardial perimeter (EP) and
               length of the infarcted segment (ISe) for each transverse view were obtained in
               diastole. The infarct size for each segment (ISi), expressed as the proportion of the
               left ventricle perimeter of each transverse view, was calculated by the equation ISi
               (%) = ISe/EP x 100. The MI was defined by echocardiography as any segment with
               increased echogenicity and/or change in myocardial thickening or systolic movement
               (hypokinesia, akinesia, or dyskinesia). The diastolic (DA) and systolic (SA)
               transverse areas of the left ventricle were measured by 2-dimensional images at the
               basal, midview, and apical view. The final value was the arithmetic mean of the
               measures of the three views. Systolic function was analyzed by the fractional area
               change (FAC) as a function for the following equation: FAC = DA-SA/DA x 100.</p>
        <p>After echocardiography study, the animals received a urethane overdose (i.p. 4.8
               g/kg) and the hearts were immediately excised from the thorax and dissected. Samples
               from remote MI area and the corresponding part in the sham-operated rats were
               collected, frozen in dry ice, and stored at &#8722;80&#176;C until processing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis</title>
        <p>Total RNA was isolated from myocardial tissue using TRIzol as previously
                  described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Reverse transcription was
               performed in a 200 &#181;l reaction in the presence of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 3 mM
                  MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 mM dNTPs, and 50 ng of random primers
               with 200 units of Moloney murine leukemia virus-reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen).
               The reaction product was amplified by real-time PCR on the 7000 Sequence Detection
               System (ABI Prism, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using the SYBRGreen core
               reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The primers used were the
               followings: rat ILK (GenBank<sup>TM</sup> accession number NM 133409), forward primer
                  5'-<italic>ACCCAACCCTCATCACACACT-3</italic>' and reverse primer
                  <italic>5</italic>'<italic>-GCCTCTTGCCATGTCCAAA-3</italic>'; rat GAPDH
                  (GenBank<sup>TM</sup> accession number NM 017008) forward primer
                  <italic>5</italic>'<italic>-TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGC-3</italic>' and reverse primer
                  <italic>5</italic>'-<italic>GCCCCACGGCCATCA-3</italic>'.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot analysis</title>
        <p>Samples were homogenized in lysis buffer containing 0.1M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris-HCl pH
               7.6, 0.001M EDTA pH 8.0, 1% NP-40, 10% Glycerol, 10 &#181;M PMSF, 1 mM sodium
               metavanadate, 0.05 M NAF; 22 nM okadaic acid with protease inhibitor cocktails. The
               Lowry method was used to determine protein content. Tissue homogenate was diluted in
               Laemmli buffer and boiled for 5 min; 60&#181;g of protein were loaded on 10%
               polyacrylamide mini-gels, separated by electrophoresis and transferred to
               nitrocellulose membranes by electroblotting. Blocking was performed in 5% nonfat milk
               for 2 h at room temperature. Blots were then probed with an affinity-purified rabbit
               polyclonal antibody against ILK (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) in TBS-T (50 mM
               Tris-HCl, 154 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 + 0.1% Tween 20) 2% nonfat milk. After 12 h incubation
               at room temperature, blots were washed in TBS-T (3 times for 10 min) and incubated
               for 2 h in biotinylated anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Vector Laboratories, CA, USA)
               diluted 1:200 in TBS-T 2% nonfat milk. Blots were washed in TBS-T (3 times for 10
               min) and incubated for 1 h in streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (Vector
               Laboratories, CA, USA). After washing, the blots were incubated with enhanced
               chemiluminescence reagents (ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), exposed to X-ray film
               (Amersham), and quantified by densitometric analysis. Equal protein loading was shown
               by stripping and incubation with an anti-GAPDH antibody (1:2000, Proteimax
               Biotecnologia, Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed by the SPSS software 13.0 for PC (Analytical Software, Chicago,
               IL, USA), and values are expressed as mean &#177; S.D. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were
               used to verify approximately normal statistic distributions and equality of
               variances, respectively. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test was used
               to detect significant differences in sample normality. Kruskal-Wallis followed by
               Dunn's multiple comparison tests was applied for no-normality samples. Relationships
               between ILK levels and LV areas post-MI were determined by Pearson's correlation
               coefficient. In addition, linear multivariable regression models were performed (1)
               to evaluate the association between gender and LV structural and functional
               parameters after IM and (2) to examine the association between ILK protein level and
               LV areas after IM. Significance for statistical analyses was determined using an
               alpha level of &#8804; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Survival after coronary occlusion</title>
        <p>A total of 41 male and 28 female rats underwent coronary occlusion. After 24 h, 18
               (44%) males and two females (7%) rats died. Six weeks after coronary occlusion, two
               males and two females died. Moreover, one male and three female rats were excluded
               for not showing signs of MI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MI size, LV geometry and function</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.
               The size of MI was similar in female and male rats of the moderate and large infarct
               size groups. The female sham rats showed significant differences in LV chamber
               dimensions compared with male sham rats. However, when the size of the cavity was
               indexed by body weight, it did not differ between genders. Six weeks of MI resulted
               in end-diastolic as well as end-systolic dimensions, which were significantly
               enlarged. Moreover, LV areas were significantly increased in both female and male
               rats as a function of the size of MI. In the following analysis, we observed that
               female gender favorably influences LV chamber remodeling in response to MI. Thus,
               when considering animals with a large MI, female rats showed a lower diastolic and
               systolic LV dilation. Indeed, when related to body weight, male rats also exhibited a
               LV cavity larger than female rats. Data on LV function identified a depression in
               both female and male rats with moderate and large infarctions. These changes were
               similar in both genders.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of the animals</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Females</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Males</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sham</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold/>
                  <bold>Moderate MI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Large MI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sham</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Moderate MI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Large MI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">232 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">227 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">262 &#177; 22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">343 &#177; 56</td>
                <td align="center">322 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">300 &#177; 24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM size (%)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 0.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 0.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 0.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDA/BW (mm<sup>2</sup>/g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011 &#177; 0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.020 &#177; 0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.020 &#177; 0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.010 &#177; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.016 &#177; 0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.027 &#177; 0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSA/BW (mm<sup>2</sup>/g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003 &#177; 0.0006</td>
                <td align="center">0.013 &#177; 0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.015 &#177; 0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.003 &#177; 0.0006</td>
                <td align="center">0.010 &#177; 0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.019 &#177; 0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t01">$</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BW: body weight; LVDA: left ventricular diastolic area; LVSA: left
                        ventricular systolic area; FAC: fractional area change; MI: myocardial
                        infarction</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with sham males;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t01">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with moderate MI males</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t01">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with large MI males;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t01">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with the respective sham;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn05t01">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared with respective moderate MI size.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Linear multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess the association
               between gender and structural and functional parameters of LV after MI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariable analysis between gender and structural and functional
                     parameters of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Coeficiente &#946; padronizado</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de t</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender &#8211; MI size<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.93</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender &#8211; LVDA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.530</td>
                <td align="center">5.533</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender &#8211; LVSA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">c</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.483</td>
                <td align="center">4.931</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender &#8211; FAC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t02">d</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.14</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.174</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Model 1: multivariate linear regression for association of gender and
                        myocardial infarction (MI) size;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Model 2: multivariate linear regression for association of gender and left
                        ventricular diastolic area (LVDA) after adjusting for MI size and body
                        weight;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t02">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Model 3: multivariate linear regression for association of gender and left
                        ventricular systolic area (LVSA) after adjusting for MI size and body
                        weight;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t02">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>Model 4: multivariate linear regression for association of gender and
                        fractional area change (FAC) after adjusting for MI size, body weight, LVDA,
                        and LVSA.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The MI size was not significantly associated with gender. However, male gender was
               significantly associated with larger LV diastolic area (LVDA) and systolic area
               (LVSA) after adjustment for MI size and body weight. There was no significant
               association between gender and FAC after adjustment for MI size, LV diastolic and
               systolic area, and body weight.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gender determines differential expression of ILK after MI</title>
        <p>There was no significant difference in ILK expression between female and male
               sham-operated rats (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). MI
               significantly increased ILK mRNA in female rats compared with the corresponding
               sham-operated female rats. ILK mRNA expression was higher in females with large
               infarcts than with moderate infarcts; however, this difference was not statistically
               significant. In male rats, ILK levels were significantly increased in animals with
               large MI area. More importantly, gender significantly affected ILK mRNA expression
               after MI. Female rats with moderate and large MI size showed higher ILK levels
               compared with male rats with moderate and large MI size. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>, ILK protein levels examined by Western blot are shown.
               As observed for the gene expression, gender did not affect ILK content in the
               myocardial tissue of sham-operated groups. However, ILK protein levels were
               upregulated as a function of MI size in females. On the other hand, ILK content was
               not altered in the myocardial tissue of infarcted male rats. Remarkably, given that a
               significantly higher amount of ILK protein was found in female compared with male
               rats, gender determined differential expression of ILK after MI.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quantification of (A) ILK mRNA and (B) ILK protein expression in the
                     myocardium of sham-operated and infarct-operated female and male rats,
                     respectively. ILK levels are plotted as a function of MI size. The sample size
                     is shown into the bars. #p &lt; 0.001 vs. respective sham; *p &lt; 0.001 vs.
                     respective moderate infarction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0124-40113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between ILK expression and LV geometry</title>
        <p>As previously described, female rats with large infarcts showed a lower LV
               dilatation. In addition, following MI there was increased ILK expression in female
               rats compared with male rats. Since previous studies with gene therapy approaches
               have shown that increased myocardial expression of ILK may reduce LV dilation
               following MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, correlation analysis between
               LV areas and ILK levels were performed in female rats with large MI size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). We determined that a negative linear
               correlation existed between LVDA, LVSA and ILK expression. The association between LV
               areas and ILK remained statistically significant even after the application of a
               linear multivariable regression model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
                  3</xref>). Thus, an increased ILK expression was associated with smaller LVDA as
               well as LVSA in female rats. However, a similar result was not observed in male
               rats.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariable analysis between ILK protein expression and left ventricular
                     areas after myocardial infarction in both genders</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Coeficiente &#946; Padronizado</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de t</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDA (female)</td>
                <td align="center">0.716</td>
                <td align="center">5.228</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDA (male)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.088</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.459</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSA (female)</td>
                <td align="center">0.749</td>
                <td align="center">5.769</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSA (male)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.204</td>
                <td align="center">- 1.064</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ADVE: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASVE: &#225;rea sist&#243;lica do
                        ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation analysis between ILK gene (panels: A-B) and protein (panels:
                     C-D) expression and LV diastolic (LVDA) and systolic (LVSA) areas indexed to
                     body weight in female rats with large MI size.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0124-40113-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>It is well known that premenopausal women are less likely to develop coronary heart
            disease than men of the same age and that heart failure appears to be less common and
            less severe in premenopausal women than in men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
            Although previous studies have shown post-MI gender differences in LV remodeling, the
            data are inconclusive. Thus, Chen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have
            reported that female rats had more prominent LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction on
            echocardiographic analysis four weeks post-MI compared with male rats. In contrast,
            Litwin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> found comparable LV dilatation and
            systolic dysfunction between female and male rats six weeks post-MI, and similarly
            Bridgman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> found comparable LV dilatation
            and systolic dysfunction between female and male mice six weeks post-MI. Conversely, we
            reported that female rats with large MI size resulted in minor LV dilatation six weeks
            post-MI compared with male rats of similar MI size. These results are in agreement with
            studies in mice. Cavasin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> found that male
            mice had more pronounced LV dilatation as well as systolic dysfunction 12 weeks post-MI.
            Similarly, Shioura et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> found that male mice
            had more pronounced LV dilatation as well as systolic dysfunction 10 weeks post-MI. The
            diverse results in the literature comparing post-MI LV remodeling between females and
            males are unclear. It is possible that the use of different species (e.g., mice or
            rats), ovariectomized or ovary-intact animals, different observation time points,
            separation of groups according to MI size, and different ages of the animals could
            account for the disparate results in the literature.</p>
      <p>As determined in our study, although female rats with large MI showed a minor LV cavity
            compared to male rats with similar MI size, this was not associated with an improved LV
            systolic function. Thus, these data suggest that despite infarcts of similar size and
            severe maladaptive remodeling of the LV cavity in male rats, systolic function was
            comparable between genders.</p>
      <p>The underlying mechanisms for a lower post-MI LV dilation in females than in males are
            not completely understood. It has been reported that female sex hormones (e.g.,
            estrogen) may have protective effects in rats and mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In this respect, we
            found that myocardial expression of ILK was significantly increased six weeks after MI.
            To our knowledge, only limited numbers of studies have investigated the effects of MI on
            ILK expression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and the molecular mechanism
            responsible for the differential expression of ILK between genders has not been
            clarified. Thus, it should be pointed out that female rats with moderate and large MI
            showed an increase in ILK gene and protein expression compared with male rats with the
            same MI size. Given that ILK gene and protein levels may have favorable effect on
            cardiac remodeling, one might expect that higher ILK content could result in a lower LV
            dilatation response to MI in female rats. The fact that the concentration of ILK is
            related to a lower LV cavity is further supported by correlation analysis as documented
            in this study. The assumption that ILK has a key role in preserving LV remodeling is
            supported by several evidences in the literature. Ding et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> injected an adenoviral vector expressing ILK into the myocardial
            tissue of rats following MI and the gene therapy was associated with preserved LV
            diameter, enhanced angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte proliferation, reduced infarct scar
            size, reduced fibrosis, and reduced apoptosis. Moreover, studies of MI in mice have
            shown that thymosin &#946;4, a monomeric G-actin protein, targets the ILK-PINCH-1 pathway
            leading to the activation of Akt for cardiac protection after ischemic insult<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. These studies have shown several beneficial anti-remodeling effects,
            including smaller infarct sizes, reduced LV dilatation, and improved cardiac function in
            thymosin &#946;4-treated MI animals compared with MI only animals.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, we did not investigate the mechanism leading to a differential expression
            of ILK in post-MI female rats versus male rats; to our knowledge, there is no evidence
            in the literature on this issue. The mechanisms leading to lower ILK transcription in
            post-MI males than females as well as translation inhibition in males need to be
            determined. ILK has been shown to activate multiple cardioprotective signaling pathways
            that can result in an improved myocardial remodeling post-ischemic injury. In this
            regard, the myocardial ILK expression was shown to be associated with vascular
            endothelial growth factor expression and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide
            synthase after MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Moreover, it has been taken
            into account that cardioprotection in female may occur through the PI3-K/AKT signaling
               pathway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Unfortunately, we were unable to demonstrate that the
            relationship among vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial nitric oxide
            synthase, PI3-K/AKT, and ILK after MI could favorably influence LV remodeling in female
            rats. This issue is very intriguing and needs to be investigated in future.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study is the first to demonstrate a gender-specific differential expression pattern
            of ILK following MI. Although increased ILK protein levels were shown to correlate with
            a minor LV chamber area, we did not find significant differences in LV performance
            between genders. Further studies are necessary to explore the association among ILK
            level, LV geometry, and cardiac function. This issue should be addressed as a
            relationship of cause and effect dependent on gender.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Sofia RR, Antonio EL, Manchini MT, Tucci PJF;
               Acquisition of data: Silva Jr JA, Antonio EL, Manchini MT, Oliveira FAA, Teixeira
               VPC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sofia RR, Silva Jr JA, Oliveira FAA,
               Teixeira VPC; Statistical analysis: Serra AJ; Obtaining financing: Tucci PJF; Writing
               of the manuscript: Sofia RR, Serra AJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Serra AJ, Tucci PJF.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Renato Rodrigues Sofia,
               from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Remodelamento Card&#237;aco e Express&#227;o da ILK Diferem entre os
               G&#234;neros ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sofia</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antonio</surname>
            <given-names>Ednei Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manchini</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Trindade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Aparecida Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente Paulo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
               Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
               Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal
               de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Patologia - Universidade Federal de
               S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrey Jorge Serra,</bold> Rua Araurari, 159, Vila Esperan&#231;a.
               CEP 03650-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andreyserra@gmail.com</email>,
                  <email>andreyserra@uninove.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O g&#234;nero pode ser decisivo no remodelamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s infarto do
                  mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero associadas ao remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
                  (VE) ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e associadas &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o de quinases acopladas
                  &#224; integrina (integrin-linked kinases-ILK).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos e f&#234;meas foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo sham, grupo com IM
                  de extens&#227;o moderada (tamanho: 20-39% da &#225;rea do VE); grupo com IM de grande
                  extens&#227;o (tamanho: &#8805; 40% da &#225;rea do VE). O IM foi produzido por oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria
                  e as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas ap&#243;s 6 semanas para avaliar a
                  extens&#227;o do IM, bem como a morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. RT-PCR em tempo real e
                  Western blott foram realizados para quantificar a ILK no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A extens&#227;o do IM foi semelhante entre os g&#234;neros. O IM resultou em disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  sist&#243;lica e aumento do tamanho do VE no final da di&#225;stole e da s&#237;stole em fun&#231;&#227;o
                  do tamanho da &#225;rea necr&#243;tica para ambos os sexos. Ratos f&#234;meas com IM de grande
                  extens&#227;o apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica inferior a de ratos machos,
                  mas a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE foi semelhante em ambos os sexos. Os n&#237;veis g&#234;nicos e
                  proteicos de ILK aumentaram em ratos f&#234;meas com infartos de extens&#227;o moderada e
                  grande, mas apenas ratos machos com infartos de grande extens&#227;o apresentaram
                  n&#237;veis alterados de mRNA do ILK. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear negativa foi observada
                  entre as dimens&#245;es do VE e a express&#227;o de ILK em ratos f&#234;meas com IM de grande
                  extens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A express&#227;o de ILK p&#243;s-IM variou de maneira g&#234;nero-especifica, e os n&#237;veis mais
                  elevados de ILK observados em f&#234;meas podem ser suficientes para melhorar a
                  geometria do VE, mas n&#227;o suficientes para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa apresentam menor risco de doen&#231;as
               cardiovasculares quando comparado a homens da mesma idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No entanto, existem dados conflitantes a respeito das
               diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta card&#237;aca adaptativa durante o
               desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). Neste
               sentido, embora alguns estudos tenham mostrado um remodelamento card&#237;aco pior em
               roedores machos p&#243;s-IM, outros pesquisadores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero ou
               remodelamento card&#237;aco pior em f&#234;meas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos pelos quais o g&#234;nero pode afetar o remodelamento do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) p&#243;s-IM, o horm&#244;nio sexual feminino estr&#243;geno tem sido o mais
               frequentemente estudado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O sistema cardiovascular &#233; influenciado n&#227;o s&#243;
               pelo estr&#243;geno, mas tamb&#233;m por m&#250;ltiplos fatores moleculares que podem determinar
               diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos, e que est&#227;o presentes no cora&#231;&#227;o
                  saud&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. De fato, as diferentes
               caracter&#237;sticas do mioc&#225;rdio normal levam ao pressuposto l&#243;gico de que diferentes
               respostas moleculares ocorrem entre os sexos em resposta ao IM. Neste sentido, v&#225;rios
               estudos indicaram o papel fundamental de quinases acopladas &#224; integrina
                  (<italic>integrin-linked kinases</italic>-ILK) no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. ILK &#233; um
               efetor crucial na via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de Akt,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> &#233; regulado
                  positivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e &#233; capaz de promover a
               regenera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a
               terapia g&#234;nica com ILK melhora o remodelamento card&#237;aco em ratos p&#243;s-IM e est&#225;
               associada com o aumento da angiog&#234;nese, redu&#231;&#227;o da apoptose, e aumento da
               prolifera&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Visto que as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero associadas ao remodelamento do VE p&#243;s-IM n&#227;o s&#227;o
               claras, realizamos este estudo utilizando um modelo de ratos com IM atrav&#233;s de um
               m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel e abrangente para examinar as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero no remodelamento
               do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Considerando que estudos anteriores t&#234;m
               demonstrado que ILK influencia o remodelamento do VE, tamb&#233;m examinamos o efeito do
               g&#234;nero sobre a express&#227;o de ILK no mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-IM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de IM</title>
          <p>O presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com o Manual de Cuidados e Uso de Animais de
                  Experimenta&#231;&#227;o publicado pelo <italic>National Institutos of Health</italic> (NIH)
                  dos EUA (publica&#231;&#227;o No. 85-23, revisada em 1985), e de acordo com a pol&#237;tica e
                  regulamenta&#231;&#227;o do Reino Unido descrita no <italic>Journal of
                     Physiology</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Princ&#237;pios
                  &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal
                  (COBEA). O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade
                  Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Ratos Wistar machos e f&#234;meas com 10 semanas de idade
                  foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou &#224; cirurgia
                  sham. Ap&#243;s anestesia com cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (10 mg/kg), a art&#233;ria
                  coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda foi oclu&#237;da perto da sua origem,
                  utilizando um m&#233;todo anteriormente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Ratos
                  sham-operados foram tratados da mesma forma, exceto que a ligadura n&#227;o foi
                  amarrada. Ratos machos e f&#234;meas foram divididos em um grupo sham, um grupo
                  experimental com IM de extens&#227;o moderada (tamanho do infarto: 20-39% da &#225;rea do
                  VE), ou um grupo com IM de grande extens&#227;o (tamanho do infarto: &#8805; 40% da &#225;rea do
                  VE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do IM, geometria e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE</title>
          <p>Seis semanas ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou cirurgias sham, os animais
                  foram anestesiados conforme descrito acima e as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas
                  utilizando um transdutor de 12 MHz acoplado a um ecocardi&#243;grafo modelo HP
                  Sonos-5500 (Hewlett-Packard, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA) como previamente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A extens&#227;o do IM foi medida utilizando um corte transversal 2D do
                  VE nos planos basal, m&#233;dio e apical. As medi&#231;&#245;es do per&#237;metro do endoc&#225;rdio (PE) e
                  comprimento do segmento infartado (CSI) para cada corte transversal foram obtidos
                  em di&#225;stole. A extens&#227;o do infarto para cada segmento (ESI), representada como a
                  propor&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro do VE em cada corte transversal, foi calculada pela
                  equa&#231;&#227;o: ESI (%) = CSI/PE &#215; 100. O IM foi definido por ecocardiografia como
                  qualquer segmento com ecogenicidade aumentada e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o da espessura do
                  mioc&#225;rdio, ou movimento sist&#243;lico (hipocinesia, acinesia, ou discinesia). As &#225;reas
                  transversais diast&#243;lica (ADVE) e sist&#243;lica (ASVE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram
                  medidas por meio de imagens 2D usando cortes basais, m&#233;dios, e apicais. O valor
                  final correspondeu &#224; m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das medidas dos 3 cortes. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica
                  foi avaliada pela varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracional (VAF) de acordo com a seguinte
                  equa&#231;&#227;o: VAF = AD-AS/AD &#215; 100.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, os animais receberam uma overdose de uretano
                  (i.e., 4,8 g/kg) e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram imediatamente removidos do t&#243;rax e
                  dissecados. Amostras de &#225;rea remota do IM e a parte correspondente dos ratos
                  sham-operados foram recolhidas, congeladas em gelo seco, e armazenadas a -80 &#176;C
                  at&#233; o processamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise em tempo real por RT-PCR quantitativa</title>
          <p>O RNA total foi isolado a partir de tecido do mioc&#225;rdio utilizando TRIzol como
                  anteriormente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A transcri&#231;&#227;o
                  reversa foi realizada num volume de 200 &#181;L na presen&#231;a de 50 mM de Tris-HCl (pH
                  8,3), 3 mM de MgCl<sub>2</sub> , 10 mM de ditiotreitol, 0,5 mM de dNTP, e 50 ng de
                  iniciadores aleat&#243;rios com 200 unidades da transcriptase reversa do v&#237;rus da
                  leucemia murina de Moloney (Invitrogen). O produto da rea&#231;&#227;o foi amplificado por
                  PCR em tempo real utilizando um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o modelo 7000 (ABI Prism,
                  Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA) e o kit de rea&#231;&#227;o <italic>SYBRGreen
                     core</italic> (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). Os iniciadores
                  utilizados foram: ILK de rato (n&#250;mero de acesso GenBank<sup>TM</sup>: NM 133409),
                  iniciador <italic>forward</italic> 5'-ACCCAACCCTCATCACACACT-3' e iniciador
                     <italic>reverse</italic> 5'-GCCTCTTGCCATGTCCAAA-3'; GAPDH de rato (n&#250;mero de
                  acesso GenBan<sup>TM</sup>k: NM 017008), iniciador <italic>forward</italic>:
                  5'-TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGC-3' e <italic>reverse</italic>: 5'-GCCCCACGGCCATCA-3'.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise por Western blotting</title>
          <p>As amostras foram homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o contendo 0,1 M de NaCl,
                  0,01 M de Tris-HCl (pH 7,6), 0,001 M de EDTA (pH 8,0), 1% de NP-40, 10% de
                  glicerol, 10 &#181;M de PMSF, 1 mM de metavanadato de s&#243;dio, 0,05 M de NAF e 22 nM de
                  &#225;cido ocad&#225;ico juntamente com coquet&#233;is de inibidores da protease. O m&#233;todo de
                  Lowry foi usado para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na. O tecido homogeneizado foi
                  dilu&#237;do em tamp&#227;o de Laemmli e fervido durante 5 minutos, e as prote&#237;nas (60 &#181;g)
                  foram separadas por eletroforese utilizando mini gel de poliacrilamida a 10% e
                  transferidas para uma membrana de nitrocelulose por eletrotransfer&#234;ncia. O
                  bloqueio foi realizado com 5% de leite desnatado durante 2 horas &#224; temperatura
                  ambiente. As membranas foram sondadas com um anticorpo policlonal anti-ILK de
                  coelho purificado por cromatografia de afinidade (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA,
                  EUA) em tamp&#227;o TBS-T (50 mM de Tris-HCl, 154 mM de NaCl (pH 7,5), em 0,1% de Tween
                  20), acrescido de 2% de leite desnatado. Ap&#243;s 12 horas de incuba&#231;&#227;o &#224; temperatura
                  ambiente, as membranas foram lavadas em TBS-T (3 vezes de 10 minutos) e incubadas
                  durante 2 horas com imunoglobulina biotinilada anti-coelho (Vector Laboratories,
                  CA, EUA), dilu&#237;da a 1:200 em TBS-T acrescido de 2% de leite desnatado. As
                  membranas foram lavadas em TBS-T (3 vezes de 10 minutos) e incubadas durante 1
                  hora em estreptavidina conjugada com peroxidase de r&#225;bano (Vector Laboratories,
                  CA, EUA). Ap&#243;s a lavagem, os reagentes de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia (ECL, Amersham
                  Pharmacia Biotech) foram aplicados &#224;s membranas, que em seguida foram expostas a
                  um filme de raios-X (Amersham) e as prote&#237;nas foram quantificadas por an&#225;lise de
                  densitometria. Igual quantidade de prote&#237;na foi retirada por
                     <italic>stripping</italic> e a membrana foi novamente incubada com um anticorpo
                  anti-GAPDH (1:2000, Proteimax Biotecnologia, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software SPSS 13.0 (Analytical Software,
                  Chicago, Chicago, IL, EUA), e os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
                  padr&#227;o (DP). Os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene foram utilizados para verificar a
                  distribui&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica aproximadamente normal e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias,
                  respectivamente. An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia a dois fatores seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de
                  Bonferroni foram usados para detectar diferen&#231;as significativas na normalidade da
                  amostra. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de
                  Dunn foram aplicados para amostras n&#227;o-normais. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de
                  ILK e as &#225;reas do VE p&#243;s-IM foram determinadas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de
                  Pearson. Al&#233;m disso, modelos de regress&#227;o linear multivariada foram desenvolvidos
                  (1) para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre g&#234;nero e os par&#226;metros estruturais e
                  funcionais do VE p&#243;s-IM e (2) a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis proteicos de ILK e as
                  &#225;reas do VE p&#243;s-IM. A signific&#226;ncia das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi determinada
                  utilizando um n&#237;vel alfa &#8804;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrevida ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria</title>
          <p>Um total de 41 ratos machos e 28 ratos f&#234;meas foram submetidos a oclus&#227;o
                  coron&#225;ria. Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o, 18 ratos machos (44%) e 2 ratos
                  f&#234;meas (7%) morreram. Seis semanas ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, 2 ratos machos e 2
                  f&#234;meas morreram. Al&#233;m disso, 1 macho e 3 f&#234;meas foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o
                  apresentarem sinais de IM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extens&#227;o do IM, geometria e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE</title>
          <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. A extens&#227;o do IM foi semelhante em ratos machos e f&#234;meas para
                  os grupos com infarto moderado e grande. As f&#234;meas sham apresentaram diferen&#231;as
                  significativas nas dimens&#245;es da c&#226;mara do VE em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos machos
                  sham. No entanto, quando o tamanho da c&#226;mara do VE foi analisado em fun&#231;&#227;o do peso
                  corporal, este par&#226;metro n&#227;o diferiu entre os sexos. Seis semanas ap&#243;s o IM, as
                  dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas no final da di&#225;stole e no final da s&#237;stole estavam
                  significativamente aumentadas. Al&#233;m disso, as &#225;reas do VE foram significativamente
                  aumentadas em ratos machos e f&#234;meas, em fun&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do IM. Na an&#225;lise
                  realizada, observamos que o sexo feminino influenciou favoravelmente o
                  remodelamento do VE em resposta ao IM. Assim, ao considerar os animais com IM de
                  grande extens&#227;o, as f&#234;meas apresentaram uma menor dilata&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica
                  do VE. De fato, quando avaliados de acordo com o peso corporal, os ratos machos
                  apresentaram uma c&#226;mara do VE maior que a das f&#234;meas. Al&#233;m disso, ratos machos e
                  f&#234;meas com infartos de extens&#227;o moderada e grande apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na
                  fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, e essa diminui&#231;&#227;o foi semelhantes em ambos os sexos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos animais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>F&#234;meas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Machos</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IM de moderada </bold>
                    <bold>extens&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IM de ampla extens&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Placebo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IM de moderada extens&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IM de ampla extens&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corp&#243;reo (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">232 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">227 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">#</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">262 &#177; 22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">$</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">343 &#177; 56</td>
                  <td align="center">322 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">300 &#177; 24<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extens&#227;o do IM (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">---</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADVE (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>$<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 0,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 0,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">$</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASVE (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3 &#177; 0,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>$<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">$</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADVE/PC (mm<sup>2</sup>/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011 &#177; 0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020 &#177; 0,003<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020 &#177; 0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010 &#177; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016 &#177; 0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027 &#177; 0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">$</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASVE/PC (mm<sup>2</sup>/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003 &#177; 0,0006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013 &#177; 0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015 &#177; 0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003 &#177; 0,0006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010 &#177; 0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019 &#177; 0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn05t04">$</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 16<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></sup>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>PC: peso corp&#243;reo; ADVE: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASVE:
                           &#225;rea sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VAF: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracional;
                           IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos machos sham-operados;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t04">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos machos com IM de extens&#227;o
                           moderada;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t04">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos machos com IM de grande extens&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t04">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os respectivos animais sham;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn05t04">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com IM de extens&#227;o moderada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada foram realizadas para avaliar a
                  correla&#231;&#227;o entre o g&#234;nero e os par&#226;metros estruturais e funcionais do VE p&#243;s-IM
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada entre o g&#234;nero e os par&#226;metros estruturais e
                        funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coeficiente &#946; padronizado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de t</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero- extens&#227;o do IM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">a</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero- ADVE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,530</td>
                  <td align="center">5.533</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero- ASVE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t05">c</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,483</td>
                  <td align="center">4.931</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero- VAF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t05">d</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t05">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Modelo 1: regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e
                           extens&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t05">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Modelo 2: regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e da &#225;rea
                           diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ADVE) ap&#243;s ajuste dos dados para a
                           extens&#227;o do MI e peso corp&#243;reo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t05">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>Modelo 3: regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e &#225;rea
                           sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ASVE) ap&#243;s ajuste dos dados para a
                           extens&#227;o do IM e peso corp&#243;reo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t05">
                <label>d</label>
                <p>Modelo 4: regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e
                           varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea fracional (VAF), ap&#243;s ajuste dos dados para o tamanho do
                           IM, peso corp&#243;reo, ADVE e ASVE.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A extens&#227;o do IM n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente com o g&#234;nero. No entanto,
                  o sexo masculino foi significativamente associado com maior &#225;rea diast&#243;lica e
                  sist&#243;lica do VE ap&#243;s o ajuste dos dados para a extens&#227;o do IM e peso corp&#243;reo. N&#227;o
                  houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre g&#234;nero e VAF ap&#243;s o ajuste dos dados para a
                  extens&#227;o do IM, &#225;rea diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VE, e peso corp&#243;reo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O g&#234;nero determina a express&#227;o diferencial de ILK p&#243;s-IM</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na express&#227;o de ILK entre ratos machos e f&#234;meas
                  sham-operados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1A</xref>). O IM aumentou
                  significativamente a express&#227;o do mRNA de ILK em ratos f&#234;meas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as
                  f&#234;meas sham-operadas correspondentes. A express&#227;o do mRNA do ILK foi maior em
                  f&#234;meas com IM de grande extens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com f&#234;meas com infartos moderados,
                  mas esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significante. Em ratos machos, os n&#237;veis de ILK foram
                  significativamente maiores em animais com IM de grande extens&#227;o. Notavelmente, o
                  g&#234;nero afetou significativamente a express&#227;o de mRNA de ILK p&#243;s-IM. As f&#234;meas com
                  IM de tamanho moderado e grande apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de ILK
                  comparados com animais do sexo masculino com estas mesmas &#225;reas de IM. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1B</xref> mostra os n&#237;veis proteicos de ILK
                  detectados por <italic>Western blotting</italic>. Tal como foi observado com os
                  resultados do n&#237;vel de express&#227;o g&#234;nica, o g&#234;nero n&#227;o afetou os n&#237;veis de ILK no
                  tecido do mioc&#225;rdio nos grupos sham-operados. No entanto, os n&#237;veis proteicos de
                  ILK foram regulados positivamente em fun&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do IM para o sexo
                  feminino. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis de ILK n&#227;o foram alterados no tecido do
                  mioc&#225;rdio em ratos machos infartados. Notavelmente, o g&#234;nero foi um fator
                  determinante para a express&#227;o diferencial de ILK p&#243;s-IM, considerando que um n&#237;vel
                  proteico significativamente maior de ILK foi observado em f&#234;meas em compara&#231;&#227;o com
                  ratos machos.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de mRNA (A) e proteicos (B) de ILK no mioc&#225;rdio
                        de ratos machos e f&#234;meas sham-operados e submetidos a infarto,
                        respectivamente. Os n&#237;veis de ILK est&#227;o representados em fun&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o
                        do IM. O tamanho da amostra &#233; indicado nas barras. # p &lt; 0,001 em rela&#231;&#227;o
                        aos animais sham-operados; * p &lt; 0,001 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais com IM de
                        extens&#227;o moderada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0124-40113-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a express&#227;o de ILK e a geometria do VE</title>
          <p>Como anteriormente comentado, as f&#234;meas apresentaram uma dilata&#231;&#227;o menor do VE
                  considerando IMs de grande extens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, houve aumento da express&#227;o de ILK
                  p&#243;s-IM nas f&#234;meas em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos machos. Visto que estudos anteriores com
                  abordagens de terapia g&#234;nica demonstraram que a express&#227;o aumentada de ILK no
                  mioc&#225;rdio pode reduzir a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE p&#243;s-IM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas do VE e os n&#237;veis de ILK foi
                  realizada em ratos f&#234;meas com IM de grande extens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear negativa entre as &#225;reas
                  transversais diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VE e a express&#227;o de ILK. Esta correla&#231;&#227;o
                  manteve-se significativa mesmo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de regress&#227;o linear
                  multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>). Assim, o aumento
                  da express&#227;o de ILK est&#225; associado com ADVE e ASVE menores em ratos f&#234;meas. No
                  entanto, este resultado n&#227;o foi observado em ratos machos.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de ILK (Painel: A-B) e
                        proteica de ILK (Painel: C-D) e as &#225;reas diast&#243;lica (ADVE) e sist&#243;lica
                        (ASVE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em fun&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal em ratos f&#234;meas com
                        IM de grande extens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0124-40113-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada entre a express&#227;o proteica de ILK e &#225;rea do
                        ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ambos os sexos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coeficiente &#946; Padronizado</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de t</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADVE (f&#234;meas)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,716</td>
                  <td align="center">5.228</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADVE (machos)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,088</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,459</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASVE (f&#234;meas)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,749</td>
                  <td align="center">5.769</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASVE (machos)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,204</td>
                  <td align="center">- 1.064</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ADVE: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ASVE: &#225;rea sist&#243;lica do
                           ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa s&#227;o menos suscept&#237;veis ao desenvolvimento de
               doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca parece ser menos frequente e
               menos grave do que em homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Embora estudos
               anteriores tenham mostrado diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero no remodelamento do VE p&#243;s-IM, os
               dados s&#227;o inconclusivos. Chen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
               relataram que ratos f&#234;meas estudadas com ecocardiografia apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE
               e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica maiores que ratos machos ap&#243;s 4 semanas de IM. Em contraste,
               Litwin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> verificaram dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e
               disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica compar&#225;veis entre ratos f&#234;meas e machos 6 semanas p&#243;s-IM.
               Similarmente, Bridgman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> observaram
               dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica compar&#225;veis entre camundongos machos e f&#234;meas 6
               semanas p&#243;s-IM. Por outro lado, observamos que ratos f&#234;meas com IM de grande extens&#227;o
               apresentaram menor dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE 6 semanas p&#243;s-IM em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos machos
               com IM de extens&#227;o similar. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos em
               camundongos. Cavasin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> observaram que
               camundongos machos apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais acentuada
               12 semanas p&#243;s-IM. Da mesma forma, Shioura e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> verificaram que camundongos machos apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e
               disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais acentuadas 10 semanas p&#243;s-IM. Ainda n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel explicar
               os resultados incoerentes da literatura comparando o remodelamento do VE p&#243;s-IM entre
               machos e f&#234;meas. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o emprego de diferentes esp&#233;cies de animais (por
               exemplo, camundongos e ratos), ovariectomizadas ou com ov&#225;rio intacto, os diferentes
               tempos de observa&#231;&#227;o, a separa&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de acordo com a extens&#227;o do IM, e as
               diferentes idades dos animais possa ter contribu&#237;do para os resultados divergentes da
               literatura.</p>
        <p>Conforme observado em nosso estudo, embora ratos f&#234;meas com IM de grande extens&#227;o
               tenham apresentado a c&#226;mara do VE menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos machos com IM de
               extens&#227;o similar, esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o se correlacionou com a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o
               sist&#243;lica. Assim, estes dados sugerem que, apesar dos infartos de extens&#227;o
               semelhante, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi semelhante entre os sexos, apesar do remodelamento
               card&#237;aco adverso mais grave da c&#226;mara ventricular esquerda em ratos machos.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos ligados a uma menor dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE em f&#234;meas em compara&#231;&#227;o com machos
               p&#243;s-IM n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. Tem sido relatado que os horm&#244;nios
               sexuais femininos (e.g., estr&#243;geno) podem ter efeitos protetores em ratos e
                  camundongos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Neste respeito, verificamos que a express&#227;o de
               ILK no mioc&#225;rdio foi significativamente aumentada 6 semanas p&#243;s-IM. At&#233; onde sabemos,
               poucos estudos t&#234;m investigado os efeitos do IM na express&#227;o de ILK<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, e as respostas ou mecanismos moleculares
               envolvidos na express&#227;o diferencial de ILK por g&#234;nero n&#227;o foram esclarecidos. Assim,
               deve-se salientar que ratos f&#234;meas com IM de moderada e grande extens&#227;o apresentaram
               um aumento na express&#227;o g&#234;nica e proteica de ILK comparado com ratos machos com
               extens&#227;o semelhante de IM. Considerando que os n&#237;veis g&#234;nicos e proteicos de ILK
               podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es no remodelamento card&#237;aco favor&#225;vel, pode-se esperar que os
               n&#237;veis aumentados de ILK resultem em uma menor dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE em resposta ao IM em
               ratos f&#234;meas. O fato da concentra&#231;&#227;o de ILK estar relacionada com uma menor c&#226;mara do
               VE &#233; corroborado pela an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, conforme documentado no presente estudo.
               O pressuposto de que ILK tem um papel fundamental na preserva&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento do
               VE &#233; apoiado por v&#225;rias linhas de evid&#234;ncia. Ding e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> injetaram um vetor de adenov&#237;rus expressando ILK no tecido do
               mioc&#225;rdio de ratos p&#243;s-IM, o que resultou na preserva&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do VE, aumento
               da angiog&#234;nese, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos, redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da cicatriz do
               infarto, e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fibrose e da apoptose. Al&#233;m disso, estudos de IM em
               camundongos mostraram que a timosina &#946;4, uma prote&#237;na monom&#233;rica de G-actina, que
               interage com ILK-PINCH-1, levou &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de Akt e prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s dano
                  isqu&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Estes estudos t&#234;m mostrado v&#225;rios efeitos
               ben&#233;ficos anti-remodelamento, incluindo infartos de menor extens&#227;o, diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em animais com IM tratados com timosina
               &#946;4 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais com IM n&#227;o tratados.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, n&#243;s n&#227;o investigamos o mecanismo que leva a maior express&#227;o
               diferencial de ILK p&#243;s-IM em f&#234;meas em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais machos, e at&#233; onde
               sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; dados da literatura a este respeito. Sendo assim, os mecanismos que
               levam &#224; menor transcri&#231;&#227;o de ILK em ratos machos pos-IM quando comparado com as
               f&#234;meas, bem como os mecanismos de inibi&#231;&#227;o da tradu&#231;&#227;o em animais machos, precisam
               ser esclarecidos. O ILK &#233; capaz de ativar m&#250;ltiplas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o
               cardioprotetoras que podem resultar em um melhor remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s uma
               les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. A este respeito, a express&#227;o de ILK no mioc&#225;rdio est&#225; associada &#224;
               express&#227;o do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial e &#224; fosforila&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico sintase endotelial p&#243;s-IM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m
               disso, deve-se considerar que a cardioprote&#231;&#227;o em f&#234;meas pode ocorrer pela via de
               sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular PI3K/AKT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O presente estudo
               n&#227;o demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico sintase endotelial, PI3K/AKT, e ILK p&#243;s-IM e o remodelamento do VE mais
               favor&#225;vel em f&#234;meas do que em machos. Esta quest&#227;o &#233; muito interessante e deve ser
               investigada no futuro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar um padr&#227;o de express&#227;o diferencial
               g&#234;nero-espec&#237;fica de ILK p&#243;s-MI. Embora o aumento dos n&#237;veis proteicos de ILK esteja
               correlacionado com a menor &#225;rea da c&#226;mara do VE, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as
               significativas no desempenho do VE em fun&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios
               para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de ILK, a geometria do VE, e a fun&#231;&#227;o
               card&#237;aca. Esta quest&#227;o deve ser tratada como uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito dependente
               do g&#234;nero.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sofia RR, Antonio EL, Manchini MT, Tucci PJF;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva Jr JA, Antonio EL, Manchini MT, Oliveira FAA, Teixeira
                  VPC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sofia RR, Silva Jr JA, Oliveira FAA,
                  Teixeira VPC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Serra AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Tucci PJF;
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sofia RR, Serra AJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
                  conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Serra AJ, Tucci PJF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Renato Rodrigues Sofia pela
                  Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
