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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HCbw8tK5fCxDtB4Bw5hX3HP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association of Peripheral Arterial and Cardiovascular
               Diseases in Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Raul Dias dos Santos Filho</bold>, Rua Peixoto Gomide, 1.526
               apt.&#186; 13, Jardins. Postal Code 01409-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>rdsf@cardiol.br</email>; <email>rdsf@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>118</fpage>
      <lpage>123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease
                  characterized by an elevation in the serum levels of total cholesterol and of
                  low-density lipoproteins (LDL- c). Known to be closely related to the
                  atherosclerotic process, FH can determine the development of early obstructive
                  lesions in different arterial beds. In this context, FH has also been proposed to
                  be a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> This observational cross-sectional study assessed the association of PAD with
                  other manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as coronary artery and
                  cerebrovascular disease, in patients with heterozygous FH. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> The diagnosis of PAD was established by ankle-brachial index (ABI) values &#8804; 0.90.
                  This study assessed 202 patients (35% of men) with heterozygous FH (90.6% with LDL
                  receptor mutations), mean age of 51 &#177; 14 years and total cholesterol levels of 342
                  &#177; 86 mg /dL. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The prevalences of PAD and previous CVD were 17% and 28.2 %, respectively. On
                  multivariate analysis, an independent association between CVD and the diagnosis of
                  PAD was observed (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.004 - 6.230; p = 0.049). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Systematic screening for PAD by use of ABI is feasible to assess patients with FH,
                  and it might indicate an increased risk for CVD. However, further studies are
                  required to determine the role of ABI as a tool to assess the cardiovascular risk
                  of those patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ankle Brachial Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease
            characterized by an elevation in the serum levels of total cholesterol and of
            low-density lipoproteins (LDL- c)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. That
            elevation results from the absence of specific LDL-c receptors and/or their reduction,
            due to a familial defect in apolipoprotein B or to defects in proprotein convertase
            subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Currently, 10 million people are estimated to
            have FH worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Known to be associated with elevated cholesterol concentrations and closely related to
            the atherosclerotic process, FH can determine the development of early obstructive
            lesions in different arterial beds and a substantial increase in the relative risk of
            death due to coronary disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In addition, FH has been proposed to be a risk
            factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>,
            which results from the narrowing and stiffening of arterial lumina in lower limbs, as
            part of the systemic atherosclerosis process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In the general
            population, PAD has a high prevalence, being associated with a high risk for fatal and
            non-fatal cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction and stroke)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In Europe and North America, 27 million people are estimated to have PAD,
            and that figure might be underestimated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, because
            most patients are asymptomatic or do not have the classic symptom of the disease,
            intermittent claudication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A Brazilian
            multicenter study has reported a 10.5% prevalence of PAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In that study, PAD was associated with the presence of diabetes
               <italic>mellitus</italic>, total and abdominal obesity, stroke and ischemic heart
            disease.</p>
      <p>Considering PAD as part of the systemic atherosclerosis process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, several authors are currently discussing including its screening
            in populations at high cardiovascular risk, such as individuals with FH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The progression of atherosclerosis in different
            arterial sites in individuals with FH is not uniform; previous studies have not shown
            the association of coronary atherosclerotic disease with carotid or aortic disease, at
            least in subclinical presentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Conversely, there is
            evidence of the high prevalence of PAD in the population with FH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; however, data on the association of PAD with other manifestations
            of cardiovascular disease in those individuals still lack.</p>
      <p>The present study systematically assesses the association of PAD with other
            manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and with risk factors, such as sex, age,
            systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, smoking, lipid
            profile, glycemia and serum creatinine levels.</p>
      <p>This study was performed in the outpatient clinic of the Lipid Clinical Unit of the
            Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
            from July 2009 to July 2013. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
            Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. All
            participants provided written informed consent.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was performed in the outpatient clinic of the Lipid Clinical Unit of the
            Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
            from July 2009 to July 2013. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
            Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. All
            participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is an observational cross-sectional study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>This study assessed a convenience sample of patients undergoing consecutive
               consultation at that outpatient clinic from July 2009 to July 2013, who met the
               inclusion criteria and provided written informed consent.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: age &gt; 18 years and heterozygous FH
               clinically diagnosed according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DUTCH MEDPED)
                  criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> or to the genetic determination
               of pathogenic mutation in the LDL receptor, PCSK9 or ApoB-100. The DUTCH MEDPED
               criteria are based on family and clinical history of early vascular/coronary disease,
               in the presence of xanthoma and corneal <italic>arcus</italic>, high plasma LDL-c
               concentrations, and the determination of mutation of genes that encode LDL receptors,
               Apo B-100 or PCSK9. According to those criteria, the diagnosis of FH is considered as
               follows: definitive, for a score &gt; 8 points; probable, for a score between 6 and 8
               points; and possible, for a score between 3 and 5 points.</p>
        <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: score &#8804; 5
               points; any condition that made the ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement impossible
               (amputation, extensive ulcerations, fractures or revascularization of lower and upper
               limbs); and individuals with ABI values &gt; 1.40.</p>
        <p>This study selected 220 patients clinically diagnosed with FH, 8 of whom refused to
               participate in the study, and 10 were excluded because the diagnosis of FH was
               classified as possible according to the DUTCH MEDPED criteria, yielding, thus, a
               sample of 202 individuals. Of the patients studied, 195 (96.53%) had a definitive
               diagnosis, and 7 (3%) had it probable. The presence of mutations in the gene that
               encodes the LDL receptor was found in 183 patients (90.6%). Mutations in neither
               PCSK9 nor ApoB-100 genes were found.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of cardiovascular disease</title>
        <p>The following were considered previous clinical cardiovascular disease: acute
               coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina); ischemic stroke;
               and myocardial revascularization. Those events were assessed from the patients'
               medical records and adjudicated by one of the study's participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of clinical parameters</title>
        <p>The following clinical parameters were assessed: family antecedents of early coronary
               artery disease (CAD - positive when a male first-degree relative had CAD
               manifestations before the age of 55 years, or before the age of 65 years for women);
               smoking habit (any individual currently smoking or who smoked regularly in the past
               was considered a smoker); systemic arterial hypertension (systolic blood pressure
               &gt; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mm Hg and/or use of
               antihypertensive drugs); diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (fasting glycemia &#8805; 126
               mg/dL and/or previous use of oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin). In addition, the
               following parameters were assessed: weight; height; body mass index (BMI); abdominal
               circumference; blood pressure; xanthomas (clinically determined via inspection and
               palpation of Achilles tendons, elbows, knees, and extensor tendons of the hands, and
               considered positive in the presence of diffuse thickening and focal nodules)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; and corneal <italic>arcus</italic> (distinct
               pigmentation in the periphery of the cornea in individuals younger than 45 years was
               considered positive)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of laboratory parameters</title>
        <p>In this study, the lipid profiles (cholesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides)
               were retrospectively obtained from the patients' medical records of the InCor
               HCFMUSP. Either baseline values (prior to treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, when
               available) or the highest values during the use of lipid-lowering drugs were
               considered. In addition, glycemia and serum creatinine levels were retrospectively
               obtained from the latest exam performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of ankle-brachial index</title>
        <p>Two skilled observers assessed ABI by using a handheld vascular Doppler device with
               no graphic recording (10 MHz, Medmega, Brazil) and aneroid sphygmomanometer. The cuff
               size was selected based on the right arm circumference (AC), which was measured on
               the middle point between the acromion and the olecranon: AC &lt; 25 cm, small size;
               AC 25-32 cm, medium; AC 32-42 cm, large; and AC &gt; 42 cm, thigh size. Systolic
               blood pressure was measured twice on each limb, on the arms (brachial artery) and
               ankles (dorsalis pedis artery and posterior tibial artery), with the individual
               resting in the supine position. The ABI was calculated by dividing the higher
               systolic reading at the ankle (dorsalis pedis artery or posterior tibial artery) by
               the higher systolic reading in the arm (right or left brachial artery). An ABI value
               was calculated for each lower limb, and the lowest value was used for analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of PAD</title>
        <p>Ankle-brachial index values &#8804; 0.90 were considered diagnostic for PAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Absence of PAD was defined as ABI values
               between 0.91 and 1.40. Ankle-brachial index values &gt; 1.40, although pathological,
               were excluded from this analysis, because they do not define the diagnosis of
               PAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Screening for intermittent claudication</title>
        <p>Intermittent claudication was defined according to the Edinburgh Claudication
               Questionnaire criteria validated to Portuguese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, and the
               categorical variables, as absolute and percentage numbers. The chi-square, Fisher
               exact and likelihood ratio tests were used to analyze the categorical variables. The
               quantitative variables were compared according to the presence of CVD by use of
               Student <italic>t</italic> test (variables with normal distribution) or Mann-Whitney
               test (variables without normal distribution). Multiple logistic regression model was
               used to assess whether, after adjusting for the remaining variables that influence
               the presence of CVD, the change in ABI (&#8804; 0.90) associated with the presence of CVD.
               The analyses were performed by using the 20.0 version of the SPSS software (SPSS
               Inc., Chicago, IL, United States), and the 5% significance level was adopted.</p>
        <p>This is a substudy of the project that assesses the PAD prevalence in individuals
               with FH as compared with the normolipemic population. The calculation of the sample
               size considered an ABI prevalence &lt; 0.9 in 20% and 10% of the populations with and
               without FH, respectively. Thus, 199 individuals with FH had to be included
               considering an 80% test power with 5% significance. To study the association of
               variables with the presence of CVD, 5-15 individuals with CVD were required for each
               variable, a criterion that was met in this study, totaling 57 individuals with FH and
               previous manifestation of CVD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>An ABI prevalence &#8804; 0.90 was observed in 17% of the total study population, 31.6% in the
            group with CVD and 11.7% in the group without CVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
               1</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref> show the clinical and laboratory data of patients
            with FH with or without ABI &lt; 0.90. Their mean age was 51 years, and 35% were men.
            Total cholesterol was 342 mg/dL. It is worth emphasizing that 95% of the patients
            studied were on statins at the time of the study assessment. The prevalence of previous
            CVD was 28.2%. The individuals with a history of CVD had the following characteristics:
            older age; predominantly of the male sex; active or non-active smokers; hypertension;
            diabetes; higher prevalence of corneal <italic>arcus</italic>; higher diastolic blood
            pressure levels; lower serum levels of HDL-c; and higher serum levels of glucose and
            creatinine (p &lt; 0.05 for all parameters). The groups did not differ regarding total
            cholesterol and LDL-c levels. On univariate analysis, CVD was 3.5 times more frequent
            among those with an altered ABI (p = 0.001).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of altered ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients with and without
                  cardiovascular disease (CVD - %).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0118-40097-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate comparison of clinical parameters in individuais with familial
                  hypercholesterolemia with and without previous cardiovascular disease
                  (CVD)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
              <th colspan="2">Presence of CVD</th>
              <th rowspan="2">OR (95% CI)</th>
              <th rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No n = 145</th>
              <th>Yes n = 57</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">48.2 (14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">57.6 (10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (1.03-1.08)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (71)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (49.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 (0.21-0.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (27.6)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (54.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3.13 (1.66-5.91)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58(40)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (73.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4.2 (2.14-8.26)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (13.8)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (26.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2.23 (1.05-4.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0370</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentary lifestyle, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (60.7)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (63.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (0.59-2.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.746</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Claudication, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (22.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.96 (0.89-4.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.92-1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">0.639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Xanthomas, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (18.6)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (24.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.42 (0.68-2.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Corneal arcus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (22.1)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (49.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3.41 (1.78-6.54)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ABI &#8804; 0.90, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (11.7)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (31.6)</td>
              <td align="center">3.47(1.64-7.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Results of the chi-square, Student t and Mann-Whitney tests.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; SAH: systemic arterial
                     hypertension; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; ABI:
                     ankle-brachial index; OR: odds ratio. Continuous variables were expressed as
                     mean (standard deviation).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate comparison of laboratory parameters in individuais with familial
                  hypercholesterolemia with and without previous cardiovascular disease
                  (CVD)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variable (mg/dL)</th>
              <th colspan="2">Presence of CVD</th>
              <th rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>No n = 145</th>
              <th>Yes n = 57</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">338 (81)</td>
              <td align="center">332 (103)</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">48 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">258 (78)</td>
              <td align="center">255 (103)</td>
              <td align="center">0.843</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">133 (55)</td>
              <td align="center">147 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.163</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glucose</td>
              <td align="center">101 (22)</td>
              <td align="center">114(48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (0.56)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data expressed as mean (standard deviation). CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDL:
                     high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On multivariate analysis, the following parameters were independently associated with
            CVD: age increase; smoking; systemic arterial hypertension; lower HDL-c levels; and
            higher serum creatinine levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). An
            altered ABI was associated with a 2.5 times higher odds ratio for the presence of CVD
            after adjusting for confounding factors (p = 0.049).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory parameters related to the presence of cardiovascular
                  disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia according to the multiple
                  logistic regression model</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
              <th>p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (1.01-1.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">2.43 (1.12-5.28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH</td>
              <td align="center">2.73 (1.17-6.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ABI &#8804; 0.90</td>
              <td align="center">2.50 (1.004-6.225)</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.91-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 (1.24-2.12)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; ABI: ankle-brachial index; HDL:
                     high-density lipoprotein; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio calculated to
                     the 0.1-mg/dL increase.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study shows that the ABI can be used in a practical way to detect PAD in patients
            with heterozygous FH. An independent association of PAD, represented by an altered ABI,
            with previous manifestation of CVD was observed in patients with heterozygous FH. That
            association was observed even after adjusting for factors classically related to
            atherosclerotic disease, such as diabetes, smoking habit, and systemic arterial
            hypertension. High total cholesterol and LDL-c levels could not identify the presence of
            CVD in that population. However, HDL-c levels were inversely associated with the
            presence of CVD.</p>
      <p>Although FH is characterized by the early and important elevation of serum LDL-c levels
            and that alteration is the major cause of atherosclerosis in individuals with that
               condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, there was no association of
            cholesterol levels with previously diagnosed CVD in this study population. The variables
            independently associated with the presence of CVD in this study were similar to the
            already established risk factors for CVD in a normolipemic population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. This might be explained by the fact that,
            because all patients had high total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, those parameters had
            no discriminatory power to identify previous CVD. Obviously, the cross-sectional nature
            of this study, the use of statins by most patients, and not calculating the cholesterol
            burden throughout life, measured by the product "cholesterol X age", limit the value of
            that result.</p>
      <p>Although the common process for the occurrence of PAD and other manifestations of CVD is
            atherosclerosis, previous studies have shown that there was no agreement between
            coronary atherosclerotic disease and carotid disease, at least in its subclinical form,
            in individuals with heterozygous FH previously studied by our team<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. This
            suggests that atherosclerosis manifests differently in different arterial beds.</p>
      <p>The association between PAD and previous CVD, even after adjusting for risk factors,
            such as diabetes, smoking habit, systemic arterial hypertension and low HDL-c levels,
            suggests that the presence of PAD can indicate a higher risk for cardiovascular events.
            The elevated prevalence of PAD in this study population, almost one in every five
            patients, suggests that the systematic screening for that disease by use of ABI can be
            useful for risk stratification of severe manifestations of atherosclerotic disease, such
            as CAD and cerebrovascular disease. Comparing that prevalence with that of individuals
            without FH, our results are consistent with data from a systematic review of small
            studies using different methodologies to detect PAD, in addition to ABI. That review has
            suggested that PAD is 5-10 times more frequent in individuals with FH than in controls
            without that disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Can PAD predict coronary and cerebrovascular events in patients with FH?</title>
        <p>Although FH is clearly associated with early atherosclerotic disease, the course of
               clinical manifestations of the latter in individuals with FH varies. Many individuals
               will not have CVD, although exposed to high cholesterol levels for long periods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Thus, PAD seems to depend on other factors, such as age, smoking
               habit, arterial hypertension and diabetes, to have manifestations other than elevated
               cholesterol levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>The ABI is a specific marker of PAD, its alteration being associated with the risk of
               clinical manifestation of CVD and mortality in prospective studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. However, it is worth noting that the present
               study has a cross-sectional design, which did not allow the confirmation of an
               association between PAD and the risk for cardiovascular events in FH. Thus, we cannot
               state that, in the long run, altered ABI values with consequent diagnosis of PAD will
               or will not indicate a higher risk for coronary or cerebrovascular events in the
               population with FH, as already reported for the normolipemic population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. That would require showing that systematic ABI measurement could
               discriminate and reclassify the risk for cardiovascular events in that
                  population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Prospective and longitudinal
               studies are necessary to determine the role of PAD detection as a predictor of the
               risk for cardiac and cerebrovascular events in heterozygous FH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study demonstrated only the association between PAD and previous
               CVD in patients with FH. The retrospective data collection from medical records might
               have led to bias in standardizing data registration, mainly regarding lipid profile
               values. Similarly, the use of statins by most patients did not allow calculating the
               cholesterol burden throughout life. Conversely, this was the first study that
               systematically assessed the ABI in a large population with a high likelihood of being
               diagnosed with FH.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>An independent association of an altered ABI with the previous manifestation of DCV in
            individuals with heterozygous FH was found. This study results show that ABI can be used
            in a practical way to detect asymptomatic PAD. However, further studies are required to
            determine the role of ABI as a tool to assess the risk of cardiovascular events in
            individuals with FH.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data:
               Pereira C, Miname M, Makdisse M, Santos RD; Acquisition of data: Pereira C;
               Statistical analysis: Pereira C, Miname M, Santos RD; Writing of the manuscript:
               Pereira C, Miname M, Makdisse M, Santos RD; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Pereira C, Miname M, Makdisse M, Kalil Filho R, Santos RD.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>
          <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Carolina Pereira, from
               Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Associa&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Arterial Perif&#233;rica e Cardiovascular
               na Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Raul Dias dos Santos Filho,</bold> Rua Peixoto Gomide, 1.526
               apt.&#186; 13, Jardins. CEP 01409-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail:
                  <email>rdsf@cardiol.br; rdsf@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de heran&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos valores s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL-c). Conhecida por estar estreitamente relacionada ao processo ateroscler&#243;tico, a HF pode determinar o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es obstrutivas precoces em distintos leitos arteriais. Nesse contexto, a HF tamb&#233;m tem sido proposta como fator de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliamos, por meio de um estudo transversal e observacional, a associa&#231;&#227;o da DAP com outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), isto &#233;, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e cerebrovascular em portadores de HF heterozig&#243;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> diagn&#243;stico de DAP foi estabelecido pela medida do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) com valores &#8804; 0,90. Foram estudados 202 pacientes com HF (90,6% apresentando muta&#231;&#245;es no receptor da LDL), idade 51 &#177; 14 anos, colesterol total 342 &#177; 86 mg/dL e 35% do sexo masculino.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> As preval&#234;ncias de DAP e de DCV pr&#233;via foram 17% e 28,2%, respectivamente. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente da DAP com a DCV (OR = 2,50, IC 95% 1,004-6,230, p = 0,049) ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A pesquisa sistem&#225;tica da DAP por meio do ITB &#233; fact&#237;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o de portadores de HF e pode sinalizar aumento no risco de DCV. Contudo, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o papel do uso do ITB como ferramenta para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; 103(2):118-123)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante
               caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total e das
               lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL- c)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               Esse aumento decorre da aus&#234;ncia e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos receptores espec&#237;ficos de LDL-c,
               por defeito familiar da apolipoprote&#237;na B ou por defeitos na pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase
               subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Atualmente,
               estima-se que existam 10.000.000 de pessoas portadoras de HF no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Conhecida por se associar a concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de colesterol e estreitamente
               relacionada ao processo ateroscler&#243;tico, a HF pode determinar o desenvolvimento de
               les&#245;es obstrutivas precoces em distintos leitos arteriais e o aumento substancial do
               risco relativo de morte por doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A HF tamb&#233;m tem
               sido proposta como fator de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Esta resulta do estreitamento e enrijecimento
               da luz das art&#233;rias dos membros inferiores, como parte do processo de doen&#231;a
               ateroscler&#243;tica vascular sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A DAP tem alta
               preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e est&#225; associada a elevado risco de eventos
               cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular
                  cerebral)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Estima-se que, na Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte, 27 milh&#245;es de
               pessoas sejam portadores de DAP e que provavelmente esse n&#250;mero esteja
                  subestimado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, uma vez que a maioria dos
               pacientes &#233; assintom&#225;tica ou n&#227;o apresenta o sintoma cl&#225;ssico da doen&#231;a, a
               claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de
               DAP em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro foi de 10,5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Nesse estudo, a DAP esteve associada &#224; presen&#231;a de diabetes
                  <italic>mellitus</italic>, obesidade total e abdominal, acidente vascular cerebral
               e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Considerando a DAP como parte do processo de aterosclerose sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, muitos autores discutem atualmente a inclus&#227;o
               de seu rastreamento em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco cardiovascular, incluindo portadores
               de HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose nos
               diferentes s&#237;tios arteriais dos portadores de HF n&#227;o &#233; uniforme, isto &#233;, estudos
               pr&#233;vios n&#227;o mostram associa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria com a doen&#231;a
               carot&#237;dea ou a&#243;rtica, pelo menos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Por
               outro lado, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de preval&#234;ncia elevada de DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, contudo ainda n&#227;o existem dados da associa&#231;&#227;o
               da DAP com outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a cardiovascular nesses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo avaliamos de forma sistem&#225;tica a associa&#231;&#227;o de DAP com outras
               manifesta&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e com fatores de risco, incluindo sexo,
               idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, tabagismo,
               perfil lip&#237;dico, bem como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicemia e creatinina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado no ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto
               do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo
               de julho de 2009 a julho de 2013. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do
               Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, e todos os participantes
               assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foi estudada uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia dos pacientes que passaram em consulta de
                  forma consecutiva de julho de 2009 a julho de 2013, na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides
                  do InCor HCFMUSP, que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e que consentiram em
                  participar do estudo.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o utilizados foram: idade superior a 18 anos e HF
                  heterozig&#243;tica diagnosticada clinicamente segundo crit&#233;rios do Dutch Lipid Clinic
                  Network (DUTCH MEDPED)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> ou por
                  determina&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica no receptor de LDL, PCSK9 ou ApoB-100.
                  Os crit&#233;rios do DUTCH MEDPED s&#227;o baseados na hist&#243;ria familiar e cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a
                  vascular/coron&#225;ria prematura, na presen&#231;a de xantomas e arco corneano,
                  concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de LDL-c elevadas e na determina&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o dos genes
                  que codificam os receptores de LDL, Apo B-100 ou PCSK9. O diagn&#243;stico de HF &#233;
                  considerado definitivo quando acima de oito pontos, prov&#225;vel entre 6-8 pontos e
                  poss&#237;vel entre 3-5 pontos na tabela de classifica&#231;&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os
                  pacientes que apresentaram escore &#8804; 5 pontos, quaisquer condi&#231;&#245;es que
                  impossibilitassem a medida do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) (p. ex., amputa&#231;&#227;o,
                  ulcera&#231;&#245;es extensas, fraturas ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em membros inferiores e
                  superiores) e indiv&#237;duos com valores de ITB &gt;1,40.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, foram selecionados 220 pacientes portadores de HF clinicamente
                  diagnosticados, dos quais oito se recusaram a participar do estudo e 10 foram
                  exclu&#237;dos por terem o diagn&#243;stico de HF classificado como poss&#237;vel, segundo os
                  crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos DUTCH MEDPED, totalizando assim uma amostra de 202 indiv&#237;duos.
                  Dentre os pacientes estudados, 195 (96,53%) tiveram o diagn&#243;stico definitivo, e
                  sete (3%), prov&#225;vel. J&#225; a presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es no gene que codifica o receptor de
                  LDL foi encontrada em 183 pacientes (90,6%). N&#227;o foram encontradas muta&#231;&#245;es nos
                  genes da PCSK9 ou ApoB-100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Foi considerada doen&#231;a cardiovascular cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda
                  (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico
                  isqu&#234;mico e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Esses eventos foram avaliados nos
                  prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes e adjudicados por um dos participantes do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Avaliamos a presen&#231;a de antecedente familiar de DAC precoce (considerada positiva
                  para parente de primeiro grau homem com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, com
                  menos de 55 anos, ou mulher com menos de 65 anos), tabagismo (foi considerado
                  tabagista qualquer indiv&#237;duo que fuma atualmente ou fumou no passado
                  regularmente), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica acima de
                  140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica acima de 90 mmHg e/ou uso de
                  anti-hipertensivos), diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126
                  mg/dL e/ou uso pr&#233;vio de hipoglicemiante oral/insulina). Tamb&#233;m foram avaliados
                  peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), aferi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia
                  abdominal, press&#227;o arterial, presen&#231;a de xantomas (determinada clinicamente por
                  inspe&#231;&#227;o e palpa&#231;&#227;o dos tend&#245;es de Aquiles, cotovelos, joelhos e tend&#245;es
                  extensores das m&#227;os), sendo considerados achados positivos espessamento difuso,
                  presen&#231;a de nodularidades focais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e arco
                  corneano (foi considerada positiva a presen&#231;a de pigmenta&#231;&#227;o distinta ao redor da
                  c&#243;rnea em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 45 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
          <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico (colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglic&#233;rides) considerado
                  neste estudo foi coletado retrospectivamente por meio de pesquisa em prontu&#225;rios
                  cl&#237;nicos pertencentes ao InCor HCFMUSP. Os valores considerados foram os basais
                  (pr&#233;vios ao tratamento com hipolipemiantes, quando dispon&#237;veis) ou o valor mais
                  alto em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante. Dentre os pacientes estudados, foram
                  tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise os valores s&#233;ricos de glicemia e creatinina coletados
                  retrospectivamente do exame mais atual do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; data da avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  do ITB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial</title>
          <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o do ITB foi realizada por dois avaliadores treinados, sendo utilizado um
                  aparelho de Doppler vascular port&#225;til e sem registro gr&#225;fico (10 MHz, Medmega,
                  Brasil) e esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide. O manguito foi selecionado com base na
                  circunfer&#234;ncia braquial (CB) direita, medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o acr&#244;mio e o
                  ol&#233;crano: CB &lt; 25 cm (pequeno porte), CB 25-32 cm (m&#233;dio porte), CB 32-42 cm
                  (grande porte) e CB &gt;42 cm (coxa). As press&#245;es sist&#243;licas foram medidas duas
                  vezes em cada membro, nos bra&#231;os (art&#233;rias braquiais) e tornozelos (art&#233;rias
                  pediosas e tibiais posteriores), com o indiv&#237;duo em repouso e na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.
                  Para o c&#225;lculo do ITB, utilizou-se a maior press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do tornozelo (pediosa
                  m&#233;dia ou tibial posterior m&#233;dia) dividida pela maior press&#227;o dos bra&#231;os (braquial
                  direita m&#233;dia ou esquerda m&#233;dia), sendo calculado um valor de ITB para cada membro
                  inferior e utilizado para an&#225;lise o menor valor obtido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de DAP</title>
          <p>Valores de ITB &#8804;0,90 foram considerados diagn&#243;sticos de DAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Aus&#234;ncia de DAP foi definida como n&#237;veis de ITB de
                  0,91-1,40. Valores de ITB &gt; 1,40 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, pois n&#227;o definem o
                  diagn&#243;stico de DAP, contudo podem ser considerados patol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rastreamento de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente foi definida pelos crit&#233;rios do
                  Question&#225;rio de Claudica&#231;&#227;o de Edimburgo, validado para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as
                  vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem. O teste qui-quadrado, o
                  teste exato de Fisher ou o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;as foram utilizados
                  para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram
                  comparadas segundo a presen&#231;a de DCV com uso de teste <italic>t</italic> de
                  Student (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou teste de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis
                  que n&#227;o apresentam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). Foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o
                  log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para verificar se, ap&#243;s ajuste para as demais vari&#225;veis que
                  influenciam na presen&#231;a de DCV, a altera&#231;&#227;o do ITB (&#8804; 0,90) associou-se &#224; presen&#231;a
                  de DCV. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com uso do <italic>software</italic> SPSS
                  vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos) e foi aceito o n&#237;vel de
                  signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>O presente trabalho &#233; um subestudo do projeto que avalia a preval&#234;ncia da DAP em
                  portadores de HF em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o normolipid&#234;mica. Para o c&#225;lculo do
                  tamanho amostral considerou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de ITB &lt; 0,9, respectivamente,
                  em 20% e 10% das popula&#231;&#245;es com e sem HF. Dessa forma, foi necess&#225;ria a inclus&#227;o
                  de 199 indiv&#237;duos portadores de HF considerando-se um poder do teste de 80% com
                  signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis com a presen&#231;a de DCV,
                  foram necess&#225;rios 5-15 casos de portadores de DCV para cada vari&#225;vel, o que foi
                  atendido pela popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo, que totalizou 57 casos de portadores de
                  HF com manifesta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de DCV.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ITB &#8804;0,90 na popula&#231;&#227;o total foi de 17%, sendo de 31,6% no grupo com
               DCV e de 11,7% no grupo sem DCV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). As
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref> mostram os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes
               portadores de HF apresentando ou n&#227;o ITB &lt; 0,90. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 51 anos. O
               colesterol total foi de 342 mg/dL, sendo cerca de 35% homens. &#201; importante ressaltar
               que 95% dos pacientes estudados faziam uso de estatinas na &#233;poca de avalia&#231;&#227;o do
               estudo. A preval&#234;ncia de DCV pr&#233;via foi de 28,2%. Os indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de DCV
               eram mais velhos, predominantemente do sexo masculino, tabagistas ativos ou n&#227;o
               ativos, hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos, com maior preval&#234;ncia de arco corneano, maiores
               valores de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, menores valores sangu&#237;neos de HDL-c e maiores
               concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose e creatinina s&#233;ricos (todos os par&#226;metros p &lt;0,05). N&#227;o
               houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de colesterol total ou LDL-c.
               Na an&#225;lise univariada, a DCV foi cerca de 3,5 vezes mais frequente naqueles com ITB
               alterado (p = 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de ITB alterado em pacientes com e sem DCV (em %). DCV: Doen&#231;a
                     cardiovascular; ITB: &#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0118-40097-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o univariada dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos em portadores de
                     hipercolesterolemia familiar com e sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via
                     (DCV)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">Presen&#231;a de DCV</th>
                <th rowspan="2">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o n = 145</th>
                <th>Sim n = 57</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">48,2 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">57,6 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (1,03-1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (49,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (0,21-0,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (27,6)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (54,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 (1,66-5,91)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (2,14-8,26)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 (1,05-4,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0370</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (60,7)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,59-2,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudica&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,96 (0,89-4,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,92-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantomas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (18,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (0,68-2,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arco corneano n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22,1)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (49,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3,41 (1,78-6,54)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ITB &#8804; 0,90, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (31,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3,47 (1,64-7,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Resultado do teste qui-quadrado, resultado do teste t de Student, resultado
                        do teste Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>DCV: Doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial
                        sist&#234;mica; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; ITB:
                        &#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial; OR: Odds ratio (raz&#227;o das chances). Vari&#225;veis
                        cont&#237;nuas expressas como m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o univariada dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais em portadores de
                     hipercolesterolemia familiar com e sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via
                     (DCV)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel (mg/dL)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Presen&#231;a de DCV</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#227;o n = 145</th>
                <th>Sim n = 57</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">338 (81)</td>
                <td align="center">332 (103)</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">48 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">258 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">255 (103)</td>
                <td align="center">0,843</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">133 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,163</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">101 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">114(48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,56)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o). DCV: Doen&#231;a cardiovascular; HDL;
                        Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os par&#226;metros associados de
               forma independente com a DCV ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada: aumento da idade, tabagismo,
               hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, menores valores de HDL-c e maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es
               s&#233;ricas de creatinina. A presen&#231;a de ITB alterado associou-se a uma raz&#227;o de chance
               2,5 vezes maior para a presen&#231;a de DCV ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o (p =
               0,049).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a
                     cardiovascular em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia familiar conforme modelo de
                     regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (1,01-1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">2,43 (1,12-5,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 (1,17-6,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ITB &lt;0,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,004-6,225)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,91-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (1,24-2,12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade;
                        IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a; ITB: &#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial; OR: Odds ratio
                        calculado para o aumento de 0,1 mg/dL.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostra que o ITB pode ser utilizado de forma pr&#225;tica para detectar a DAP
               em pacientes com HF heterozig&#243;tica. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente da DAP representada
               pelo ITB alterado com a presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de DCV em pacientes
               portadores de HF heterozig&#243;tica. A associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores
               classicamente relacionados com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como diabetes, tabagismo e
               hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Valores elevados de colesterol total e LDL-c n&#227;o
               foram capazes de identificar a presen&#231;a de DCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, as
               concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-c associaram-se de forma inversa com a presen&#231;a de DCV.</p>
        <p>Embora a HF seja caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o precoce e importante das concentra&#231;&#245;es de
               LDL-c no sangue, e essa altera&#231;&#227;o seja a principal causadora da aterosclerose em
               portadores dessa condi&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, n&#227;o houve
               associa&#231;&#227;o do colesterol com a DCV previamente diagnosticada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. As
               vari&#225;veis que se associaram independentemente &#224; presen&#231;a de DCV neste estudo se
               assemelham a fatores de risco j&#225; estabelecidos para DCV na popula&#231;&#227;o sem
                  dislipidemias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Uma possibilidade para
               explicar esse achado &#233; que, como todos os pacientes apresentavam valores elevados de
               colesterol total e LDL-c, estes n&#227;o apresentaram poder discriminativo para
               identificar a presen&#231;a de DCV pr&#233;via. Obviamente, a natureza transversal do estudo, o
               uso de estatinas pela maioria dos pacientes e a aus&#234;ncia do c&#225;lculo da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               carga de colesterol na vida, medida pelo produto colesterol idade, limitam o valor
               desse resultado.</p>
        <p>Embora o processo comum para a ocorr&#234;ncia de DAP e outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de DCV seja a
               aterosclerose, estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que n&#227;o houve concord&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a
               ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria com a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, pelo menos na sua forma subcl&#237;nica,
               em portadores de HF heterozig&#243;tica estudados por nosso grupo previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Esse fato sugere que a aterosclerose se manifesta de formas diferentes
               nos diversos leitos arteriais.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAP e DCV pr&#233;via, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco como
               diabetes, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e HDL-c baixo, sugere que a
               presen&#231;a de DAP possa ser um indicativo de maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares. A
               elevada preval&#234;ncia de DAP em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, quase um em cada cinco pacientes,
               sugere que a pesquisa sistem&#225;tica dessa doen&#231;a com o ITB pode ser &#250;til na
               estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de manifesta&#231;&#245;es graves da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como a
               doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e cerebrovascular. Comparando essa preval&#234;ncia com a da
               popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o portadores de HF, nossos resultados s&#227;o consistentes com
               os dados de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de pequenos estudos que utilizou diferentes
               metodologias para detectar a DAP, al&#233;m do ITB. Tal revis&#227;o sugere que a DAP seja 5-10
               vezes mais frequente nos portadores de HF quando comparados aos controles sem essa
                  doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>H&#225; espa&#231;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o da DAP na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos coron&#225;rios e
                  cerebrovasculares em pacientes com HF?</title>
          <p>Apesar da clara associa&#231;&#227;o da HF com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica precoce, o curso das
                  manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desta &#250;ltima em portadores de HF &#233; vari&#225;vel. Muitos
                  indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o v&#227;o apresentar DCV, apesar de expostos a valores elevados de
                  colesterol por longos per&#237;odos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Da mesma
                  forma, a DAP parece depender de outros fatores para sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da
                  eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol, como, por exemplo, idade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial
                  e diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>O ITB &#233; um marcador espec&#237;fico da DAP, e sua altera&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada em estudos
                  prospectivos ao risco de manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de DCV e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Devemos ressaltar, no entanto, que o
                  presente estudo &#233; de desenho transversal, fato que n&#227;o nos permitiu confirmar uma
                  associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DAP e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares na HF. Logo, n&#227;o
                  podemos afirmar que, a longo prazo, valores alterados de ITB com consequente
                  diagn&#243;stico de DAP v&#227;o ou n&#227;o indicar risco maior de eventos coron&#225;rios ou
                  cerebrovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o de HF, como j&#225; descrito para a popula&#231;&#227;o
                     normolipid&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Para isso seria necess&#225;rio mostrar que a
                  medida sistem&#225;tica do ITB poderia discriminar e reclassificar o risco de eventos
                  cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Estudos
                  prospectivos e longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para que possamos determinar o papel
                  da detec&#231;&#227;o da DAP como preditora do risco de eventos card&#237;acos e
                  cerebrovasculares na HF heterozig&#243;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo transversal que permitiu apenas demonstrar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
                  DAP e a presen&#231;a de DCV pr&#233;via em pacientes com HF. A coleta de dados
                  retrospectiva em prontu&#225;rios pode ter apresentado um vi&#233;s na padroniza&#231;&#227;o do
                  registro das informa&#231;&#245;es, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de perfil
                  lip&#237;dico. Da mesma forma, o uso de estatinas na maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o permitiu
                  o c&#225;lculo da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga de colesterol durante a vida. Por outro lado, este
                  foi o primeiro estudo que sistematicamente avaliou o ITB em popula&#231;&#227;o com alto
                  grau de certeza de diagn&#243;stico de HF e com n&#250;mero grande de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o independente da altera&#231;&#227;o do ITB com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de DCV
               pr&#233;via em portadores de HF heterozig&#243;tica. Nossos resultados mostram que o ITB pode
               ser utilizado de forma pr&#225;tica para detectar a DAP assintom&#225;tica em pacientes com
               essa doen&#231;a. Contudo, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o papel do uso do
               ITB como ferramenta para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares em portadores
               de HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pereira C,
                  Miname M, Makdisse M, Santos RD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira C; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Pereira C, Miname M, Santos RD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira C,
                  Miname M, Makdisse M, Santos RD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Pereira C, Miname M, Makdisse M, Kalil Filho R, Santos
                  RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Carolina Pereira pela Faculdade de
                  Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
