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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JzckND9zZv7pYNpZFcNtZty</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040091</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Validation of the Killip-Kimball Classification and Late
               Mortality after Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Henrique Gallindo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Baptista C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Bitar&#227;es S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Erick de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Bellini P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme D'Andr&#233;a S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Revelo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sol Calero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
                  Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo Oliveira,</bold> Rua Padre
               Machado, 844, apt.&#186; 72, Bosque da Sa&#250;de. Postal Code 04127-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil. E-mail: <email>goliveira@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>107</fpage>
      <lpage>117</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The classification or index of heart failure severity in patients with acute
                  myocardial infarction (AMI) was proposed by Killip and Kimball aiming at assessing
                  the risk of in-hospital death and the potential benefit of specific management of
                  care provided in Coronary Care Units (CCU) during the decade of 60.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To validate the risk stratification of Killip classification in the long-term
                  mortality and compare the prognostic value in patients with non-ST-segment
                  elevation MI (NSTEMI) relative to patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI),
                  in the era of reperfusion and modern antithrombotic therapies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 1906 patients with documented AMI and admitted to the CCU, from 1995
                  to 2011, with a mean follow-up of 05 years to assess total mortality. Kaplan-Meier
                  (KM) curves were developed for comparison between survival distributions according
                  to Killip class and NSTEMI versus STEMI. Cox proportional regression models were
                  developed to determine the independent association between Killip class and
                  mortality, with sensitivity analyses based on type of AMI. Results: The
                  proportions of deaths and the KM survival distributions were significantly
                  different across Killip class &gt;1 (p &lt;0.001) and with a similar pattern
                  between patients with NSTEMI and STEMI. Cox models identified the Killip
                  classification as a significant, sustained, consistent predictor and independent
                  of relevant covariables (Wald &#967;2 16.5 [p = 0.001], NSTEMI) and (Wald &#967;2 11.9 [p =
                  0.008], STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The Killip and Kimball classification performs relevant prognostic role in
                  mortality at mean follow-up of 05 years post-AMI, with a similar pattern between
                  NSTEMI and STEMI patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Severity of Illness Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification of heart failure severity in acute myocardial infarction</title>
        <p>The classification proposed by Thomas Killip III and John T. Kimball<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> in 1967 involved bedside stratification. This
               stratification was based on the physical examination of patients with possible acute
               myocardial infarction (AMI), and it was used to identify those at the highest risk of
               death and the potential benefits of specialized care in coronary care units (CCUs).
               This study described 250 cases with suspected AMI admitted to the CCU of a university
               hospital in the United States. There were no objective clinical outcomes nor
               systematic collection of data or adjustments for confounding factors; moreover, there
               were no validations in an independent series of patients. The cases were stratified
               into the following classes:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip I: 81 (33%) with no clinical signs of heart failure,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip II: 96 (38%) with rales in the lungs, third heart sound (S3), and
                     elevated jugular venous pressure,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip III: 26 (10%) with acute pulmonary edema (APE), and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip IV: 47 (19%) with cardiogenic shock or arterial hypotension (measured as
                     systolic blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg), and evidence of peripheral
                     vasoconstriction (oliguria, cyanosis, and diaphoresis), with mortality rates of
                     6%, 17%, 38%, and 81%, respectively.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Although originally described in the pre-reperfusion era, the use of this
               classification in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was further
               studied in the post-reperfusion era<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In contrast, the
               prognostic value of this classification in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
               infarction (NSTEMI) is not well established, primarily because it has not yet been
               validated in patients who were not selected from randomized clinical trial
                  databases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and considering the paucity of
               data on late follow-up after AMI.</p>
        <p>In fact, although recommended as a part of the initial risk stratification in the IV
               Guidelines of the Brazilian Cardiology Society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> for management of STEMI, the Killip-Kimball classification has not been
               cited in the society's most recent guideline for management of NSTEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to validate the Killip-Kimball classification for total
               mortality in long-term clinical follow-up and compare its prognostic value in
               patients with NSTEMI and STEMI in the era of post-reperfusion and modern
               antithrombotic therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>This study comprised two designs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>: 1) analytical
               cross-sectional study to determine the clinical characteristics including the
               Killip-Kimball classification based on the first physical examination on admission,
               history and previous treatments, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
               during hospital stay in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AMI with or without
               ST-segment elevation and admitted to the CCU of the Dante Pazzanese Institute of
               Cardiology (IDPC); 2) after hospital admission, patients were recruited and followed
               prospectively, even for in-hospital clinical events (prospective cohort), in a
               database between 1995 and 2011, with systematic data collection via electronic
               datasheets.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection </title>
        <p>Information pertaining to the date of the last evaluation of each living patient,
               medication used 48 h before the admission and at discharge, and on deaths during
               hospitalization or long-term clinical follow-up were collected by actively searching
               the patient's electronic records, electronic data management systems of the
               institute, and medical records, as well as via telephone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sampling</title>
        <p>We used non-probability sampling considering the paucity of studies that have
               validated the Killip-Kimball classification to estimate the risk of mortality in
               patients with AMI in the Brazilian population. It is notable that our sample size was
               considerably greater than that in the 1967 study, which included 250 patients with a
               suspected diagnosis of AMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria and analyzed variables</title>
        <p>Patients with AMI with or without ST-segment elevation of both genders, aged &gt;18
               years, and admitted to the CCU of the IDPC between 1995 and 2011 were included. The
               study excluded patients with unstable angina. The criteria used for AMI diagnosis was
               based on the recommendations of the guidelines avaliable between 1995 and 2011. In
               addition to the standard clinical criteria, those with the presence of persistent
               ST-segment elevation of &#8805;1.0 mm in limb leads or through V4-V6, of &#8805; 2.0 mm in leads
               V1-V3, or new or presumably new left bundle branch block were diagnosed with AMI with
               persistent ST-segment elevation. This condition was confirmed by increased levels of
               myocardial necrosis biomarkers at the time of AMI (between 1995 and 2001), i.e.,
               creatine kinase MB (CKMB) and total CK activity that were at least twice the upper
               limit of normal of these markers or CKMB mass and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) after
               2001 (according to the cutoff levels advised by the kits used at the institute, based
               on the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile).</p>
        <p>When the ECG showed ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, or nonspecific findings
               in serial tracings along with the increased levels of myocardial necrosis biomarkers,
               AMI diagnosis without persistent ST-segment elevation was confirmed.</p>
        <p>In this study, we analyzed demographic variables (age, gender, and ethnicity),
               cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, physical examination information for
               the Killip-Kimball classification, simple hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and
               systolic and diastolic blood pressure), previous treatments and procedures, and
               angiographic aspects [affected artery, TIMI flow, extent and severity of coronary
               artery disease (CAD) in those undergoing coronary angiography]. We defined total
               mortality as the clinical outcome of interest, with landmark analysis at day 30 and
               at the end of the follow-up period.</p>
        <p>Distributions of continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or
               median with interquartile range (IQR), and comparisons between groups were calculated
               using Student's t-test or nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test for significance
               and Jonckheere-Terpstra for trend). The distributions of discrete (or categorical)
               variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages, and comparisons were
               calculated using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Analysis of the clinical outcome
               was based on the time to occurrence of death, according to the cumulative
               Kaplan-Meier survival curves and depending on the Killip class. Univariate Cox
               regression analysis included all demographic, clinical, and angiographic variables.
               However, only univariate predictors with p &lt; 0.10 and clinically significant
               variables were included in the Cox proportional hazards regression models to
               determine if the Killip class would be an independent risk predictor, both in the
               group with as well as without ST-segment elevation. The backward stepwise procedure
               enabled the identification of the independent variables for the risk of death,
               according to AMI type. The results are expressed as hazard ratio with 95% confidence
               intervals (CI), and the discriminatory ability of the models are expressed as the
               c-statistic (or index c). We used two-tailed tests with a significance level of &#945; =
               0.05. Data were analyzed in conjunction with the Laboratory of Statistics and
               Epidemiology, IDPC, using the statistical package IBM&#174; SPSS Statistics version
               19.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient characteristics</title>
        <p>The main general characteristics of 1906 patients with AMI are described below as
               well as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, according to the
               Killip class. Overall, the median age (IQR) was 64 (55.73) years, ranging from 19 to
               94 years; 71.3% were male, median body weight was 71.5 kg, and 81.4% were Caucasians.
               The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was significant; 70% hypertension,
               36.4% diabetes, 78% dyslipidemia, 7.0% stroke, and 7.7% peripheral arterial disease
               (PAD); and 34% were smokers. As for the ECG, 4.5% patients had bundle branch block on
               admission, 61.9% had persistent ST-segment elevation, 13.8% had ST-segment
               depression, 3.8% had Q-waves, and 8.4% had T-wave inversion; 3.5% were considered
               normal, and 4.1% had uncharacteristic findings. The proportion of patients evaluated
               and categorized in each Killip class (I, II, III and IV) were 84.3%, 11.0%, 2.4%,
               2.3%, respectively. Diagnosis identified 64% of the patients with STEMI and 36% with
               NSTEMI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics according to the Killip&#8211;Kimball</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Patient characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Killip I</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Killip II</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Killip III</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Killip IV</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>62 (53, 70)</td>
                <td>66 (58, 77)</td>
                <td>65 (54, 73)</td>
                <td>63 (54, 74)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Female gender</td>
                <td>27.6%</td>
                <td>34%</td>
                <td>39.1%</td>
                <td>32.6%</td>
                <td>0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Caucasian</td>
                <td>80.9%</td>
                <td>84.2%</td>
                <td>84.8%</td>
                <td>79.1%</td>
                <td>0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td>73 (65, 82)</td>
                <td>72 (64, 80)</td>
                <td>71 (62, 77)</td>
                <td>70 (65, 80)</td>
                <td>0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td>132 (120,160)</td>
                <td>130 (110, 150)</td>
                <td>137 (122, 154)</td>
                <td>93 (62, 122)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td>80 (70, 100)</td>
                <td>80 (70, 93)</td>
                <td>80 (70, 100)</td>
                <td>60 (32, 77)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
                <td>76 (67, 88)</td>
                <td>84 (70, 96)</td>
                <td>91 (80, 105)</td>
                <td>84 (57, 105)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td>4.6%</td>
                <td>6.2%</td>
                <td>10.9%</td>
                <td>9.3%</td>
                <td>0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td>28.2%</td>
                <td>32.5%</td>
                <td>47.8%</td>
                <td>37.2%</td>
                <td>0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of AMI</td>
                <td>31.2%</td>
                <td>24%</td>
                <td>37%</td>
                <td>37.2%</td>
                <td>0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of PCI</td>
                <td>19.4%</td>
                <td>14.8%</td>
                <td>8.7%</td>
                <td>16.3%</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
                <td>16.1%</td>
                <td>12%</td>
                <td>19.6%</td>
                <td>14%</td>
                <td>0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of stroke (CVA)</td>
                <td>5.2%</td>
                <td>9.6%</td>
                <td>8.7%</td>
                <td>4.7%</td>
                <td>0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Smoking: current status</td>
                <td>36.8%</td>
                <td>33%</td>
                <td>32.6%</td>
                <td>34.9%</td>
                <td>0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of angina</td>
                <td>26.9%</td>
                <td>29.7%</td>
                <td>26.1%</td>
                <td>37.2%</td>
                <td>0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td>72.3%</td>
                <td>74.6%</td>
                <td>60.9%</td>
                <td>72.1%</td>
                <td>0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td>4%</td>
                <td>14.4%</td>
                <td>19.6%</td>
                <td>14%</td>
                <td>&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CVA: cerebrovascular accident; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; HR: Heart
                        rate; HF: heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; DBP:
                        diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; CABG: Coronary
                        artery bypass graft.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Compared with patients in Killip class I, those in class &#8805;2 had higher median age,
               PAD, history of heart failure (HF), stroke, diabetes mellitus, ECG with ST segment
               deviation or bundle branch blocks, higher heart rate (HR), and lower systolic and
               diastolic blood pressures, and most were predominantly females.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pharmacological treatment and invasive stratification</title>
        <p>Regarding the use of medications during the first 48h of hospitalization, aspirin was
               used in 96% patients, other antiplatelet medications in 68%, beta-blockers in 61%,
               ACE inhibitors in 60%, statins in 40%, and anticoagulation with antithrombotic
               agents, i.e., unfractioned heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin in 83% (data not
               shown). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used intravenously in 7.3% patients.
               Regarding the use of medications during hospitalization and until discharge, aspirin
               was used in 98% patients, clopidogrel in 75%, beta-blockers in 89.5%, ACE inhibitors
               in 88.5%, and statins in 98.2%; the rates of use were similar among patients with or
               without ST-segment elevation.</p>
        <p>Invasive strategy was performed in 85% of patients. CAD was considered significant
               with luminal stenosis of &#8805;50% observed in at least one vessel in 83% of patients.
               Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 54% patients undergoing
               diagnostic angiography, with 77% receiving 1 coronary stent implant and 23% receiving
               &gt;1 stent implant; 91% stents were conventional (non-pharmacological) stents.
               Coronary artery bypass surgery was performed in 15% patients, with 98.4% use of the
               left internal thoracic artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reperfusion strategies and adjuvant therapy </title>
        <p>Among the 1219 patients with AMI and persistent ST-segment elevation, 69% received
               some type of reperfusion therapy. The remaining did not receive the therapy due to
               prolonged delay between the onset of symptoms and hospital admission (&gt;12 h),
               because they were referred from other hospitals in which fibrinolytic agents were not
               administered, or because they were referred to the IDPC after this time interval. Of
               the 845 patients treated using reperfusion therapy, 70% were submitted to mechanical
               reperfusion with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (90% received
               at least 1 stent implant) and the remaining 30% were treated using fibrinolysis in
               other hospitals before being transferred.</p>
        <p>With respect to patients with cardiogenic shock (Killip IV), 70% received mechanical
               circulatory support with intra-aortic balloon along with the use of usual inotropic
               medications, predominantly dobutamine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical follow-up and total mortality</title>
        <p>Patients were followed since hospital admission during treatment at the CCU and until
               the last evaluation in the institution to determine their vital status (or until
               death, if applicable).</p>
        <p>The maximum follow-up time was 6699 days; the average follow-up time was five years,
               achieved in 99.6% patients. The primary outcome of total mortality was observed in
               378 patients (i.e., 19.8% of 1906). The frequencies of death, according to the Killip
               class, in total long-term clinical follow-up were as follows: Killip class I, 17.7%;
               II, 27.3%; III, 30.4%; and IV, 48.8% (p &lt; 0.0001). In the analysis according to
               AMI type, we observed a similar pattern between the NSTEMI and STEMI groups. The same
               was observed in the period up to 30 days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
                  1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality (%) according to Killip class and AMI type (at 30-day and
                     long-term follow-up). **p&lt;0.0001, *p&lt;0.001; NSTEMI: With non-ST-segment
                     elevation MI; STEMI: With ST-segment elevation MI.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>When separately analyzed, as a part of the pre-specified analysis, survival at 30
               days was similar between those with and without ST-segment elevation; this
               progressively increased across Killip classes (p &lt; 0.0001 by log-rank test; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2b</xref>). A similar pattern was observed in the total follow-up time (p &lt;
               0.0001 by log-rank test; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3b</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2a, 2b</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves for accumulated survival according to Killip class in
                     patients diagnosed with STEMI (a) vs. those diagnosed with NSTEMI (b) at 30-day
                     follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figures 3a, 3b</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves for accumulated survival according to Killip class in
                     patients diagnosed with STEMI (a) vs. those diagnosed with NSTEMI (b) at
                     long-term follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cox proportional hazards model</title>
        <p>The risk models included clinical characteristics such as age, gender, cardiovascular
               risk factors, physical examination and hemodynamic findings, history, treatments and
               procedures performed previously and during hospitalization, Killip-Kimball
               classification, and AMI type. The variables that showed significant association with
               mortality were selected. Four models were constructed to explore the association
               between the Killip class, AMI type, and risk of death using clinical variables on
               admission and in-hospital (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>). Consistently, the Killip-Kimball
               classification was an independent predictor of increased risk of mortality.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox model with initial data on hospital admission and predictors of
                     mortality in the total follow-up of patients with STEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SE</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Wald</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.032</td>
                <td>0.006</td>
                <td>24.986</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>1.032</td>
                <td>1.019</td>
                <td>1.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
                <td>0.390</td>
                <td>0.173</td>
                <td>5.088</td>
                <td>0.024</td>
                <td>1.477</td>
                <td>1.052</td>
                <td>2.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of HF</td>
                <td>0.496</td>
                <td>0.246</td>
                <td>4.049</td>
                <td>0.044</td>
                <td>1.641</td>
                <td>1.013</td>
                <td>2.660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td>0.315</td>
                <td>0.146</td>
                <td>4.686</td>
                <td>0.030</td>
                <td>1.370</td>
                <td>1.030</td>
                <td>1.822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>5.366</td>
                <td>0.021</td>
                <td>1.008</td>
                <td>1.001</td>
                <td>1.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Weight</td>
                <td>-0.012</td>
                <td>0.006</td>
                <td>4.251</td>
                <td>0.039</td>
                <td>0.988</td>
                <td>0.977</td>
                <td>0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>10.424</td>
                <td>0.015</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td>0.386</td>
                <td>0.200</td>
                <td>3.728</td>
                <td>0.054</td>
                <td>1.472</td>
                <td>0.994</td>
                <td>2.178</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td>0.658</td>
                <td>0.379</td>
                <td>3.007</td>
                <td>0.083</td>
                <td>1.930</td>
                <td>0.918</td>
                <td>4.058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td>0.843</td>
                <td>0.338</td>
                <td>6.220</td>
                <td>0.013</td>
                <td>2.323</td>
                <td>1.198</td>
                <td>4.504</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>B: coefficient B; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; HR: hazard ratio;
                        HF: history of heart failure; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; SE:
                        standard error. *Age, HR, and weight are represented as increments of one
                        unit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox model with initial data on hospital admission and predictors of
                     mortality in the total follow-up of patients with NSTEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SE</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Wald</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.042</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>27.885</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>1.043</td>
                <td>1.027</td>
                <td>1.060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
                <td>0.120</td>
                <td>0.241</td>
                <td>0.248</td>
                <td>0.619</td>
                <td>1.127</td>
                <td>0.703</td>
                <td>1.808</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">History of HF</td>
                <td>0.473</td>
                <td>0.366</td>
                <td>1.674</td>
                <td>0.196</td>
                <td>1.605</td>
                <td>0.784</td>
                <td>3.286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td>0.219</td>
                <td>0.192</td>
                <td>1.302</td>
                <td>0.254</td>
                <td>1.244</td>
                <td>0.855</td>
                <td>1.811</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td>0.012</td>
                <td>0.004</td>
                <td>8.715</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>1.012</td>
                <td>1.004</td>
                <td>1.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Weight</td>
                <td>-0.010</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>1.733</td>
                <td>0.188</td>
                <td>0.990</td>
                <td>0.975</td>
                <td>1.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>12.197</td>
                <td>0.007</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td>0.163</td>
                <td>0.259</td>
                <td>0.398</td>
                <td>0.528</td>
                <td>1.177</td>
                <td>0.709</td>
                <td>1.956</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td>1.054</td>
                <td>0.470</td>
                <td>5.025</td>
                <td>0.025</td>
                <td>2.870</td>
                <td>1.142</td>
                <td>7.217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td>1.354</td>
                <td>0.481</td>
                <td>7.915</td>
                <td>0.005</td>
                <td>3.874</td>
                <td>1.508</td>
                <td>9.952</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>B: coefficient B; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; HR: hazard ratio;
                        HF: heart failure; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft; SE: standard error.
                        *Age, HR, and weight are represented as increments of one unit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox model with in-hospital data and predictors of mortality in the total
                     follow-up of patients with STEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SE</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Wald</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.034</td>
                <td>0.006</td>
                <td>27.812</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>1.034</td>
                <td>1.022</td>
                <td>1.048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
                <td>0.498</td>
                <td>0.174</td>
                <td>8.159</td>
                <td>0.004</td>
                <td>1.646</td>
                <td>1.169</td>
                <td>2.317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td>0.552</td>
                <td>0.246</td>
                <td>5.024</td>
                <td>0.025</td>
                <td>1.737</td>
                <td>1.072</td>
                <td>2.814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td>0.254</td>
                <td>0.149</td>
                <td>2.914</td>
                <td>0.088</td>
                <td>1.289</td>
                <td>.963</td>
                <td>1.725</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>5.866</td>
                <td>0.015</td>
                <td>1.008</td>
                <td>1.001</td>
                <td>1.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Weight</td>
                <td>-0.016</td>
                <td>0.006</td>
                <td>7.270</td>
                <td>0.007</td>
                <td>0.984</td>
                <td>0.973</td>
                <td>0.996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>11.939</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td>0.295</td>
                <td>0.201</td>
                <td>2.153</td>
                <td>0.142</td>
                <td>1.343</td>
                <td>0.906</td>
                <td>1.992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td>0.622</td>
                <td>0.380</td>
                <td>2.676</td>
                <td>0.102</td>
                <td>1.863</td>
                <td>0.884</td>
                <td>3.928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td>1.046</td>
                <td>0.342</td>
                <td>9.362</td>
                <td>0.002</td>
                <td>2.847</td>
                <td>1.457</td>
                <td>5.566</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Statin</td>
                <td>0.335</td>
                <td>0.150</td>
                <td>4.996</td>
                <td>0.025</td>
                <td>1.398</td>
                <td>1.042</td>
                <td>1.876</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CRA</td>
                <td>0.852</td>
                <td>0.351</td>
                <td>5.888</td>
                <td>0.015</td>
                <td>2.344</td>
                <td>1.178</td>
                <td>4.663</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Shock</td>
                <td>1.025</td>
                <td>0.207</td>
                <td>24.444</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>2.787</td>
                <td>1.856</td>
                <td>4.184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ARF</td>
                <td>0.922</td>
                <td>0.232</td>
                <td>15.792</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>2.514</td>
                <td>1.596</td>
                <td>3.962</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ASA</td>
                <td>-0.360</td>
                <td>0.177</td>
                <td>4.137</td>
                <td>0.042</td>
                <td>0.697</td>
                <td>0.493</td>
                <td>0.987</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid/aspirin; B: coefficient B; DM: diabetes mellitus;
                        HR: heart rate; HR: hazard ratio; HF: heart failure; ARF: acute renal
                        failure; CRA: cardiorespiratory arrest; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft;
                        SE: standard error. *Age, HR, and weight are represented as increments of
                        one unit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox model with in-hospital data and predictors of mortality in the total
                     follow-up of patients with NSTEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SE</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Wald</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p.</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>HR</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td>0.044</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>28.213</td>
                <td>0.000</td>
                <td>1.045</td>
                <td>1.028</td>
                <td>1.062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
                <td>0.095</td>
                <td>0.244</td>
                <td>0.151</td>
                <td>0.697</td>
                <td>1.100</td>
                <td>0.681</td>
                <td>1.774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HF</td>
                <td>0.436</td>
                <td>0.371</td>
                <td>1.382</td>
                <td>0.240</td>
                <td>1.546</td>
                <td>0.748</td>
                <td>3.198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td>0.196</td>
                <td>0.193</td>
                <td>1.033</td>
                <td>0.309</td>
                <td>1.216</td>
                <td>0.834</td>
                <td>1.775</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td>0.011</td>
                <td>0.004</td>
                <td>7.410</td>
                <td>0.006</td>
                <td>1.011</td>
                <td>1.003</td>
                <td>1.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Weight</td>
                <td>-0.008</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>1.029</td>
                <td>0.310</td>
                <td>0.992</td>
                <td>0.977</td>
                <td>1.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>16.558</td>
                <td>0.001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td>0.147</td>
                <td>0.261</td>
                <td>0.315</td>
                <td>0.574</td>
                <td>1.158</td>
                <td>0.694</td>
                <td>1.932</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td>1.265</td>
                <td>0.477</td>
                <td>7.041</td>
                <td>0.008</td>
                <td>3.544</td>
                <td>1.392</td>
                <td>9.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td>1.608</td>
                <td>0.487</td>
                <td>10.890</td>
                <td>0.001</td>
                <td>4.993</td>
                <td>1.921</td>
                <td>12.974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Statin</td>
                <td>0.176</td>
                <td>0.197</td>
                <td>0.797</td>
                <td>0.372</td>
                <td>1.192</td>
                <td>0.811</td>
                <td>1.753</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CRA</td>
                <td>0.033</td>
                <td>0.729</td>
                <td>0.002</td>
                <td>0.964</td>
                <td>1.033</td>
                <td>0.247</td>
                <td>4.316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Shock</td>
                <td>0.694</td>
                <td>0.336</td>
                <td>4.268</td>
                <td>0.039</td>
                <td>2.001</td>
                <td>1.036</td>
                <td>3.864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ARF</td>
                <td>0.634</td>
                <td>0.278</td>
                <td>5.177</td>
                <td>0.023</td>
                <td>1.884</td>
                <td>1.092</td>
                <td>3.252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ASA</td>
                <td>-0.545</td>
                <td>0.259</td>
                <td>4.427</td>
                <td>0.035</td>
                <td>0.580</td>
                <td>0.349</td>
                <td>0.963</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid/aspirin; B: coefficient B; DM: diabetes mellitus;
                        HR: heart rate; HR: hazard ratio; HF: heart failure; ARF: acute renal
                        failure; CRA: cardiorespiratory arrest; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft;
                        SE: standard error. *Age, HR, and weight are represented as increments of
                        one unit.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this Brazilian cohort of patients hospitalized with AMI and in long-term clinical
            follow-up post-AMI, determination of the presence and severity of HF on admission using
            the Killip-Kimball classification was an independent prognostic factor for mortality,
            with similar and significant impact on both NSTEMI and STEMI patients. To date and to
            the best of our knowledge, this study introduces three important aspects: 1) the first
            validation of the HF severity index proposed by Killip-Kimball in a Brazilian AMI
            cohort, particularly in the era of reperfusion and modern antithrombotic therapy; 2) the
            first validation of this index in Brazilian NSTEMI patients; and 3) the first
            exploratory analysis of the prognostic impact of this classification in very late
            follow-up post-AMI.</p>
      <p>We emphasize that in this study, the Killip classification was an important independent
            predictor of mortality, even after adjustment for important covariates such as clinical,
            laboratory, electrocardiographic, and angiographic characteristics related with the risk
            of mortality in patients with AMI, as well as of the occurrence of relevant
            complications independently associated with the risk of death, including cardiac arrest
            during hospitalization and acute renal failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, this analysis highlights the clinical utility of physical examination as a
            simple tool (easy to apply and without any sophisticated technological requirements) to
            identify signs and symptoms of HF on admission. It provides relevant information on the
            early risk stratification of mortality in patients with NSTEMI, similar to that in
            patients with STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In association with age, the Killip-Kimball
            classification accounted for approximately 67% and 80% of the total prognostic value on
            admission for patients with STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively (data not shown). In all Cox
            proportional hazards models, the variables independently associated with the risk of
            mortality were consistently maintained at the end of the stepwise procedure,
            particularly age, emphasizing that the Killip classification is a robust predictor of
            mortality.</p>
      <p>We detected a direct, significant, and independent association between the Killip
            classification and risk of death during late follow-up post-AMI. In fact, there was
            consistent risk stratification at 30-day, 5-year, and total follow-up time post-AMI.
            Khot et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> evaluated patients with unstable
            angina and NSTEMI from the database of the randomized clinical trials GUSTO-IIb,
            PURSUIT, PARAGON-A, and PARAGON-B in order to determine the prognostic value of the
            Killip classification. Mortality was assessed at 30 days and at 6 months. They
            identified an independent association with total mortality during these time periods;
            however, they used only the variables on admission; they did not adjust for in-hospital
            treatments, and the data were derived from those included in randomized clinical trials.
            Our study, in contrast, has some important differences. We included patients recruited
            from daily clinical practice; they were not randomized; therefore, they had
            characteristics with higher severity, such as more comorbidities and older age, implying
            a higher representativeness and applicability to "real world" settings. In contrast to a
            previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, our Cox models were adjusted
            for the use of pharmacological therapies and in-hospital procedures, with noticeable
            impact on survival. This potential interaction was evaluated in the models, and despite
            the possible attenuation of the association with risk for the reason described earlier,
            the Killip classification significantly and independently remained associated with
            mortality.</p>
      <p>The distribution pattern of the survival curves at 30-day and long-term follow-up,
            according to the Killip class, probably reflected the high intrinsic risk of acute
            coronary event, particularly in those who developed cardiogenic shock, mainly in the
            STEMI group, with distinct separation between the curves. In the NSTEMI group, Killip
            classes III and IV curves showed a similar pattern. We emphasize that the
            proportionately smaller numbers of patients with poor prognosis in these classes did not
            allow the determination of whether the behavior is similar or different from a visual
            perspective only. We also emphasize the pronounced decrease in survival in the first
            days after AMI for the highest Killip classes. Furthermore, it is notable that the
            differences in survival distributions at 30-day and long-term follow-up were
            statistically significant; this observation was similar for the two AMI groups.
            Moreover, as the cumulative number of deaths increases with long-term follow-up, the
            Kaplan-Meier survival curves reflect the distributions according to the risk inherent to
            the Killip class. Patients in Killip class I have an excellent prognosis, both in short-
            and long-term, whereas those in class III or IV have larger areas of necrosis, left
            ventricular remodeling and systolic dysfunction, and probably a greater extent of CAD.
            Thus, STEMI patients with higher HF severity classes survived the initial stage possibly
            because the AMI-related artery was treated using an artery reperfusion strategy;
            moreover, they may have been at a lower risk of new events due to CAD, mostly
            unilateral, or at a younger age. On the other hand, NSTEMI patients with more extensive
            CAD, probably older, and having survived the initial stage may have been more
            susceptible to new, recurrent thrombotic events, including AMI and ischemic
            cardiomyopathy; this may explain the increased risk of death in this group.</p>
      <p>In terms of biological plausibility and emphasizing the negative impact on survival, the
            associations of the Killip-Kimball classification with increased risk of death were
            consistent with physical examination variables. These are representative of the
            hemodynamic status of patients on admission, i.e., SBP, DBP, and HR at rest, and
            clinical characteristics related to higher fragility and attenuated capacity of organs
            to respond to an acute myocardial ischemic event, i.e., older age, lower body weight,
            and comorbidities such as diabetes and prior CABG, denoting advanced coronary
            atherosclerosis. In fact, the Killip-Kimball classification maintained a significant
            association with the risk of death even after adjusting for these variables, with
            biological and statistical impact. Importantly, the results of this study identified the
            impact of these aspects on prognosis, both in NSTEMI and STEMI patients.</p>
      <p>The mortality rates at 6 months in the study by Khot et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> were as follows: Killip class I, 5%; II, 14.7%; and III/IV, 23%.
            We emphasize that these data refer only to the NSTEMI population, which was analyzed by
            the authors, and only for 6 months of follow-up. Comparing this data with our data
            (Killip class I, 17.7%; II, 27.3%; III, 30.4%; and IV, 48.8%) and also with the initial
            data from Killip-Kimball, we observed that the implementation of pharmacoinvasive and
            reperfusion therapies, available in the recent decades, according to the types of AMI
            notably contributed to the reduction in the number of deaths and severe HF post-AMI.</p>
      <p>There were some limitations of this study. The accuracy, concordance, and
            inter/intra-observer variability for signs of HF detectable on physical examination on
            admission could not be determined for obvious temporal and practical reasons. Moreover,
            as the Killip-Kimball classification criteria were designed to be easily implemented and
            the datasheets of the patients were reviewed for consistency (even with some
            disagreement), the association with risk would have been reduced or nulled and the
            hypothesis would not have been confirmed, which was not the case. Another aspect is the
            non-comparison with other diagnostic tests for left ventricular dysfunction, such as
            transthoracic echocardiography, in order to determine left ventricular ejection fraction
            and measurement of the natriuretic peptide NT-pro-BNP. However, from the perspective of
            clinical applicability and generalization of the results, the use of these additional
            tests would result in additional costs and logistical difficulties to the objectives and
            hypotheses of this research. Other limitations, as in other observational studies, could
            include possible selection biases and not elucidating confounding factors, resulting in
            a non-ideal fit in the Cox proportional hazards models. However, systematic efforts were
            implemented to minimize these aspects, including standardized data collection of
            patients with AMI, inclusion of clinical information in a prospective, standardized
            manner and with blind evaluation of the outcome (mortality), as well as a follow-up of
            approximately 100% patients and adjustment of the Cox models for important
            covariates.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study emphasizes the prognostic importance of determining the presence and severity
            of HF in patients with AMI and specifically validates its relevance and applicability in
            the setting of NSTEMI in a similar manner to STEMI. Moreover, in terms of scientific and
            clinical relevance, this study adds evidence to the available information on the
            Killip-Kimball classification in terms of prognostic value for mortality in very late
            follow-up post-AMI. The Killip-Kimball classification demonstrates a discriminatory
            capacity of the risk of total mortality, even after adjusting for clinical covariates
            that are relevant in the contemporary era.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <sec>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study received statistical support from Jo&#227;o &#205;talo Dias Fran&#231;a, the Laboratory
               of Statistics and Epidemiology, IDPC.</p>
      </sec>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira GBF; Acquisition of data: Mello BHG,
               Oliveira GBF, Ramos RF, Lopes BBC, Barros CBS, Carvalho EO, Teixeira FBP, Arruda GDS,
               Revelo MSC, Piegas LS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision
               of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira GBF, Ramos RF, Piegas LS;
               Statistical analysis: Oliveira GBF, Arruda GDS, Revelo MSC; Writing of the
               manuscript: Mello BHG, Oliveira GBF, Lopes BBC, Barros CBS, Carvalho EO, Teixeira
               FBP, Arruda GDS, Revelo MSC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This study is not associated with any thesis or
               dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Valida&#231;&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball e
               Mortalidade Tardia Ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Henrique Gallindo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bernardes F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Baptista C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Cec&#237;lia Bitar&#227;es S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Erick de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Bellini P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme D'Andr&#233;a S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Revelo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sol Calero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
                  Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Bernardes de Figueiredo Oliveira,</bold> Rua Padre
               Machado, 844, apt.&#186; 72, Bosque da Sa&#250;de. CEP 04127-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.
               E-mail: <email>goliveira@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o ou &#237;ndice de gravidade de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com
                  infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) foi proposta por Killip e Kimball com o objetivo
                  de avaliar o risco de mortalidade hospitalar e o potencial benef&#237;cio do tratamento
                  especializado em unidades coron&#225;rias (UCO) na d&#233;cada de 1960.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Validar a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip para mortalidade total em longo prazo e comparar
                  o valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSEST) em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCEST), na era p&#243;s-reperfus&#227;o e de
                  terapia antitromb&#243;tica moderna.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 1906 pacientes com IAM confirmado, admitidos em UCO entre 1995 e
                  2011, com seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco anos, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total.
                  Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram constru&#237;das para compara&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida por classe
                  Killip e IAMSEST versus IAMCEST. Modelos de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox
                  foram constru&#237;dos para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a classe Killip
                  e a mortalidade, com an&#225;lises de sensibilidade por tipo de IAM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As propor&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bitos e as distribui&#231;&#245;es das curvas de sobrevida foram
                  diferentes conforme a classe Killip &gt;1 (p &lt;0,001) e similares entre IAMSEST
                  e IAMCEST. Os modelos de risco identificaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip como
                  preditor significante, sustentado, consistente e independente de covari&#225;veis
                  relevantes (Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup> 16,5 [p = 0,001], IAMSEST) e (Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup>
                  11,9 [p = 0,008], IAMCEST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball desempenha papel progn&#243;stico relevante na
                  mortalidade em seguimento m&#233;dio de cinco anos p&#243;s-IAM e, de modo similar, entre
                  pacientes com IAMSEST e IAMCEST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Gravidade de Doen&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no infarto agudo do
               mioc&#225;rdio</p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Thomas Killip III e John T. Kimball<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, em 1967, foi originalmente uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do
               leito, baseada no exame f&#237;sico de pacientes com prov&#225;vel infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio
               (IAM), para identificar aqueles com maior risco de morte e potencial benef&#237;cio com o
               manejo especializado em unidades coron&#225;rias (UCO). O estudo cl&#225;ssico representou uma
               s&#233;rie de 250 casos suspeitos de IAM, admitidos na UCO de um hospital universit&#225;rio
               dos Estados Unidos, com desfechos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o objetivos, sem coleta sistem&#225;tica ou
               ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o e n&#227;o validado em uma s&#233;rie independente de
               pacientes. Os casos foram estratificados em:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip I: 81 (33%) sem sinais de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip II: 96 (38%) com estertores crepitantes pulmonares, terceira bulha e
                     press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip III: 26 (10%) com edema pulmonar agudo (EAP);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Killip IV: 47 (19%) com choque cardiog&#234;nico ou hipotens&#227;o arterial (medida como
                     PAS &lt; 90 mmHg) e evid&#234;ncia de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica (olig&#250;ria, cianose
                     ou diaforese), com mortalidade de 6%, 17%, 38% e 81%, respectivamente.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Apesar da proposta original na era pr&#233;-reperfus&#227;o, alguns estudos posteriores
               avaliaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o no IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST (IAMCEST) na
               era p&#243;s-reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em contrapartida, o valor progn&#243;stico da
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa classifica&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio do IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento
               ST (IAMSEST) n&#227;o &#233; bem estabelecido, sobretudo pela n&#227;o valida&#231;&#227;o em pacientes do
               mundo real, portanto n&#227;o selecionados de bancos de dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos
                  randomizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de dados no
               seguimento tardio p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
        <p>De fato, embora recomendada como parte da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco inicial na IV
               Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> para o manuseio do IAMCEST, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball n&#227;o &#233;
               citada na &#250;ltima diretriz da SBC para o manuseio do IAMSEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Portanto, este estudo teve os objetivos de validar a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e
               Kimball para mortalidade total no seguimento cl&#237;nico de longo prazo e comparar o
               valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAMSEST em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IAMCEST, na
               era p&#243;s-reperfus&#227;o e de terap&#234;utica antitromb&#243;tica moderna.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta duas formas de delineamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>: 1) estudo
                  transversal e anal&#237;tico, para determina&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, incluindo
                  a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball baseada no primeiro exame f&#237;sico na admiss&#227;o
                  hospitalar, hist&#243;ria e tratamentos pr&#233;vios, al&#233;m dos procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e
                  terap&#234;uticos na fase hospitalar, em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de IAM,
                  com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST, admitidos em UCO do Instituto
                  Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC); 2) ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, os pacientes
                  foram seguidos e recrutados, prospectivamente, em um banco de dados entre 1995 e
                  2011, com coleta sistem&#225;tica de informa&#231;&#245;es por ficha eletr&#244;nica de dados,
                  incluindo eventos cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares (coorte prospectiva).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a data da &#250;ltima evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada paciente registrado como
                  vivo, os medicamentos usados previamente, nas 48 h da admiss&#227;o e &#224; alta, e sobre
                  os &#243;bitos ocorridos na fase hospitalar ou no seguimento cl&#237;nico de muito longo
                  prazo foram coletadas por busca ativa pelos seguintes meios: ficha eletr&#244;nica de
                  dados do paciente, sistema eletr&#244;nico de gest&#227;o de dados do instituto, contato
                  telef&#244;nico e prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostragem</title>
          <p>Ressaltamos que, pela aus&#234;ncia de estudos que validam a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e
                  Kimball para estimativa do risco de mortalidade em pacientes com IAM na popula&#231;&#227;o
                  brasileira at&#233; o momento, utilizamos amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica, salientando o
                  tamanho amostral significativamente maior do que os 250 pacientes com suspeita
                  diagn&#243;stica de IAM publicados em 1967.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de eligibilidade e vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento
                  ST de ambos os g&#234;neros, idade &gt;18 anos, com admiss&#227;o na UCO do IDPC entre 1995
                  e 2011; portanto, o presente estudo exclui os pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel. Os
                  crit&#233;rios utilizados para diagn&#243;stico de IAM foram baseados nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das
                  diretrizes contempladas no per&#237;odo referido, que compreendeu os anos de 1995 a
                  2011. Al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos cl&#225;ssicos, a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do
                  segmento ST &#8805;1,0 mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal ou de V4 a V6, ou &#8805;2,0 mm nas
                  deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 a V3, ou com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo novo ou presumivelmente novo,
                  recebeu o diagn&#243;stico de IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST, confirmado
                  pela eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica dispon&#237;veis &#224; &#233;poca do IAM:
                  1995 at&#233; 2000, atividade de CKMB e CK total, pelo menos duas vezes o limite
                  superior do normal; a partir de 2001, tamb&#233;m com disponibilidade da dosagem da
                  massa da CKMB e da troponina card&#237;aca I (TnI), tamb&#233;m seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es
                  para n&#237;veis de corte conforme valores de refer&#234;ncia para cada <italic>kit</italic>
                  de biomarcador utilizado em cada institui&#231;&#227;o, baseado no percentil 99. Quando o
                  tra&#231;ado do ECG demonstrava depress&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o de ondas T ou
                  achados inespec&#237;ficos em tra&#231;ados seriados, na presen&#231;a da eleva&#231;&#227;o de
                  biomarcadores de necrose o diagn&#243;stico de IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento
                  ST foi confirmado.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo de mortalidade, analisamos as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas (idade, g&#234;nero,
                  etnia), fatores de risco cardiovascular e comorbidades, informa&#231;&#245;es do exame
                  f&#237;sico para classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball, vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas simples
                  (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica),
                  procedimentos e tratamentos pr&#233;vios, aspectos angiogr&#225;ficos (art&#233;ria acometida,
                  fluxo TIMI, extens&#227;o e gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria [DAC] naqueles
                  submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria). Definimos como desfecho cl&#237;nico de interesse
                  a mortalidade total, com <italic>Landmark analysis </italic>aos 30 dias e na data
                  final de seguimento do paciente. As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram
                  expressas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio-padr&#227;o) ou mediana (com intervalo interquartil -
                  IIQ), conforme apropriado, e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos calculadas por teste
                     <italic>t </italic>de Student ou n&#227;o param&#233;trico (testes de Kruskall-Wallis
                  para signific&#226;ncia e de Jonckheere-Terpstra para tend&#234;ncia), conforme apropriado.
                  As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis discretas (ou categ&#243;ricas) foram expressas como
                  frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, e as compara&#231;&#245;es foram calculadas por teste do
                  qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. A an&#225;lise do desfecho
                  cl&#237;nico foi baseada no tempo para ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito segundo m&#233;todo de
                  Kaplan-Meier por meio de curvas de sobrevida acumulada de acordo com a classe
                  Killip. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox reuniu todas as vari&#225;veis
                  demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas, mas somente os preditores univariados com
                  p &lt; 0,10 e vari&#225;veis com significado cl&#237;nico foram inclu&#237;dos em modelos de
                  regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox para determinar se a classe Killip seria um
                  preditor de risco independente, tanto no grupo sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST quanto
                  no grupo com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. O processo <italic>Backward Stepwise
                  </italic>para os modelos possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis independentes
                  de risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico do tipo de IAM. Os
                  resultados foram expressos como raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic>) com
                  intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%), e a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos
                  modelos expressa pelo <italic>c-statistic </italic>(ou &#237;ndice <italic>c</italic>).
                  Utilizamos testes bicaudais com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em &#945; = 0,05. Os dados foram
                  analisados em conjunto com o Laborat&#243;rio de Estat&#237;stica e Epidemiologia do IDPC
                  pelo pacote estat&#237;stico IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos 1906 pacientes com IAM s&#227;o descritas a
                  seguir e, conforme a classe Killip, mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>. No global, a mediana (IIQ) da idade foi 64 (55,73) anos,
                  variando de 19-94 anos, com 71,3% do g&#234;nero masculino, mediana de peso corporal de
                  71,5 kg e 81,4% de etnia caucasiana. A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco
                  cardiovascular foi significante, com 70% de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 36,4% de
                  diab&#233;ticos, 78% com dislipidemia, 7,0% de AVE, 7,7% de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva
                  perif&#233;rica (DAOP) e 34% de tabagistas atuais. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados do ECG, 4,5%
                  apresentaram bloqueio de ramo &#224; admiss&#227;o, 61,9% com eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do
                  segmento ST, 13,8% com depress&#227;o do segmento ST, 3,8% com ondas Q, 8,4% com
                  invers&#227;o de ondas T, 3,5% com tra&#231;ado considerado normal e 4,1% com achados
                  incaracter&#237;sticos. As propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes avaliados e categorizados em cada
                  classe Killip I, II, III e IV foram, respectivamente: 84,3%, 11,0%, 2,4%, 2,3%. O
                  diagn&#243;stico final definiu 64% com IAMCEST e 36% com IAMSEST.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de
                        Killip-Kimball</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;stica</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Killip I</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Killip II</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Killip III</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Killip IV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>62 (53, 70)</td>
                  <td>66 (58, 77)</td>
                  <td>65 (54, 73)</td>
                  <td>63 (54, 74)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                  <td>27,6%</td>
                  <td>34%</td>
                  <td>39,1%</td>
                  <td>32,6%</td>
                  <td>0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Etnia caucasiana</td>
                  <td>80,9%</td>
                  <td>84,2%</td>
                  <td>84,8%</td>
                  <td>79,1%</td>
                  <td>0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td>73 (65, 82)</td>
                  <td>72 (64, 80)</td>
                  <td>71 (62, 77)</td>
                  <td>70 (65, 80)</td>
                  <td>0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td>132 (120,160)</td>
                  <td>130 (110, 150)</td>
                  <td>137 (122, 154)</td>
                  <td>93 (62, 122)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td>80 (70, 100)</td>
                  <td>80 (70, 93)</td>
                  <td>80 (70, 100)</td>
                  <td>60 (32, 77)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                  <td>76 (67, 88)</td>
                  <td>84 (70, 96)</td>
                  <td>91 (80, 105)</td>
                  <td>84 (57, 105)</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DAOP</td>
                  <td>4,6%</td>
                  <td>6,2%</td>
                  <td>10,9%</td>
                  <td>9,3%</td>
                  <td>0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td>28,2%</td>
                  <td>32,5%</td>
                  <td>47,8%</td>
                  <td>37,2%</td>
                  <td>0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td>31,2%</td>
                  <td>24%</td>
                  <td>37%</td>
                  <td>37,2%</td>
                  <td>0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td>19,4%</td>
                  <td>14,8%</td>
                  <td>8,7%</td>
                  <td>16,3%</td>
                  <td>0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia RM pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td>16,1%</td>
                  <td>12%</td>
                  <td>19,6%</td>
                  <td>14%</td>
                  <td>0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td>5,2%</td>
                  <td>9,6%</td>
                  <td>8,7%</td>
                  <td>4,7%</td>
                  <td>0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                  <td>36,8%</td>
                  <td>33%</td>
                  <td>32,6%</td>
                  <td>34,9%</td>
                  <td>0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Angina pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td>26,9%</td>
                  <td>29,7%</td>
                  <td>26,1%</td>
                  <td>37,2%</td>
                  <td>0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td>72,3%</td>
                  <td>74,6%</td>
                  <td>60,9%</td>
                  <td>72,1%</td>
                  <td>0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td>4%</td>
                  <td>14,4%</td>
                  <td>19,6%</td>
                  <td>14%</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva
                           perif&#233;rica; FC: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica;
                           IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; PAD:
                           press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; RM:
                           revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes em classe Killip I, aqueles em classes Killip &#8805; 2
                  apresentaram maior mediana de idade, maiores propor&#231;&#245;es do g&#234;nero feminino, doen&#231;a
                  arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), acidente
                  vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), diabetes melito, ECG com desnivelamento do segmento ST
                  ou bloqueios de ramo, FC mais elevada e press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica
                  menores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de f&#225;rmacos nas primeiras 48 h da fase hospitalar, destacamos
                  AAS em 96%, outro antiplaquet&#225;rio em 68%, betabloqueadores em 61%, IECA em 60%,
                  estatinas em 40% e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com antitromb&#237;nicos, isto &#233;, heparina n&#227;o
                  fracionada ou heparina de baixo peso molecular em 83% (dados n&#227;o mostrados).
                  Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa por via intravenosa foram utilizados em 7,3%
                  dos casos. Quanto ao uso de f&#225;rmacos na fase hospitalar at&#233; a alta, destacamos AAS
                  em 98%, clopidogrel em 75%, betabloqueadores em 89,5%, IECA em 88,5% e estatinas
                  em 98,2%, com taxas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o similares entre os pacientes com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o
                  do segmento ST.</p>
          <p>Estrat&#233;gia invasiva foi realizada em 85% dos pacientes. A DAC foi considerada
                  significativa com estenose luminal &#8805;50%, sendo documentada em pelo menos um vaso
                  em 83% dos pacientes. Houve realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea em 54%
                  dos pacientes submetidos a angiografia diagn&#243;stica, com 77% de implante de um
                  stent coron&#225;rio e 23% com &gt;1 stent, sendo 91% de stents convencionais (n&#227;o
                  farmacol&#243;gicos). Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi empregada em 15% dos
                  casos, com 98,4% de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o e suporte adjuvante</title>
          <p>Dentre os 1219 pacientes com IAM e eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST, 69%
                  receberam alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o, sendo que os restantes n&#227;o receberam
                  devido a retardo prolongado entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a admiss&#227;o hospitalar
                  (&gt;12 h) ou por serem referidos de outros hospitais nos quais n&#227;o se administrou
                  fibrinol&#237;tico, ou encaminhados para o IDPC ap&#243;s esse intervalo de tempo. Dos 845
                  pacientes tratados com terapia de reperfus&#227;o, 70% foram submetidos a reperfus&#227;o
                  mec&#226;nica com angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria (90% com implante de pelo menos um
                  stent), sendo os 30% restantes tratados com fibrin&#243;lise em outros hospitais antes
                  da transfer&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico (Killip IV), 70% receberam
                  suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico atrav&#233;s de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, al&#233;m do uso de
                  f&#225;rmacos inotr&#243;picos habituais, predominantemente dobutamina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento cl&#237;nico e mortalidade total</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos desde a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, durante o manuseio na
                  UCO, at&#233; a &#250;ltima data de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na institui&#231;&#227;o para determina&#231;&#227;o do
                  estado vital e data da ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito, se aplic&#225;vel. O seguimento m&#225;ximo foi
                  de 6699 dias e o m&#233;dio de cinco anos, completo em 99,6% dos pacientes. O desfecho
                  prim&#225;rio de mortalidade total foi observado em 378 pacientes (19,8% de 1.906). As
                  frequ&#234;ncias de ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito por classe Killip no seguimento total de longo
                  prazo foram as seguintes: Killip I, 17,7%; Killip II, 27,3%; Killip III, 30,4%;
                  Killip IV, 48,8%, p &lt;0,0001. Na an&#225;lise de acordo com o tipo de IAM, observamos
                  um padr&#227;o consistente entre os grupos de IAMSEST e IAMCEST, assim como no per&#237;odo
                  at&#233; 30 dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade (%) por tipo de IAM e classe Killip aos 30 dias e seguimento
                        cl&#237;nico global. **p&lt;0,0001; *p&lt;0,001; IAMSEST: IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do
                        segmento ST; IAMCEST: IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Quando analisamos separadamente, como parte da an&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada, as
                  distribui&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida aos 30 dias foram similares entre os pacientes sem
                  eleva&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e com aumentos
                  progressivos conforme piora da classe Killip, p &lt;0,0001 pelo teste de
                     <italic>log-rank</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 2a</xref> e
                     <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">2b</xref>). De modo consistente, no tempo total
                  de seguimento observamos um padr&#227;o similar entre os pacientes sem eleva&#231;&#227;o
                     <italic>versus</italic> com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST e aumentos progressivos conforme a
                  classe Killip, p &lt;0,0001 pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 3a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">3b</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2a, 2b</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida acumulada a classe Killip em
                        pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCEST (a) versus IAMSEST (b) at&#233; 30 dias de
                        seguimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3a, 3b</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobrevida acumulada conforme a classe Killip
                        em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCEST (a) versus IAMSEST (b) no seguimento
                        de longo prazo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0107-40091-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelos de risco proporcional de Cox</title>
          <p>Para a constru&#231;&#227;o dos modelos de risco foram inclu&#237;das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas
                  como idade, g&#234;nero, fatores de risco cardiovascular, dados hemodin&#226;micos de exame
                  f&#237;sico, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via, tratamentos e procedimentos realizados previamente e
                  durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball, e tipo de IAM, e
                  selecionamos as vari&#225;veis que mostraram signific&#226;ncia para a associa&#231;&#227;o com o
                  desfecho mortalidade. Quatro modelos foram calculados para explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o
                  entre a classe Killip, o tipo de IAM e o risco para &#243;bito, utilizando vari&#225;veis
                  cl&#237;nicas da admiss&#227;o e da fase hospitalar, de modo pr&#233;-especificado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 2</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>). De modo consistente, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball foi
                  preditor independente de risco elevado para mortalidade.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Cox com dados iniciais &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar com preditores de
                        mortalidade no seguimento global em pacientes com IAMCEST</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Wald</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,032</td>
                  <td>0,006</td>
                  <td>24,986</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>1,032</td>
                  <td>1,019</td>
                  <td>1,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RM pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td>0,390</td>
                  <td>0,173</td>
                  <td>5,088</td>
                  <td>0,024</td>
                  <td>1,477</td>
                  <td>1,052</td>
                  <td>2,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td>0,496</td>
                  <td>0,246</td>
                  <td>4,049</td>
                  <td>0,044</td>
                  <td>1,641</td>
                  <td>1,013</td>
                  <td>2,660</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td>0,315</td>
                  <td>0,146</td>
                  <td>4,686</td>
                  <td>0,030</td>
                  <td>1,370</td>
                  <td>1,030</td>
                  <td>1,822</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>0,003</td>
                  <td>5,366</td>
                  <td>0,021</td>
                  <td>1,008</td>
                  <td>1,001</td>
                  <td>1,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td>-0,012</td>
                  <td>0,006</td>
                  <td>4,251</td>
                  <td>0,039</td>
                  <td>0,988</td>
                  <td>0,977</td>
                  <td>0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>10,424</td>
                  <td>0,015</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td>0,386</td>
                  <td>0,200</td>
                  <td>3,728</td>
                  <td>0,054</td>
                  <td>1,472</td>
                  <td>0,994</td>
                  <td>2,178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td>0,658</td>
                  <td>0,379</td>
                  <td>3,007</td>
                  <td>0,083</td>
                  <td>1,930</td>
                  <td>0,918</td>
                  <td>4,058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td>0,843</td>
                  <td>0,338</td>
                  <td>6,220</td>
                  <td>0,013</td>
                  <td>2,323</td>
                  <td>1,198</td>
                  <td>4,504</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>B: coeficiente B; DM: diabetes melito; FC: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HR:
                           Hazard Ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via; RM: cirurgia de
                           revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; SE: Standard Error. * Idade, FC e peso em
                           incrementos de uma unidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Cox com dados iniciais &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar com preditores de
                        mortalidade no seguimento global em pacientes com IAMSEST</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Wald</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,042</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>27,885</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>1,043</td>
                  <td>1,027</td>
                  <td>1,060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RM</td>
                  <td>0,120</td>
                  <td>0,241</td>
                  <td>0,248</td>
                  <td>0,619</td>
                  <td>1,127</td>
                  <td>0,703</td>
                  <td>1,808</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td>0,473</td>
                  <td>0,366</td>
                  <td>1,674</td>
                  <td>0,196</td>
                  <td>1,605</td>
                  <td>0,784</td>
                  <td>3,286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td>0,219</td>
                  <td>0,192</td>
                  <td>1,302</td>
                  <td>0,254</td>
                  <td>1,244</td>
                  <td>0,855</td>
                  <td>1,811</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td>0,012</td>
                  <td>0,004</td>
                  <td>8,715</td>
                  <td>0,003</td>
                  <td>1,012</td>
                  <td>1,004</td>
                  <td>1,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td>-0,010</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>1,733</td>
                  <td>0,188</td>
                  <td>0,990</td>
                  <td>0,975</td>
                  <td>1,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>12,197</td>
                  <td>0,007</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td>0,163</td>
                  <td>0,259</td>
                  <td>0,398</td>
                  <td>0,528</td>
                  <td>1,177</td>
                  <td>0,709</td>
                  <td>1,956</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td>1,054</td>
                  <td>0,470</td>
                  <td>5,025</td>
                  <td>0,025</td>
                  <td>2,870</td>
                  <td>1,142</td>
                  <td>7,217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td>1,354</td>
                  <td>0,481</td>
                  <td>7,915</td>
                  <td>0,005</td>
                  <td>3,874</td>
                  <td>1,508</td>
                  <td>9,952</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>B: coeficiente B; DM: diabetes melito; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HR:
                           Hazard Ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via; RM: cirurgia de
                           revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; SE: Standard Error. * Idade, FC e peso em
                           incrementos de uma unidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Cox com dados da fase hospitalar com preditores de mortalidade
                        no seguimento global em pacientes com IAMCEST</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Wald</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,034</td>
                  <td>0,006</td>
                  <td>27,812</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>1,034</td>
                  <td>1,022</td>
                  <td>1,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RM</td>
                  <td>0,498</td>
                  <td>0,174</td>
                  <td>8,159</td>
                  <td>0,004</td>
                  <td>1,646</td>
                  <td>1,169</td>
                  <td>2,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td>0,552</td>
                  <td>0,246</td>
                  <td>5,024</td>
                  <td>0,025</td>
                  <td>1,737</td>
                  <td>1,072</td>
                  <td>2,814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td>0,254</td>
                  <td>0,149</td>
                  <td>2,914</td>
                  <td>0,088</td>
                  <td>1,289</td>
                  <td>,963</td>
                  <td>1,725</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>0,003</td>
                  <td>5,866</td>
                  <td>0,015</td>
                  <td>1,008</td>
                  <td>1,001</td>
                  <td>1,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td>-0,016</td>
                  <td>0,006</td>
                  <td>7,270</td>
                  <td>0,007</td>
                  <td>0,984</td>
                  <td>0,973</td>
                  <td>0,996</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>11,939</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td>0,295</td>
                  <td>0,201</td>
                  <td>2,153</td>
                  <td>0,142</td>
                  <td>1,343</td>
                  <td>0,906</td>
                  <td>1,992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td>0,622</td>
                  <td>0,380</td>
                  <td>2,676</td>
                  <td>0,102</td>
                  <td>1,863</td>
                  <td>0,884</td>
                  <td>3,928</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td>1,046</td>
                  <td>0,342</td>
                  <td>9,362</td>
                  <td>0,002</td>
                  <td>2,847</td>
                  <td>1,457</td>
                  <td>5,566</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                  <td>0,335</td>
                  <td>0,150</td>
                  <td>4,996</td>
                  <td>0,025</td>
                  <td>1,398</td>
                  <td>1,042</td>
                  <td>1,876</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PCR</td>
                  <td>0,852</td>
                  <td>0,351</td>
                  <td>5,888</td>
                  <td>0,015</td>
                  <td>2,344</td>
                  <td>1,178</td>
                  <td>4,663</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Choque</td>
                  <td>1,025</td>
                  <td>0,207</td>
                  <td>24,444</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>2,787</td>
                  <td>1,856</td>
                  <td>4,184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IRA</td>
                  <td>0,922</td>
                  <td>0,232</td>
                  <td>15,792</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>2,514</td>
                  <td>1,596</td>
                  <td>3,962</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AAS</td>
                  <td>-0,360</td>
                  <td>0,177</td>
                  <td>4,137</td>
                  <td>0,042</td>
                  <td>0,697</td>
                  <td>0,493</td>
                  <td>0,987</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; B: coeficiente B; DM: diabetes melito; FC:
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via;
                           IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; RM:
                           cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; SE: Standard Error; * Idade,
                           FC e peso em incrementos de uma unidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Cox com dados da fase hospitalar com preditores de mortalidade
                        no seguimento global em pacientes com IAMSEST</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>SE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Wald</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td>0,044</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>28,213</td>
                  <td>0,000</td>
                  <td>1,045</td>
                  <td>1,028</td>
                  <td>1,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RM</td>
                  <td>0,095</td>
                  <td>0,244</td>
                  <td>0,151</td>
                  <td>0,697</td>
                  <td>1,100</td>
                  <td>0,681</td>
                  <td>1,774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IC</td>
                  <td>0,436</td>
                  <td>0,371</td>
                  <td>1,382</td>
                  <td>0,240</td>
                  <td>1,546</td>
                  <td>0,748</td>
                  <td>3,198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td>0,196</td>
                  <td>0,193</td>
                  <td>1,033</td>
                  <td>0,309</td>
                  <td>1,216</td>
                  <td>0,834</td>
                  <td>1,775</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td>0,011</td>
                  <td>0,004</td>
                  <td>7,410</td>
                  <td>0,006</td>
                  <td>1,011</td>
                  <td>1,003</td>
                  <td>1,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td>-0,008</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>1,029</td>
                  <td>0,310</td>
                  <td>0,992</td>
                  <td>0,977</td>
                  <td>1,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>16,558</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td>0,147</td>
                  <td>0,261</td>
                  <td>0,315</td>
                  <td>0,574</td>
                  <td>1,158</td>
                  <td>0,694</td>
                  <td>1,932</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td>1,265</td>
                  <td>0,477</td>
                  <td>7,041</td>
                  <td>0,008</td>
                  <td>3,544</td>
                  <td>1,392</td>
                  <td>9,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td>1,608</td>
                  <td>0,487</td>
                  <td>10,890</td>
                  <td>0,001</td>
                  <td>4,993</td>
                  <td>1,921</td>
                  <td>12,974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                  <td>0,176</td>
                  <td>0,197</td>
                  <td>0,797</td>
                  <td>0,372</td>
                  <td>1,192</td>
                  <td>0,811</td>
                  <td>1,753</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PCR</td>
                  <td>0,033</td>
                  <td>0,729</td>
                  <td>0,002</td>
                  <td>0,964</td>
                  <td>1,033</td>
                  <td>0,247</td>
                  <td>4,316</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Choque</td>
                  <td>0,694</td>
                  <td>0,336</td>
                  <td>4,268</td>
                  <td>0,039</td>
                  <td>2,001</td>
                  <td>1,036</td>
                  <td>3,864</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">IRA</td>
                  <td>0,634</td>
                  <td>0,278</td>
                  <td>5,177</td>
                  <td>0,023</td>
                  <td>1,884</td>
                  <td>1,092</td>
                  <td>3,252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AAS</td>
                  <td>-0,545</td>
                  <td>0,259</td>
                  <td>4,427</td>
                  <td>0,035</td>
                  <td>0,580</td>
                  <td>0,349</td>
                  <td>0,963</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; B: coeficiente B; DM: diabetes melito; FC:
                           frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via;
                           IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; RM:
                           cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; SE: Standard Error; * Idade,
                           FC e peso em incrementos de uma unidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nessa coorte brasileira de pacientes hospitalizados com IAM e seguimento em longo
               prazo p&#243;s-IAM, a determina&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a e da gravidade da IC &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar
               pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball foi fator progn&#243;stico independente para a
               mortalidade, com impacto significativo nos pacientes com IAMSEST de modo similar
               &#224;quele observado nos pacientes com IAMCEST. At&#233; o presente momento, pelo nosso
               conhecimento, esta investiga&#231;&#227;o apresenta tr&#234;s aspectos relevantes: 1) primeira
               valida&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de gravidade de IC proposta por Killip e Kimball em uma coorte
               brasileira de IAM, particularmente na era contempor&#226;nea de reperfus&#227;o e tratamento
               antitromb&#243;tico adjunto; 2) primeira valida&#231;&#227;o desse &#237;ndice em pacientes com IAMSEST
               na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira; 3) primeira an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria do impacto progn&#243;stico
               dessa classifica&#231;&#227;o em seguimento muito tardio p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
        <p>Ressaltamos que a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip apresentou-se como importante preditor
               independente para &#243;bito, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para importantes covari&#225;veis, como
               caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas
               relacionadas com risco de mortalidade em pacientes com IAM, assim como para
               ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relevantes e associadas de modo independente ao risco de
               &#243;bito, incluindo parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia
               renal aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>De modo relevante, esta an&#225;lise ressalta a utilidade cl&#237;nica do exame f&#237;sico como
               ferramenta simples, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e sem requerimentos tecnol&#243;gicos
               sofisticados na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas de IC logo &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar,
               fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes na estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco de mortalidade
               em pacientes com IAMSEST, de modo similar aos casos de IAMCEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Em
               associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball representou,
               respectivamente, cerca de 67% e 80% do valor progn&#243;stico total na admiss&#227;o hospitalar
               para os pacientes com IAMCEST e IAMSEST (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Em todos os modelos de
               risco proporcional de Cox, as vari&#225;veis e associa&#231;&#245;es independentes com o risco de
               mortalidade foram consistentemente mantidas ao final do processo
                  <italic>Stepwise</italic>, particularmente com a idade, o que ressalta a
               classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip como robusto preditor de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Detectamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta, significativa e independente entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o
               de Killip e o risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito no tempo de seguimento muito tardio. De
               fato, houve uma consistente estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco aos 30 dias, cinco anos e tempo
               de seguimento total p&#243;s-IAM. Khot e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
               avaliaram pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e IAMSEST de um banco de dados dos estudos
               randomizados GUSTO IIb, PURSUIT, PARAGON-A e PARAGON-B para determinar o valor
               progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip. A mortalidade foi avaliada aos 30 dias e aos
               seis meses. Os autores identificaram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com a mortalidade total
               nesses intervalos de tempo, mas utilizaram somente as vari&#225;veis da admiss&#227;o, n&#227;o
               ajustaram para tratamentos da fase hospitalar, e os dados foram derivados de
               pacientes mais selecionados por terem sido inclu&#237;dos em estudos cl&#237;nicos
               randomizados. Nosso estudo, entretanto, apresenta algumas diferen&#231;as importantes.
               Inclu&#237;mos pacientes recrutados da pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria e n&#227;o de estudos randomizados,
               portanto com caracter&#237;sticas de maior gravidade, como maior preval&#234;ncia de
               comorbidades e idade mais avan&#231;ada, de mais prov&#225;vel representatividade e
               aplicabilidade no mundo real. De modo contr&#225;rio ao outro estudo, nossos modelos de
               Cox foram ajustados para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e procedimentos
               intra-hospitalares notoriamente com impacto na sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Essa potencial intera&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada nos modelos e, apesar
               da eventual atenua&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco pelo motivo descrito, a classifica&#231;&#227;o
               de Killip permaneceu significativamente e de modo independente associada com
               mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida aos 30 dias e no seguimento de longo
               prazo, de acordo com a classe Killip, provavelmente refletiu o elevado risco
               intr&#237;nseco do evento coron&#225;rio agudo, particularmente naqueles que desenvolveram
               choque cardiog&#234;nico, principalmente no IAMCEST, com n&#237;tida separa&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas.
               No grupo de IAMSEST, as curvas referentes &#224;s classes Killip III e IV tiveram padr&#227;o
               similar. Ressaltamos que os n&#250;meros proporcionalmente menores de pacientes nessas
               classes de pior progn&#243;stico n&#227;o permitem afirmar que o comportamento realmente difere
               ou &#233; similar apenas pelo aspecto visual. Ressaltamos a queda na sobrevida de modo
               bastante pronunciado nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s o IAM para as maiores classes Killip.
               Enfatizamos tamb&#233;m que h&#225; relevante signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para as diferen&#231;as
               entre as distribui&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida, tanto para 30 dias quanto para o seguimento de
               longo prazo, e de modo similar para os dois grupos de IAM. Mais ainda, como o n&#250;mero
               de &#243;bitos cumulativo aumenta com o seguimento de longo prazo, as curvas de
               Kaplan-Meier refletem as distribui&#231;&#245;es conforme o risco inerente &#224; classe Killip. Os
               pacientes em Killip I t&#234;m excelente progn&#243;stico, tanto em curto quanto em longo
               prazo, sendo que aqueles em Killip III ou IV denotam maiores &#225;reas de necrose,
               remodelamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m de provavelmente maior
               extens&#227;o de DAC. Assim, os pacientes com IAMCEST que evoluem nessas classes mais
               avan&#231;adas de gravidade de IC que sobreviveram &#224; fase inicial, provavelmente por terem
               a art&#233;ria relacionada ao IAM tratada com alguma estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o, podem ter
               apresentado menor risco de novos eventos devido &#224; DAC mais frequentemente uniarterial
               ou idade mais jovem. Por outro lado, os pacientes com IAMSEST, com DAC mais extensa e
               idade talvez mais avan&#231;ada, que sobreviveram &#224; fase mais precoce, podem ter sido mais
               suscet&#237;veis a novos eventos tromb&#243;ticos recorrentes, incluindo novos IAM e
               miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com potencial letalidade, o que poderia explicar o maior
               risco observado para esse grupo espec&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>Em termos de plausibilidade biol&#243;gica enfatizando o impacto negativo na sobrevida, as
               associa&#231;&#245;es da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball com o risco aumentado de &#243;bito foram
               consistentes com vari&#225;veis do exame f&#237;sico &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar representativas do
               estado hemodin&#226;mico dos pacientes, isto &#233;, com n&#237;veis de PAS, PAD e FC em repouso, e
               caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a maior fragilidade org&#226;nica e capacidade
               atenuada de resposta ao evento agudo isqu&#234;mico mioc&#225;rdico, isto &#233;, maior faixa
               et&#225;ria, menor peso corporal, comorbidades como DM e cirurgia de RM pr&#233;via, denotando
               aterosclerose coronariana avan&#231;ada. De fato, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball
               manteve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco de &#243;bito, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para essas
               vari&#225;veis de impacto biol&#243;gico e estat&#237;stico. De modo relevante, os resultados deste
               estudo identificaram esses aspectos da fisiologia cardiovascular no impacto
               progn&#243;stico, tanto nos pacientes com IAMSEST quanto naqueles com IAMCEST.</p>
        <p>Como efeito de compara&#231;&#227;o com s&#233;ries de casos ou dados retirados de estudos cl&#237;nicos,
               as taxas de mortalidade em seis meses no estudo de Khot e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> foram: Killip I, 5%; Killip II, 14,7%; Killip III/IV, 23%.
               Salientamos que esses dados referem-se somente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de IAMSEST que foi
               analisada pelos autores, e apenas por seis meses de seguimento. Confrontando os dados
               da nossa coorte (Killip I, 17,7%; Killip II, 27,3%; Killip III, 30,4%; Killip IV,
               48,8%) com os n&#250;meros anteriormente citados e tamb&#233;m com os dados iniciais dos
               pr&#243;prios Killip e Kimball, observamos que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de terapias
               f&#225;rmaco-invasivas e de reperfus&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, conforme os tipos
               de IAM, notadamente contribuiu para a redu&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bitos e de
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave p&#243;s-IAM.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es podem ser mencionadas neste estudo. A acur&#225;cia, a concord&#226;ncia e a
               variabilidade inter/intraobservador quanto aos sinais de IC detect&#225;veis ao exame
               f&#237;sico da admiss&#227;o n&#227;o puderam ser determinadas por quest&#245;es &#243;bvias de temporalidade
               e praticalidade. Por outro lado, como os crit&#233;rios da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e
               Kimball foram propostos para serem aplicados de modo simples, e as fichas de dados
               dos pacientes foram revisadas para verificar coer&#234;ncia, mesmo que houvesse alguma
               discord&#226;ncia, a associa&#231;&#227;o com risco teria sido atenuada ou anulada, e a hip&#243;tese n&#227;o
               seria comprovada, fato que n&#227;o observamos. Outro aspecto &#233; a n&#227;o compara&#231;&#227;o com
               outros testes diagn&#243;sticos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE), como o
               ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico para determina&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e a dosagem
               do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico NT-pro-BNP. Entretanto, do ponto de vista de aplicabilidade
               cl&#237;nica e generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses exames complementares
               acrescentaria custos adicionais e dificuldades log&#237;sticas aos objetivos e hip&#243;teses
               desta investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Outras limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o esperadas, como em outros estudos
               observacionais, como poss&#237;veis vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o
               elucidados, portanto sem ajuste ideal nos modelos de risco proporcional de Cox.
               Contudo, esfor&#231;os sistem&#225;ticos foram implementados para minimizar esses aspectos,
               incluindo a coleta padronizada de dados dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, a
               inser&#231;&#227;o dessas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de modo prospectivo, padronizado e auditado sob
               a condi&#231;&#227;o cega ao desfecho mortalidade, e a contabiliza&#231;&#227;o por seguimento de
               praticamente 100% dos pacientes, al&#233;m do ajuste nos modelos de Cox para importantes
               covari&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo enfatiza a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da determina&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a e
               gravidade de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com IAM e, especificamente, valida
               sua relev&#226;ncia e aplicabilidade no cen&#225;rio de IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST de modo similar
               ao do IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST. De modo adicional, em termos de relev&#226;ncia cient&#237;fica e
               cl&#237;nica, o presente estudo agrega informa&#231;&#227;o &#224; evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel sobre a
               classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball em termos do valor progn&#243;stico para mortalidade no
               seguimento muito tardio p&#243;s-IAM. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e Kimball demonstra
               capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do risco de mortalidade total, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para
               covari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas relevantes na era contempor&#226;nea.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <sec>
          <title>Agradecimentos</title>
          <p>Este estudo recebeu suporte estat&#237;stico de Jo&#227;o &#205;talo Dias Fran&#231;a, do Laborat&#243;rio
                  de Estat&#237;stica e Epidemiologia (IDPC).</p>
        </sec>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira GBF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mello BHG,
                  Oliveira GBF, Ramos RF, Lopes BBC, Barros CBS, Carvalho EO, Teixeira FBP, Arruda
                  GDS, Revelo MSC, Piegas LS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira GBF, Ramos RF,
                  Piegas LS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira GBF, Arruda GDS, Revelo MSC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Mello BHG, Oliveira GBF, Lopes BBC, Barros CBS, Carvalho EO, Teixeira
                  FBP, Arruda GDS, Revelo MSC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
