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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">p5DmDKBgc9KG67GRyqZzrcz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040095</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic Value of TIMI Score versus GRACE Score in
                    ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ruan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Isis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henri</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
                    P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
                    Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA -
                    Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa
                    Leopoldina 19/402, Gra&#231;a. Postal Code 40150-080. Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail:
                        <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>98</fpage>
      <lpage>106</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The TIMI Score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was
                        created and validated specifically for this clinical scenario, while the
                        GRACE score is generic to any type of acute coronary syndrome. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> Between TIMI and GRACE scores, identify the one of better prognostic
                        performance in patients with STEMI. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> We included 152 individuals consecutively admitted for STEMI. The TIMI and
                        GRACE scores were tested for their discriminatory ability (C-statistics) and
                        calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow) in relation to hospital death. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The TIMI score showed equal distribution of patients in the ranges of low,
                        intermediate and high risk (39 %, 27 % and 34 %, respectively), as opposed
                        to the GRACE Score that showed predominant distribution at low risk (80 %,
                        13 % and 7%, respectively). Case-fatality was 11%. The C-statistics of the
                        TIMI score was 0.87 (95%CI = 0.76 to 0.98), similar to GRACE (0.87, 95%CI =
                        0.75 to 0.99) - p = 0.71. The TIMI score showed satisfactory calibration
                        represented by &#967;2 = 1.4 (p = 0.92), well above the calibration of the GRACE
                        score, which showed &#967;2 = 14 (p = 0.08). This calibration is reflected in the
                        expected incidence ranges for low, intermediate and high risk, according to
                        the TIMI score (0 %, 4.9 % and 25 %, respectively), differently to GRACE
                        (2.4%, 25% and 73%), which featured middle range incidence inappropriately.
                    </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Although the scores show similar discriminatory capacity for hospital death,
                        the TIMI score had better calibration than GRACE. These findings need to be
                        validated populations of different risk profiles.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Propensity Score</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Risk scores correspond to multivariate models used in clinical practice to estimate
                the individual probability of unwanted outcomes. Risk estimates have implications
                for clinical management, particularly with regard to broad-spectrum diseases, such
                as acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In this context, the main risk scores have been
                developed by the TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> and GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> groups. Our group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have previously
                compared these two scores in patients with acute coronary syndromes without
                ST-segment elevation, and it was evident that the GRACE score had better prognostic
                accuracy. However, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction it
                has not been established which of the two models has better prognostic performance
                with regard to in-hospital death.</p>
      <p>The GRACE score was derived from a sample composed of a combination of patients with
                ACS without ST-segment elevation and patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial
                infarction. The former clinical condition was predominant in the sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Thus, the same score is used in both
                conditions. On the other hand, the TIMI score has distinct models for each of these
                clinical conditions, validated in distinct samples. Therefore, the TIMI score for
                ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
                comprises variables that are more specific for this clinical scenario.</p>
      <p>To determine which of the two scores has better performance in patients with
                ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, we studied the individuals who were part
                of the Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry (RESCA) and were admitted with this
                condition. In this hospital cohort, with regard to in-hospital death prediction, the
                discriminatory ability and calibration of the TIMI score was compared to those of
                the GRACE score.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Selection</title>
        <p>The patients who participated in this study were part of the Acute Coronary
                    Syndromes Registry (Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas - RESCA) of our
                    hospital and provided their signed informed consent document. This registry was
                    approved by the Hospital's Research Ethics Committee, according to Resolution
                    466/2012 of the National Health Council. RESCA was started in August 2007 and
                    includes patients consecutively admitted to the coronary unit of this hospital
                    on the basis of the objective diagnostic criteria. The criterion for ST-segment
                    elevation myocardial infarction was defined as chest pain associated with
                    persistent ST-segment elevation of &#8805; 0.1 mv (not relieved by nitrates) in two
                    contiguous leads and confirmed by elevation of myocardial necrosis markers. In
                    the presence of third-degree left bundle branch block, the diagnosis is based on
                    the presented symptoms and on necrosis markers. The only predefined exclusion
                    criterion in this study was the patient's refusal to participate in this
                    registry, which did not occur.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>In this study, the outcome predicted by both scores was in-hospital death. The
                    patients' data on presentation in the emergency room, the electrocardiographic
                    exams performed in the first six hours of hospitalization, troponin T or I
                    levels measured during the first 12 hours of hospitalization, and the first
                    serum creatinine levels were used to calculate the scores. The elevation of
                    myocardial necrosis markers, which is one of the components of the scores, was
                    defined as troponin above the 99th percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The Killip classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
                    was applied at time of admission.</p>
        <p>The TIMI score was created and validated in a sample of patients with ST-segment
                    elevation myocardial infarction, and thus, has specific variables for this
                    clinical condition. In brief, this score consists of eight dichotomic variables,
                    with the exception of age that adds points in two distinct strata. The presence
                    of previous infarction (or left bundle branch block esquerdo), major risk
                    factors (hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia), weight &lt;67 kg, and
                    reperfusion time &gt;4 hours adds one point each. The variables Killip &gt; 1,
                    heart rate &gt;100 bpm, and systolic pressure &lt; 100 mmHg adds 2 points each.
                    Age adds 2 points if between 65 and 74 years and 3 points if &#8805;75 years. The
                    final score may vary between 0 and 14<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>The GRACE score was created and validated in a sample of patients with or without
                    ST-segment elevation (1/3 and 2/3 of patients, respectively). Therefore, its
                    variables are common to both clinical conditions. This score consists of eight
                    variables; five of them are analyzed semiquantitatively: different weight for
                    each age range, systolic arterial pressure, heart rate, serum creatinine, and
                    Killip class; three of them are analyzed dichotomically: ST-segment depression,
                    elevation of myocardial necrosis markers, and cardiac arrest on admission. The
                    final score may vary between 0 and 372<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>For calculating sample size, we estimated a statistical power of 80% (alpha of
                    5%) for the detection of a difference of 0.10 between the ROC curves of both
                    scores, considering a correlation between the scores of 0.80. Hence, a sample of
                    94 patients was thus calculated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. To
                    optimize the statistical power, the number of patients with the outcome should
                    be similar to the number of patients without the outcome. Because this was not
                    expected in our sample, we empirically increased the size of the sample by 50%,
                    thus obtaining a total of 141 patients.</p>
        <p>The statistical analysis is explained in the diagram of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. The discriminatory ability of the scores with
                    regard to risk of in-hospital death was assessed using ROC curves. The area
                    under the ROC curve (C-statistics) represented the accuracy of each score to
                    discriminate the survivors from the non survivors. C-statistics of the two
                    scores were compared pairwise using the Hanley-McNeil test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Next, the optimal cutoff-points for each score were
                    determined. Specificity was defined as the maximum difference between
                    sensitivity and 1. These cutoff-points were used to calculate the prognostic
                    sensitivity and specificity (confidence intervals set at 95%). The McNemar test
                    was used to compare these parameters in the two scores. Score calibration was
                    evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and by the scatter plot of predicted
                    mortality by risk deciles versus observed mortality.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Statistical analysis diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In a secondary analysis, score performance was assessed on the basis of
                    cutoff-points used in the clinical practice, which in turn were derived from the
                    studies that developed these scores. For this analysis we defined high risk of
                    in-hospital death as a likelihood of &gt; 8%, which is above the mortality value
                    reported for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Low risk of death was defined as a likelihood of &lt;
                    3%, which is below 50% of the mortality reported. Based on these definitions,
                    the strata that define low, intermediate, and high risk in the TIMI score are
                    &lt; 3, 3-4, and &gt; 4, respectively. In the GRACE score, the risk strata
                    correspond to &lt; 141, 141-172, and &gt; 172, respectively. Initially, the
                    prevalence of patients in each risk stratum was described for each score.
                    Subsequently, the agreement between the scores in relation to the definition of
                    these three risk strata was assessed using the Kappa test and the Kendall
                    correlation coefficient. Next, considering the definition of high risk as
                    outcome predictor, we described sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratios. The
                    Youden index was used to evaluate overall accuracy and is calculated as
                    (sensitivity + specificity) - 1; a perfect test would have a Youden index of 1.
                    In addition, we used the diagnostic odds ratio, defined by the equation (true
                    positive/false negative)/(false positive/true negative). Finally, in an
                    explanatory phase, the components of each score were compared between the
                    patients who died and those who survived.</p>
        <p>For statistical analysis the SPSS software, version 21 was used. The
                    Hanley-McNeil test (comparison of ROC curves) was performed using the MedCalc
                    software, version 12. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically
                    significant in all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characterization</title>
        <p>The study included 152 patients, with a mean age of 63 &#177; 13 years; 72% were men,
                    admitted to hospital within a median of 171 minutes [interquartile interval
                    (IIQ) = 66-402] after the onset of symptoms. Of these, 78% were subjected to
                    reperfusion in a timely manner, the majority via primary coronary intervention.
                    The median door-to-balloon time for primary intervention was 132 minutes (IIQ =
                    95-175). Other characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Sixteen patients died during hospitalization (lethality of
                    11%). The causes of death were cardiogenic shock in 50% of cases, arrhythmic
                    death in 12.5%, renal dysfunction post cardiac catheterization in 25% (in
                    patients with hypoperfusion), and infection in 12.5%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sample characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample Size</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">110 (72%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous infarction</td>
                <td align="center">75 (49%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Symptom-to-door time (minutes)*</td>
                <td align="center">171 (66-402)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Door-to-balloon time (minutes)*</td>
                <td align="center">132 (95-175)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Absent or &gt;4-hour reperfusion therapy</td>
                <td align="center">96 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip class</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip I</td>
                <td align="center">124 (82%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip II</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip III</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip IV</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pro-BNP (pg/ml)*</td>
                <td align="center">712 (274-1817)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elevated pro-BNP</td>
                <td align="center">67 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV ejection fraction &lt;45%</td>
                <td align="center">35 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tri-arterial disease or left coronary artery</td>
                <td align="center">70/147 (48%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous coronary disease</td>
                <td align="center">26 (17%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">49 (32%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">108 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Reperfusion therapy</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Absence of indication due to late arrival</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indication for reperfusion</td>
                <td align="center">135 (89%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Primary angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">104 (77%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Thrombolysis</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Coronarography without indication for
                                    angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Absence of strategy due to diagnostic
                                    error</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Adjuvant pharmacological therapy</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">150 (99%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidrogrel or ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">143 (94%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Statin</td>
                <td align="center">143 (94%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE inhibitor</td>
                <td align="center">111 (73%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta blocker</td>
                <td align="center">99 (65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Risk scores</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE score</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TIMI score</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>'Variables expressed as median and interquartile interval. The
                                remaining numerical variables are expressed as mean and standard
                                deviation. Elevated pro-BNP: &gt; 450 pg/ml if age &lt; 50 years;
                                &gt; 900 pg/ml if age &#8805; 50 years; If distribution n&#227;o normal,
                                numerical variables expressed as median (interquartile interval).
                                LV: Left ventricle; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The values of the TIMI and GRACE scores followed normal distribution. The mean
                    TIMI score was 3.7 &#177; 2.3, which corresponded to a mortality of 7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> and indicated intermediate risk, whereas
                    the mean GRACE score was 116 &#177; 36, which corresponded to a mortality of
                        1.6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and suggested low risk. We used
                    the cutoff-points determined by the score validation studies to define low (&lt;
                    3%), intermediate (3%-8%), and high (&gt; 8%) risk, and we observed that the
                    prevalence of these risk strata according to TIMI were 39%, 27%, and 34%,
                    respectively, which showed a balanced distribution of patients across risk
                    strata. On the other hand, the distribution of patients according to the
                    cutoff-points of the GRACE score was asymmetric, with 80% in the low-risk
                    stratum, 13% in the intermediate-risk stratum, and 7% in the high-risk stratum
                        (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the risk strata according to the TIMI and GRACE
                            scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic Accuracy of Scores</title>
        <p>The analysis of the discriminatory capacity with regard to the outcome
                    in-hospital death showed similarity between the TIMI and GRACE scores,
                    represented by C-statistics of 0.867 (95% CI = 0.76-0.98) and 0.871 (95% CI =
                    0.75 - 0.99), respectively, which indicated good accuracy in both cases (p =
                    0.71; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). In our sample, the
                    optimal cutoff-points according to the analysis of the ROC curve were TIMI &gt;
                    5 and GRACE &gt;170. Based on these values, the two scores exhibited similar
                    sensitivities: 75% (95% CI = 48%-93%) for the TIMI score and 81% (95% CI =
                    54%-96%) for the GRACE score (p = 1.0). Similarly, the specificities were 86%
                    (95% CI = 79%-91%) and 88% (95% CI = 81%-93%), respectively (p = 0.82; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curves for the TIMI and GRACE scores for predicting in-hospital
                            death. Area under the curve for the TIMI score = 0.867 and area under
                            the curve for the GRACE score = 0.871 (p = 0.71).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between the TIMI and GRACE scores with regard to
                            discriminatory capacity, calibration, and accuracy according to
                            cutoff-points</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>TIMI Score</th>
                <th>GRACE Score</th>
                <th>p Value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Discrimination</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C-Statistics (95% CI)</td>
                <td align="center">0.867 (0.76-0.98)</td>
                <td align="center">0.871 (0.5-0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Calibration</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>X<sup>2</sup> Hosmer-Lemeshow</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p Value</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Optimal Cutoff-Point</italic>
                  </bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">TIMI &gt;5</td>
                <td align="center">GRACE &gt;142</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensitivity (95% CI)</td>
                <td align="center">75% (48%-93%)</td>
                <td align="center">81% (54%-96%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Specificity (95% CI)</td>
                <td align="center">86% (79%-91%)</td>
                <td align="center">88% (81%-93%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positive Odds Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">5.4</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negative Odds Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Definition of High Risk (&gt; 8%)</italic>
                  </bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8225;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">TIMI &gt; 4</td>
                <td align="center">GRACE &gt;170</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensitivity (95% CI)</td>
                <td align="center">88% (71%-100%)</td>
                <td align="center">50% (26%-75%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Specificity (95% CI)</td>
                <td align="center">72% (65%-80%)</td>
                <td align="center">98% (97%-100%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Positive Odds Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negative Odds Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <p>&#8224; Optimal cutoff-point: best accuracy determined by the ROC
                                curve.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <p>&#8225; Cutoff-point of the validation studies that defined risk of death
                                &gt; 8%, with GRACE score &gt; 170 and TIMI score &gt; 4.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t02">
              <p>*Statistical comparison between the two scores using the
                                Hanley-McNeil test for the C-statistics and the McNemar test for
                                sensitivity and specificity. CI: Confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The TIMI score exhibited satisfactory calibration, represented by &#967;<sup>2</sup>
                    of 1.4 using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.92), well better than the
                    calibration of the GRACE score, which was &#967;<sup>2</sup> de 14 (p = 0.08). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> depicts the scatter plots of
                    estimated probability versus observed mortality by risk deciles. TIMI score data
                    points showed an ascending distribution pattern, close to the identity line,
                    which was not the case for the GRACE score; this demonstrated that TIMI
                    calibration was better than the GRACE calibration.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between the mortality predicted by the TIMI and GRACE
                            scores and the observed mortality (calibration analysis).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the Prevalidated Cutoff-Points</title>
        <p>The two scores categorized 59% of patients in the same risk stratum (low,
                    intermediate, or high), corresponding to a kappa of 0.32 (95% CI = 0.24-0.41),
                    which indicated discrete agreement. The Kendall correlation coefficient was 0.58
                    (95% CI = 0.49-0.66).</p>
        <p>The analysis of death incidence in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk strata
                    showed an increase in mortality according to the TIMI score (0%, 4.9%, and 25%,
                    respectively). With regard to the GRACE score, the increase in mortality from
                    the low-risk stratum to the intermediate-risk stratum was excessive (2.4%, 25%,
                    and 73%, respectively), which inadequately characterized the predefined stratum
                    as intermediate risk.</p>
        <p>In a dichotomic analysis, the definition of high risk according to the TIMI score
                    exhibited sensitivity of 88% (95% CI = 71% - 100%) in predicting which patients
                    would present the outcome. This value was significantly higher than that of the
                    GRACE score (sensitivity 50%; 95% CI = 26%-75%; p &lt; 0.001). On the other
                    hand, the specificity of TIMI was 72% (95% CI = 65%-80%), moderately lower than
                    that of GRACE (specificity 98%; 95% CI = 97%-100%; p = 0.03). These values of
                    sensitivity and specificity resulted in a positive odds ratios and negative odds
                    ratio of 3.1 and 0.17 for TIMI and 23 and 0.51 for GRACE, respectively. Thus,
                    positive and negative TIMI results influence the risk of death, whereas only
                    positive results of GRACE have a significant influence. With regard to overall
                    accuracy, the Youden indexes of the TIMI and GRACE scores were 0.6 and 0.48,
                    respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio of TIMI (42) was higher than that of
                    GRACE (19). Therefore, the accuracy of TIMI using prevalidated cutoff-points was
                    higher than that of GRACE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exploratory Analysis of Score Components</title>
        <p>Of the four variables that are common to both scores, three exhibited higher
                    values (age, arterial pressure, Killip) in patients who died than in those who
                    survived. Heart rate values were similar in these two groups of patients.</p>
        <p>Of the four variables exclusive to TIMI, three (previous infarction, late
                    reperfusion, and risk factors &#8805; 3) were more frequent in patients who died than
                    in those who survived. Weight (&lt;67 kg) was similar in both groups. Of the
                    four exclusive variables of GRACE, only creatinine differed between the groups.
                    ST-segment deviation and positive necrosis marker are universal characteristics
                    of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The fourth
                    variable, death after hospital admission, was not observed in any patient. These
                    data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of score components between patients who died and patients
                            who survived</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Death</th>
                <th>Survival</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample Size</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Common variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic Arterial Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Variables Exclusive to TIMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous Infarction</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risk Factors &#8805;3</td>
                <td align="center">15 (94%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (78%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reperfusion &gt;4 hours</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (62%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight &lt; 67 kg</td>
                <td align="center">3 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Variables Exclusive to GRACE</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 0,69</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ST segment deviation</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elevation of necrosis marker</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study we compared the performance of the two main scores, for
                predicting death, applied to patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial
                infarction. Our primary analysis considered all the ranges of numerical values of
                the scores and demonstrated similar discriminatory ability. However, TIMI score
                calibration was better than that of GRACE. As a result, the accuracy of TIMI was
                better when the cutoff-points predefined in the score validation studies were
                used.</p>
      <p>Our exploratory analysis explains these findings: the TIMI score has more variables
                associated with death. This may result from the fact that, unlike GRACE, TIMI was
                derived from a specific sample of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial
                infraction. The combination of better accuracy (although not excessive) and greater
                simplicity of calculation led us to deem TIMI as the preferred score in this
                clinical scenario.</p>
      <p>It is worth revising the significance of the prognostic factors under study:
                discrimination and calibration. Discriminatory capacity (C-statistics) describes the
                score's ability to individually distinguish patients who will experience the outcome
                from patients who will not. Calibration, on the other hand, relates to the score's
                ability to predict mortality in a given population. It is a collective estimate
                rather than an individual one. Therefore, one might expect the TIMI score, which is
                derived from a sample of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,
                to be better calibrated than GRACE, which was derived from a sample with only 1/3 of
                patients with this condition.</p>
      <p>The similar discriminatory ability observed in our primary analysis suggests that the
                scores are interchangeable with regard to distinguishing the patients who will
                experience the outcome from those who will not, provided the cutoff-points are
                adapted to our population. On the other hand, the calibration analysis indicated
                that the performance of the TIMI score with regard to estimation of probability of
                outcome is better. By using a basal probability to calculate the absolute impact of
                a clinical decision, this estimate would prove useful for clinical decision trees.
                We acknowledge that, in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, risk prediction
                does not modify the initial treatment because the indication for reperfusion is
                universal. Still, a well calibrated score has practical advantages: low-risk
                patients subjected to primary intervention can be discharged earlier; beta blockers
                should be used carefully used in high-risk patients who tend to be hemodynamically
                unstable; complete revascularization via percutaneous intervention may be better
                than simply intervening on the involved vessel in high-risk patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (this hypothesis needs to be tested in large
                randomized studies). Second, risk estimation is useful for assistance quality
                control, namely by comparing the predicted mortality in a population (score) with
                the observed mortality in our sample.</p>
      <p>Another aspect that suggested greater usefulness of TIMI was the balanced
                distribution of patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk strata, when
                considering the cutoff-points used in the clinical practice. This allows applying
                differentiated treatments to a larger number of patients. In contrast, the GRACE
                score classified almost all patients as low risk, which would hinder differentiated
                risk-based treatment.</p>
      <p>Recently, Kozieradzka et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compared these
                scores in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and observed similar
                discriminatory ability. However, these authors did not analyze score calibration. In
                addition, that study analyzed long-term outcomes (five-year evolution)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. We, on the other hand, focused our approach
                on hospital outcomes, for two reasons: first, these scores were originally created
                and validated for this type of prediction; second, the prediction of hospital
                outcomes has greater ability to influence acute phase treatment. This characteristic
                and our calibration analysis represent the original contribution of our study.</p>
      <p>Next, we discuss the significance of the relatively high death incidence (11%) in our
                sample. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> (calibration
                graph), the two deciles of patients who experienced higher mortality are the same
                patients whose TIMI and GRACE scores predicted high mortality. On the other hand,
                the graph shows that mortality was low in the other eight deciles of predicted low
                risk. That is, when we demonstrated that the calibration was good, mortality was
                high among high-risk patients (according to the scores) and was low among low-risk
                patients. Therefore, it is evident that the observed mortality was the result of the
                characteristics of some high-risk subgroups. This is the statistical explanation for
                the observed mortality. In line with this idea, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> indicates that the severity characteristics of both scores were
                more present in the patients who died. Moreover, it should be noted that our sample
                was limited to patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, a group in
                which mortality was expected to be higher than that in the overall GRACE cohort.</p>
      <p>On this subject it should be said that the calibration of a prediction model can vary
                with the incidence of the outcome in the population. Therefore, our findings cannot
                be extrapolated with a high degree of certainty to populations that are at a
                significantly different risk for outcome.</p>
      <p>With regard to the high frequency of late reperfusion, it should be noted that this
                reperfusion time does not refer to door-to-balloon time but rather the time elapsed
                between onset of symptoms and reperfusion. Thus, it is expected that most patients
                exhibit a prolonged reperfusion time. The original work on the TIMI score (which
                includes this variable) used a sample from a randomized clinical trial, i.e., a
                selected sample, which may explain the favorable rates of early reperfusion.</p>
      <p>Ideally, the evaluation of a risk marker should not be performed in a context where
                this marker is used by the team who cares for the patient because this leads to the
                underestimation of the observed predictive value. However, these scores are known
                and have been adopted in the clinical practice, which makes it impossible to
                guarantee that they are not used in the current registries. Although we acknowledge
                this limitation, we note that it probably occurred with the two scores. This lessens
                this potential bias because the main objective was to compare the scores.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The discriminatory abilities of the TIMI and GRACE scores were similar; however, the
                calibration of TIMI was better than that of GRACE. This result, combined with the
                greater simplicity of the TIMI score, makes this the preferred score in patients
                with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. In future studies, this conclusion
                should be validated for populations at different risks for the outcome.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Oliveira R,
                    Silva A, Vasconcelos I, Henri C; Acquisition of data: Correia LCL, Garcia G,
                    Kalil F, Ferreira F, Carvalhal M; Analysis and interpretation of the data and
                    Statistical analysis: Correia LCL; Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL,
                    Vasconcelos I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
                    Garcia G, Kalil F, Ferreira F, Carvalhal M, Oliveira R, Silva A, Henri C,
                    Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Valor Progn&#243;stico do Escore TIMI versus Escore GRACE no
                    Infarto com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ruan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Isis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henri</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
                    Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA -
                    Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa
                    Leopoldina 19/402, Gra&#231;a. CEP 40150-080. Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail:
                        <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O Escore TIMI para infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMcSST) foi
                        criado e validado especificamente para este cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, enquanto o
                        Escore GRACE &#233; gen&#233;rico para qualquer tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.
                    </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Identificar qual dos escores, TIMI ou GRACE, apresenta melhor desempenho
                        progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAMcSST. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 152 indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente internados por IAMcSST. Os
                        escores TIMI e GRACE foram testados quanto a sua capacidade discriminat&#243;ria
                        (estat&#237;stica-C) e calibra&#231;&#227;o (teste Hosmer-Lemeshow), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho
                        &#243;bito hospitalar. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O Escore TIMI apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o equitativa de pacientes nas faixas de
                        baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco (39%, 27% e 34%, respectivamente),
                        diferente do Escore GRACE que apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o predominante em baixo
                        risco (80%, 13% e 7%, respectivamente). A letalidade da amostra foi de 11%.
                        A estat&#237;stica-C do Escore TIMI foi de 0,87 (95% IC = 0,76 - 0,98),
                        semelhante ao GRACE (0,87; 95% IC = 0,75-0,99) - p = 0,71. O Escore TIMI
                        apresentou calibra&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria, representada por &#967;<sup>2</sup> de 1,4 (p
                        = 0,92), nitidamente superior &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE, que apresentou
                            &#967;<sup>2</sup> de 14 (p = 0,08). Esta calibra&#231;&#227;o se reflete em
                        incid&#234;ncias esperadas para as faixas de baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco de
                        acordo com o Escore TIMI (0%, 4,9% e 25%, respectivamente), diferente do
                        GRACE (2,4%, 25% e 73%) que caracterizou inadequadamente a faixa
                        intermedi&#225;ria. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Os escores TIMI e GRACE apresentam semelhante capacidade discriminat&#243;ria em
                        rela&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito hospitalar, por&#233;m o Escore TIMI possui calibra&#231;&#227;o superior
                        ao GRACE. Para popula&#231;&#245;es de risco diferente da nossa amostra, esta
                        conclus&#227;o deve ser validada por futuros trabalhos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Escores de risco correspondem a modelos multivariados, utilizados na pr&#225;tica
                    cl&#237;nica a fim de estimar a probabilidade individual de desfechos indesejados.
                    Estimativas de risco possuem implica&#231;&#245;es em condutas cl&#237;nicas, especialmente em
                    doen&#231;as de amplo espectro, tais como as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).
                    Neste cen&#225;rio, os principais escores de risco s&#227;o os desenvolvidos pelos grupos
                        TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> e GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Previamente, nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> compararam esses dois escores em
                    pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST,
                    ficando evidente que o Escore GRACE possui melhor acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica. No
                    entanto, em pacientes com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, n&#227;o est&#225;
                    estabelecido qual dos dois modelos apresenta melhor desempenho progn&#243;stico em
                    rela&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito hospitalar.</p>
        <p>O escore GRACE foi derivado de uma amostra constitu&#237;da simultaneamente de
                    pacientes com SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel e infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST
                    (IAMcSST), predominando a primeira condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Desta forma, o mesmo escore &#233; utilizado nas duas
                    condi&#231;&#245;es. Por outro lado, o Escore TIMI possui modelos diferentes para cada uma
                    dessas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, validados em amostras diferentes. Assim, o Escore
                    TIMI para infarto com supradesn&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> &#233;
                    constitu&#237;do de vari&#225;veis mais espec&#237;ficas para este cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>No intuito de identificar qual dos dois escores apresenta melhor desempenho em
                    pacientes com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, estudamos os indiv&#237;duos do
                    Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas (RESCA) que foram admitidos nesta
                    condi&#231;&#227;o. Nesta coorte hospitalar, a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria e a calibra&#231;&#227;o
                    do Escore TIMI foram comparadas ao Escore GRACE, na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito
                    hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>Os pacientes deste estudo fazem parte do Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas
                        Agudas (RESCA) de nosso Hospital e, para participar, assinaram termo de
                        consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este Registro foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de
                        &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital, estando de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do
                        Conselho Nacional da Sa&#250;de. Iniciado em agosto de 2007, o RESCA inclui
                        pacientes consecutivos, internado na Unidade Coronariana de nosso Hospital,
                        com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos objetivos. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para IAMcSST &#233;
                        definido por desconforto tor&#225;cico associado a supradesn&#237;vel persistente (n&#227;o
                        revers&#237;vel com nitrato) do segmento ST &#8805; 0,1 mv, em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es
                        cont&#237;guas, confirmado por eleva&#231;&#227;o em curva de marcadores de necrose
                        mioc&#225;rdica. Na presen&#231;a de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo de terceiro grau, o
                        diagn&#243;stico se baseia nos sintomas apresentados e marcadores de necrose. O
                        &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o pr&#233;-definido deste estudo foi recusa do paciente
                        em participar deste Registro, o que n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum caso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do Estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, o desfecho predito por ambos os escores foi morte durante a
                        hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Para c&#225;lculo dos escores, foram utilizados dados cl&#237;nicos da
                        apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, registros
                        eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados nas primeiras seis horas de atendimento,
                        dosagens de troponina T ou I referentes &#224;s primeiras 12 horas de atendimento
                        e o valor da primeira creatinina plasm&#225;tica. Eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose
                        mioc&#225;rdica como componente dos escores foi definido como troponina acima do
                        percentil 99<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de
                            Killip<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> foi aplicada no momento
                        da admiss&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O Escore TIMI foi criado e validado em amostra de infarto com supradesn&#237;vel,
                        possuindo vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas desta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Resumidamente, este
                        escore consiste de oito vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, exceto idade que pontua em
                        duas faixas diferentes. A presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis infarto anterior (ou
                        bloqueio do ramo esquerdo), presen&#231;a de fator de risco maior (hipertens&#227;o,
                        diabetes ou dislipidemia), peso &lt; 67 Kg e tempo de reperfus&#227;o &gt; 4
                        horas somam um ponto cada. As vari&#225;veis <italic>Killip</italic> &gt; 1,
                        frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt; 100 bpm e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &lt; 100 mmHg somam 2
                        pontos cada. Idade soma 2 pontos se entre 65 e 74 anos e 3 pontos se &#8805; 75
                        anos. O escore final pode variar de 0 a 14<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          <p>O Escore GRACE foi criado e validado em amostra de pacientes com ou sem
                        supradesn&#237;vel do ST, respectivamente, 1/3 e 2/3 dos pacientes. Desta forma,
                        suas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o comuns &#224;s duas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Este escore consiste
                        de oito vari&#225;veis: cinco delas computadas de forma semiquantitativa, ou
                        seja, diferente peso para cada estrato de idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica,
                        frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, creatinina plasm&#225;tica e classe de
                            <italic>Killip</italic>; tr&#234;s delas computadas de forma dicot&#244;mica
                        (infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica,
                        parada card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o). O escore final pode variar de 0 a 372<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, planejamos um poder estat&#237;stico de 80%
                        (alfa 5%) na detec&#231;&#227;o de uma diferen&#231;a de 0,10 entre as curvas ROC dos dois
                        escores, sob a premissa de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores de 0,80. Sendo assim,
                        torna-se necess&#225;ria uma amostra de 94 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do poder estat&#237;stico, o n&#250;mero de
                        pacientes com desfecho deve ser semelhante ao n&#250;mero de pacientes sem
                        desfecho. Como esta n&#227;o seria a tend&#234;ncia em nossa amostra, aumentamos
                        empiricamente em 50% o tamanho amostral, resultando em um total de 141
                        pacientes.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica deste trabalho est&#225; esquematizada didaticamente na
                            <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>. A capacidade
                        discriminat&#243;ria dos escores quanto ao risco de morte hospitalar foi avaliada
                        pela constru&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC. A &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC (estat&#237;stica-C)
                        representou a acur&#225;cia de cada escore em discriminar sobreviventes e n&#227;o
                        sobreviventes. As estat&#237;sticas-C dos escores foram comparadas de forma
                        pareada pelo teste de Hanley-McNeil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em seguida, foram identificados os melhores pontos de corte para
                        cada escore, definidos pela diferen&#231;a m&#225;xima entre sensibilidade e 1 -
                        especificidade. Estes pontos de corte foram utilizados para c&#225;lculo de
                        sensibilidade e especificidade progn&#243;stica, com seus intervalos de confian&#231;a
                        no n&#237;vel 95%. Tais propriedades foram comparadas entre os dois escores pelo
                        teste de McNemar. A calibra&#231;&#227;o dos escores foi avaliada pelo teste de
                        Hosmer-Lemeshow e pelo gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o entre a mortalidade prevista a
                        cada decil de risco e a mortalidade observada.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Esquematiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, o desempenho dos escores foi avaliado com base nos
                        pontos de corte utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, os quais derivam dos
                        trabalhos que deram origem a estes escores. Para esta an&#225;lise, definimos
                        alto risco de morte hospitalar como probabilidade superior a 8%, valor
                        pontual que se encontra acima da mortalidade descrita em registros de
                        pacientes com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.
                        Baixo risco de morte foi definido como probabilidade inferior a 3%, valor
                        pontual que se situa abaixo da metade da mortalidade dos registros. Baseadas
                        nestas defini&#231;&#245;es, as faixas que definem baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco
                        no Escore TIMI s&#227;o respectivamente &lt; 3, 3 - 4 e &gt; 4. No Escore GRACE,
                        as faixas de risco correspondem a &lt; 141, 141 - 172 e &gt; 172.
                        Inicialmente, a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes em cada faixa de risco foi descrita
                        para cada escore. Posteriormente, a concord&#226;ncia entre os escores na
                        defini&#231;&#227;o dessas tr&#234;s faixas de risco foi avaliada pelo teste Kappa e pelo
                        coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Kendall. Em seguida, considerando a defini&#231;&#227;o
                        de alto risco como preditor de desfecho, foram descritas sensibilidade,
                        especificidade e raz&#245;es de probabilidade. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia global,
                        foi utilizado o &#237;ndice de Youden, calculado como (sensibilidade +
                        especificidade) - 1, sendo que um teste perfeito teria um &#237;ndice de 1. Al&#233;m
                        deste, foi tamb&#233;m utilizado o <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagn&#243;stico,
                        definido pela equa&#231;&#227;o (verdadeiro positivo/falso negativo)/(falso
                        positivo/verdadeiro negativo). Finalmente, em an&#225;lise explanat&#243;ria, os
                        componentes de cada escore foram comparados entre pacientes que morreram e
                        sobreviventes.</p>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 21. O teste
                        de Hanley-McNeil (compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas ROC) foi realizado pelo programa
                        MedCalc, vers&#227;o 12. Para todas as an&#225;lises, o valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi
                        considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 152 pacientes, com idade de 63 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 72% do sexo
                        masculino, admitidos com mediana de 171 minutos (Intervalo Interquartil
                        (IIQ) = 66 - 402) do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Destes, 78% foram submetidos &#224;
                        estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o em tempo h&#225;bil, a maioria por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria
                        prim&#225;ria. O tempo porta-bal&#227;o para interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria apresentou mediana
                        de 132 minutos (IIQ = 95 - 175). Demais caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o descritas da
                            <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Durante o
                        internamento, 16 pacientes evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito, representando letalidade de
                        11%. Os mecanismos de &#243;bito foram choque cardiog&#234;nico em 50% dos casos,
                        morte arr&#237;tmica em 12,5%, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal p&#243;s-CAT em 25% (nestes casos em
                        pacientes que j&#225; evolu&#237;am com hipoperfus&#227;o) e infec&#231;&#227;o em 12,5%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Valores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho Amostral</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (72%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (49%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo sintoma-porta (minutos)*</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (66 - 402)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o (minutos)*</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (95 - 175)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia de reperfus&#227;o ausente ou &gt; 4 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (63%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip I</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (82%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip II</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (5,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip III</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (9,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Killip IV</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pro-BNP (pg/ml)*</td>
                  <td align="center">712 (274 - 1817)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pro-BNP elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (44%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 45%</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a triarterial ou tronco de CE</td>
                  <td align="center">70/147 (48%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (17%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (32%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Terapia de reperfus&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de indica&#231;&#227;o por chegada tardia</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (89%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Angioplastia prim&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (77%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tromb&#243;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Coronariografia sem indica&#231;&#227;o de
                                        angioplastia</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Aus&#234;ncia de estrat&#233;gia por falha
                                        diagn&#243;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Terapia farmacol&#243;gica adjuvante</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (99%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidrogrel ou ticagrelor</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (94%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidor da ECA</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (73%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Escores de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore GRACE</td>
                  <td align="center">116 &#177; 36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore TIMI</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis descritas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. As
                                    demais vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.
                                    Pro-BNP elevado: &gt; 450 pg/ml se idade &lt; 50 anos; &gt; 900
                                    pg/ml se idade &#8805; 50 anos; Se distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal,
                                    vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas expressas em mediana (intervalo
                                    interquartil). VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CE: Coron&#225;ria esquerda;
                                    ECA: Enzima conversora da angiotensina</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os valores dos escores TIMI e GRACE apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A m&#233;dia
                        do Escore TIMI foi de 3,7 &#177; 2,3 (corresponde &#224; mortalidade de 7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>), indicando risco intermedi&#225;rio,
                        enquanto o GRACE de 116 &#177; 36 (corresponde &#224; mortalidade de 1,6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>) sugeriu amostra de baixo risco.
                        Utilizando pontos de corte determinados pelos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o dos
                        escores na defini&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco (&lt; 3%), intermedi&#225;rio (3% - 8%) e
                        alto risco (&gt; 8%), verificamos que a preval&#234;ncias destas faixas de risco
                        pelo TIMI foram de 39%, 27% e 34%, respectivamente, mostrando distribui&#231;&#227;o
                        equilibrada dos pacientes nas diferentes faixas de risco. Por outro lado, de
                        acordo com os pontos de corte do GRACE, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi assim&#233;trica, com
                        80% no baixo risco, 13% no risco intermedi&#225;rio e 7% no alto risco - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das faixas de risco de acordo com Escore TIMI e
                                Escore GRACE.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acur&#225;cia Progn&#243;stica dos Escores</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da capacidade discriminat&#243;ria quanto ao desfecho &#243;bito hospitalar
                        demonstrou semelhan&#231;a entre os Escores TIMI e GRACE, representados
                        respectivamente por estat&#237;stica-C de 0,867 (95% IC = 0,76 - 0,98) e 0,871
                        (95% IC = 0,75 - 0,99), indicando boa acur&#225;cia em ambos os casos (p = 0,71)
                        - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>. Em nossa amostra, os
                        melhores pontos de corte de acordo an&#225;lise da curva ROC foram TIMI &gt; 5 e
                        GRACE &gt; 170. Baseado nestes valores, o Escore TIMI apresentou
                        sensibilidade de 75% (95% IC = 48% - 93%), semelhante a 81% (95% IC = 54% -
                        96%) do Escore GRACE (p = 1,0). Da mesma forma, as especificidades foram 86%
                        (95% IC = 79% - 91%) e 88% (95% IC = 81% - 93%), respectivamente (p = 0,82)
                        - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos escores TIMI e GRACE quanto &#224; capacidade
                                discriminat&#243;ria, calibra&#231;&#227;o e acur&#225;cia de acordo com pontos de
                                corte</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>Escore TIMI</th>
                  <th>Escore GRACE</th>
                  <th>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t05">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Discrimina&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estat&#237;stica-C (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,867 (0,76 - 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,871 (0,75 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calibra&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>X<sup>2</sup> Hosmer-Lemeshow</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Melhor Ponto de Corte </italic>
                    </bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">&#8224;</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">TIMI &gt; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">GRACE &gt; 142</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sensibilidade (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">75% (48% - 93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81% (54% - 96%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Especificidade (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">86% (79% - 91%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88% (81% - 93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de Probabilidade Positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de Probabilidade Negativa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold><italic>Defini&#231;&#227;o de Alto Risco (&gt;
                                            </italic>8%)</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8225;</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">TIMI &gt; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">GRACE &gt; 170</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sensibilidade (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">88% (71% - 100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (26% - 75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Especificidade (95% IC)</td>
                  <td align="center">72% (65% - 80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98% (97% - 100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de Probabilidade Positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de Probabilidade Negativa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t05">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Melhor ponto de corte: melhor acur&#225;cia determinada pela curva
                                    ROC.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t05">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Ponto de corte dos trabalhos de valida&#231;&#227;o que definiam risco de
                                    &#243;bito &gt; 8%, sendo Escore GRACE &gt; 170 e Escore TIMI &gt;
                                    4.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os dois escores pelo teste de
                                    Hanley-McNeil para as estat&#237;sticas-C e pelo teste de McNemar
                                    para sensibilidade e especificidade. IC: intervalo de
                                    confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas ROC dos Escores TIMI e GRACE, para predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito
                                hospitalar. &#193;rea abaixo da curva de 0,867 para Escore TIMI e 0,871
                                para Escore GRACE (p = 0,71).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O Escore TIMI apresentou calibra&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria, representada por
                            &#967;<sup>2</sup> de 1,4 pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0,92),
                        nitidamente melhor do que a calibra&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE, que apresentou
                            &#967;<sup>2</sup> de 14 (p = 0,08). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura
                            4</xref> apresenta os gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o entre probabilidade estimada
                        e mortalidade observada a cada decil de risco. Percebe-se que o Escore TIMI
                        apresenta pontos distribu&#237;dos de forma ascendente pr&#243;ximos &#224; linha da
                        identidade, o que n&#227;o acontece com o escore GRACE, indicando superior
                        calibra&#231;&#227;o do primeiro em rela&#231;&#227;o ao segundo.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade predita pelos Escores TIMI e GRACE e
                                mortalidade observada (an&#225;lise de calibra&#231;&#227;o).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0098-40095-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de Pontos de Corte Pr&#233;-validados</title>
          <p>Os dois escores classificaram 59% pacientes na mesma faixa de risco (baixo,
                        intermedi&#225;rio ou alto), correspondendo a Kappa de 0,32 (95% IC = 0,24 -
                        0,41), o que indica concord&#226;ncia discreta. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o
                        Kendall foi de 0,58 (95% IC = 0,49 - 0,66).</p>
          <p>Quando se analisa as incid&#234;ncias de morte nas faixas de baixo, intermedi&#225;rio
                        e alto risco, observa-se o crescimento esperado da mortalidade de acordo com
                        o Escore TIMI (0%, 4,9% e 25%, respectivamente). Quanto ao Escore GRACE, o
                        aumento de mortalidade da faixa de baixo risco para risco intermedi&#225;rio foi
                        excessivo (2,4%, 25% e 73%, respectivamente), caracterizando inadequadamente
                        a faixa pr&#233;-definida como risco intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise dicot&#244;mica, a defini&#231;&#227;o de risco elevado pelo Escore TIMI
                        apresentou sensibilidade de 88% (95% IC = 71% - 100%) na predi&#231;&#227;o de
                        pacientes que apresentariam o desfecho, nitidamente superior ao Escore GRACE
                        (sensibilidade 50%; 95% IC = 26% - 75%) - p &lt; 0,001. Por outro lado, o
                        TIMI apresentou especificidade de 72% (95% IC = 65% - 80%), moderadamente
                        inferior ao GRACE (especificidade 98%; 95% IC = 97% - 100%) - p = 0,03.
                        Estes valores de sensibilidade e especificidade resultaram em raz&#245;es de
                        probabilidade positiva de 3,1 e negativa de 0,17 para o TIMI, enquanto o
                        GRACE apresentou raz&#245;es de 23 e 0,51, respectivamente. Desta forma, enquanto
                        resultados positivos e negativos do TIMI influenciam o risco de &#243;bito,
                        apenas resultados positivos do GRACE apresentam influ&#234;ncia significativa.
                        Analisando a acur&#225;cia global, o &#237;ndice de Youden do Escore TIMI foi de 0,6,
                        comparado a 0,48 para o Escore GRACE. O <italic>odds ratio</italic>
                        diagn&#243;stico do TIMI foi de 42, superior ao valor de 19 observado para o
                        GRACE. Sendo assim, a acur&#225;cia do TIMI utilizando pontos de corte
                        pr&#233;-validados foi superior ao GRACE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Explorat&#243;ria dos Componentes dos Escores</title>
          <p>Das quatro vari&#225;veis compartilhadas entre os dois escores, tr&#234;s apresentaram
                        valores mais elevados (idade, press&#227;o arterial, Killip) nos pacientes que
                        morreram, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sobreviventes. Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi semelhante
                        entre esses dois grupos.</p>
          <p>Quando analisadas as quatro vari&#225;veis exclusivas do TIMI, tr&#234;s apresentaram
                        maior frequ&#234;ncia entre os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito, comparados aos
                        sobreviventes: infarto anterior, reperfus&#227;o tardia e fatores de risco &#8805; 3.
                        Peso &lt; 67 Kg foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. Das quatro vari&#225;veis
                        exclusivas do GRACE, apenas a creatinina distinguiu os grupos. Desvio do
                        segmento ST e marcador de necrose positiva s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas universais de
                        pacientes com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do ST. A quarta vari&#225;vel, morte s&#250;bita
                        na admiss&#227;o, n&#227;o esteve presente em nenhum paciente. Estes dados est&#227;o
                        apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos componentes dos escores entre pacientes que
                                evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito e sobreviventes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>&#211;bito</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o &#243;bito</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho Amostral</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Compartilhadas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">152 &#177; 29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Exclusivas do TIMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatores de Risco &#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (94%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (78%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reperfus&#227;o &gt; 4 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (62%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso &lt; 67 Kg</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Exclusivas do GRACE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desvio do segmento ST</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo comparou o desempenho dos dois principais escores preditores de
                    morte aplicados a pacientes com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Nossa
                    an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria considerou os escores em toda sua amplitude num&#233;rica, indicando
                    semelhante capacidade discriminat&#243;ria. No entanto, a calibra&#231;&#227;o do escore TIMI
                    foi superior ao GRACE. Esta calibra&#231;&#227;o superior promoveu melhor acur&#225;cia do TIMI
                    quando utilizados pontos de corte pr&#233;-definidos pelos trabalhos de valida&#231;&#227;o de
                    tais escores.</p>
        <p>Nossa an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria explica esses achados na medida em que o Escore TIMI
                    possui um maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis que se associam a &#243;bito. Isto pode decorrer
                    do fato de que o TIMI foi derivado de uma amostra espec&#237;fica de infarto com
                    supradesn&#237;vel, diferente do GRACE. Embora a superior acur&#225;cia n&#227;o seja
                    excessiva, quando aliamos o presente achado &#224; maior simplicidade de c&#225;lculo,
                    passamos a considerar o TIMI como o escore preferencial nesse cen&#225;rio
                    cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Nesta discuss&#227;o, faz-se necess&#225;rio revisar o significado de cada uma das
                    propriedades progn&#243;sticas estudadas: discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o. Capacidade
                    discriminat&#243;ria (estat&#237;stica-C) descreve a habilidade do escore em
                    individualmente diferenciar o paciente que ter&#225; o desfecho do paciente que
                    permanecer&#225; livre do desfecho. Por outro lado, calibra&#231;&#227;o diz respeito &#224;
                    habilidade do escore em predizer qual a mortalidade em uma dada popula&#231;&#227;o. &#201; uma
                    estimativa coletiva, ao inv&#233;s de individual. Sendo assim, &#233; natural que o TIMI,
                    um escore derivado de pacientes com supradesn&#237;vel do ST, seja melhor calibrado
                    do que o GRACE, cuja amostra de deriva&#231;&#227;o possu&#237;a apenas 1/3 de pacientes nesta
                    condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A semelhante capacidade discriminat&#243;ria em nossa an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria sugere que para
                    diferenciar pacientes que apresentar&#227;o ou n&#227;o um desfecho, os dois escores podem
                    ser intercambi&#225;veis desde que se adaptem os pontos de corte &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.
                    Por outro lado, para estimar a probabilidade do desfecho, a an&#225;lise de
                    calibra&#231;&#227;o indica que o Escore TIMI &#233; superior. Esta estimativa &#233; &#250;til para
                    &#225;rvores de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, quando se parte de uma probabilidade basal para
                    calcular impacto absoluto de uma conduta m&#233;dica. Devemos reconhecer que, no
                    infarto com supradesn&#237;vel, a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o modifica a conduta inicial,
                    pois a indica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o &#233; universal. Mesmo assim, h&#225; utilidades pr&#225;ticas
                    de um escore bem calibrado: pacientes de menor risco submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o
                    prim&#225;ria podem receber alta mais precoce; deve-se ter cuidado com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de
                    betabloqueador em pacientes de alto risco, que tendem a instabilizar
                    hemodinamicamente; possibilidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa por interven&#231;&#227;o
                    percut&#226;nea pode ser melhor do que simplesmente interven&#231;&#227;o no vaso culpado em
                    pacientes de alto risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (hip&#243;tese ainda
                    a ser testada por grandes estudos randomizados). Em segundo lugar, a estimativa
                    de risco &#233; &#250;til em controle de qualidade assistencial, quando se compara a
                    mortalidade esperada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o (escore) com a mortalidade observada em
                    nosso meio.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto que sugeriu maior utilidade do TIMI foi a distribui&#231;&#227;o equitativa
                    de pacientes nas faixas de baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco, quando se considerou os
                    pontos de corte utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Isto permite atribuir condutas
                    diferenciadas a maior n&#250;mero de pacientes. Diferentemente, o GRACE classificou
                    quase todos os pacientes como baixo risco, o que tornaria infrequente a
                    distin&#231;&#227;o de conduta baseada em risco.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, Kozieradzka e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
                    compararam estes escores no infarto com supradesn&#237;vel, mostrando semelhante
                    capacidade discriminat&#243;ria. No entanto, esses autores n&#227;o analisaram calibra&#231;&#227;o.
                    Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise daquele trabalho correspondeu a desfechos no longo prazo,
                    cinco anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Diferentemente,
                    preferimos focar nossa abordagem em desfechos hospitalares, por dois motivos:
                    primeiro, estes escores foram originalmente criados e validados para este tipo
                    de predi&#231;&#227;o; segundo, a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos hospitalares possue maior
                    capacidade de influenciar a conduta de fase aguda. Esta caracter&#237;stica e nossa
                    an&#225;lise de calibra&#231;&#227;o representam a originalidade de nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Devemos discutir o significado da incid&#234;ncia de morte (11%) relativamente alta em
                    nossa amostra. Como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>
                    (gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o), os dois decis de pacientes que apresentam maior
                    mortalidade s&#227;o exatamente os paciente cujos escores TIMI e GRACE fizeram
                    predi&#231;&#227;o de alta mortalidade. Em contrapartida, observamos no gr&#225;fico que nos
                    outros oito decis de baixo risco predito, a mortalidade observada &#233; baixa. Ou
                    seja, quando mostramos que a calibra&#231;&#227;o &#233; boa, isso significa que os pacientes
                    de alto risco (pelos escores) est&#227;o com alta mortalidade e os de baixo risco
                    possuem baixa mortalidade. Sendo assim, fica evidente que nossa mortalidade
                    observada se deve &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de alguns subgrupos de alto risco. Esta &#233; a
                    explica&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica de nossa mortalidade. Corroborando com esta ideia, a
                        <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> indica que as
                    caracter&#237;sticas de gravidade dos escores s&#227;o de fato mais presentes nos
                    pacientes que foram a &#243;bito. Devemos tamb&#233;m considerar que nossa amostra se
                    limita a pacientes com IAMcSST, grupo em que se espera maior mortalidade do que
                    na coorte total do GRACE.</p>
        <p>A este respeito, devemos salientar que, quanto &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o de um modelo
                    preditor, pode variar com a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho na popula&#231;&#227;o. Sendo assim,
                    nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados com alto grau de certeza para
                    popula&#231;&#245;es de risco muito diferentes.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto que merece discuss&#227;o &#233; a alta frequ&#234;ncia de reperfus&#227;o tardia.
                    Devemos salientar que este tempo de reperfus&#227;o n&#227;o se refere ao tempo
                    porta-bal&#227;o, mais sim ao tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o. Sendo
                    assim, espera-se que boa parte dos pacientes apresente este tempo mais
                    prolongado. O trabalho original do Escore TIMI (que possui esta vari&#225;vel)
                    vale-se de uma amostra proveniente de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, ou seja,
                    selecionada, o que pode explicar taxas favor&#225;veis de reperfus&#227;o precoce.</p>
        <p>Idealmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um marcador de risco n&#227;o deve ser feita em cen&#225;rio no
                    qual este marcador seja utilizado pela equipe que cuida do paciente, pois isto
                    pode subestimar o valor preditor observado. No entanto, esses s&#227;o escores j&#225;
                    conhecidos e adotados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, tornando imposs&#237;vel garantir que n&#227;o
                    sejam utilizados nos registros atuais. Ao passo em que reconhecemos tal
                    limita&#231;&#227;o, observamos que possivelmente esta ocorreu com os dois escores. Isto
                    ameniza este potencial vi&#233;s, visto que o objetivo principal &#233; a compara&#231;&#227;o entre
                    os escores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As capacidades discriminat&#243;rias dos Escores TIMI e GRACE s&#227;o semelhantes,
                    enquanto o TIMI supera o GRACE em calibra&#231;&#227;o. Este resultado, aliado &#224; maior
                    simplicidade do TIMI, torna este o escore preferencial em pacientes com infarto
                    e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Para popula&#231;&#245;es de risco diferente da nossa
                    amostra, esta conclus&#227;o deve ser validada por futuros trabalhos estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Oliveira R, Silva
                        A, Vasconcelos I, Henri C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Correia LCL, Garcia G, Kalil
                        F, Ferreira F, Carvalhal M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise
                        estat&#237;stica: Correia LCL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL, Vasconcelos I;
                        Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
                        Garcia G, Kalil F, Ferreira F, Carvalhal M, Oliveira R, Silva A, Henri C,
                        Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
