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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FKX7Vjp6PvthySQKkCsPmCM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of Rheumatic Heart Disease in a Public School of
               Belo Horizonte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Lavinia Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargos</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Augusto Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Morais</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas
                  Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
                  Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Lavinia Pimentel Miranda</bold>, Rua Bol&#237;via 357/901, S&#227;o
               Pedro. Postal Code 30330-360, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lavinia.pimentel@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>TNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>89</fpage>
      <lpage>97</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Previous studies indicate that compared with physical examination, Doppler
                  echocardiography identifies a larger number of cases of rheumatic heart disease in
                  apparently healthy individuals. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To determine the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among students in a public
                  school of Belo Horizonte by clinical evaluation and Doppler echocardiography. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 267 randomly selected school
                  students aged between 6 and 16 years. students underwent anamnesis and physical
                  examination with the purpose of establishing criteria for the diagnosis of
                  rheumatic fever. They were all subjected to Doppler echocardiography using a
                  portable machine. Those who exhibited nonphysiological mitral regurgitation (MR)
                  and/or aortic regurgitation (AR) were referred to the Doppler echocardiography
                  laboratory of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Universidade Federal of Minas
                  Gerais (HC-UFMG) to undergo a second Doppler echocardiography examination.
                  According to the findings, the cases of rheumatic heart disease were classified as
                  definitive, probable, or possible. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Of the 267 students, 1 (0.37%) had a clinical history compatible with the
                  diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and portable Doppler echocardiography
                  indicated nonphysiological MR and/or AR in 25 (9.4%). Of these, 16 (6%) underwent
                  Doppler echocardiography at HC-UFMG. The results showed definitive rheumatic heart
                  disease in 1 student, probable rheumatic heart disease in 3 students, and possible
                  rheumatic heart disease in 1 student. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> In the population under study, the prevalence of cases compatible with rheumatic
                  involvement was 5 times higher on Doppler echocardiography (18.7/1000; 95% CI
                  6.9/1000-41.0/1000) than on clinical evaluation (3.7/1000-95% CI).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valves</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) has an extremely variable clinical presentation, ranging
            from mild cases with few clinical symptoms to severe and fulminant cases. Rheumatic
            carditis is the most important and severe manifestation of this disease because it can
            cause irreversible and often disabling valvular damage, which can progress to chronic
            rheumatic heart disease (CRHD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. According to the
            World Health Organization (WHO), CRHD affects 15.6-19.6 million people worldwide and
            causes 233,000 to 492,000 deaths per year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>ARF can be prevented by early detection and adequate treatment of streptococcal
               pharyngotonsillitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Similarly, the
            progression of rheumatic valvular lesions can be minimized through secondary prophylaxis
            predominantly with the regular administration of penicillin G benzathine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The use of color-flow Doppler echocardiography has been deemed adequate for the
            evaluation of rheumatic valvular lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Similarly, screening studies using a portable
            machine in students of several countries have also shown a higher frequency of
            subclinical heart disease indicative of rheumatic valvular lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease according to
            physical examination and Doppler echocardiography in students of a public school of Belo
            Horizonte, MG.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a municipal school of the city of Belo
            Horizonte, MG, between May 2010 and November 2011. The Research Ethics Committee of UFMG
            and the Municipal Secretariat of Education approved this study.</p>
      <p>The population studied comprised 267 students aged between 6 and 16 years. They were
            randomly selected and all students and/or their parents/legal guardians provided
            informed consent. The parents/legal guardians were contacted by post, and the letter
            contained information on the study and a questionnaire on signs and symptoms indicative
            of rheumatic fever, such as those associated with carditis, chorea, polyarthritis,
            arthralgia, and fever. The presence of parents at school was not possible. The students
            were interviewed, subjected to anamnesis and the physical examination performed by 1 of
            the researchers to establish the existence of previous criteria for the diagnosis of ARF
            with or without changes on chest auscultation, according to the Jones criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Subsequently, on the same day, the students underwent Doppler echocardiography using an
            Acuson(r) (CV-Cypress) portable machine with a 3U2c probe. This procedure was performed
            in the school by a second researcher who was blinded to the findings of the previous
            anamnesis and the physical examination. This procedure was aimed to provide a diagnostic
            screening and assess the presence and the degree of AoR and MR, in at least 2 distinct
            planes. Changes indicative of rheumatic heart disease were analyzed according to the
            criteria defined by WHO/2004 to identify lesions, even if mild, and distinguish them
            from physiological findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. After this assessment, the students who
            exhibited changes indicative of rheumatic valvular involvement were referred to the
            echocardiography laboratory of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Universidade Federal of
            Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) for a more detailed evaluation. A Philips IE 3 device and
            commercially available hardware and software were used as well as multichannel
            electronic high-frequency resolution transducers (3.0-8.0 MHz). The same researcher who
            performed the screening test also performed this test. The tests were recorded in DVD
            and later analyzed by 2 additional experienced examiners, who were blinded to the
            clinical history and previously observed Doppler echocardiographic changes. The
            examiners issued their opinions regarding the findings and classified the changes as
            either physiological or pathological.</p>
      <p>The presence of MR and/or AoR observed in at least 2 distinct planes and associated with
            the following changes was considered as valvular lesions indicative of rheumatic
            valvular involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Length of regurgitation jet &gt; 2.0 cm for MR and &gt; 1.0 cm for AoR</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pansystolic and pandiastolic regurgitation jet</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Regurgitation jet velocity &gt; 3 m/s</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Associated or not with morphological changes:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Thickening of the mitral valve leaflets &gt; 4 mm</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Thickening of the mitral subvalvular apparatus</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Narrowing of the mitral and/or aortic valve opening.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>The regurgitations were defined as physiological when the Doppler echocardiography
            findings of mitral and/or aortic valvular dysfunction did not meet the criteria
            described above.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of subclinical rheumatic valvular involvement was made when there were no
            changes on cardiac auscultation suggesting valvular regurgitation but the Doppler
            echocardiography showed MR and/or AoR with nonphysiological characteristics, with or
            without the thickening and restriction of valvular mobility. The test to define these
            characteristics was performed by 1 of the researchers and assessed by 2 other
            experienced examiners. Only those cases in which there was agreement between the 3
            examiners were considered.</p>
      <p>After the assessment of the characteristics of valvular involvement, the students were
            distributed into 3 groups according to the classification shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of the clinical and Doppler echocardiography findings according
                  to criteria cases of used to identify definitive, probable, and possible rheumatic
                  heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Definitive Rheumatic Heart Disease</th>
              <th>Probable Rheumatic Heart Disease</th>
              <th>Possible Rheumatic Heart Disease</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous history of acute rheumatic fever with clinical
                        manifestation of carditis</td>
              <td>Absence of previous history compatible with acute rheumatic fever</td>
              <td>Absence of previous history compatible with acute rheumatic fever</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">MR and AoR murmurs</td>
              <td>Normal cardiovascular examination</td>
              <td>Normal cardiovascular examination</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Change on Doppler echocardiography</td>
              <td>Change on Doppler echocardiography:</td>
              <td>Change on Doppler echocardiography:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nonphysiological MR and/or AoR</td>
              <td>Nonphysiological MR and/or AoR</td>
              <td>Nonphysiological MR and/or AoR without morphological changes, or</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Valvular thickening with or without mobility restriction, with
                        or without change in the subvalvular apparatus.</td>
              <td>Valvular thickening with or without mobility restriction, with or without
                        change in the subvalvular apparatus</td>
              <td>Morphological change in the mitral and/or aortic mitral valve, with
                        physiological MR and/or AoR.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>MR: Mitral regurgitation; AoR: Aortic regurgitation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the sequence of evaluations
            performed on the selected school population.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sequence of evaluations performed on the school population selected for the
                  study.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Students with valvular changes consistent with rheumatic involvement were referred to
            the Rheumatic Fever Outpatient Clinic of HC-UFMG for monitoring and/or prescription of
            secondary prophylaxis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Data were stored in a database that was created for the study using the Excel
               software. Data validation was performed through descriptive analysis and the results
               were presented in the form of graphs and tables; the absolute values and percentages
               were determined for the qualitative variables and the mean (standard deviation) and
               median were calculated for the quantitative variables. The analysis was performed
               using SPSS version 13.0 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 267 students assessed, 140 (52.4%) were girls. Age ranged between 6 and 16 years
            (median: 13 years) and the majority were aged between 13 and 14 years (55.1%). Eight
            (3%) individuals had a history of heart disease; however, only 1 had RF, having
            presented 1 major and 2 minor manifestations of Jones criteria during the acute phase
            (carditis, arthralgia, and fever).</p>
      <p>During the physical examination, 28 students (10.5%) exhibited murmur on cardiac
            auscultation. Of these, 26 were characterized as innocent. One student exhibited
            regurgitation murmur compatible with the diagnosis of interventricular communication and
            another exhibited mitral and aortic regurgitation murmurs.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography performed at the school with a portable machine showed that 23
            (8.6%) of students had mild MR and 2 (0.8%) had combined MR and AoR. Of the latter, 1
            had mild MR and AoR, with characteristics defined as nonphysiological, and the other had
            moderate MR and AoR. No lesions indicative of physiological AoR and/or aortic stenosis
            were observed.</p>
      <p>Of the 23 students in whom Doppler echocardiography showing valvular regurgitation, 16
            went to the HC-UFMG to undergo a new test to confirm the findings of the screening test.
            Of these, only 1 (6.2%) exhibited moderate MR and AoR, with thickening of both valves,
            in addition to the decreased mobility of the posterior leaflet and dome opening of the
            anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Among the remaining students, 1 (6.2%) had mild
            degree combined MR and AoR, with normal valvular morphology and 3 (18.7%) exhibited
            isolated MR with thickening of the mitral valve. No student showed valvular
            stenosis.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the flow chart used to identify
            cases of rheumatic heart disease in a public school of Belo Horizonte.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Identification of cases of rheumatic heart disease in a public school of Belo
                  Horizonte</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the frequency distribution of
            diagnoses of mitral and aortic valvular disease indicative of rheumatic involvement
            according to clinical findings and Doppler echocardiography performed in HC-UFMG.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency distribution of diagnoses of mitral and aortic valvular disease
                  indicative of rheumatic involvement according to clinical evaluations and Doppler
                  echocardiography performed at the Hospital das Clinicas of UFMG (absolute
                  frequency/267*1000)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">Diagnoses of valvular disease</th>
              <th>Clinical</th>
              <th>Echocardiography at HC-UFMG</th>
              <th>CI (95%) - Echocardiography</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral Regurgitation</td>
              <td>1 (3.7)</td>
              <td>5 (18.7)</td>
              <td>(6.9/1000) - (41.0/1000)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic Regurgitation</td>
              <td>1 (3.7)</td>
              <td>2(7.5)</td>
              <td>(1.2/1000) - (24.5/1000)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The frequency of valvular changes consistent with rheumatic involvement was higher on
            Doppler echocardiography than on physical examination (5 times higher for MR and 2 times
            higher for AoR).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Graph 1</xref> shows the frequency of diagnosis of cases
            with nonphysiological MR and AoR according to physical examination and Doppler
            echocardiography.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency of diagnosis of cases with nonphysiological MR and AoR according to
                  clinical evaluation and Doppler echocardiography performed at HC-UFMG, considering
                  the 267 students assessed (absolute frequency/267*1000).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>According to the clinical exanimation, the prevalence of clinically observed heart
            disease (MR and AoR murmurs) was 1 case (prevalence of 3.7/1000). However, Doppler
            echocardiography assessment showed nonphysiological AoR in 2 students (prevalence of
            7.5/1000 CI 95%, 1.2/1000-24.5/1000) and nonphysiological MR in 5 students (prevalence
            of 18.7/1000, CI 95% 6.9/1000-41.0/1000).</p>
      <p>The images of Doppler echocardiography performed on the students at HC-UFMG are shown
            below. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figures 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">5</xref>)</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Image of the Doppler echocardiography of a patient diagnosed with definitive
                  rheumatic heart disease.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Image of the Doppler echocardiography of a patient diagnosed with probable
                  rheumatic heat disease</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Image of the Doppler echocardiography of a patient diagnosed with possible
                  rheumatic heart disease.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Diagnosis of carditis in ARF traditionally depends on changes observed on cardiac
            auscultation, such as the occurrence or exacerbation of a MR and/or AoR murmurs, with
            possible signs and symptoms of heart failure and/or findings suggestive of pericarditis,
            in addition to chest X-ray and electrocardiographic findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, regurgitation murmurs are not always
            present or accurately detected, especially those of the mitral valve. A study conducted
            by Vijayalakshmi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> involved 108 patients
            with Doppler echocardiography findings consistent with valvitis who did not have related
            cardiac auscultatory findings, and only 56 of the 108 patients were diagnosed with ARF,
            according to the Jones criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. It is estimated that
            more than 70% patients diagnosed with chronic rheumatic carditis (CRC) do not receive
            secondary prophylaxis because they do not show clinical manifestations of ARF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Clinical evaluation by even experienced
            clinicians may not diagnose carditis, especially subclinical valvitis because there is
            no definitive laboratory test that establishes this diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have proposed the implementation of Doppler echocardiography for the
            diagnosis of CRC in suspected cases without history of the acute phase, in which only
            valvular sequelae are observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, the exclusive use of this method for the diagnosis of CRC in
            individuals without a clinical history of ARF and without apparent cardiac involvement
            is still controversial. This is mainly because there is a risk of abusive use of Doppler
            echocardiography testing for this purpose and because its use by less experienced
            examiners can lead to excessive diagnoses and unnecessary exposure to secondary
               prophylaxis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Many authors have presented studies using portable Doppler
            echocardiography to perform screening tests, mainly in students, to screen subclinical
            cases of rheumatic valvular involvement without clinical expression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, of the 267 students evaluated in the school, only 1 (0.4%) was
            diagnosed with CRC through anamnesis (history of carditis, arthralgia, and fever) and
            the physical examination (presence of mitral and aortic regurgitation murmurs). On the
            other hand, with the use of the portable Doppler echocardiography machine, mild MR was
            detected in 23 cases (8.6%) and mild aortic regurgitation was detected in 1 case (0.4%),
            with characteristics defined as nonphysiological. Only the student who had a previous
            history of FRA exhibited moderate MR and AoR. It was thus possible to conclude that the
            Doppler echocardiographic study was more effective than physical examination in the
            identification of valvular dysfunction, as had already been demonstrated in several
            studies of valvular disease screening in students<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted during the last decade used Doppler echocardiography for the
            validation of the clinical diagnosis of CRC and demonstrated a prevalence of
               0.6-0.8/1000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, similar to that obtained with clinical diagnosis
            reported in the study by Saxena et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. More
            recent studies have shown that the prevalence of valvular disease indicative of
            rheumatic involvement identified using Doppler echocardiography is 5-10 times higher
            than that identified on physical examination<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>A similar observation was made in the present study. Among the 16 students referred for
            more detailed Doppler echocardiography at HC-UFMG, only 1 (6.25%), with cardiac
            auscultatory findings showing significant MR and AoR murmurs had moderate MR and AoR in
            addition to valvular morphology changes. Of the 15 students with normal cardiac
            auscultation, 1 (6.25%) had nonphysiological combined mild MR and AoR and 3 (18.75%) had
            nonphysiological isolated mild MR in addition to valvular morphology changes. Therefore,
            the frequency of valvular changes consistent with rheumatic disease was 5 times higher
            on Doppler echocardiography evaluation (18.7/1000, 95% CI 6.9/1000-41.0/1000) than on
            clinical evaluation (3.7/1000); moreover, it was higher with for MR (18.7/1000, 95% CI
            6.9/1000-41.0/1000) than for AoR (7.5/1000, 95% CI 1.2/1000-24.5/1000). In previous
            screening studies with students this distinction between the frequency of involvement of
            mitral and aortic valves had not been made<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>On the basis of screening test performed in students, Marijon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, added morphological criteria for valvular structure to the
            already existing Doppler criteria used to diagnose subclinical CRC in populations with
            high ARF prevalence. They concluded that with this addition there was a better
            characterization of valvular lesions consistent with rheumatic disease, allowing a more
            careful diagnosis and with a lower risk of loss of subclinical cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In the present study, among the 22 patients with
            normal cardiac auscultatory findings and MR and/or AoR detected with the portable
            Doppler echocardiograph, 3 (13.6%) exhibited alterations of the mitral valvular
            morphology. No individual showed changes in the morphology of the aortic valve, as was
            described by Marijon et al (2009)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Marijon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> suggested that the use of Doppler
            echocardiography screening allows CRC epidemiology to be redefined with regard to its
            identification. They stated that the early diagnosis of CRC and initiation of penicillin
            prophylaxis can decrease the clinical impact of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However, they propose that long-term monitoring of individuals
            with a diagnosis indicative of rheumatic heart disease is necessary, considering the
            estimates made in previous studies that indicate a favorable evolution in patients with
            subclinical valvitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted in New Zealand involving 1142 children, Webb et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observed that the use of Doppler echocardiography
            screening, as a method complementary to physical examination, is very important for a
            more accurate diagnosis. Valvular lesions, excluding congenital or physiological causes,
            can indicate rheumatic involvement and favor the use of secondary prophylaxis. The
            authors concluded that Doppler echocardiography is more sensitive and specific than
            cardiac auscultation in the detection of nonphysiological MR, without correspondence
            with clinical examination. In our study we observed a similar finding: higher prevalence
            of mitral and aortic valvular disease indicative of rheumatic involvement with the use
            of Doppler echocardiographic criteria than with the exclusive use of clinical
            criteria.</p>
      <p>According to WHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, in regions where ARF is
            endemic, Doppler echocardiography should be performed routinely in cases with suspected
            cardiac changes indicative of rheumatic involvement, even without associated clinical
            evidence. Moreover, it recommends that those patients should be followed until a
            different diagnosis is made<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In the presence of
            valvular changes that are consistent with rheumatic disease but do not meet the criteria
            that confirm this etiology, patients should be monitored. In the reviewed literature,
            there is no consensus regarding practices to address these cases of subclinical valvular
               disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the Study</title>
        <p>Because this is a study of prevalence, the ideal would be to collect data in various
               schools and of a larger number of students. However, the sample size was calculated
               considering the prevalence of RF obtained in a clinical study also conducted in a
               school in Belo Horizonte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and the higher
               detection of valvular disease using Doppler echocardiography evaluation, according to
               the results of several screening studies conducted in schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. The study sample was selected centrally in a
               single school.</p>
        <p>Another limitation of the study was the number of students lost to follow up. Of the
               23 students whose screening echocardiography showed nonphysiological MR and/or AoR,
               only 16 attended HC-UFMG for the confirmation of the findings. Therefore, the
               observed prevalence may have been underestimated.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography, over the
            physical examination, in the identification of cases of valvular lesions consistent with
            rheumatic involvement in students. In agreement with the assumption, a higher prevalence
            of nonphysiological MR and AoR was observed with the use of Doppler echocardiography
            criteria. In accordance with similar studies, this study identified 5 times more cases
            of rheumatic valvular disease, which enabled a careful follow-up of this cases and
            implementation of secondary prophylaxis. These measures decrease the risk of sequelae
            and the morbidity and mortality rates, which are still high in certain areas of our
            country.</p>
      <p>The present study identified 1 case of definitive CRC and 4 cases of subclinical heart
            disease along with 3 cases of probable CRC and 1 case of possible CRC. Secondary
            prophylaxis was recommended for the cases of probable CRC, monitoring with primary
            prophylaxis was recommended for the case of possible CRC, and monitoring reinforcement
            and secondary prophylaxis was recommended for the case of definitive CRC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lavinia Pimentel Miranda,
               from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Miranda LP, Camargos PAM, Torres RM, Meira
               ZMA; Acquisition of data: Miranda LP, Torres RM, Meira ZMA; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Miranda LP, Meira ZMA; Statistical analysis: Miranda LP,
               Camargos PAM; Writing of the manuscript: Miranda LP; Critical revision of the
               manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda LP, Camargos PAM, Meira ZMA.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Preval&#234;ncia de Valvopatia Reum&#225;tica Subcl&#237;nica em Alunos de
               Escola P&#250;blica de Belo Horizonte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Lavinia Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargos</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Augusto Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Morais</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas
                  Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
                  Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lavinia Pimentel Miranda</bold>, Rua Bol&#237;via 357/901, S&#227;o
               Pedro. CEP 30330-360, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lavinia.pimentel@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Estudos indicam que o Doppler ecocardiograma possibilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um
                  maior n&#250;mero de casos de valvopatia reum&#225;tica, quando comparado ao exame cl&#237;nico,
                  em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de valvopatia sugestiva de envolvimento reum&#225;tico
                  segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e Doppler ecardiogr&#225;ficas em alunos de escola
                  p&#250;blica de Belo Horizonte. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal realizado com 267 escolares entre 6 e 16 anos, selecionados de
                  forma aleat&#243;ria. Os alunos foram submetidos &#224; anamnese e exame f&#237;sico com o
                  objetivo de estabelecer crit&#233;rios pr&#233;vios para o diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica.
                  Todos realizaram o estudo Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico com o emprego de um aparelho
                  port&#225;til. Aqueles que apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral (RM) e ou a&#243;rtica
                  (RAo) sugestiva de n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica foram encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de Doppler
                  ecocardiografia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
                  (HC-UFMG) para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo estudo. Conforme os achados, os casos de
                  valvopatia reum&#225;tica foram classificados em definitiva, prov&#225;vel e poss&#237;vel. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Dos 267 escolares, um (0,37%) apresentou hist&#243;ria compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de
                  febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA), 25 (9,4%) apresentaram RM e/ou RAo consideradas n&#227;o
                  fisiol&#243;gicas ao Doppler ecocardiograma port&#225;til. Destes, 16 (6%) realizaram
                  Doppler ecocardiograma no HC-UFMG, sendo evidenciadas: valvopatia reum&#225;tica
                  definitiva em um escolar; valvopatia reum&#225;tica prov&#225;vel em tr&#234;s; valvopatia
                  reum&#225;tica poss&#237;vel em um escolar. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada a preval&#234;ncia de casos compat&#237;veis com envolvimento
                  reum&#225;tico foi cinco vezes maior ao Doppler ecocardiograma (18,7/1000 - IC 95%,
                  6,9/1000 - 41,0/1000) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (3,7/1000 - IC 95%).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiograma Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico da febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA) &#233; extremamente vari&#225;vel, podendo
               ocorrer desde casos leves e com pouca express&#227;o cl&#237;nica at&#233; casos graves e de
               evolu&#231;&#227;o fulminante. A cardite reum&#225;tica &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais importante e grave da
               doen&#231;a, pois pode ocasionar dano valvar irrevers&#237;vel, muitas vezes incapacitante,
               evoluindo para a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (CRC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), a CRC acomete 15.6-19.6
               milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, ocasionando 233.000 a 492.000 mortes por ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A FRA pode ser prevenida atrav&#233;s da detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e do tratamento adequado da
               faringoamigdalite estreptoc&#243;cica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Da mesma
               maneira, a progress&#227;o da les&#227;o valvar reum&#225;tica pode ser minimizada atrav&#233;s da
               profilaxia secund&#225;ria realizada, prioritariamente, com a administra&#231;&#227;o regular da
               penicilina G benzatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler ecocardiograma com mapeamento de fluxo em cores tem sido
               considerada adequada para avaliar les&#245;es valvares sugestivas de etiologia
                  reum&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Da mesma
               maneira, estudos de triagem com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aparelho port&#225;til realizados em
               escolares de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses t&#234;m tamb&#233;m demonstrado maior frequ&#234;ncia de valvopatia
               subcl&#237;nica sugestiva de envolvimento reum&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de valvopatia compat&#237;vel com
               envolvimento reum&#225;tico segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ao Doppler ecocardiograma, em
               alunos de uma escola p&#250;blica de Belo Horizonte, MG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em uma escola municipal, na cidade de
               Belo Horizonte, MG, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2010 a novembro de 2011, ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o
               do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG e da Secretaria Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da por 267 crian&#231;as e adolescentes entre 6 e 16
               anos. Os alunos foram selecionados de forma aleat&#243;ria e todos os participantes e seus
               respons&#225;veis receberam o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para ci&#234;ncia e
               consentimento dos mesmos. Os pais foram contactados atrav&#233;s de carta com informa&#231;&#245;es
               sobre a pesquisa e um question&#225;rio para preenchimento abordando sinais e sintomas
               sugestivos de febre reum&#225;tica, como os relacionados &#224; cardite, cor&#233;ia, poliartrite,
               artralgia e febre. Na escola, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a presen&#231;a dos pais. Os escolares
               foram entrevistados, submetidos &#224; anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, realizados por um dos
               pesquisadores, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de estabelecer a exist&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios pr&#233;vios para o
               diagn&#243;stico de FRA com ou sem altera&#231;&#227;o na ausculta cl&#237;nica, segundo os crit&#233;rios de
                  Jones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>A seguir, no mesmo dia, os escolares foram submetidos ao Doppler ecocardiograma com a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um aparelho port&#225;til da marca Acuson&#174; (CV-Cypress) com sonda 3U2c,
               realizado no pr&#243;prio ambiente escolar por outro pesquisador que desconhecia os
               achados da anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico realizados anteriormente. Este exame tinha como
               objetivo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma triagem diagn&#243;stica avaliando a presen&#231;a e o grau de
               regurgita&#231;&#227;o das valvas a&#243;rtica e mitral, em pelo menos dois planos diferentes.
               Altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de valvopatia reum&#225;tica foram analisadas segundo os crit&#233;rios
               definidos pela OMS /2004, no intuito de identificar les&#227;o, mesmo que leve, e
               diferenci&#225;-la de achados fisiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Ap&#243;s essa
               avalia&#231;&#227;o, os escolares que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de envolvimento valvar
               reum&#225;tico foram encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia do Hospital das
               Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) para uma segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o
               mais criteriosa realizada em local mais apropriado. Foi utilizada uma aparelhagem da
               marca comercial Philips IE 3 usados os hardware e software dispon&#237;veis comercialmente
               e transdutores de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia multieletr&#244;nicos (de 3,0-8,0 MHz).
               Esse exame foi feito pelo mesmo pesquisador que havia realizado o de triagem. Os
               exames foram gravados em DVD e vistos posteriormente por mais dois examinadores
               experientes, que desconheciam a hist&#243;ria clinica e as altera&#231;&#245;es ao Doppler
               ecocardiograma previamente observadas. Cada examinador emitiu seu parecer quanto aos
               achados observados e classificou as altera&#231;&#245;es em fisiol&#243;gicas ou patol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>Considerou-se como les&#227;o valvar sugestiva de envolvimento reum&#225;tico, a presen&#231;a de
               regurgita&#231;&#227;o das valvas mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica, observadas em pelo menos dois planos
               diferentes, associado &#224;s seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Comprimento do jato regurgitante &gt; 2,0 cm para a RM e &gt; 1,0 cm para a
                     RAo</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Jato regurgitante ocupando toda a s&#237;stole ou toda a di&#225;stole</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Velocidade do jato regurgitante &gt;3 m/s</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Podendo ou n&#227;o estar associados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Espessamento dos folhetos valvar mitral &gt; 4 mm</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Espessamento do aparelho subvalvar mitral</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Restri&#231;&#227;o da abertura valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Quando os achados ao Doppler ecocardiograma da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica
               n&#227;o preenchiam os crit&#233;rios acima, as regurgita&#231;&#245;es dessas valvas foram definidas
               como fisiol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de envolvimento reum&#225;tico valvar subcl&#237;nico foi realizado quando n&#227;o
               havia altera&#231;&#245;es na ausculta card&#237;aca sugestivas de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, entretanto
               ao Doppler ecocardiograma observava-se regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica de
               caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas, com ou sem espessamento e restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade
               valvar. O exame realizado com o objetivo de definir estas caracter&#237;sticas foi feito
               por um dos pesquisadores e avaliado por outros dois examinadores experientes. Foram
               considerados apenas os casos nos quais houve concord&#226;ncia entre os achados dos tr&#234;s
               examinadores.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas do envolvimento valvar, os escolares foram
               distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos achados cl&#237;nicos e ao Doppler ecocardiograma segundo
                     crit&#233;rios utilizados para identificar casos de valvopatia reum&#225;tica definitiva,
                     prov&#225;vel e poss&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Valvopatia Reum&#225;tica Definitiva</th>
                <th>Valvopatia Reum&#225;tica Prov&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Valvopatia Reum&#225;tica Poss&#237;vel</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria anterior de febre reum&#225;tica aguda com manifesta&#231;&#227;o
                           cl&#237;nica de cardite</td>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria anterior compat&#237;vel com de febre reum&#225;tica
                           aguda</td>
                <td>Aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria anterior compat&#237;vel com febre reum&#225;tica aguda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sopros de RM e RAo</td>
                <td>Exame cardiovascular normal</td>
                <td>Exame cardiovascular normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#227;o Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fica</td>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fica:</td>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fica:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e/ou
                           a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica sem
                           altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica, ou</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessamento valvar associado ou n&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o da
                           mobilidade, com ou sem altera&#231;&#227;o do aparelho subvalvar.</td>
                <td>Espessamento valvar associado ou n&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade, com ou
                           sem altera&#231;&#227;o do aparelho subvalvar</td>
                <td>Altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica, com regurgita&#231;&#227;o
                           fisiol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RM: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; RAo: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 1</xref>, a seguir, mostra a sequ&#234;ncia de
               avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas na popula&#231;&#227;o escolar selecionada.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sequ&#234;ncia das avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas na popula&#231;&#227;o escolar selecionada para o
                     estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As crian&#231;as e adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es valvares sugestivas de envolvimento
               reum&#225;tico foram encaminhadas ao Ambulat&#243;rio de Febre Reum&#225;tica do HC-UFMG para
               acompanhamento e/ou prescri&#231;&#227;o de profilaxia secund&#225;ria.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados pr&#243;prio, digitados no programa Excel.
                  A valida&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos foi feita atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise descritiva e os resultados,
                  foram apresentados em forma de gr&#225;ficos e tabelas, realizadas em frequ&#234;ncias
                  absolutas e porcentagem para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas e c&#225;lculo de media (desvio
                  padr&#227;o) e mediana para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas. A an&#225;lise foi realizada no SPSS
                  vers&#227;o 13.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 267 escolares avaliados, 140 (52,4%) eram do g&#234;nero feminino. A idade variou
               entre 6 e 16 anos, com mediana de 13 anos, sendo que a grande maioria apresentava
               idade entre 13 e 14 anos (55,1%). Oito (3%) dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam hist&#243;ria de
               cardiopatia, mas apenas um informou tratar-se de FR, tendo apresentado na fase aguda
               uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o maior e duas menores (cardite, artralgia e febre) dos crit&#233;rios de
               Jones.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados no exame f&#237;sico, 28 (10,5%) apresentaram sopro &#224; ausculta
               card&#237;aca. Destes, 26 foram caracterizados como inocente. Um escolar apresentou sopro
               regurgitativo compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e em outro
               foram auscultados sopros regurgitativos mitral e a&#243;rtico.</p>
        <p>O Doppler ecocardiograma, realizado na escola com o aparelho port&#225;til, mostrou que
               23(8,6%) escolares apresentavam RM leve e outros dois (0,8%) RM e RAo associados.
               Nestes &#250;ltimos, em um a regurgita&#231;&#227;o de ambas as valvas foi de grau leve, com
               caracter&#237;sticas definidas como n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas, e em outro, ambas as valvas
               mostravam regurgita&#231;&#227;o de grau moderado. Em nenhum caso foi observado les&#245;es
               sugestivas de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica fisiol&#243;gica e/ou estenose valvar.</p>
        <p>Dos 23 alunos com Doppler ecocardiograma mostrando regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, 16
               compareceram ao Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas para realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo exame com o objetivo de
               confirmar os achados do exame de triagem. Destes, apenas um (6,2%) apresentou RM e
               RAo em grau moderado, com ambas as valvas espessadas, al&#233;m de mobilidade reduzida do
               folheto posterior e abertura em "dome" do folheto anterior da valva mitral. Entre os
               demais escolares em um (6,2%) aluno observou-se RM e RAo associadas de grau leve, com
               morfologia valvar normal e em tr&#234;s(18,7%) observou-se RM isolada com espessamento da
               valva mitral. Em nenhum escolar foi evidenciada estenose valvar.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 2</xref> mostra o fluxograma empregado para
               identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos de valvopatia reum&#225;tica em uma escola p&#250;blica de Belo
               Horizonte.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos de valvopatia reum&#225;tica em uma escola p&#250;blica de
                     Belo Horizonte</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o de
               frequ&#234;ncia dos diagn&#243;sticos de valvopatias mitral e a&#243;rtica sugestivas de
               envolvimento reum&#225;tico segundo os achados cl&#237;nicos e ao Doppler ecocardiograma,
               realizadas no HC-UFMG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia dos diagn&#243;sticos de valvopatia mitral e a&#243;rtica
                     sugestivas de envolvimento reum&#225;tico segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ao
                     Doppler ecocardiograma realizadas no Hospital das Clinicas da UFMG (frequ&#234;ncia
                     absoluta/267*1000)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">Diagn&#243;sticos de valvopatia</th>
                <th>Cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th>Eco HC</th>
                <th>IC (95%) - Eco HC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral</td>
                <td>1 (3,7)</td>
                <td>5 (18,7)</td>
                <td>(6,9/1000) - (41,0/1000)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>1 (3,7)</td>
                <td>2(7,5)</td>
                <td>(1,2/1000) - (24,5/1000)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o valvar sugestiva de envolvimento reum&#225;tico
               foi cinco vezes maior considerando a RM e duas vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RAo, quando
               se utilizou o Doppler ecocardiograma em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> demonstra a frequ&#234;ncia de
               diagn&#243;sticos de casos com RM e RAo n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e
               ao Doppler ecocardiograma.</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico de casos com RM e RAo n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas segundo as
                     avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ao Doppler ecocardiograma realizadas no HC-UFMG,
                     considerando os 267 escolares avaliados (frequ&#234;ncia absoluta/267*1000).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de valvopatia clinicamente observada (sopro regurgitativo mitral e
               a&#243;rtico) segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi de apenas um caso (preval&#234;ncia de 3,7/1000).
               Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ao Doppler ecocardiograma evidenciou RAo n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica em
               dois escolares (preval&#234;ncia de 7,5/1000 CI 95%, 1,2/1000- 24,5/1000) e RM n&#227;o
               fisiol&#243;gica em cinco escolares (preval&#234;ncia de 18,7/1000, IC 95%,6,9/1000 -
               41,0/1000).</p>
        <p>A seguir, s&#227;o apresentadas imagens do Doppler ecocardiograma dos escolares realizados
               no HC-UFMG. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figuras 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">5</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem ao Doppler ecocardiograma de paciente com diagn&#243;stico de valvopatia
                     reum&#225;tica definitiva.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem ao Doppler ecocardiograma de paciente com diagn&#243;stico de valvopatia
                     reum&#225;tica prov&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem ao Doppler ecocardiograma de paciente com diagn&#243;stico de valvopatia
                     reum&#225;tica poss&#237;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-02-0089-40116-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de cardite na FRA tradicionalmente depende de altera&#231;&#245;es evidenciadas
               na ausculta card&#237;aca como o aparecimento ou a exacerba&#231;&#227;o de um sopro regurgitativo
               mitral e/ou a&#243;rtico, podendo haver sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou
               achados de pericardite, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es na radiografia de t&#243;rax e no
                  eletrocardiograma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Entretanto, a
               presen&#231;a de sopros regurgitativos, mais frequentemente da valva mitral, nem sempre
               esta presente ou n&#227;o &#233; detectado com precis&#227;o. Estudo realizado por Vijayalakshmi e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> envolvendo 108 pacientes com
               Doppler ecocardiograma sugestivo de valvite n&#227;o apresentavam ausculta card&#237;aca
               correlacionada, sendo que desses apenas 56 tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de FRA realizado
               segundo os crit&#233;rios de Jones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Estima-se que
               mais de 70% dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de CRC n&#227;o recebem profilaxia secund&#225;ria
               por n&#227;o terem apresentado evid&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de FRA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A cardite, especialmente a valvite
               subcl&#237;nica, pode n&#227;o ser diagnosticada por cl&#237;nicos experientes, n&#227;o existindo um
               exame laboratorial definitivo que estabele&#231;a esse diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos defendem a implementa&#231;&#227;o do Doppler ecocardiograma para diagn&#243;stico da
               CRC em casos suspeitos sem hist&#243;ria de fase aguda, nos quais se observa apenas as
               sequelas valvares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Entretanto, ainda &#233; controversa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o exclusiva deste m&#233;todo
               para diagn&#243;stico de CRC em indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de FRA e sem aparente
               acometimento card&#237;aco. Isso porque h&#225; risco do uso abusivo do Doppler ecocardiograma
               para esse fim e sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o por examinadores pouco experientes pode acarretar
               diagn&#243;sticos excessivos e exposi&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria &#224; profilaxia secund&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Muitos autores t&#234;m apresentado trabalhos com o Doppler ecocardiograma
               port&#225;til para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de triagem, principalmente em escolares, com o
               intuito de rastrear casos subcl&#237;nicos de envolvimento valvar reum&#225;tico sem express&#227;o
                  cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, dos 267 alunos avaliados na escola, em apenas um (0,4%) p&#244;de-se
               diagnosticar CRC atrav&#233;s da anamnese (hist&#243;ria de cardite, artralgia e febre) e do
               exame cl&#237;nico pela presen&#231;a de sopros regurgitativos mitral e a&#243;rtico. Por outro
               lado, utilizando o aparelho de Doppler ecocardiograma port&#225;til, em 23(8,6%) foi
               evidenciada regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral leve e em um (0,4%) regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica de
               grau leve, com caracter&#237;sticas definidas como n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. Apenas o escolar que
               apresentava hist&#243;ria anterior de FRA apresentou regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada das valvas
               mitral e a&#243;rtica. Ficou ent&#227;o constatado a superioridade do estudo Doppler
               ecocardiogr&#225;fico sobre o exame cl&#237;nico em identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, como j&#225;
               demonstrado em diversos estudos de triagem de valvopatia em escolares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos realizados na d&#233;cada passada utilizavam o Doppler ecocardiograma para
               valida&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico da CRC, demonstrando uma preval&#234;ncia de
                  0.6-0.8/1000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, similar &#224; preval&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico
               relatada no estudo de Saxena e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
               Atualmente, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a preval&#234;ncia de valvopatia sugestiva de
               envolvimento reum&#225;tico identificada atrav&#233;s do Doppler ecocardiograma apresenta
               frequ&#234;ncia em torno de 5 a 10 vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Fato semelhante foi observado no presente estudo: dos 16 escolares encaminhados para
               realiza&#231;&#227;o de Doppler ecocardiograma mais detalhado, realizado no HC-UFMG, apenas um
               (6,25%), com ausculta evidenciando sopros significativos de RM e RAo, mostrou
               regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#227;o da morfologia
               valvar. Dos 15 escolares com ausculta card&#237;aca normal, um (6,25%) apresentou RM e RAo
               associada de grau leve n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, e em tr&#234;s (18,75%) foram observados RM
               isoladas de grau leve n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas das
               valvas. Assim, a frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o valvar sugestiva de envolvimento reum&#225;tico
               foi cinco vezes maior quando se utilizou o Doppler ecocardiograma (18,7/1000, IC 95%,
               6,9/1000-41,0/1000) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (3,7/1000), sendo maior em
               rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RM (18,7/1000, IC 95%, 6,9/1000-41,0/1000) do que em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RAo
               (7,5/1000,CI 95%,1,2/1000-24,5/1000). Nos estudos de triagem em escolares j&#225;
               realizados n&#227;o se fez essa diferencia&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento das
               valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica em separado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Marijon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> adicionaram, em estudos de
               triagem em escolares, crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos da estrutura valvar aos crit&#233;rios
               Doppler j&#225; existentes para diagn&#243;stico de CRC subcl&#237;nica em popula&#231;&#227;o de alta
               preval&#234;ncia de FR. Conclu&#237;ram que com a associa&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios morfol&#243;gicos aos
               crit&#233;rios Doppler, houve uma melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares sugestivas de
               envolvimento reum&#225;tico, possibilitando um diagn&#243;stico mais criterioso e com menor
               risco de "perdas" dos casos subcl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. No
               presente estudo dos 22 pacientes com ausculta card&#237;aca normal e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar
               mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica realizado com o Doppler ecocardiograma port&#225;til, em tr&#234;s (13,6%)
               foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es da morfologia valvar mitral. Em nenhum escolar
               observou-se altera&#231;&#227;o da morfologia valvar a&#243;rtica, como descrito por Marijon e cols.
                  (2009)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Marijon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> sugeriram que com a
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler ecocardiograma de triagem uma redefini&#231;&#227;o da epidemiologia da
               CRC dever&#225; ser realizada quanto &#224; sua identifica&#231;&#227;o. Eles afirmaram que o
               reconhecimento precoce da CRC e a institui&#231;&#227;o da profilaxia com a penicilina podem
               reduzir o impacto cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               Entretanto, sugerem que &#233; necess&#225;rio um acompanhamento por um longo per&#237;odo dos
               indiv&#237;duos que tiveram diagn&#243;stico sugestivo de envolvimento valvar reum&#225;tico,
               considerando previs&#245;es de estudos anteriores que indicam evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel para os
               pacientes com valvite subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>Webb e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> no estudo desenvolvido na Nova
               Zel&#226;ndia com 1142 crian&#231;as verificaram que o uso do Doppler ecocardiograma de triagem
               &#233; muito importante como m&#233;todo complementar ao exame cl&#237;nico, para um diagn&#243;stico
               mais preciso. As les&#245;es valvares identificadas, exclu&#237;das as causas cong&#234;nitas ou
               fisiol&#243;gicas, podem sugerir comprometimento reum&#225;tico, favorecendo o uso de
               profilaxia secund&#225;ria. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o Doppler ecocardiograma &#233; um exame
               mais sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico do que a ausculta card&#237;aca para detec&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#245;es
               da valva mitral n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas, sem correspond&#234;ncia com a ausculta cl&#237;nica. Em
               nosso estudo observamos fato semelhante: constatou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de
               valvopatias mitral e a&#243;rtica, sugestivas de envolvimento reum&#225;tico, atrav&#233;s da
               utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do que atrav&#233;s de crit&#233;rios
               exclusivamente cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> nas
               regi&#245;es onde a FRA &#233; considerada end&#234;mica, o Doppler ecocardiograma deve ser
               realizado de forma rotineira naqueles casos com suspeita de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas
               sugestivas de envolvimento reum&#225;tico, mesmo sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica associada. Faz
               ainda recomenda&#231;&#227;o no sentido de que esses pacientes sejam acompanhados at&#233; que outro
               diagn&#243;stico possa ser realizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Tendo em
               vista as altera&#231;&#245;es valvares sugestivas de envolvimento reum&#225;tico, mas ainda sem
               crit&#233;rios para que se possa confirmar essa etiologia, os pacientes dever&#227;o ser
               acompanhados. N&#227;o h&#225; ainda na literatura consultada um consenso a respeito de conduta
               frente a esses casos de valvopatia subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>Por se tratar de um estudo de preval&#234;ncia, o ideal seria fazer uma coleta de dados
                  em escolas variadas e com maior n&#250;mero de alunos. Entretanto, o tamanho amostral
                  foi calculado considerando a preval&#234;ncia de FR obtida em estudo cl&#237;nico realizado
                  tamb&#233;m em uma escola de Belo Horizonte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e
                  &#224; maior detec&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia com o estudo Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico, segundo
                  resultado de v&#225;rios estudos de triagem realizados em escolas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. A amostra do
                  presente estudo foi selecionada de forma centralizada em uma &#250;nica escola.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi atribu&#237;da ao n&#250;mero de "perdas" de escolares durante
                  o transcorrer do trabalho, que n&#227;o conclu&#237;ram o estudo. Dos 23 escolares com exame
                  ecocardiogr&#225;fico de triagem evidenciando regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das valvas
                  mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica, apenas 16 compareceram ao HC-UFMG para confirma&#231;&#227;o dos
                  achados. Com isso, a preval&#234;ncia encontrada pode ter sido subestimada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo enfatiza a import&#226;ncia do Doppler ecocardiograma em compara&#231;&#227;o ao
               exame cl&#237;nico para identificar casos de les&#245;es valvares sugestivas de envolvimento
               reum&#225;tico em escolares. Concordando com o pressuposto, observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia
               de regurgita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
               crit&#233;rios Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Em acordo com resultados de pesquisas similares,
               esse estudo permitiu identificar cinco vezes mais casos de valvopatia reum&#225;tica de
               forma a conduzir adequadamente um acompanhamento criterioso e institui&#231;&#227;o de
               profilaxia secund&#225;ria em alguns deles, podendo diminuir risco de sequelas e minimizar
               os &#237;ndices de morbimortalidade, que ainda s&#227;o frequentes em determinadas &#225;reas
               geogr&#225;ficas de nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo foram identificados um caso de CRC definitiva e quatro casos de
               cardiopatia subcl&#237;nica: tr&#234;s de CRC prov&#225;vel e um de CRC poss&#237;vel. Foi recomendada
               profilaxia secund&#225;ria para os casos de CRC prov&#225;vel e acompanhamento com profilaxia
               prim&#225;ria para o caso de CRC poss&#237;vel, al&#233;m do refor&#231;o da necessidade de
               acompanhamento e profilaxia secund&#225;ria para o paciente com CRC definitiva.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Miranda LP, Camargos PAM, Torres RM, Meira ZMA;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda LP, Torres RM, Meira ZMA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados:Miranda LP, Meira ZMA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda LP, Camargos PAM;
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda LP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
                  conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miranda LP, Camargos PAM, Meira ZMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lavinia Pimentel Miranda pela
                  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
