<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cwwFDnVbX4TBsGxQht3hWYC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014002000001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140121</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Nutrition and Cardiology: An Interface not to be
               Ignored</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita
                  Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
                  Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho -
                  Unesp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica
               Rubi&#227;o Jr. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>88</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Food</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Polyphenols</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotenoids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Food and nutrition constitute a field of knowledge with inherent characteristics. In the
         first half of the twentieth century, the major objectives of the nutritional sciences
         consisted in discovering essential nutrients, characterizing their physiological and
         biochemical roles, and describing the consequences of their defficiencies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Very frequently, the fundamental model of the study
         was animal growth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    <p>However, in the past 50 years, the spread of knowledge expanded the objectives related to
         food and nutrition, which were inserted in an organizational complexity focused on cells,
         organs, organisms and communities, ranging, therefore, from molecules to populations. The
         challenges to understand the physiopathological mechanisms involved and to prevent and
         occasionally solve consequent clinical problems constitute a decisive stimulus to the
         development of new fields of knowledge within that of food and nutrition. Of those, the
         relationship between food, obesity and diseases frequently associated with obesity, the
         so-called chronic diseases, such as arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease,
         diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, and cancer, is noteworthy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    <p>In addition, there were changes regarding micronutrients. In the past, they were considered
         nothing more than cofactors in biochemical reactions. Currently they are seen as
         antioxidants, acting in cell communication and having regulatory effects on genes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Within that context, nutrigenomics, which studies
         the interaction between genes and nutrients at the molecular level, has arisen<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>In addition to essential macro/micronutrients, some chemical compounds, mostly present in
         fruits and vegetables, exert a potent biological activity. They are called bioactive or,
         sometimes, phytochemical compounds, and can play several beneficial roles in human
            health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
    <p>The comments show the expressive amount of objects of study in the area of food and
         nutrition. Considering that many of those objects have an interface with cardiology, we
         believe that it is relevant to assess whether this field of knowledge has been duly
         represented in articles recently published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de
            Cardiologia</italic>, in the basic/experimental research area.</p>
    <p>Analyzing the articles recently published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de
            Cardiologia</italic>, we could identify studies on changes related to nutritional
         deficiencies. Another aspect worthy of note is that the most recurring topics were obesity
         and dyslipidemia as risk factors and modulators in cardiovascular disease. In that context,
         the basic/experimental research area showed obesity as an experimental model of changes in
         gene expression of the proteins that regulate calcium homeostasis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, leading to changes in type I and II collagens, inducing cardiac
            remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
    <p>The relationship of food and cardiovascular diseases is shown in the 'Original Clinical
         Study', 'Systematic Review' and 'Viewpoint' sections. Similarly, bioactive compounds were
         not forgotten. Thus, substances such as polyphenols and beta-carotene were approached in
         some experimental studies.</p>
    <p>The name polyphenols or phenolic compounds refer to a wide and numerous group of molecules
         found in vegetables, fruits, cereals, teas, coffee, cocoa, wine, fruit juices and soy
            bean<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound
         found in fresh grapes, grape juice and wine, whose anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic
         effects have been studied in rabbits fed with a hypercholesterolemic diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Similarly, the study by Brito et al. has shown that
         the use of fermented coffee residues with a greater polyphenolic compound content than that
         of non-fermented coffee residues has reduced the aortic damage area in Apo E knockout mice
         and can have a potential beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, mainly
            atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
    <p>Beta-carotene is a carotenoid with provitamin A activity and other functions, present in
         the human diet in colored fruits and vegetables. The study by Novo et al. has shown that
         supplementation with beta-carotene to rats has beneficial effects, characterized as
         increased intercellular communication, with a potential to reduce arrhythmias and to
         enhance the antioxidant defense system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
    <p>Briefly, the food and nutrition area provided many contributions in our journal. It is
         worth noting that those publications were both experimental and clinical, approaching
         different topics, in different sections and different formats. However, many gaps regarding
         food and nutrition in cardiology are yet to be filled. Thus, we believe that this topic
         will continue to be object of study in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de
            Cardiologia</italic>, including in the basic/experimental research area, remaining as a
         promising field for new studies.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Cardiologia: Interface que n&#227;o Pode Ser
               Ignorada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita
                  Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
                  Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho -
                  Unesp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica
               Rubi&#227;o Jr. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Alimenta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Polifen&#243;is</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotenoides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A alimenta&#231;&#227;o e a nutri&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o uma &#225;rea do conhecimento com caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias. Na
            primeira metade do s&#233;culo XX, os objetivos principais das ci&#234;ncias nutricionais
            consistiam na descoberta de nutrientes essenciais, na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de seu papel
            fisiol&#243;gico e bioqu&#237;mico e na descri&#231;&#227;o das consequ&#234;ncias de suas defici&#234;ncias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Muito frequentemente, o modelo fundamental desses
            estudos era o crescimento dos animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Contudo, nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, a expans&#227;o dos conhecimentos trouxe &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o e &#224;
            nutri&#231;&#227;o objetivos mais amplos, inseridos em uma complexidade organizacional, tendo como
            foco c&#233;lulas, &#243;rg&#227;os, organismos e comunidades, estendendo-se, assim, de mol&#233;culas a
            popula&#231;&#245;es. Os desafios enfrentados para a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos
            envolvidos e para a preven&#231;&#227;o e eventual solu&#231;&#227;o dos problemas cl&#237;nicos consequentes
            constitu&#237;ram est&#237;mulo decisivo para o desenvolvimento de novos campos de conhecimento
            dentro da &#225;rea de alimenta&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o. Dentre eles emergiu como de extrema
            import&#226;ncia a rela&#231;&#227;o entre alimenta&#231;&#227;o, obesidade e doen&#231;as frequentemente associadas &#224;
            obesidade, as chamadas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, a doen&#231;a
            coronariana, o diabetes melito, as dislipidemias, o c&#226;ncer etc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Acrescentem-se as modifica&#231;&#245;es havidas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos micronutrientes. No passado, eram
            considerados nada mais que cofatores em rea&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas. Atualmente, considera-se
            que funcionam como antioxidantes, t&#234;m fun&#231;&#227;o na comunica&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas e a&#231;&#227;o
            reguladora sobre os genes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Nesse contexto surgiu
            a nutrigen&#244;mica, que estuda justamente a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o gene e o nutriente em n&#237;vel
               molecular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos macro/micronutrientes essenciais, alguns compostos qu&#237;micos, presentes em sua
            maioria em frutas e hortali&#231;as, exercem uma potente atividade biol&#243;gica. Esses compostos
            s&#227;o chamados de compostos bioativos ou, algumas vezes, de fitoqu&#237;micos, e podem
            desempenhar diversos pap&#233;is em benef&#237;cio da sa&#250;de humana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os coment&#225;rios assinalados mostram a quantidade expressiva de objetos de estudo da &#225;rea
            de alimenta&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, considerando que muitos desses objetos fazem
            interface com a cardiologia, acreditamos ser relevante o questionamento de essa &#225;rea do
            conhecimento estar sendo devidamente representada nos artigos publicados pelos
               <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (<italic>ABC</italic>) nos
            &#250;ltimos anos, na &#225;rea de pesquisa b&#225;sica/experimental.</p>
      <p>Desse modo, em an&#225;lise dos artigos publicados nos <italic>ABC</italic> nos &#250;ltimos anos,
            pudemos observar trabalhos que tratam das altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com car&#234;ncias
            nutricionais. Outro aspecto que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; que os temas mais recorrentes foram a
            obesidade e a dislipidemia como fatores de risco e moduladores da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.
            Nesse sentido, a &#225;rea b&#225;sica/experimental mostrou a obesidade como modelo experimental
            de altera&#231;&#245;es da express&#227;o g&#234;nica das prote&#237;nas reguladoras da homeostase do c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, acarretando altera&#231;&#245;es nos col&#225;genos I e III,
            induzindo a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#225; presente em estudos
            cl&#237;nicos originais, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e na se&#231;&#227;o "Ponto de vista". Da mesma forma,
            os compostos bioativos n&#227;o foram esquecidos pelos nossos pesquisadores. Assim,
            subst&#226;ncias como polifen&#243;is e betacaroteno foram abordadas em alguns estudos
            experimentais.</p>
      <p>O nome polifen&#243;is ou compostos fen&#243;licos refere-se a um amplo e numeroso grupo de
            mol&#233;culas encontradas em hortali&#231;as, frutas, cereais, ch&#225;s, caf&#233;, cacau, vinho, suco de
            frutas e soja<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O resveratrol &#233; um composto
            polifen&#243;lico encontrado em uvas frescas, suco de uva e vinho, e seus efeitos
            anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antiaterog&#234;nicos foram estudados utilizando coelhos alimentados com
            dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Do mesmo modo, o
            estudo de Brito e cols. mostra que o uso do res&#237;duo fermentado de caf&#233;, com teor de
            compostos fen&#243;licos superior ao res&#237;duo n&#227;o fermentado, reduziu a &#225;rea de les&#227;o a&#243;rtica
            de camundongos <italic>knockout</italic> Apo E e pode apresentar potencial efeito
            ben&#233;fico sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente a aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>O betacaroteno &#233; um carotenoide com atividade de provitamina A e outras fun&#231;&#245;es,
            presente na dieta de seres humanos, em frutas e vegetais coloridos. O estudo de Novo e
            cols. mostra que ratos suplementados com betacaroteno apresentam efeitos ben&#233;ficos,
            caracterizados pelo aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular, com potencial para diminui&#231;&#227;o
            de arritmias e melhora do sistema de defesa antioxidante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pelo exposto, a alimenta&#231;&#227;o e a nutri&#231;&#227;o foram uma &#225;rea com muitas contribui&#231;&#245;es em
            nossa revista. Importantemente, essas publica&#231;&#245;es foram experimentais e cl&#237;nicas,
            abordando diferentes temas, em diferentes se&#231;&#245;es e em diferentes formatos. No entanto,
            existem ainda muitas lacunas a serem preenchidas a respeito da alimenta&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o na
            &#225;rea de cardiologia. Por essa raz&#227;o, acreditamos que esse tema continuar&#225; a ser objeto
            de estudo nos <italic>ABC</italic>, incluindo a &#225;rea b&#225;sica/experimental, permanecendo
            como campo promissor para novas pesquisas.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
