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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BVjsW4brVfN7jX8h66Gk6qz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 3/2014 - 81-Year-Old Patient Hospitalized for
               Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madaloso</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o
                  Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho
               Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
           </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e1</fpage>
      <lpage>e10</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amyloidosis / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Multiple Myeloma</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>JJSA is an 81-year-old male patient hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. At 71
         years of age, he experienced progressive dyspnea that lasted for 1 month and an episode of
         palpitation that lasted for 1 day and arrived at at the emergency department. He gave
         history of undergoing cardioversion in the past. He was then referred to the outpatient
         clinic of the InCor in October 1995. He also reported that he had long-term pulmonary
         arterial hypertension and had undergone surgery for the removal of an intracranial hematoma
         in the past.</p>
    <p>Physical examination, during the first consultation (October 30, 1995), revealed the
         following: heart rate of 76 beats per minute (bpm), systemic blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg,
         normal findings on chest auscultation. However, cardiac auscultation revealed normal heart
         sounds, regular rhythm, and a systolic murmur (1+/4+) in the aortic area. Abdominal
         examination did not reveal any abnormalities and the patient did not have pedal edema.</p>
    <p>ECG (October 30, 1995) showed sinus rhythm with atrial extrasystoles, heart rate of 100
         bpm, and signs of right atrial overload (small QRS complex in lead V<sub>1</sub> and normal
         in lead V<sub>2</sub>) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm and right atrial overload.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Four days later, he sought emergency medical assistance because the dyspnea had worsened.
         Physical examination (November 3, 1995) showed the patient was in a stable condition, had
         tachypnea (respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute), heart rate of 80 bpm, and systemic
         arterial pressure of 90/70 mmHg. Chest auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds at the
         base of the right lung and crepitations at the base of the left lung. Cardiac auscultation
         revealed a regular rhythm with the heart sounds were muffled in both systolic and diastolic
         phases. There were no murmurs or pericardial rub. The liver was palpated 3 cm below the
         right costal margin and there was swelling of the right calf. Chest X-ray revealed right
         atrial opacification; ECG showed no changes.</p>
    <p>The results of the laboratory tests were as follows: hemoglobin 16.9 g/dL, hematocrit 39%,
         leucocytes 5,500/mm<sup>3</sup> (60% neutrophils, 33% lymphocytes, and 7% monocytes),
         platelets 244,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, sodium 145 mEq/L, potassium 4.3 mEq/L, urea 39 mg/dL,
         creatinine 1.7 mg/dL, and blood glucose 97 mg/dL. Room-air pulse oximetry showed pH 7.34,
            pO<sub>2</sub> 66 mmHg, pCO<sub>2</sub> 33 mmHg, oxygen saturation 94%, bicarbonate 22
         mEq/L, base excess -8 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>Pulmonary perfusion/ventilation scintigraphy (November 3, 1995) showed hypoperfusion in the
         right upper lobe, anterior basal and lateral basal segments of the right lower lobe,
         lateral basal segment of the left lower lobe, and anterior segment of the left upper lobe.
         Ventilation was normal except in the base of the right lung, where it was decreased. The
         examination indicated a parenchymatous pathology in the base of the right lung and
         thromboembolism in the other pulmonary regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
            2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Pulmonary perfusion/ventilation scintigraphy showing hypoperfusion in the right
               upper lobe, anterior basal and lateral basal segments of the right lower lobe,
               lateral basal segment of the left lower lobe, and anterior segment of the left upper
               lobe, and decreased ventilation in the base of the right lung.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient received oxygen supplementation via nasal catheter (1 L/min), intravenous
         heparin (1.000 U/h), 40 mg of oral furosemide, and 37.5 mg of oral captopril daily.</p>
    <p>On the third day of hospitalization the patient showed tachycardia, and ECG revealed atrial
         flutter with atrioventricular block 2:1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).
         The patient underwent cardioversion and sinus rhythm was maintained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>) with amiodarone (600 mg daily).</p>
    <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram showing atrial flutter with a 2:1 atrioventricular
               block.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm and lateral inactive area.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The dyspnea ameliorated and the patient remained hemodynamically stable. He was discharged
         on the seventh day of hospitalization and was prescribed warfarin (5 mg), captopril (38.5
         mg), furosemide (40 mg), and digoxin (0.25 mg) daily.</p>
    <p>Echocardiographic evaluation (June 25, 1996) revealed the following measurements: aorta 33
         mm, left atrium 52 mm, right ventricle 30 mm, left ventricle (diastole/systole) 64/55 mm,
         and ejection fraction 36%. There was thickening of the aortic valve without stenosis,
         moderate tricuspid insufficiency, diffuse hypokinesis of both ventricles, and the systolic
         pressure of the right ventricle was estimated as 77 mmHg, with signs of pulmonary arterial
         hypertension (pulmonary valve corrected with absent A wave). Serological tests for Chagas
         disease was negative.</p>
    <p>Echocardiographic evaluation performed later (February 10, 1999) revealed the following
         measurements: aorta 34 mm, left atrium 47 mm, right ventricle 33 mm, left ventricle
         (diastole/systole) 64/51 mm, and ejection fraction 49%. There was thickening of the aortic
         valve with without stenosis, moderate tricuspid insufficiency, diffuse hypokinesis of both
         ventricles, and the systolic pressure of the right ventricle was estimated as 79 mmHg, with
         signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension (pulmonary valve corrected with absent A
         wave).</p>
    <p>The patient always experienced dyspnea on moderate exertion and there were several episodes
         of atrial flutter with subsequent 2:1 atrioventricular conduction, and the control of
         coagulation was irregular.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests performed in 2004 showed the following results: TSH 9.54 &#181;U/mL, total
         cholesterol 112 mg/dL, HDL-C 47 mg/dL, LDL-C 53 mg/dL, triglycerides 52 mg/dL, creatinine
         1.1 mg/dL, and glucose 87 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>From 1999 onwards, the patient's daily medication consisted of spironolactone (25 mg),
         enalapril (40 mg), furosemide (40 mg), carvedilol (12.5 mg), digoxin (0.25 mg), and
         warfarin (5 mg).</p>
    <p>An X-ray obtained on May 10, 2005, revealed right pleural thickening with opacification of
         the right costophrenic angle and the lower third of the right hemithorax.</p>
    <p>A laboratory evaluation performed in January 2005 showed that creatinine had increased to
         1.9 mg/dL. An analysis performed later (February 2006) showed an even higher level of 2.3
         mg/dL, with urea of 66 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>In February 2006, the laboratory tests results were as follows: total cholesterol 84 mg/dL,
         triglycerides 44 mg/dL, potassium 4.8 mEq/L, sodium 144 mEq/L, creatinine 2.3 mg/dL, urea
         66 mg/dL, glucose 78 mg/dL, and PT-INR 1.6. The urinalysis results were as follows: density
         1.01, pH 5.0, protein 0.6 g/L, free hemoglobin +++, leucocytes 56,000/mL, and erythrocytes
         30,000/mL.</p>
    <p>The patient was in a stable condition until March 3<sup>rd</sup>, 2006, when he sought
         medical assistance because of worsening dyspnea worsening and pedal edema (present for 10
         days). He reported having stopped his medication approximately 1 month before.</p>
    <p>Physical examination (March 3, 2006) revealed anasarca, heart rate of 80 bpm, systemic
         arterial pressure of 90/70 mmHg, lungs with decreased breath sounds in the base of the left
         lung. Cardiac auscultation showed irregular rhythm, muffled heart sounds, and a systolic
         murmur (++/4+) in the tricuspid area. There was abdominal swelling without tenderness, and
         bowel movements were present. Scrotal and pedal edema were present (++++/4+).</p>
    <p>ECG (March 3, 2006) revealed an irregular rhythm without a visible P wave, frequent
         ventricular extrasystoles, low-voltage QRS complexes in the frontal plane and in
            V<sub>4</sub> to V<sub>6</sub> leads, and left bundle branch block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figure 5</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram: ventricular extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation, left bundle
               branch block.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The laboratory tests performed on March 3, 2006 showed the following results: erythrocytes
         4.4 million/mm<sup>3</sup>, hematocrit 43%, hemoglobin 14.4 g%, leukocytes
            2,900/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 56%, eosinophils 2%, lymphocytes 32%, monocytes 16%),
         platelets 70,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, PT-INR 1.8, magnesium, 1.9 mEq/L, calcium 4.76 mEq/L,
         creatinine 3.3 mg/dL, urea 124 mg/dL, potassium 4.8 mEq/L, sodium 140 mEq/L, and glucose 88
         mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The patient received 40 mg of furosemide intravenously and was prescribed 120 mg of
         furosemide, 37.5 mg of captopril, and 0.5 mg of digoxin daily.</p>
    <p>The patient was diagnosed with congestive cardiac failure and malnutrition,
         thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and pneumonia. He was further prescribed 2 g of ceftriaxone
         as antibiotic prophylaxis.</p>
    <p>The patient remained hypotensive and was administered intravenous dobutamine.</p>
    <p>The laboratory test results on the second day of hospitalization (March 4, 2006) revealed
         the following: erythrocytes 3.7 million/mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
         hemoglobin 12.7 g/dL, hematocrit 36%, MCV 97 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>, leukocytes
            2,300/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 60%, eosinophils 2%, lymphocytes 25%, and monocytes
         13%), platelets 54,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 127 mg/dL, creatinine 3.3 mg/dL, potassium 4.8
         mEq/L, and sodium 145 mEq/L. In the afternoon that day, the patient suffered a
         cardiorespiratory arrest and died despite the attempts for cardiopulmonary
         resuscitation.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>An 81-year-old man hospitalized for worsening dyspnea. The patient reported having
            systemic arterial hypertension for 10 years, with a history of electrical cardioversion
            for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia and having been hospitalized in the past for
            decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>During the penultimate hospitalization he had tachypnea and hypoxemia with the swelling
            of the right calf. Chest X-ray revealed opacification of the right lung base. On the
            basis of this data, the most probable diagnosis was pulmonary thromboembolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by perfusion/ventilation scintigraphy, which showed
            hypoperfusion with preserved ventilation. The complementary test most currently used is
            angiotomography of the pulmonary arteries, which is an alternative less invasive than
            the gold standard technique of pulmonary angiography. Pulmonary perfusion/ventilation
            scintigraphy has an important role as it diagnoses 30%-50% cases, although it may have a
            high rate of inconclusive results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ecocardiography revealed systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction of
            36%), enlarged left atrium (47 mm), and increased pulmonary artery pressure, a
            complication of pulmonary thromboembolism that is observed in up to 26% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Support therapy and anticoagulation treatment were initiated and maintained after
            hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>With time, the patient improved but remained oligosymptomatic and showed progressive
            renal failure. He showed new cardiac decompensation after having interrupted the use of
            medications and was hospitalized for treatment. On admission, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
            and thrombocytopenia were observed. On admission, the chest X-ray showed pleural
            effusion and a pulmonary consolidation.</p>
      <p>The most probable diagnosis for this elderly patient, who had acute cardiac
            decompensation, was hypotensive, and whose chest X-ray showed consolidation, would be
            pneumonia and antibiotic therapy should be initiated. However, a diagnosis of
            myeloproliferative disorder should be considered because the patient had leukopenia,
            lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The pulmonary thromboembolism, due to tumor embolism,
            may present itself as a consolidation in the chest X-ray<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, multiple myeloma is a possible diagnosis, because plasmocyte mutations are
            unique, with neoplastic proliferation of plasmocytes and production of monoclonal
            immunoglobulin that results in several alterations, such as cytopenia and renal
            failure.</p>
      <p>Renal failure occurs in 20% patients with multiple myeloma. Renal damage is caused by
            the immunoglobulin light chains produced by the neoplasm. The early mortality rate is
            30% among patients with myeloma who progress with renal failure and is mainly associated
            with sepsis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Circulating immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma increase serum viscosity and allow the
            formation of thrombi and the occurrence of embolism. Therefore, it is reasonable to
            think that the patient may have had deep vein thrombosis followed by pulmonary
            thromboembolism, which can be an early manifestation of multiple myeloma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement can also occur, usually resulting in recurrent high-output
            decompensated cardiac failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Decompensated
            heart failure, in patients with multiple myeloma, can be divided into 2 subgroups:
            low-output failure, which is more common, and high-output failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>High-output decompensated cardiac failure usually occurs in patients with with preserved
            left ventricular contractility or underlying structural heart disease, which leads to
            contractile impairment because of structural deterioration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The cause of the high-output failure in multiple myeloma remains only partially
            understood and has been associated with several factors. These include increased splenic
            inflow in patients who have splenomegaly with a splenic inflow increase of 55% (in these
            cases, the spleen functions almost like a arteriovenous fistula), anemia, osteoclastic
            lesions caused by the disease, which produce substances that lead to high-heart output
               state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis or associated with multiple
            myeloma, because it can coexist in 10% cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
            Most frequently, multiple myeloma occurs first and amyloidosis develops later. Some
            authors have reported cases in which amyloidosis was diagnosed first; however, these
            cases tend to be more serious and have lower survival of approximately 1-2 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis is an uncommon disease and is therefore often not taken into consideration
            during diagnosis. It usually presents as restrictive cardiomyopathy, with systolic
            function preserved until its last stage. Biatrial dilation is also present, which leads
            to an increase in the incidence of thromboembolic events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, secondary causes should be investigated in elderly patients with dilated
            cardiomyopathy, progressive worsening of renal function, and thromboembolic phenomena.
            Clinical changes primarily treated as conditions separate from the underlying disease
            may have a common origin of monoclonal gammopathy, which may present as amyloidosis and
            multiple myeloma. <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso Madaloso)</bold>
       </p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> pulmonary thromboembolism, cardiac failure
            attributed to cardiac amyloidosis, multiple myeloma. <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso
               Madaloso)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Autopsy</title>
      <p>At autopsy, the heart was heavy and enlarged; however, the chambers appeared normal.
            Microscopic examination showed that the primary disease was amyloidosis. This condition
            affected the myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>) and the
            pericardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). In particular,
            obstructions were observed in the vascular tree of both coronary arteries, leading to
            the formation of areas of myocardial fibrosis. In addition, obstructions of the vessels
            supplying the pulmonary artery, and the aorta (vessels of the <italic>vasa
               vasorum</italic>) and of renal vessels were noted.</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Histological section of the myocardium stained with Congo red, showing
                  amyloid deposits in small vessels and the interstitium. (B) Same area observed
                  under fluorescence microscopy where the amyloid deposition is shown. Objective
                  magnification: 10&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histological section of the epicardium showing amyloid deposit indicated by
                  arrows. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Objective magnification: 40&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>To investigate amyloidosis, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of immunoglobulin
            light chains. Kappa light-chain staining was negative and lambda light-chain staining
            was positive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>), indicating that the
            patient probably had multiple myeloma. Supporting this was the fact that he had
            pancytopenia and systemic signs compatible with neoplasia. In the bone marrow sample
            obtained at autopsy (rib, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 9</xref>), there was no
            plasmacytic proliferation or amyloid deposition; however, we cannot completely rule out
            the possibility that the disease was present in other locations.</p>
      <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histological section adjacent to that of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
                     6</xref>, with immunoperoxidase labeling for lambda light chain, showing
                  positivity in the same areas of the amyloid deposition. Objective magnification:
                  10&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Histological section of the bone marrow showing absence of plasmacytic
                  proliferation. Hematoxilin and eosin staining; objective magnification:
                  20&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was hypertensive and had benign nephrosclerosis and myocardiocyte
            hypertrophy. In addition, he had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. As a
            consequence, the patient had cardiac failure. Secondarily, he had thrombosis in the
            right atrium. Thus, pulmonary thromboembolism was the causative factor of death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>). <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio
               Gutierrez)</bold>
       </p>
      <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 10</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Thromboembolism of the central pulmonary artery: gross examination (A) and
                  microscopy (B). Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Objective magnification:
                  5&#215;.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Primary diagnosis:</bold> cardiovascular amyloidosis (AL type) (deposition of
            lambda light chain).</p>
      <p><bold>Secondary diagnosis:</bold> systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Causa mortis:</italic></bold> pulmonary thromboembolism. <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>
       </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="com">
      <title>Comment</title>
      <p>The course of progression of cardiac failure suggests that the primary reason may not be
            amyloidosis. Possibly, the initial oligosymptomatic phase was caused by systemic
            arterial hypertension with hypertensive myocardiopathy. Amyloidosis had a major role in
            the worsening of the patient's condition and in the final outcome. Amyloid deposition
            was very significant in vessel walls.</p>
      <p>In most cases, cardiovascular amyloidosis is usually diagnosed at autopsy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A few years ago, we reported that &lt;50% cases
            were diagnosed before patients die<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In
            particular, cardiac failure occurred in elderly patients and in patients with other
            diseases, as was the case with the present patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Other difficulties include the absence of low-voltage QRS complexes and
            the existence of systolic dysfunction. Hence, amyloidosis is suspected in cases of
            unusual clinical and physiopathological patterns, which normally involve younger
            patients; however, it occurs mostly in elderly patients who have comorbid
            conditions.</p>
      <p>More than 20 proteins with anomalous conformation are known to form amyloid deposits. In
            the heart, the most common proteins are transthyretin (especially in senile
            cardiovascular amyloidosis) and light-chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. AL amyloidosis appears to be more frequent;
            however, the number of cases of senile cardiovascular amyloidosis is increasing as a
            result of the aging of the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The
            prognosis of AL amyloidosis is worse than that of senile cardiovascular amyloidosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In the present case, lambda light-chain staining
            showed that the disease was AL amyloidosis, despite the patient's advanced age.</p>
      <p>Gammopathies leading to AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma are plasmocyte dyscrasias,
            but the relationship between these conditions is not direct. Only 10%-15% patients with
            myeloma exhibit amyloid deposition. The reverse, i.e., the number of patients with
            amyloidosis who present myeloma, has been less analyzed. A study conducted with 46
            patients with amyloidosis in several organs (83% with cardiac involvement) showed that
            57% of them met the criteria for myeloma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In
            the case of our patient, because amyloidosis was not clinically suspected, tests for
            multiple myeloma were not conducted. The bone marrow sample analyzed during autopsy did
            not exhibit plasmocyte proliferation; however, we cannot completely rule out the
            possibility that the disease was present in other locations.</p>
      <p>Although amyloid deposition in the pericardium has been described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, it is uncommon.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism is the most frequent cause of death without diagnosis. In a
            survey conducted in our hospital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, it accounted
            for 34% of the cases in which there were discrepancies between diagnoses and the autopsy
            findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
            (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associate editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
               (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>) <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/></p>
    </sec>
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      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho
               Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.
               E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
           </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Amiloidose / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mieloma M&#250;ltiplo</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>JJSA, g&#234;nero masculino, 81 anos de idade, internado por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
            descompensada. Aos 71 anos de idade, houve aparecimento de dispneia progressiva por um
            m&#234;s e epis&#243;dio de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas por um dia, quando o paciente procurou o PS
            relatando que foi submetido a cardiovers&#227;o e encaminhado para ambulat&#243;rio do InCor (em
            outubro de 1995). Relatou, ainda, ser portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial de longa data e
            ter sido submetido a cirurgia de drenagem de hematoma intracraniano no passado.</p>
      <p>Na primeira consulta, o exame f&#237;sico (em 30 de outubro de 1995) revelou frequ&#234;ncia
            card&#237;aca de 76 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 120 &#215; 80 mmHg, ausculta pulmonar normal, ausculta
            card&#237;aca com bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e ritmo regular e sopro sist&#243;lico +1/4+ em &#225;rea
            a&#243;rtica. N&#227;o existiam altera&#231;&#245;es no exame abdominal nem edema de membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O ECG (em 30 de outubro de 1995) revelou ritmo sinusal com extrass&#237;stoles atriais,
            frequ&#234;ncia de 100 bpm, sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (complexo QRS
            pequeno V<sub>1</sub> e normal V<sub>2</sub>) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura
               1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma: ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga atrial direita.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Quatro dias ap&#243;s, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por piora da dispneia. O
            exame f&#237;sico (em 3 de novembro de 1995) revelou paciente em regular estado geral,
            taquipneico (frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 24 ipm), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 bpm, press&#227;o
            arterial 90 &#215; 70 mmHg. A ausculta pulmonar revelou diminui&#231;&#227;o do murm&#250;rio vesicular em
            base direita e estertores crepitantes em base esquerda. &#192; ausculta card&#237;aca, o ritmo era
            regular, as bulhas eram hipofon&#233;ticas em dois tempos e n&#227;o havia sopros ou atritos. O
            f&#237;gado foi palpado a 3 cm do rebordo costal e havia empastamento de panturrilha direita.
            A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou velamento de base direita; o ECG estava inalterado.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram hemoglobina 16,9 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 39%, 5.500
               leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup> (60% neutr&#243;filos, 33% linf&#243;citos e 7% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas
            244.000, s&#243;dio 145 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,3 mEq/L, ureia 39 mg/dL, creatinina 1,7 mg/dL,
            glicemia 97 mg/dL. A gasometria em ar ambiente revelou pH de 7,34, pO<sub>2</sub> 66
            mmHg, pCO<sub>2</sub> 33 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> 94%, bicarbonato 22 mEq/L,
            excesso de bases (-) 8 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o/ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (em 3 de novembro de 1995) revelou
            hipoperfus&#227;o em lobo superior direito, em segmentos anterior basal, lateral basal do
            lobo inferior direito e nos segmentos lateral basal do lobo inferior e anterior do lobo
            superior do pulm&#227;o esquerdo. A ventila&#231;&#227;o foi normal, exceto em base direita, onde
            estava diminu&#237;da. O exame foi sugestivo de processo parenquimatoso em base direita e de
            tromboembolismo nas outras regi&#245;es pulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura
               2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o pulmonar: hipoperfus&#227;o em lobo superior
                  direito, em segmentos anterior basal, lateral basal do lobo inferior direito e em
                  segmentos lateral basal do lobo inferior e anterior do lobo superior do pulm&#227;o
                  esquerdo, ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar diminu&#237;da em base direita.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O paciente recebeu suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio por cateter nasal (1 L/min), heparina
            endovenosa (1.000 U/h) e, por via oral, 40 mg de furosemida e 37,5 mg de captopril
            di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>No terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o apresentou taquicardia, e o ECG revelou <italic>flutter
           </italic>atrial com bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura
               3</xref>). O paciente foi cardiovertido e se manteve em ritmo sinusal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 4</xref>) mantendo amiodarona (600 mg di&#225;rios).</p>
      <fig id="f13" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma: flutter atrial com bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f14" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma: ritmo sinusal, &#225;rea inativa lateral.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O paciente apresentou melhora da dispneia e se manteve hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, tendo
            alta no s&#233;timo dia da interna&#231;&#227;o, com prescri&#231;&#227;o de varfarina 5 mg, captopril 38,5 mg,
            furosemida 40 mg e digoxina 0,25 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (em 25 de junho de 1996) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta de 33 mm,
            de &#225;trio esquerdo de 52 mm, de ventr&#237;culo direito de 30 mm, de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
            (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) de 64/55 mm, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 36%. Havia espessamento sem
            estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada, hipocinesia difusa de ambos
            os ventr&#237;culos, e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito foi estimada em 77 mmHg,
            havendo sinais de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (valva pulmonar retificada com onda A ausente). A
            sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas foi negativa.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (em 10 de fevereiro de 1999) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta
            de 34 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo de 47 mm, de ventr&#237;culo direito de 33 mm, de ventr&#237;culo
            esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) de 64/51 mm, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 49%. Havia espessamento
            sem estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada, hipocinesia difusa de
            ambos os ventr&#237;culos, e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito foi estimada em 79
            mmHg com sinais de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (valva pulmonar retificada com onda A
            ausente).</p>
      <p>O paciente sempre se manteve com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados e houve v&#225;rios
            epis&#243;dios de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial com condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular 2:1 no
            seguimento, e o controle da coagula&#231;&#227;o foi irregular.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais (em 2004) revelaram TSH de 9,54 &#181;U/mL, colesterol total de 112
            mg/dL, HDL-C de 47 mg/dL, LDL-C de 53 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides de 52 mg/dL, creatinina de
            1,1 mg/dL e glicemia de 87 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>A sua medica&#231;&#227;o, a partir de 1999, era espironolactona 25 mg, enalapril 40 mg,
            furosemida 40 mg, carvedilol 12,5 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg e varfarina 5 mg.</p>
      <p>Radiografia de 10 de maio de 2005 revelou espessamento pleural &#224; direita com velamento
            de seio costofr&#234;nico do mesmo lado e opacifica&#231;&#227;o do ter&#231;o inferior do hemit&#243;rax
            direito.</p>
      <p>Em avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial, em janeiro de 2005, a creatinina tinha se elevado para 1,9
            mg/dL e, posteriormente, para 2,3 mg/dL, com ureia 66 mg/dL (em fevereiro de 2006).</p>
      <p>Em fevereiro de 2006 apresentou: colesterol total 84 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides 44 mg/dL,
            pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/L, s&#243;dio 144 mEq/L; creatinina 2,3 mg/dL; ureia 66 mg/dL; glicose 78
            mg/dL; INR 1,6. O exame de urina revelou densidade de 1,01, pH 5,0, prote&#237;nas 0,6 g/L;
            hemoglobina livre +++; leuc&#243;citos 56.000/mL e hem&#225;cias 30.000/mL.</p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com estabilidade dos sintomas at&#233; que, em 3 de mar&#231;o de 2006,
            procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por piora da dispneia e aparecimento de edema de membros
            inferiores h&#225; 10 dias. Relatou interrup&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o por cerca de um m&#234;s.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (em 3 mar&#231;o de 2006) revelou paciente em anasarca, com frequ&#234;ncia
            card&#237;aca de 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 90 &#215; 70 mmHg, pulm&#245;es com murm&#250;rio vesicular
            diminu&#237;do em base esquerda. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas, arr&#237;tmicas
            e sopro sist&#243;lico ++/4+ em &#225;rea tric&#250;spide. Havia edema de parede abdominal, mas
            aus&#234;ncia de dor &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o, e os movimentos perist&#225;lticos estavam presentes. Havia edema
            escrotal e de membros inferiores ++++/4+.</p>
      <p>O ECG (em 3 de mar&#231;o de 2006) revelou ritmo irregular, sem onda P vis&#237;vel, frequentes
            extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, complexos QRS de baixa voltagem no plano frontal e de
               V<sub>4</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f15" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma: extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio
                  de ramo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (em 3 de mar&#231;o de 2006) revelaram: hem&#225;cias 4,4
               milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>; hemat&#243;crito 43%; hemoglobina 14,4 g%; leuc&#243;citos
               2.900/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 56%, eosin&#243;filos 2%, linf&#243;citos 32%, mon&#243;citos
            16%); plaquetas 70.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; TP (INR) 1,8 mg; 1,9 mEq/L, c&#225;lcio 4,76 mEq/L,
            creatinina 3,3 mg/dL, ureia 124 mg/dL, pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/L, s&#243;dio 140 mEq/L e glicemia 88
            mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu furosemida 40 mg por via endovenosa e foram prescritos 120 mg
            di&#225;rios, 37,5 mg de captopril e 0,5 mg de digoxina.</p>
      <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e desnutri&#231;&#227;o,
            plaquetopenia, linfopenia e pneumonia. Foram acrescentados 2 g de ceftriaxona &#224;
            prescri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O paciente continuou hipotenso e recebeu dobutamina endovenosa.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais do segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o (4 de mar&#231;o de 2006) revelaram:
            hem&#225;cias 3,7 milh&#245;es/mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>; hemoglobina 12,7 g/dL;
            hemat&#243;crito 36%; VCM 97 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>, leuc&#243;citos 2.300/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos
            60%, eosin&#243;filos 2%, linf&#243;citos 25% e mon&#243;citos 13%); plaquetas 54.000/mm<sup>3</sup>,
            ureia 127 mg/dL, creatinina 3,3 mg/dL, pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/L e s&#243;dio 145 mEq/L. Na tarde
            desse dia, o paciente apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e faleceu, apesar das
            manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Homem de 81 anos de idade internado por piora da dispneia. O paciente sabia ser
               portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial h&#225; 10 anos, havia sido submetido a cardiovers&#227;o
               el&#233;trica para tratamento de arritmia card&#237;aca e fora internado previamente por
               descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Na pen&#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o, apresentou-se taquipneico, hipox&#234;mico, com empastamento em
               panturrilha direita. A radiografia do t&#243;rax revelou velamento de base pulmonar
               direita. Com base nesses dados, imp&#245;e-se o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de tromboembolismo
                  pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico foi corroborado pela cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o,
               evidenciando hipoperfus&#227;o com ventila&#231;&#227;o preservada. O exame complementar mais
               utilizado atualmente - uma alternativa menos invasiva que o <italic>gold
                  standard</italic> da angiografia pulmonar - &#233; a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias
               pulmonares. A cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o pulmonar tem importante papel,
               sendo diagn&#243;stica em 30-50% dos casos, ainda que possa apresentar consider&#225;vel &#237;ndice
               de resultados inconclusivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
               de 36%), aumento atrial esquerdo (47 mm) e aumento da press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar,
               uma complica&#231;&#227;o do tromboembolismo pulmonar, observ&#225;vel em at&#233; 26% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A terap&#234;utica de suporte e o tratamento anticoagulante foram institu&#237;dos e mantidos
               ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou melhora, mantendo-se oligossintom&#225;tico e com piora
               da fun&#231;&#227;o renal progressiva. Apresentou nova descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s ter
               interrompido o uso de medicamentos e foi internado para tratamento. Na interna&#231;&#227;o
               foram identificadas leucopenia, linfopenia e plaquetopenia. A radiografia de t&#243;rax da
               entrada evidenciou derrame pleural e condensa&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel a ser considerado nesse paciente idoso - com
               descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da cardiopatia, mostrando-se hipotenso e com radiogradia de
               t&#243;rax evidenciando condensa&#231;&#227;o - seria pneumonia, com terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica devendo
               ser institu&#237;da, entretanto o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a mieloproliferativa deve ser
               considerado, uma vez que se encontrava leucop&#234;nico, linfop&#234;nico e plaquetop&#234;nico. &#192;
               radiografia de t&#243;rax, uma imagem de tromboembolismo pulmonar por embolia neopl&#225;sica
               pode se apresentar como uma condensa&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, o mieloma m&#250;ltiplo &#233; um poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico, uma vez que a muta&#231;&#227;o
               plasm&#225;tica celular &#233; &#250;nica, com prolifera&#231;&#227;o neopl&#225;sica e produ&#231;&#227;o de imunoglobulina
               monoclonal levando a diversas altera&#231;&#245;es, entre as quais citopenias e insufici&#234;ncia
               renal.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal est&#225; presente em 20% dos pacientes com mieloma m&#250;ltiplo, sendo
               que o dano renal &#233; ocasionado pelas cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas produzidas pela
               neoplasia. Pacientes com essa progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a t&#234;m mortalidade precoce de 30%,
               principalmente associada &#224; sepse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O mieloma m&#250;ltiplo, pela presen&#231;a de imunoglobulinas circulantes, altera a
               viscosidade s&#233;rica, aumentando-a, dessa forma possibilitanto a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e
               ocasionando embolias. Por esse motivo &#233; pertinente considerar que o paciente tenha
               apresentado quadro de trombose venosa profunda seguido de tromboembolismo pulmonar
               pr&#233;vio, podendo ser uma primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o do mieloma m&#250;ltiplo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>O comprometimento card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer, geralmente resultando em
               descompensa&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas recorrentes de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada nos portadores de
               mieloma m&#250;ltiplo pode ser dividida em dois subgrupos: o primeiro, e mais comum, de
               baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; o segundo com d&#233;bito aumentado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco geralmente origina-se
               em cora&#231;&#227;o que possui fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular esquerda preservada ou doen&#231;a
               card&#237;aca estrutural de base, a qual levar&#225; &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til pela
               deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A causa desse alto d&#233;bito ocasionado pelo mieloma m&#250;ltiplo ainda &#233; parcialmente
               entendida, tendo sido relacionada a fatores como aumento do influxo espl&#234;nico em
               pacientes j&#225; com esplenomegalia e aumento de influxo espl&#234;nico em 55%, o que de certa
               forma levaria o ba&#231;o a funcionar como uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, ou, ainda, &#224; anemia
               e &#224;s les&#245;es osteocl&#225;sticas ocasionadas pela doen&#231;a, as quais produziriam subst&#226;ncias
               que ocasionariam o alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante considerar como diagn&#243;stico diferencial ou associado ao mieloma m&#250;ltiplo
               a presen&#231;a de amiloidose, que pode coexistir em 10% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Mais cmumente, o mieloma m&#250;ltiplo aparece primeiro, com
               posterior aparecimento da amiloidose. Alguns autores referem que a amiloidose pode
               ser diagnosticada em primeiro lugar, entretanto esses casos tendem a ser mais graves
               e com sobrevida menor, em torno de 1-2 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a incomum e, portanto, muitas vezes n&#227;o considerada.
               Usualmente apresenta-se como cardiomiopatia restritiva com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica
               preservada at&#233; sua &#250;ltima fase. H&#225; tamb&#233;m dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial, o que leva ao aumento
               da incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Portanto, em pacientes idosos com cardiomiopatia dilatada, piora progressiva da
               fun&#231;&#227;o renal e fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos devem ser pesquisadas causas secund&#225;rias. As
               altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas primariamente tratadas como quadros separados da doen&#231;a de base
               do paciente podem ter tido uma origem comum, as gamopatias monoclonais, podendo
               apresentar amiloidose e mieloma m&#250;ltiplo. <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso
               Madaloso)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> tromboembolismo pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
               por amiloidose card&#237;aca, mieloma m&#250;ltiplo. <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso
               Madaloso)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>&#192; necropsia, o cora&#231;&#227;o estava aumentado de volume e peso, mas com cavidades normais.
               Ao exame microsc&#243;pico, verificou-se que a doen&#231;a principal era a amiloidose. Esta
               atingia o mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 6</xref>), o peric&#225;rdio
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 7</xref>) e, em particular, a &#225;rvore
               vascular, tanto das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, nas quais chegou a causar obstru&#231;&#227;o que
               levou &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, quanto na art&#233;ria pulmonar e seus
               ramos na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, na aorta (vasos da <italic>vasa vasorum</italic>) e nos
               rins.</p>
        <fig id="f16" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Corte histol&#243;gico de mioc&#225;rdio corado pelo vermelho Congo, mostrando
                     dep&#243;sito amiloide em pequenos vasos e interst&#237;cio. B) Mesma &#225;rea, vista sob
                     microscopia de fluoresc&#234;ncia, que destaca o amiloide. Aumento da objetiva:
                     10&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f17" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do epic&#225;rdio, com dep&#243;sito amiloide delimitado pelas
                     setas. Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 40&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Como investiga&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose, foi feita pesquisa por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de cadeias
               leves de imunoglobulinas. A rea&#231;&#227;o para cadeia <italic>kappa</italic> resultou
               negativa, mas para a cadeia l&#226;mbda foi positiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 8</xref>), indicando que o paciente era provavelmente portador de mieloma
               m&#250;ltiplo. Em concord&#226;ncia, o paciente tinha pancitopenia, bem como sinais sist&#234;micos
               compat&#237;veis com neoplasia. Na amostra de medula &#243;ssea obtida na necropsia (costela,
                  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 9</xref>), n&#227;o havia prolifera&#231;&#227;o
               plasmocit&#225;ria nem dep&#243;sito amiloide, mas n&#227;o se pode descartar por completo que
               houvesse mieloma situado em outro local.</p>
        <fig id="f18" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico adjacente ao da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura
                        6</xref>, com marca&#231;&#227;o por rea&#231;&#227;o de imunoperoxidase para cadeia leve
                     l&#226;mbda, mostrando positividade nas mesmas &#225;reas dos dep&#243;sitos amiloides.
                     Aumento da objetiva: 10&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f19" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de medula &#243;ssea, sem grande quantidade de plasm&#243;citos.
                     Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 20&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O paciente era hipertenso, com nefrosclerose benigna e hipertrofia de miocardi&#243;citos.
               Tinha, ainda, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Como consequ&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as, o
               paciente tinha insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Secundariamente, tinha trombose da aur&#237;cula
               direita. O fator final desencadeante da morte foi tromboembolismo pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 10</xref>). <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio
                  Gutierrez)</bold></p>
        <fig id="f20" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tromboembolismo de art&#233;ria pulmonar central, mostrado na macroscopia (A) e
                     na microscopia (B). Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina. aumento da objetiva:
                     5&#215;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-00e1-40102-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico principal:</bold> amiloidose cardiovascular do tipo AL (deposi&#231;&#227;o
               de cadeia leve l&#226;mbda).</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico secund&#225;rio:</bold> hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        <p><bold><italic>Causa mortis:</italic></bold> tromboembolismo pulmonar. <bold>(Dr.
                  Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="com">
        <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
        <p>A julgar pelo tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, esta n&#227;o foi sempre
               decorrente da amiloidose. Possivelmente houve uma primeira fase, oligossintom&#225;tica,
               causada pela hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, com miocardiopatia hipertensiva. Para a
               piora e a evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal, o papel proeminente foi da amiloidose; o dep&#243;sito era muito
               abundante.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose cardiovascular, em boa parte dos casos, &#233; feito &#224;
                  necropsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em nosso hospital, mostramos
               h&#225; poucos anos que menos da metade dos diagn&#243;sticos dessa doen&#231;a foi feita em
                  vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em particular, a falha ocorria em
               pacientes idosos e em portadores de outras doen&#231;as, exatamente como no presente
                  caso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Outros fatores de dificuldade s&#227;o a
               aus&#234;ncia de baixa voltagem e a exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Ou seja, a
               amiloidose &#233; pensada em casos com padr&#245;es cl&#237;nicos e fisiopatol&#243;gicos n&#227;o usuais, em
               geral em pacientes mais jovens, mas em boa parte dos casos ocorre em idosos que t&#234;m
               outra condi&#231;&#227;o associada.</p>
        <p>O dep&#243;sito amiloide pode corresponder a mais de 20 prote&#237;nas com conforma&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala,
               mas no cora&#231;&#227;o as mais comuns s&#227;o a transtirretina - especialmente na amiloidose
               cardiovascular senil - e as cadeias leves de imunoglobulinas (amiloidose AL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A amiloidose AL parece ser mais comum, mas,
               como &#233; de se esperar devido ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, o n&#250;mero de casos da
               senil est&#225; aumentando<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O progn&#243;stico delas &#233;
               diferente, pior para amiloidose AL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No
               presente caso, a despeito da idade avan&#231;ada do paciente, a rea&#231;&#227;o para cadeia l&#226;mbda
               mostrou que se tratava de amiloidose AL.</p>
        <p>A gamopatia que leva &#224; amiloidose AL e o mieloma m&#250;ltiplo s&#227;o discrasias
               plasmocit&#225;rias, cuja rela&#231;&#227;o entre si n&#227;o &#233; direta. Apenas cerca de 10-15% dos
               portadores de mieloma t&#234;m deposi&#231;&#227;o do amiloide. A avalia&#231;&#227;o inversa, de quantos
               entre aqueles com amiloidose t&#234;m mieloma, foi menos enfocada. Estudo realizado em 46
               pacientes com amiloidose em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os (83% com acometimento card&#237;aco) mostrou
               que 57% deles preenchiam crit&#233;rios para mieloma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. No presente paciente, como n&#227;o havia sequer suspeita cl&#237;nica de
               amiloidose, n&#227;o se investigou mieloma. A medula &#243;ssea amostrada na necropsia n&#227;o
               apresentava aumento de plasm&#243;citos, sugerindo que n&#227;o houvesse mieloma, mas n&#227;o se
               pode afastar por completo a possibilidade de que ele estivesse presente em outras
               estruturas &#243;sseas.</p>
        <p>A deposi&#231;&#227;o de amiloide no peric&#225;rdio j&#225; foi descrita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, mas &#233; incomum.</p>
        <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; causa comum de &#243;bito sem diagn&#243;stico em vida. Em
               levantamento feito em nosso hospital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,
               correspondeu a 34% das discrep&#226;ncias entre diagn&#243;sticos feitos em vida e achados &#224;
               necropsia.</p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
                  (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                  (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>) <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
