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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8w4QNnpfvsWhXy9bPH3bCNL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040093</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140093</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance Training After Myocardial Infarction in Rats:
               Its Role on Cardiac and Autonomic Function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grans</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feriani</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abssamra</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Elias Vergilino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Yanase</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrozzi</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mostarda</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueroa</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Mendrot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelis</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano, Universidade S&#227;o
               Judas Tadeu (USJT), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade
               Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o
               Experimental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Experimental, Instituto
               do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia
               Translacional</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Translacional,
               Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Bruno Rodrigues,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano,
               Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu. Rua Taquari, 546, Mooca. Postal Code: 03166-000, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bruno.rodrigues@incor.usp.br</email>;
                  <email>prof.brodrigues@gmail.com</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>68</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although resistance exercise training is part of cardiovascular rehabilitation
                  programs, little is known about its role on the cardiac and autonomic function
                  after myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of resistance exercise training, started early after
                  myocardial infarction, on cardiac function, hemodynamic profile, and autonomic
                  modulation in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control, trained
                  control, sedentary infarcted and trained infarcted rats. Each group with n = 9
                  rats. The animals underwent maximum load test and echocardiography at the
                  beginning and at the end of the resistance exercise training (in an adapted
                  ladder, 40% to 60% of the maximum load test, 3 months, 5 days/week). At the end,
                  hemodynamic, baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic modulation assessments were
                  made.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The maximum load test increased in groups trained control (+32%) and trained
                  infarcted (+46%) in relation to groups sedentary control and sedentary infarcted.
                  Although no change occurred regarding the myocardial infarction size and systolic
                  function, the E/A ratio (-23%), myocardial performance index (-39%) and systolic
                  blood pressure (+6%) improved with resistance exercise training in group trained
                  infarcted. Concomitantly, the training provided additional benefits in the high
                  frequency bands of the pulse interval (+45%), as well as in the low frequency band
                  of systolic blood pressure (-46%) in rats from group trained infarcted in relation
                  to group sedentary infarcted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise training alone may be an important and safe tool in the
                  management of patients after myocardial infarction, considering that it does not
                  lead to significant changes in the ventricular function, reduces the global
                  cardiac stress, and significantly improves the vascular and cardiac autonomic
                  modulation in infarcted rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases
            worldwide, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. MI triggers a ventricular remodeling process characterized by progressive
            left ventricular (LV) dilatation, rearrangement of the ventricular wall structure,
            increase in the remaining muscle mass, and decrease in cardiac function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The cardiovascular autonomic imbalance following
            MI is a key element in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) and is accompanied by
            abnormalities in the reflex cardiorespiratory control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Since the classical study conducted by Sullivan et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> in late 1980, evidences have accumulated regarding the beneficial effects
            of aerobic exercise training (ET), which is considered a fundamental intervention in
            preventive cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Additionally, the moment to start ET after MI
            seems to be an important variable as regards the benefits observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Experimentally, our group has consistently demonstrated that
            aerobic ET started early after MI is able to reduce the infarct size, improve LV
            function, increase peripheral blood flow, and promote positive adjustments in the
            autonomic nervous system of infarcted rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Not long ago, resistance training (RT) was being traditionally discouraged for patients
            after MI or with HF, because of concerns about compromising the LV function. However, in
            recent years, RT has been recommended for patients with HF, based on the logic that this
            form of training may be more effective in reverting skeletal muscle atrophy and in
            improving the quality of life of these individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In fact, RT seems to
            attenuate the muscle mass reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and improve
               strength<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, as well as the maximal oxygen consumption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> of patients with HF. However, the cardiac and autonomic effects
            of RT started early after MI are not yet fully understood. Thus, the objective of the
            present study was to assess the effects of low/moderate-intensity RT started early after
            MI on ventricular remodeling and function, as well as on the hemodynamic profile and
            cardiovascular autonomic control of rats undergoing myocardial ischemia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats (250g to 300 g) from the Animal Shelter of Sao Judas Tadeu
               University were used. The animals were kept in groups, in an environment with
               temperature between 22&#186;C and 24&#186;C) and light controlled in 12-hour cycles
               (light/dark). Water and food were supplied ad libitum, and the diet had normal
               protein content. The present study was in accordance with the ethical principles of
               animal experimentation of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation
                  (<italic>Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic> - COBEA) and the
               Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal
               Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., 1996); it was approved by
               the Ethics Commission on the Use of Animals of S&#227;o Judas Tadeu University (CEUA-USJT:
               008/2013).</p>
        <p>The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 9, each): sedentary control
               (SC); trained control (TC); sedentary infarcted (SI); and trained infarcted (TI).
               After MI or sham surgery, the animals underwent echocardiographic assessment and
               maximum load test (MLT), and either the RT protocol or follow-up was started. At the
               end of 3 months, echocardiographic study, MLT, and catheterization of the femoral
               arteries and veins for direct blood pressure (BP) and heart rate recording were
               performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of myocardial infarction</title>
        <p>Groups SI and TI were anesthetized (ketamine 80 mg/kg, and xylazine 12 mg/kg, i.p.)
               and underwent MI by surgical occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary
               artery, as described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In sum, left
               thoracotomy was performed, the third intercostal space was dissected, and the heart
               was exposed. The left descending coronary artery was occluded using nylon 6-0 suture
               at approximately 1 mm of the left auricle. The thorax was closed using nylon 4-0
               suture and the animals were kept under artificial ventilation until recovery. Groups
               SC and TC underwent the same procedure, except for myocardial ischemia, which was not
               performed (sham).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessment was performed by an observer blind to the groups which
               the animals had been assigned to, and followed the guidelines of the American Society
               of Echocardiography. The animals underwent two echocardiographic assessments: the
               first, 2 days after MI or sham surgery (baseline assessment); and the second, three
               months after RT or follow-up (final assessment), according to methodology described
                  elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>The rats were anesthetized (ketamine 80 mg/kg, and xylazine 12 mg/kg, i.p.) and the
               images were obtained using a 10 to 14-MHz linear transducer in a Sequoia 512 device
               (ACUSON Corporation, Mountain View, CA) for the assessment of the following
               parameters: (1) morphometric: LV mass, LV diastolic diameter (LVDD) and relative wall
               thickness (RWT); (2) systolic function: ejection fraction (EF) and velocity of
               circumferential fiber shortening (VCF); (3) diastolic function: isovolumic relaxation
               time (IVRT) and E/A wave ratio; and (4) overall function: myocardial performance
               index (MPI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximum load test and resistance training</title>
        <p>All groups underwent a MLT protocol and RT, performed in a ladder adapted for rats,
               featuring 54 vertical steps 0.5 cm apart from each other. The animals were gradually
               adapted to climbing for 5 consecutive days before the MLT. The test consisted of an
               initial load of 75% of body weight, which was progressively increased with an
               additional 15% of body weight in subsequent climbings, as previously described by our
                  group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. MLT was performed 5 days after MI
               or sham surgery (baseline assessment), 45 days after training or follow-up for load
               adjustment (data not presented), and at the end of 3 months of protocol (final
               assessment).</p>
        <p>The RT protocol was performed for 3 months, 5 days a week, 15 climbings per session,
               with a 1-minute rest between each climbing, at low/moderate intensity (40% to 60% of
               the maximum load)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, as recommended for
               patients with cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic assessments</title>
        <p>One day after the final MLT, two catheters containing 0.06 mL of saline solution were
               implanted in the femoral artery and vein of the anesthetized animals (ketamine 80
               mg/kg, and xylazine 12 mg/kg, i.p.). The next day, the arterial catheter was
               connected to a pressure transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, Torrington,
               CT) and the BP and pulse interval (PI) signals were recorded for 30 minutes with the
               animals awaken, as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>After the baseline recording, sequential injections (0.1 mL) of up-titrated doses of
               phenylephrine (0.25 to 32 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.05 to 1.6 mg/kg) were
               administered, inducing responses of increased or decreased mean BP (MBP), ranging
               from 5 to 40 mmHg. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as bradycardic response (BR)
               and tachycardic response (TR), in beats per minute by millimeter of mercury, as
               described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular autonomic modulation</title>
        <p>The overall PI and systolic BP (SBP) variability in the time domain was assessed
               using standard deviation (SD) of time series. PI and SBP variations were also
               assessed in the frequency domain, using autoregressive modeling of the spectral
               analysis. The theoretical and analytical procedures for autoregressive modeling of
               the oscillatory components are described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In sum, the PI
               and SBP series, derived from each recording, were divided into 300-beat segments,
               with 50% overlapping. The spectra of each segment were calculated using the
               Levinson-Durbin algorithm; the order of the model chosen was in agreement with
               Akaike's criterion, with oscillatory components quantified in low frequency (LF: 0.2
               to 0.6 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.6 to 3.0 Hz).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue weighing</title>
        <p>After cardiovascular assessments, the animals were euthanized by decapitation, and
               the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, as well as the retroperitoneal white adipose
               tissue were immediately removed and weighed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social
               Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 for Windows (Chicago, USA). Data are presented as mean
               &#177; standard error of the mean. After using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to confirm that
               all continuous variables were normally distributed, the statistical differences
               between the groups were obtained using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni
               post-test. Statistical differences between data assessed throughout time were
               obtained using ANOVA for repeated measures, with assessed group factor, followed by
               Bonferroni test. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical capacity and body weight</title>
        <p>At baseline, the infarcted animals (SI and TI) showed a reduction of MLT in
               comparison to non-infarcted animals (SC and TC). After the RT or follow-up period,
               the trained groups (TC and TI) showed increased MLT values in relation to their
               baseline assessments and in comparison to the respective controls (SC and SI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). However, group TI remained with reduced
               MLT values in relation to TC at the end of the study. In MLT, there was interaction
               between the assessment moments and the experimental groups (F = 72.402; p &lt;
               0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Values of the maximum load test in groups sedentary control (SC), trained
                     control (TC), sedentary infarcted (SI), and trained infarcted (TI). # p &lt;
                     0.05 vs. baseline assessment; * p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC; &#8225; p &lt; 0.05 vs. TC; &#8224; p
                     &lt; 0.05 vs. SI.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0060-40093-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>At baseline, body weight was similar between the groups studied (~277 &#177; 7 g);
               however, at the end, the experimental groups showed increased body weight in relation
               to baseline (SC: 490 &#177; 10; TC: 454 &#177; 12; SI: 478 &#177; 13; TI: 465 &#177; 18 g). As regards
               the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight, groups TC (4.5 &#177; 0.6g) and TI (5.9 &#177;
               0.5 g) showed reduced values in relation to groups SC (8.1 &#177; 1.1g) and SI (7.1 &#177; 0.8
               g), respectively. The weight of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, which was
               reduced in group SI (0.17 &#177; 0.02 and 1.00 &#177; 0.09 g) in relation to SC (0.28 &#177; 0.02
               and 1.37 &#177; 0.05 g), increased with RT, as observed in groups TC (0.41 &#177; 0.03 and 1.59
               &#177; 0.04 g) and TI (0.30 &#177; 0.02 and 1.26 &#177; 0.01g) in relation to their sedentary
               peers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphometry and ventricular function</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic variables related to morphometry and ventricular function are
               presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline and final echocardiographic assessments of morphometry and cardiac
                     function in groups sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary
                     infarcted (SI), and trained infarcted (TI)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables/groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SC</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>TC</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>TI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">LV mass (g)</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>1.07 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td>1.10 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td>1.15 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td>1.11 &#177; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>1.10 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td>1.77 &#177; 0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>1.29 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>1.71 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">RWT</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>0.39 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td>0.43 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td>0.37 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td>0.44 &#177; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>0.40 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td>0.52 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.28 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.48 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">LVDD (cm)</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>0.65 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td>0.63 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td>0.80 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td>0.82 &#177; 0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>0.73 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td>0.74 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td>0.92 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.87 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Systolic function</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">EF (%)</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>74 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>72 &#177; 6</td>
                <td>46 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>44 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>71 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>68 &#177; 2</td>
                <td>43 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>40 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">VCF (circ/seg 10-4)</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>51 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>49 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>35 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>46 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>45 &#177; 5</td>
                <td>32 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>33 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">IVRT (ms)</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 2</td>
                <td>31 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>28 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>31 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>32 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 1</td>
                <td>32 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">E/A</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>1.57 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td>1.61 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td>2.74 &#177; 0.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>2.77 &#177; 0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>1.61 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td>1.87 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>2.69 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>2.07 &#177; 0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Overall function</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">MPI</td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>0.44 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td>0.46 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td>0.45 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td>0.46 &#177; 0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>Final</td>
                <td>0.37 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td>0.19 &#177; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.54 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.33 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t01">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t01">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values express mean &#177; standard error of the mean.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline assessment;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t01">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t01">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. TC.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>LV: left ventricle; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVDD: left ventricular
                        diastolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; VCF: velocity of circumferential
                        fiber shortening; IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time; E/A: E and A waves
                        ratio; MPI: myocardial performance index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The LV infarct size, which was similar among the infarcted groups (ST and TI) in the
               baseline echocardiographic assessment, was not modified by the RT period. LV mass and
               RWT were similar among the groups in the baseline assessment. At the end of the
               study, the trained groups (TC and TI) showed increased LV mass in relation to the
               baseline assessments, as well as in comparison to their respective controls (SC and
               SI). In relation to RWT, group TC showed elevation, and group SI showed reduction of
               this variable, when compared to SC. However, RT was efficient in preventing this
               reduction in group TI in relation to group SI. The end-LV diastolic diameter, which
               was similar among the groups in the beginning of the protocol, was increased at the
               end of the study in groups SI and TI, in relation to SC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). In the morphometric variables, there were interactions
               between the assessment moments and the experimental groups regarding the LV mass
               assessments (F = 19.805; p &lt; 0.001) and RWT (F = 0.0296; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>As regards the LV systolic function variables, groups SI and TI showed reduction in
               EF and shortening velocity in the baseline and final echocardiographic assessments in
               relation to groups SC and TC. The E/A ratio, initially increased in animals of groups
               SI and TI, improved with RT in IT animals when compared to SI animals as well as in
               relation to their baseline assessment. In the final assessment, this diastolic
               function parameter was increased in groups TC and SI in relation to SC, as well as in
               group SI in relation to TC. On the other hand, IVRT did not change with MI or RT
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The global LV function assessment, performed by MPI, was similar among the groups in
               the beginning of the study. However, at the end of the study, this variable increased
               in group SI in comparison to SC. We should point out that the RT period improved MPI
               in groups TC and TI in relation to their respective controls (SC and SI). However,
               group TI remained with increased MPI in relation to TC. Interactions between the
               assessment moments and the experimental groups were observed in the cardiac function
               variables: E/A ratio (F = 2248.060; p &lt; 0.001) and MPI (F = 23.293; p &lt;
               0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic assessments</title>
        <p>Group SI showed reduction in SBP in relation to group SC. Although differences
               between TI and SC were not observed, group TI showed decreased SBP in relation to SC.
               As regards SBP, there was interaction between RT and MI (F = 13.068; P = 0.001).
               Additionally, no differences were observed in the parameters related to diastolic BP
               (DBP), MBP and HR among the groups assessed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic assessments in groups sedentary control (SC), trained control
                     (TC), sedentary infarcted (SI), and trained infarcted (TI)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables/groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SC</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>TC</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>TI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Hemodynamics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td>125 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>130 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>113 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
                <td>121 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td>85 &#177; 2</td>
                <td>87 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>85 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>88 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">MBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td>98 &#177; 5</td>
                <td>101 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>94 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>99 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td>327 &#177; 8</td>
                <td>334 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>351 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>355 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Baroreflex sensitivity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">TR (bpm/mmHg)</td>
                <td>3.5 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td>4.4 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td>1.8 &#177; 0.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>2.2 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">BR (bpm/mmHg)</td>
                <td>-2.4 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td>-4.3 &#177; 0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref></td>
                <td>-1.3 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td>-2.1 &#177; 0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values express mean &#177; standard error of the mean.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. TC.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood
                        pressure; HR: heart rate; TR: tachycardic response; BR: bradycardic
                        response.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>TR to blood pressure drops after injection of sodium nitroprusside was reduced in
               animals of groups SI and TI in relation to those of groups SC and TC. BR to blood
               pressure increases after up-titrated doses of phenylephrine was reduced in animals of
               group SI in relation to those of group SC. RT induced BR increase in group TC rats in
               comparison to group SC. We should point out that no differences were observed in BR
               between groups TI and SC; however, group TI showed reduced BR in relation to TC
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Interaction between RT and MI
               was observed in BR (F = 12.087; p = 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular autonomic modulation</title>
        <p>Data regarding PI and SBP variability in the time and frequency domains are shown in
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. Group SI animals showed a
               reduction of the standard deviation of PI (SD-PI), of PI variance (PI-var), and of
               the root mean square of successive RR-interval differences (RMSSD) in relation to SC
               animals. There was additional PI-var reduction in groups SI and TI also in relation
               to group TC. After the RT period, further reduction of PI-var was prevented in group
               TI in relation to group SI; also, RMSSD became normal in group TI, since it showed
               values similar to those of group SC. There was interaction between RT and MI in the
               PI-var variable (F = 12.106; p = 0.001). As regards PI-var, no changes were observed
               in the experimental groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pulse interval and systolic blood pressure variability, in the time and
                     frequency domains, in groups sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC),
                     sedentary infarcted (SI), and trained infarcted (TI)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables/groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CT</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IT</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>PI variance</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">SD-PI (bpm)</td>
                <td>11.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td>9.4 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td>5.3 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
                <td>8.1 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PI-var (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>136.4 &#177; 16.1</td>
                <td>140.0 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td>35.7 &#177; 7.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>64.4 &#177; 4.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td>6.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td>8.4 &#177; 0.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
                <td>4.6 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t03">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td>6.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HF/LF</td>
                <td>0.41 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td>0.43 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td>0.19 &#177; 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.28 &#177; 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>SBP variance</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">SBP-var (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>27.5 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td>23.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td>19.7 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td>26.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HF (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>1.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>1.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>1.3 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td>1.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#945; index (LF, ms/mmHg)</td>
                <td>1.13 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td>1.33 &#177; 0.32</td>
                <td>0.62 &#177; 0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
                <td>0.76 &#177; 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values express mean &#177; standard error of the mean.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t03">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. SI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t03">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. TC.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>PI: pulse interval; SD-PI: standard deviation of the pulse interval; PI-var:
                        pulse interval variance; RMSSD: root mean square of successive RR interval
                        differences; LF: low frequency band; HF: high frequency range; SBP: systolic
                        blood pressure; SBP-var: systolic blood pressure variance; HF: high
                        frequency.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>MI induced changes in the cardiac autonomic modulation of the animals studied, namely
               a reduction in LF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>) and HF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>) bands of PI, as well as in the
               autonomic balance (LF/HF) in group SI in relation to SC. We should point out that 3
               months of RT were efficient in preventing these changes, as observed in group TI.
               However, both the LF range and the HF band remained reduced in group TI in relation
               to TC. On the other hand, the LF band of SBP, which was increased in group SI, became
               normal in group TI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2C</xref>). There was
               interaction between RT and MI in the absolute values of LF band of PI (F = 11.041; p
               = 0.02).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Absolute values of low (A) and high frequency (B) bands of pulse interval
                     variability, and of low frequency band (C) of systolic blood pressure in the
                     experimental groups. * p &lt; 0.05 vs. group sedentary control (SC); &#8225; p &lt;
                     0.05 vs. group trained control (TC); &#8224; p &lt; 0.05 vs. Group sedentary
                     infarcted (SI), Trained infarcted (TI).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0060-40093-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Corroborating the data regarding baroreflex sensitivity, as assessed by responses to
               vasoactive drugs, the alpha index of the LF band of SBP, which was reduced in group
               SI, did not change with RT.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that low/moderate intensity
            dynamic RT could bring benefits to the cardiac function and improve the autonomic
            control of circulation in infarcted rats. The main findings of this study point to the
            fact that RT promoted ventricular morphometric changes in infarcted animals, which are
            not associated with changes in cardiac function. However, although the baroreflex
            sensitivity and the alpha index had not improved, RT was efficient in preventing further
            impairment of the cardiovascular autonomic modulation in animals undergoing MI.</p>
      <p>RT has been accepted as the main component of an encompassing exercise program both for
            apparently healthy individuals and for those with cardiovascular disease. In this sense,
            the guidelines stress the importance of incorporating RT for an optimal exercise
            prescription for patients with heart diseases, with the purpose of improving muscular
            strength, physical capacity and the quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Corroborating clinical data, in the present study, RT increased MLT values in infarcted
            animals in relation to sedentary animals, thus suggesting improvement of muscular
            strength in these animals. In addition, the reduction in the retroperitoneal adipose
            tissue and the weight increase of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in trained
            infarcted rates suggest a positive body composition change in these animals. Our
            findings in previous studies had already demonstrated positive adaptations to RT in body
            composition and in the increase in muscular strength in diabetic ovariectomized
               rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and healthy rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite its known benefits on the quality of life, muscular strength, and body
            composition, RT had been traditionally discouraged for patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> due to concerns that it could lead to impairment
            of the LV function and have a potential adverse effect on cardiac remodeling, especially
            resulting from increased afterload. However, when RT was performed at a low/moderate
            intensity by patients with HF, the hemodynamic responses did not exceed the levels
            reached during a standard exercise test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, and
            adverse cardiac remodeling was not observed in patients after a RT period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, although the MI size and LVDD had not changed with RT in infarcted
            animals, the LV mass increased and RWT became normal in these animals, and these changes
            could suggest a positive cardiac remodeling. However, when variables related to the
            ventricular function were assessed, positive adaptation in EF, VCF, and IVRT were not
            observed in trained infarcted animals. Unlike these findings, our group has previously
            demonstrated that aerobic RT was able to reduce the MI size, LVDD, and improve the
            systolic and diastolic function of infarcted rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It is possible that
            a greater training volume, as well as the hemodynamic overload triggered by the aerobic
            training, had been responsible for these adaptations.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the E/A ratio and MPI, an index that represents the overall cardiac
            stress, improved with RT in infarcted animals, thus suggesting some favorable cardiac
            adaptation to dynamic RT in these animals. Corroborating this hypothesis, group SI
            animals showed a SBP reduction in comparison to those of group SC. However, after the RT
            period, this variable became normal in trained animals. Recognizing that SBP reflects
            the cardiac work capacity, as suggested by Yu and McNeill<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, we can hypothesize that the SBP reduction observed in the present study
            may be related to a reduction in ventricular performance in the sedentary group, thus
            becoming normal after the RT period.</p>
      <p>Using a RT equipment different from the one used in the present study, Pinter et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> demonstrated that a 8-week RT promoted reduction
            in BP and HR, improvement in papillary muscle contractility and increase in cardiac
            myosin ATPase activity in healthy rats. On the other hand, Barauna et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> suggest that RT leads to the development of
            concentric cardiac hypertrophy without changing the ventricular function or cavity in
            healthy rats. Thus, the disagreement between the findings related to the cardiac
            function may have resulted from the choice of the RT model, as well as from the presence
            of ventricular dysfunction triggered by MI in the animals.</p>
      <p>Evidences from the literature suggest that aerobic RT performed during MI recovery
            provided increased HR variability, which is an important index of the autonomic function
            and predictive of mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In addition, La
            Rovere et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> showed that aerobic RT after MI may
            favorably modify the long-term survival and that this benefit is probably related to
            improvement of the baroreflex sensitivity and, consequently, of the autonomic imbalance
            after training in these infarcted individuals. In agreement with findings in humans, our
            group recently demonstrated that a 3-month aerobic training was able to improve HR
            variability, autonomic modulation, and baroreflex sensitivity in rats after MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, thus increasing the survival of trained animals.</p>
      <p>In fact, most of the studies point to aerobic RT as an important tool for the management
            of autonomic dysfunction in patients after MI; however, the effects of RT on the cardiac
            autonomic variables remain poorly examined. In clinical and experimental studies with
            CI, increases in the LF band of HR variability have been shown to be linked to the
            degree of sympathoexcitation, as assessed by direct measures of the sympathetic nervous
            activity or of plasma norepinephrine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. However, in advanced
            stages of the disease, the opposite is also true, i.e., the LF band of HRV almost
            disappears because of increased sympathetic activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Reduction of this
            component has been associated with a poor prognosis in patients with heart failure,
            since La Rovere et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> showed that decreased LF
            band is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in these individuals.</p>
      <p>In the present study, although the baroreflex sensitivity and alpha index did not
            change, RT promoted positive adaptations in SD-PI and RMSSD, increased the LF and HF
            bands of PI, and normalized the LF/HF balance. In addition, group TI showed a reduction
            in the LF range of SBP in relation to group SI. Therefore, we can suggest that RT
            triggered a reduction in the cardiac and vascular sympathetic modulation, and promoted
            an increase in the parasympathetic modulation, thus improving, in turn, the cardiac
            autonomic balance of infarcted rats undergoing 3-month RT. The failure to change the
            baroreflex sensitivity and the alpha index of SBP suggests that RT may have led to
            important adaptations in the cardiovascular control centers, which could explain a
            better cardiac and vascular autonomic control in trained animals. However, further
            studies investigating the effects of RT on the central control of circulation are
            necessary to better explain these evidences.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that low/moderate intensity
            resistance exercise training may be an important and safe therapeutic tool after
            myocardial infarction, considering that it does not lead to considerable changes in
            ventricular function, reduces the overall cardiac stress, and significantly improves the
            cardiac and vascular autonomic modulation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <sec>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>To Professor Dr. Claudia Borim, for her technical support in the statistical
               analyses.</p>
        <p>This study was financially supported by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do
                  Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>(FAPESP), protocol 2013/14788-9. CFG had a Masters
               scholarship from <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior
              </italic>(CAPES). MCI, KDA, and BR had financial support from <italic>Conselho
                  National de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento</italic>(CNPq-BPQ).</p>
      </sec>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B; Acquisition of data:
               Grans CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha LY, Carrozzi NM, Mostarda C, Figueroa DM;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data: Grans CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha
               LY, Carrozzi NM, Mostarda C, Figueroa DM, Angelis KD, Rodrigues B; Statistical
               analysis: Grans CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha LY, Carrozzi NM, Rodrigues B;
               Obtaining financing: Rodrigues B; Writing of the manuscript: Grans CF, Angelis KD,
               Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
               content: Angelis KD, Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES and FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila F. Grans, from
               Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu (USJT).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Pinna</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maestri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mortara</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capomolla</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Febo</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Short-term heart rate variability strongly predicts
                  sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>570</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Treinamento Resistido Ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio em Ratos:
               Papel na Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Auton&#244;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grans</surname>
            <given-names>Camilla Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feriani</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abssamra</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Elias Vergilino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Yanase</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrozzi</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mostarda</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueroa</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Mendrot</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Angelis</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano, Universidade S&#227;o
               Judas Tadeu (USJT), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Universidade
               Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o
               Experimental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Experimental, Instituto
               do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia
               Translacional</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Translacional,
               Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Rodrigues,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio do Movimento Humano,
               Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu. Rua Taquari, 546, Mooca. CEP: 03166-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
               - Brasil. E-mail: <email>bruno.rodrigues@incor.usp.br</email>;
                  <email>prof.brodrigues@gmail.com</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora o treinamento f&#237;sico resistido esteja inserido nos programas de
                  reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, pouco se sabe sobre seu papel isolado na fun&#231;&#227;o
                  card&#237;aca e auton&#244;mica ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido iniciado precocemente ap&#243;s o
                  infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, no perfil hemodin&#226;mico e na modula&#231;&#227;o
                  auton&#244;mica de ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio, Controle
                  Treinado, Infartado Sedent&#225;rio e Infartado Treinado. Cada grupo foi composto por 9
                  ratos. Os animais realizaram o teste de carga m&#225;xima e a ecocardiografia ao in&#237;cio
                  e ao final do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido (em escada adaptada, 40 a 60% do teste
                  de carga m&#225;xima, 3 meses, 5 dias/semana). Ao final, foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es
                  hemodin&#226;micas, de sensibilidade barorreflexa e da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O teste de carga m&#225;xima aumentou nos Grupos Controle Treinado (+32%) e Infartado
                  Treinado (+46%) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio e Infartado Sedent&#225;rio.
                  Embora a &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica n&#227;o tenham sido
                  alteradas, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (-23%), o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (-39%) e a
                  press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (+6%) foram melhorados pelo treinamento f&#237;sico
                  resistido no Grupo Infartado Treinado. Paralelamente, o treinamento induziu os
                  grupos a benef&#237;cios adicionais nas bandas de alta frequ&#234;ncia do intervalo de pulso
                  (+45%), bem como a banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (-46%)
                  nos ratos do Grupo Infartado Treinado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do Infartado Sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico resistido din&#226;mico de intensidade baixa/moderada pode ser uma
                  importante e segura ferramenta no manejo de pacientes ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,
                  tendo em vista que n&#227;o promove mudan&#231;as expressivas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reduz o
                  estresse card&#237;aco global e melhora significativamente a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica
                  card&#237;aca e vascular em ratos infartados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Resistido</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; uma das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares mais incidentes em
               todo mundo, conduzindo a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O IM inicia um processo de remodelamento ventricular,
               caracterizado por progressiva dilata&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), rearranjo da
               estrutura da parede ventricular, aumento da massa muscular remanescente e queda da
               fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico
               cardiovascular, ap&#243;s o IM, constitui um elemento fundamental da fisiopatologia da
               Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e &#233; acompanhado por anormalidades no controle
               cardiorrespirat&#243;rio reflexo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Desde o estudo cl&#225;ssico realizado por Sullivan e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, no final de 1980, evid&#234;ncias t&#234;m sido acumuladas referentes aos efeitos
               ben&#233;ficos do Treinamento F&#237;sico (TF) aer&#243;bico, sendo este considerado uma interven&#231;&#227;o
               fundamental para a cardiologia preventiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Adicionalmente, o
               tempo para o in&#237;cio do TF, ap&#243;s o IM, parece ser uma vari&#225;vel importante, no que
               tange aos benef&#237;cios observados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.
               Experimentalmente, nosso grupo tem consistentemente demonstrado que o TF aer&#243;bico,
               iniciado precocemente ap&#243;s o IM, &#233; capaz de reduzir a &#225;rea infartada, melhorar a
               fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, aumentar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo perif&#233;rico, bem como promover ajustes
               positivos no sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico de ratos infartados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>At&#233; a pouco tempo atr&#225;s, o Treinamento Resistido (TR) vinha sendo tradicionalmente
               desencorajado para pacientes ap&#243;s IM ou com IC, em virtude das preocupa&#231;&#245;es em
               comprometer a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. No entanto, nos &#250;ltimos anos, o TR vem sendo recomendado
               para pacientes com IC, com base na l&#243;gica de que essa forma de treinamento pode ser
               mais eficaz em reverter a atrofia muscular esquel&#233;tica e melhorar a Qualidade de Vida
               desses indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. De fato, o TR parece atenuar o decl&#237;nio da
               massa muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, e melhorar a for&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e a resist&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, bem como o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> de pacientes com IC. No entanto, os efeitos card&#237;acos e auton&#244;micos do
               TR iniciado precocemente ap&#243;s o IM ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. Dessa
               forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do TR de
               baixa/moderada intensidade, iniciado precocemente ap&#243;s o IM, no remodelamento e na
               fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como no perfil hemodin&#226;mico e no controle auton&#244;mico
               cardiovascular de ratos submetidos &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos (250 a 300 g), provenientes do biot&#233;rio da
               Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu. Os animais foram mantidos agrupados, em ambiente com
               temperatura (22 a 24<sup>o</sup>C) e luz controladas em ciclo de 12 horas
               (claro/escuro). &#193;gua e comida foram oferecidas de modo irrestrito, sendo a dieta
               normoproteica. O presente estudo obedeceu aos princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da experimenta&#231;&#227;o
               animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA), esteve de acordo com o
                  <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> (Institute of
               Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., 1996) e
               foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu
               (CEUA-USJT: 008/2013).</p>
        <p>Os animais foram randomicamente divididos em quatro grupos (n = 9 cada): Controle
               Sedent&#225;rio (CS); Controle Treinado (CT); Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS): Infartado
               Treinado (IT). Ap&#243;s o IM ou cirurgia <italic>Sham,</italic>os animais foram
               submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e ao Teste de Carga M&#225;xima (TCM), e foi
               iniciado o protocolo de TR ou acompanhamento. Ao final de 3 meses, foram realizadas
               uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, TCM e cateteriza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias e veias femorais,
               para o registro direto de Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Os Grupos IS e IT foram anestesiados (80 mg/kg de cetamina e 12 mg/kg de xilazina,
                  i.p.) e submetidos ao IM por oclus&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente
                  anterior esquerda, conforme descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Resumidamente,
                  uma toracotomia esquerda foi realizada, o terceiro espa&#231;o intercostal foi
                  dissecado e o cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior
                  esquerda foi oclu&#237;da com um fio de sutura (nylon; 6,0) aproximadamente a 1 mm da
                  aur&#237;cula esquerda. O t&#243;rax foi fechado com um fio de sutura (nylon; 4,0) e os
                  animais foram mantidos em ventila&#231;&#227;o artificial at&#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Os Grupos CS e
                  CT foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento, exceto pela n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da isquemia
                  mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>Sham</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada por um observador que desconhecia os
                  grupos a que os animais pertenciam e obedeceu &#224;s diretrizes da Sociedade Americana
                  de Ecocardiografia. Os animais foram submetidos a duas avalia&#231;&#245;es
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: a primeira foi realizada 2 dias ap&#243;s o IM ou
                     <italic>Sham</italic> (avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial) e a segunda ap&#243;s 3 meses de TR ou
                  acompanhamento (avalia&#231;&#227;o final), conforme metodologia descrita anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados (80 mg/kg de cetamina e 12 mg/kg de xilazina, i.p.) e
                  foram obtidas imagens com um transdutor linear de 10 a 14 MHz em um aparelho
                  Sequoia 512 (ACUSON Corporation, Mountain View, CA) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros:
                  (1) morfom&#233;tricos: massa do VE, Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE) e Espessura
                  Relativa de Parede (ERP); (2) fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica: Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e Velocidade
                  de Encurtamento Circunferencial (VEC); (3) fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: Tempo de Relaxamento
                  Isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) e rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E/A; e (4) fun&#231;&#227;o global: &#205;ndice de
                  Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico (IDM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de carga m&#225;xima e treinamento resistido</title>
          <p>Todos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de TCM e ao TR, realizado em uma
                  escada adaptada para ratos com 54 degraus verticais de 0,5 cm de dist&#226;ncia entre
                  cada degrau. Os animais foram gradualmente adaptados para o ato de escalar por 5
                  dias consecutivos antes do TCM. O teste consistiu de uma carga inicial de 75% do
                  peso corporal, que foi progressivamente aumentado com um adicional de 15% do peso
                  corporal nas subidas subsequentes, conforme previamente descrito por nosso
                     grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O TCM foi realizado ap&#243;s 5 dias
                  de IM ou <italic>Sham</italic>(avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial), ap&#243;s 45 dias de treinamento ou
                  acompanhamento para o ajuste de carga (dados n&#227;o apresentados), bem como ao final
                  de 3 meses de protocolo (avalia&#231;&#227;o final).</p>
          <p>O protocolo de TR foi realizado durante 3 meses, 5 dias por semana, 15 escaladas
                  por sess&#227;o, com 1 minuto de descanso entre cada escalada, em intensidade
                  baixa/moderada (40 a 60% da carga m&#225;xima)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, conforme recomendado para pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas</title>
          <p>Um dia ap&#243;s o TCM final, dois cateteres com 0,06 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina foram
                  implantados na art&#233;ria e veia femorais dos animais anestesiados (80 mg/kg de
                  cetamina e 12 mg/kg de xilazina, i.p.). No dia seguinte, a c&#226;nula arterial foi
                  ligada a um transdutor de press&#227;o (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific,
                  Torrington, CT) e os sinais de PA e Intervalo de Pulso (IP) foram registrados
                  durante 30 minutos nos animais acordados, conforme anteriormente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o registro basal, inje&#231;&#245;es sequenciais (0,1 mL) de doses crescentes de
                  fenilefrina (0,25 a 32 mg/kg) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (0,05 a 1,6 mg/kg) foram
                  administradas induzindo respostas de aumento ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA M&#233;dia (PAM),
                  variando de 5 a 40 mmHg. A sensibilidade barorreflexa foi expressa como Resposta
                  Bradic&#225;rdica (RB) e Taquic&#225;rdica (RT), em batimentos por minuto por mil&#237;metro de
                  merc&#250;rio, conforme descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular</title>
          <p>A variabilidade global do IP e da PA Sist&#243;lica (PAS) no dom&#237;nio do tempo foi
                  avaliada pelo Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) das s&#233;ries temporais. Flutua&#231;&#245;es no IP e na PAS
                  foram ainda avaliadas no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, por meio do modelamento
                  autorregressivo da an&#225;lise espectral. Os procedimentos te&#243;rico e anal&#237;tico para a
                  modelagem autorregressiva dos componentes oscilat&#243;rios foram descritos
                     previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Resumidamente, as s&#233;ries de IP e PAS,
                  derivadas de cada grava&#231;&#227;o, foram divididas em segmentos de 300 batimentos, com
                  sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de 50%. Os espectros de cada segmento foram calculados por meio do
                  algoritmo de Levinson-Durbin, a ordem do modelo escolhido foi de acordo com o
                  crit&#233;rio de Akaike, com os componentes oscilat&#243;rios quantificados em Baixa (BF:
                  0,2 a 0,6 Hz) e Alta Frequ&#234;ncia (AF: 0,6 a 3,0 Hz).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pesos dos tecidos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s as avalia&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, os animais foram submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia por
                  decapita&#231;&#227;o, e os m&#250;sculos s&#243;leo e gastrocn&#234;mio, bem como o tecido adiposo branco
                  retroperitoneal, foram imediatamente removidos e pesados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software <italic>Statistical Package for
                     the Social Sciences</italic>(SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0 para Windows (Chicago, EUA).
                  Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Depois de confirmar
                  que todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram distribu&#237;das normalmente utilizando o teste
                  de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos foram obtidas
                  por ANOVA de duas vias seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. As diferen&#231;as
                  estat&#237;sticas entre os dados avaliados ao longo do tempo foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de
                  ANOVA para medidas repetidas, com fator grupo avaliado, seguido pelo teste de
                  Bonferroni. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade f&#237;sica e peso corporal</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os animais infartados (IS e IT) apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do TCM em
                  compara&#231;&#227;o com animais n&#227;o infartados (CS e CT). Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TR ou
                  acompanhamento, os grupos treinados (CT e IT) aumentaram os valores de TCM em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais e em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus respectivos controles
                  (CS e IS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). No entanto, o Grupo IT
                  permaneceu com valores de TCM reduzidos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT ao final do estudo. No
                  TCM, houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e os grupos experimentais (F =
                  72,402; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores do teste de carga m&#225;xima nos Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio (CS),
                        Controle Treinado (CT), Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS) e Infartado Treinado (IT).
                        # p &lt; 0,05 vs. avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial; * p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS; &#8225; p &lt; 0,05 vs.
                        CT; &#8224; p &lt; 0,05 vs. IS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0060-40093-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Ao in&#237;cio do protocolo, o peso corporal foi semelhante entre os grupos estudados
                  (~277 &#177; 7 g); entretanto, ao final, os grupos experimentais apresentaram aumento
                  de peso corporal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas an&#225;lises iniciais (CS: 490 &#177; 10; CT: 454 &#177; 12;
                  IS: 478 &#177; 13; IT: 465 &#177; 18 g). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso do tecido adiposo branco
                  retroperitoneal, os Grupos CT (4,5 &#177; 0,6 g) e IT (5,9 &#177; 0,5g) apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o
                  dessa vari&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o aos Grupos CS (8,1 &#177; 1,1g) e IS (7,1 &#177; 0,8 g),
                  respectivamente. Os pesos dos m&#250;sculos s&#243;leo e gastrocn&#234;mio, que estavam reduzidos
                  no Grupo IS (0,17 &#177; 0,02 e 1,00 &#177; 0,09 g) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CS (0,28 &#177; 0,02 e 1,37 &#177;
                  0,05g), foram aumentados pelo TR, conforme observado nos Grupos CT (0,41 &#177; 0,03 e
                  1,59 &#177; 0,04g) e IT (0,30 &#177; 0,02 e 1,26 &#177; 0,01 g) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus pares
                  sedent&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morfometria e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de morfometria e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#227;o
                  apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. A &#225;rea de
                  infarto do VE, semelhante entre os grupos infartados (IS e IT) na avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  ecocardiogr&#225;fica inicial, n&#227;o foi alterada pelo per&#237;odo de TR. A massa do VE e a
                  ERP foram semelhantes entre os grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Ao final do estudo, os
                  grupos treinados (CT e IT) apresentaram aumento da massa do VE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas
                  avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais, bem como em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos controles (CS e
                  IS). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ERP, o Grupo CT apresentou aumento e o Grupo IS teve redu&#231;&#227;o
                  dessa vari&#225;vel, quando comparados ao CS. No entanto, o TR foi eficaz em prevenir
                  tal redu&#231;&#227;o no Grupo IT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo IS. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE,
                  semelhante nos grupos ao in&#237;cio do protocolo, estava aumentado ao final do estudo
                  nos Grupos IS e IT, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
                     1</xref>). Nas vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas, intera&#231;&#245;es entre momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  e grupos experimentais ocorreram nas avalia&#231;&#245;es da massa do VE (F = 19,805; p &lt;
                  0,001) e da ERP (F = 0,0296; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas iniciais e finais da morfometria e fun&#231;&#227;o
                        card&#237;aca nos Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio (CS), Controle Treinado (CT),
                        Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS) e Infartado Treinado (IT)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis/grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IT</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> Massa VE (g)</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>1,07 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td>1,10 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td>1,15 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td>1,11 &#177; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>1,10 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td>1,77 &#177; 0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>1,29 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>1,71 &#177; 0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> ERP</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>0,39 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td>0,43 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td>0,37 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td>0,44 &#177; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>0,40 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td>0,52 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,28 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,48 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> DDVE (cm)</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>0,65 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td>0,63 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td>0,80 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td>0,82 &#177; 0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>0,73 &#177; 0,01</td>
                  <td>0,74 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td>0,92 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,87 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">FE (%)</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>74 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td>72 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td>46 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>44 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>71 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>68 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td>43 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>40 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> VEC (circ/seg 10-4)</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>51 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td>49 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td>30 &#177; 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>35 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>46 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>45 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td>32 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>33 &#177; 3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left">TRIV (ms)</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>30 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td>31 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>28 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>30 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>31 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td>32 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>30 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td>32 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> E/A</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>1,57 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td>1,61 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td>2,74 &#177; 0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>2,77 &#177; 0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>1,61 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td>1,87 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>2,69 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>2,07 &#177; 0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">#</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o global</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td rowspan="2" align="left"> IDM</td>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td>0,44 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td>0,46 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td>0,45 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td>0,46 &#177; 0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td>0,37 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td>0,19 &#177; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,54 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,33 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t04">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t04">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t04">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t04">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. IS;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn04t04">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; DDVE:
                           di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VEC:
                           velocidade de encurtamento circunferencial; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento
                           isovolum&#233;trico; E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A; IDM: &#237;ndice de
                           desempenho mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No que diz respeito &#224;s vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, os Grupos IS e IT
                  apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FE e velocidade de encurtamento nas avalia&#231;&#245;es
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas iniciais e finais, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos Grupos CS e CT. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A,
                  inicialmente aumentada nos animais IS e IT, foi melhorada pelo TR nos animais IT
                  se comparada a dos animais IS e tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Na
                  avalia&#231;&#227;o final, esse par&#226;metro de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica estava aumentado nos Grupos
                  CT e IS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CS, bem como no Grupo IS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT. Por outro lado, o
                  TRIV n&#227;o foi modificado pelo IM ou TR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
                     1</xref>).</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o global do VE, realizada por meio do IDM, foi semelhante
                  entre os grupos ao in&#237;cio do protocolo. No entanto, ao final do estudo, o Grupo IS
                  aumentou essa vari&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CS. Vale salientar que o per&#237;odo de TR
                  melhorou o IDM nos Grupos CT e IT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus respectivos controles (CS e
                  IS). No entanto, o Grupo IT permaneceu com o IDM aumentado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT.
                  Intera&#231;&#245;es entre os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e grupos experimentais foram observadas
                  nas vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca: rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (F = 2248,060; p &lt; 0,001) e IDM
                  (F = 23,293; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas</title>
          <p>O Grupo IS demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo CS. Apesar de n&#227;o terem
                  sido observadas diferen&#231;as entre IT e CS, o grupo IT apresentou PAS reduzida em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT. Na PAS, houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre TF e IM (F = 13,068; p = 0,001).
                  Adicionalmente, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de PA Diast&#243;lica
                  (PAD), PAM e FC entre os grupos avaliados, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas nos Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio (CS), Controle
                        Treinado (CT), Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS) e Infartado Treinado (IT)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis/grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IT</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>125 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td>130 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td>113 &#177; 2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td>121 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>85 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td>87 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td>85 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td>88 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td>98 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td>101 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td>94 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td>99 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td>327 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td>334 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td>351 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td>355 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RT (bpm/mmHg)</td>
                  <td>3,5 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td>4,4 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td>1,8 &#177; 0,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td>2,2 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RB (bpm/mmHg)</td>
                  <td>-2,4 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td>-4,3 &#177; 0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td>-1,3 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td>-2,1 &#177; 0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t05">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM:
                           press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RT: resposta
                           taquic&#225;rdica; RB: resposta bradic&#225;rdica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A RT a quedas de press&#227;o arterial, ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio,
                  esteve reduzida nos animais dos Grupos IS e IT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dos Grupos CS e CT.
                  A RB a aumentos de press&#227;o arterial, ap&#243;s doses crescentes de fenilefrina, esteve
                  reduzida nos animais do Grupo IS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo CS. O TR induziu um aumento
                  da RB nos ratos do Grupo CT, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo CS. Vale ressaltar que n&#227;o
                  foram observadas diferen&#231;as na RB entre os Grupos IT e CS, por&#233;m o Grupo IT
                  apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). A intera&#231;&#227;o entre TF e IM foi observada na RB (F =
                  12,087; p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Os dados de variabilidade do IP e da PAS, no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia,
                  podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>. Os
                  animais IS apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do Desvio Padr&#227;o do IP (DP-IP), da Vari&#226;ncia do IP
                  (Var-IP) e da Raiz Quadrada da M&#233;dia das Diferen&#231;as dos Intervalos RR Sucessivos
                  (RMSSD) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais CS. A Var-IP apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o adicional nos
                  Grupos IS e IT tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo CT. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TR, o Grupo IT
                  preveniu uma queda adicional do DP-IP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo IS, bem como normalizou
                  a RMSSD, uma vez que apresentou valores semelhantes ao Grupo CS. Houve intera&#231;&#227;o
                  entre TF e IM na vari&#225;vel DP-IP (F = 12,106; p = 0,001). No que tange &#224; Var-PAS,
                  n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos grupos experimentais.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variabilidade do intervalo de pulso e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, no
                        dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, nos Grupos Controle Sedent&#225;rio (CS),
                        Controle Treinado (CT), Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS) e Infartado Treinado
                        (IT)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis/grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>IT</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Vari&#226;ncia do IP</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">DP-IP (ms)</td>
                  <td>11,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td>9,4 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td>5,3 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
                  <td>8,1 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Var-IP (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>136,4 &#177; 16,1</td>
                  <td>140,0 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td>35,7 &#177; 7,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>64,4 &#177; 4,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td>6,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td>8,4 &#177; 0,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
                  <td>4,6 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td>6,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AF/BF</td>
                  <td>0,41 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td>0,43 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td>0,19 &#177; 0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,28 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="left">
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Vari&#226;ncia da PAS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">Var-PAS (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>27,5 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td>23,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td>19,7 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td>26,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">AF (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td>1,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>1,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>1,3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td>1,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice a (BF, ms/mmHg)</td>
                  <td>1,13 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td>1,33 &#177; 0,32</td>
                  <td>0,62 &#177; 0,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
                  <td>0,76 &#177; 0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CS;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t06">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. IS;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t06">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. CT.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>IP: intervalo de pulso; DP-IP: desvio padr&#227;o do intervalo de pulso;
                           Var-IP: vari&#226;ncia do intervalo de pulso; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia
                           das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos RR sucessivos; BF: banda de baixa
                           frequ&#234;ncia; AF: banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial
                           sist&#243;lica; Var-PAS: vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; AF: alta
                           frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O IM induziu a altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca dos animais estudados,
                  representadas pela redu&#231;&#227;o das bandas de BF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
                     2A</xref>) e AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2B</xref>) do IP, bem
                  como do balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico (BF/AF) no Grupo IS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CS. Vale salientar
                  que 3 meses de TR foram eficazes em prevenir tais altera&#231;&#245;es, conforme observado
                  no Grupo IT. No entanto, tanto a banda de BF quanto a banda de AF permaneceram
                  reduzidas no Grupo IT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT. Por outro lado, a banda de BF da PAS, que
                  estava aumentada no Grupo IS, foi normalizada no Grupo IT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2C</xref>). Houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre TF e IM nos valores
                  absolutos da banda de BF do IP (F = 11,041; p = 0,02).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores absolutos das bandas de baixa (A) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (B) da
                        variabilidade do intervalo de pulso, bem como da banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia
                        (C) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nos grupos experimentais. * p &lt; 0,05
                        vs. Grupo Controle Sedent&#225;rio (CS); &#8225; p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo Controle
                        Treinado (CT); &#8224; p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo Infartado Sedent&#225;rio (IS), Infartado
                        Treinado (IT).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0060-40093-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Corroborando os dados de sensibilidade barorreflexa avaliado por respostas a
                  drogas vasoativas, o &#237;ndice alfa da banda BF da PAS, que estava reduzido no Grupo
                  IS, n&#227;o sofreu modifica&#231;&#245;es pelo TR.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o TR din&#226;mico de
               baixa/moderada intensidade poderia promover benef&#237;cios na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e melhorar
               o controle auton&#244;mico da circula&#231;&#227;o de ratos infartados. Os principais achados deste
               trabalho apontam para o fato de que o TR promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es morfom&#233;tricas
               ventriculares nos animais infartados, modifica&#231;&#245;es estas n&#227;o associadas a altera&#231;&#245;es
               da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, embora a sensibilidade barorreflexa e o &#237;ndice alfa
               n&#227;o tenham sido melhorados, o TR foi eficaz em prevenir um preju&#237;zo adicional da
               modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular nos animais submetidos ao IM.</p>
        <p>O TR tem sido aceito como componente principal de um abrangente programa de
               exerc&#237;cios, tanto para indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis quanto para aqueles com
               doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Nesse sentido, as diretrizes enfatizam a import&#226;ncia de se
               incorporar o TR para uma prescri&#231;&#227;o ideal de exerc&#237;cios nos pacientes cardiopatas,
               com o objetivo de melhorar a for&#231;a muscular, a capacidade f&#237;sica e a Qualidade de
                  Vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Corroborando os dados cl&#237;nicos, no presente estudo, o TR aumentou os valores do TCM
               nos animais infartados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sedent&#225;rios, sugerindo melhora da for&#231;a
               muscular nesses animais. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo retroperitoneal, bem
               como o aumento de peso dos m&#250;sculos s&#243;leo e gastrocn&#234;mio, nos ratos infartados
               treinados, sugere uma modifica&#231;&#227;o positiva da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal desses animais.
               Achados pr&#233;vios do nosso grupo j&#225; demonstraram adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas do TR na
               composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e no aumento de for&#231;a muscular em ratas diab&#233;ticas
                  ooforectomizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e ratos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios conhecidos na Qualidade de Vida, for&#231;a muscular e composi&#231;&#227;o
               corporal, o TR vinha sendo tradicionalmente desencorajado para pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> em virtude das preocupa&#231;&#245;es em promover
               comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e potencial efeito adverso no remodelamento card&#237;aco,
               principalmente decorrente do aumento da p&#243;s-carga. No entanto, quando o TR foi
               realizado em intensidade baixa/moderada por pacientes com IC, as respostas
               hemodin&#226;micas n&#227;o excederam os n&#237;veis atingidos durante um teste de esfor&#231;o
                  padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, e o remodelamento card&#237;aco
               adverso n&#227;o foi observado em pacientes ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de TR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente trabalho, embora a &#225;rea de IM e o DDVE n&#227;o tenham sido alterados pelo TR
               nos animais infartados, a massa do VE foi aumentada e a ERP foi normalizada nesses
               animais &#8722; modifica&#231;&#245;es estas que poderiam sugerir um remodelamento card&#237;aco positivo.
               No entanto, quando avaliadas as vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas
               na FE, VEC e TRIV n&#227;o foram observadas nos animais infartados treinados.
               Diferentemente desses achados, nosso grupo previamente demonstrou que o TF aer&#243;bico
               foi capaz de reduzir a &#225;rea de IM, o DDVE, bem como melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e
               diast&#243;lica de ratos infartados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que um
               volume de treinamento maior, bem como a sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica desencadeada pelo
               treinamento aer&#243;bico, tenha sido respons&#225;vel por essas adapta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o IDM, um &#237;ndice que representa o estresse card&#237;aco
               global, foram melhorados pelo TR nos animais infartados, sugerindo, assim, alguma
               adapta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca favor&#225;vel ao TR din&#226;mico nesses animais. Refor&#231;ando essa hip&#243;tese,
               o Grupo IS apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do Grupo CS. No
               entanto, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de TR, os animais treinados normalizaram essa vari&#225;vel.
               Reconhecendo que a PAS reflete a capacidade de trabalho card&#237;aco, como sugerido por
               Yu e McNeill<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, pode-se especular que a
               redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS observada no presente trabalho possa estar relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no
               desempenho ventricular no grupo sedent&#225;rio, sendo, portanto, normalizado ap&#243;s o
               per&#237;odo de TR.</p>
        <p>Utilizando um equipamento para o TR diferente daquele aplicado na presente
               investiga&#231;&#227;o, de C&#225;ssia Cypriano Ervati Pinter e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> demonstraram que 8 semanas de TR promoveram redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e FC,
               melhorias da contratilidade do m&#250;sculo papilar e aumento da atividade da ATPase da
               miosina card&#237;aca de ratos saud&#225;veis. Em contrapartida, Barauna e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> sugerem que o TR leva ao desenvolvimento de
               hipertrofia card&#237;aca conc&#234;ntrica sem altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou de sua
               cavidade em ratos saud&#225;veis. Dessa forma, a n&#227;o concord&#226;ncia entre os resultados de
               fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode ter se dado em raz&#227;o da escolha do modelo de TR, bem como da
               presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular desencadeada pelo IM nos animais.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias na literatura sugerem que o TF aer&#243;bico, realizado durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o
               de IM, proporcionou aumento da variabilidade da FC, um importante &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o
               auton&#244;mica e preditor de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Al&#233;m
               disso, La Rovere e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> evidenciaram que o
               TF aer&#243;bico, ap&#243;s o IM, pode modificar favoravelmente a sobrevida a longo prazo e que
               esse benef&#237;cio est&#225; provavelmente relacionado &#224; melhora da sensibilidade
               barorreflexa, consequentemente, do balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico ap&#243;s o treinamento nesses
               indiv&#237;duos infartados. Em conson&#226;ncia aos achados em humanos, nosso grupo
               recentemente demonstrou que 3 meses de treinamento aer&#243;bico foi capaz de melhorar a
               variabilidade da FC, a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, bem como a sensibilidade barorreflexa em
               ratos ap&#243;s o IM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, aumentando, dessa forma, a sobrevida dos
               animais treinados.</p>
        <p>De fato, a maioria dos estudos aponta para o TF aer&#243;bico como uma importante
               ferramenta no manejo da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de pacientes ap&#243;s o IM; no entanto, os
               efeitos do TR nas vari&#225;veis auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas permanecem pouco explorados. Em
               estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais com IC, t&#234;m sido demonstrado que aumentos na banda
               de BF da variabilidade da FC est&#227;o ligados ao grau de simpato-excita&#231;&#227;o, avaliado por
               medidas diretas da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica ou de norepinefrina plasm&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Entretanto, em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, o oposto tamb&#233;m &#233;
               verdadeiro, ou seja, a banda de BF da VFC chega a quase desaparecer em virtude do
               aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o desse
               componente tem sido associada a progn&#243;sticos negativos em indiv&#237;duos insuficientes,
               visto que La Rovere e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> mostraram que
               reduzida banda de BF &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular nesses
               pacientes.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, embora a sensibilidade barorreflexa e o &#237;ndice alfa n&#227;o tenham
               sido modificados, o TR promoveu adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas no DP-IP e RMSSD, aumentou as
               bandas de BF e AF do IP, bem como normalizou o balan&#231;o BF/AF. Adicionalmente, o Grupo
               IT apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o da banda de BF da PAS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais IS. Dessa
               forma, pode-se sugerir que o TR desencadeou uma redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica
               card&#237;aca e vascular, bem como promoveu um aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica,
               melhorando, por sua vez, o balan&#231;o auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco de ratos infartados submetidos
               a 3 meses de TR. A n&#227;o altera&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa, bem como do &#237;ndice
               alfa da PAS, sugerem que o TR possa ter ocasionado adapta&#231;&#245;es importantes nos centros
               de controle cardiovascular, fato este que poderia explicar um melhor controle
               auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco e vascular nos animais treinados. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios
               estudos que investiguem os efeitos do TR no controle central da circula&#231;&#227;o, para
               melhor explicitar essas evid&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em suma, os dados do presente estudo sugerem que o treinamento f&#237;sico resistido
               din&#226;mico de baixa/moderada intensidade pode ser uma importante e segura ferramenta
               terap&#234;utica ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tendo em vista que n&#227;o promove mudan&#231;as
               expressivas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reduz o estresse card&#237;aco global e melhora
               significativamente a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e vascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <sec>
          <title>Agradecimentos</title>
          <p>&#192; professora Dra. Claudia Borim, pelo suporte t&#233;cnico nas an&#225;lises
                  estat&#237;sticas.</p>
          <p>Este estudo teve suporte financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
                  S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) protocolo 2013/14788-9. CFG teve bolsa de mestrado da
                  Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). MCI, KDA e BR
                  recebem apoio financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento
                  (CNPq-BPQ).</p>
        </sec>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B;Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Grans
                  CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha LY, Carrozzi NM, Mostarda C, Figueroa DM;
                  An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Grans CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha LY,
                  Carrozzi NM, Mostarda C, Figueroa DM, Angelis KD, Rodrigues B; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Grans CF, Feriani DJ, Abssamra MEV, Rocha LY, Carrozzi NM, Rodrigues
                  B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rodrigues B; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Grans CF,
                  Angelis KD, Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
                  conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Angelis KD, Irigoyen MC, Rodrigues B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Camila F. Grans pela
                  Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu (USJT).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
