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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tV8W3CK6jbbtzXJYwS7WZXF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Functional Vascular Study in Hypertensive Subjects with
                    Type 2 Diabetes Using Losartan or Amlodipine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzobon</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Romaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo A. O. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bedirian</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                        Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,
                        Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Cesar Romaro Pozzobon,</bold> Rua Oman, 61 apt.&#186; 102,
                    Barra da Tijuca. Postal Code 22620-190, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                        <email>crpozzobon@hotmail.com</email>; <email>crpozzobon@me.com</email>
               </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>51</fpage>
      <lpage>59</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Antihypertensive drugs are used to control blood pressure (BP) and reduce
                        macro- and microvascular complications in hypertensive patients with
                        diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to compare the functional vascular changes in
                        hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after 6 weeks of
                        treatment with amlodipine or losartan.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with a previous diagnosis of hypertension and type 2 diabetes
                        mellitus were randomly divided into 2 groups and evaluated after 6 weeks of
                        treatment with amlodipine (5 mg/day) or losartan (100 mg/day). Patient
                        evaluation included BP measurement, ambulatory BP monitoring, and assessment
                        of vascular parameters using applanation tonometry, pulse wave velocity
                        (PWV), and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 42 patients were evaluated (21 in each group), with a predominance
                        of women (71%) in both groups. The mean age of the patients in both groups
                        was similar (amlodipine group: 54.9 &#177; 4.5 years; losartan group: 54.0 &#177; 6.9
                        years), with no significant difference in the mean BP [amlodipine group: 145
                        &#177; 14 mmHg (systolic) and 84 &#177; 8 mmHg (diastolic); losartan group: 153 &#177; 19
                        mmHg (systolic) and 90 &#177; 9 mmHg (diastolic)]. The augmentation index (30% &#177;
                        9% and 36% &#177; 8%, p = 0.025) and augmentation pressure (16 &#177; 6 mmHg and 20 &#177;
                        8 mmHg, p = 0.045) were lower in the amlodipine group when compared with the
                        losartan group. PWV and FMD were similar in both groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with amlodipine
                        exhibited an improved pattern of pulse wave reflection in comparison with
                        those treated with losartan. However, the use of losartan may be associated
                        with independent vascular reactivity to the pressor effect.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Losartan / therapeutic, use</kwd>
        <kwd>Amlodipine / therapeutic, use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are often
                    associated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. SAH induces vascular damage
                by promoting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Early treatment of
                hypertension is particularly important in patients with diabetes to prevent
                cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to minimize the progression of kidney disease and
                diabetic retinopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Arterial stiffness has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk marker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Patients with both SAH and T2DM exhibit
                increased arterial stiffness compared with those with either diabetes or
                    hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Increased arterial
                stiffness is an important and independent risk factor associated with early
                mortality and assumes greater importance in clinical prognosis when compared with
                other known cardiovascular risk factors such as age, gender, smoking history, and
                    dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The gold standard for
                assessment of arterial stiffness is pulse wave velocity (PWV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. An important parameter used to estimate arterial compliance
                is the augmentation index (AIx), which can be obtained using applanation
                    tonometry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>SAH, when associated with atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, constitutes a
                risk factor that significantly increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the
                brachial artery is a noninvasive method used to assess endothelial function. Using
                FMD, previous studies have indicated improved endothelial function in patients with
                hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure who were treated with
                angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and in patients
                with diabetes treated with losartan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The
                effects of amlodipine on endothelial function were evaluated in subjects with risk
                factors for coronary artery disease. Although, the subjects showed improvement in
                the parameters evaluated with FMD, this improvement was not significant when
                compared with the placebo group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to compare the functional vascular changes in hypertensive
                patients with T2DM after 6 weeks of use of a calcium channel antagonist (CCA;
                amlodipine) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB; losartan).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study sample</title>
        <p>Patients with SAH and T2DM were selected for this study during clinical follow-up
                    at the Pedro Ernesto University Hospital [Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto
                    (HUPE)], State University of Rio de Janeiro. Patients of both sexes aged between
                    40 and 70 years who were diagnosed with SAH and T2DM, without changes in dietary
                    treatment or oral medication usage in the last 4 weeks, were included in the
                    study. The main exclusion criteria were signs of secondary hypertension,
                    decompensated diabetes mellitus [fasting glucose levels of &gt; 300 mg/dL or
                    glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of &gt; 7%], need for insulin therapy, and
                    chronic renal disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of &lt;
                    30 mL/min. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HUPE
                    (protocol No. 20406/2012), and all participants read and signed the informed
                    consent form.</p>
        <p>After initial clinical and laboratory evaluation, the patients were randomized
                    into 2 groups for treatment with either amlodipine (5 mg/day) or losartan (100
                    mg/day). After 6 weeks, a cross-sectional study involving analysis of clinical
                    and laboratory data and performance of vascular tests was conducted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>To determine blood pressure (BP), the patients remained seated for 30 min and
                    refrained from using tobacco or caffeine. BP was evaluated using a
                    semi-automatic calibrated device, model HEM-705CP (Omron Healthcare Inc.,
                    Illinois, USA), with the cuff adjusted for arm circumference. Three measurements
                    were obtained in each upper limb, and the respective mean value was calculated.
                    The highest mean value was used in data analysis.</p>
        <p>With regard to anthropometric measurements, a precision scale (Filizola) with a
                    maximum capacity of 180 kg was used to determine weight, and a stadiometer was
                    used to measure height. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the
                    weight (in kilograms) by the squared height (in meters). Waist circumference was
                    measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, and hip
                    circumference was measured at the point of largest circumference in the gluteal
                    region. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) was determined by dividing the values obtained
                    for the respective circumferences.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory tests</title>
        <p>For performance of biochemical tests and quantification of HbA1c levels using
                    turbidimetry (BioSystems), venous blood samples were collected after fasting
                    period of 10-12 h. GFR was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal
                    Disease (MDRD) formula: GFR<sub>MDRD</sub> = 186 (serum
                        creatinine)<sup>1.154</sup> &#215; (age)<sup>0.203</sup> &#215; [0.742 (if female) or
                    1.212 (if black)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Serum lipids were analyzed using a colorimetric method (Bioclin). When the
                    triglyceride level was 400 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was
                    calculated using the Friedewald formula: LDL cholesterol = [total cholesterol &#8722;
                    high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol] &#8722; (triglycerides/5). For
                    quantitation of C-reactive protein (CRP), turbidimetry (BioSystems) was used,
                    and the possibility of evaluating patients with acute infectious or inflammatory
                    processes developed in recent weeks was excluded.</p>
        <p>For evaluation of microalbuminuria, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)
                    was obtained from urine samples collected in the morning. Urine creatinine was
                    quantitated using a colorimetric method, and albuminuria was determined using a
                    nephelometric method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        <p>ABPM was performed using the SpaceLabs 90207 device (SpaceLabs Inc., Redmond, WA,
                    USA) scheduled to start between 8 and 9 am, with a minimum duration of 24 h. BP
                    was measured every 20 min during the waking period (6 am-11 pm) and every 30 min
                    during the sleeping period (11 pm-6 am). The test was considered satisfactory
                    when at least 70% of the BP readings were valid, with a minimum of 16 readings
                    during the waking period, 8 readings in the sleeping period, and a period &lt; 2
                    h without BP measurements.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular tests</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of the central aortic pressure</title>
          <p>Pulse waves of the radial artery were obtained using an applanation tonometer
                        (model SPC-301-Millar Instruments, Houston, Texas, USA), calibrated
                        according to the brachial artery pressure. Pulse wave analysis was performed
                        to obtain central arterial pressures and other hemodynamic parameters using
                        the SphygmoCor system (Atcor, United States)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Aortic pressure waves were subjected to several analyses to
                        identify the time between the beginning and the first and second peaks of
                        the arterial pulse wave during systole. The pressure difference between the
                        first component and the maximum pressure at systole [pressure increase (PI)]
                        was identified as the reflected pressure wave during systole. AIx was
                        defined as the ratio between PI and central pulse pressure (PP); it was
                        expressed as a percentage [AIx = (PI/PP) &#215; 100] and was subsequently
                        adjusted for a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx@75).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulse wave velocity</title>
          <p>Pulse waves were obtained via the transcutaneous route using a COMPLIOR SP
                        device (Artech Medical), with transducers placed in the regions of the right
                        carotid artery, right radial artery (peripheral PWV), and right femoral
                        artery (central PWV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Two
                        measurements were made during the same consultation, and when differences
                        were &gt; 10%, a third measurement was made. The mean of the 2 measurements
                        was used for analysis. The measure was corrected for the mean arterial
                        pressure (MAP) by using the formula PWV-N = (PWV/MAP) &#215; 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery</title>
          <p>This technique was performed using a 2-dimensional ultrasound device with
                        color and spectral Doppler (Vivid-3, GE, United States) and a linear
                        transducer with a frequency of 10 MHz. The patients were placed in supine
                        position with the right arm slightly stretched. After the brachial artery
                        was located, the transducer was placed on the anteromedial side of the right
                        upper limb, perpendicular to the arm axis and 5-10 cm above the antecubital
                        fold in the region of the brachial artery. The basal brachial artery
                        diameter (BBAD) and post-occlusion brachial artery diameter (POBAD) were
                        measured manually between the lumen-intima interfaces at end-diastole. After
                        BBAD measurement, the site of contact of the probe on the skin was marked to
                        allow POBAD measurement at the same site. Flow occlusion was maintained for
                        5 min using an arm cuff, allowing the recording of a BP of 60 mmHg above the
                        systolic arterial pressure. POBAD was measured at 30, 60, and 90 s after
                        blood flow release<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The tests were
                        performed by the same examiner who was unaware of the data recorded. FMD was
                        calculated as the percentage increase in POBAD compared with baseline values
                        using the following formula: FMD (%) = (POBAD &#8722; BBAD/BBAD) &#215; 100.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>To calculate the sample size, the Sample Power module of the SPSS&#174; software
                    version 18.0 was used. By adopting a significance criterion (alpha) of 0.05, a
                    minimum sample size of 16 patients was proposed for each group. After analyzing
                    the changes in FMD of the brachial artery and based on the results of other
                    clinical studies, the statistical significance power was determined as 80.7% and
                    the accuracy was &#177; 1.44 points, using a 95% confidence interval<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS&#174; software version 18.0. The
                    results were expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation or as absolute and
                    percentage values. The continuous variables of each group were compared using
                    unpaired Student's t test between groups with a 95% confidence interval. A
                    p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Initially, 120 hypertensive patients with diabetes who met the inclusion criteria
                were selected. Among these, 73 (61%) met the exclusion criteria and were withdrawn
                from the study. Accordingly, 47 subjects were included in the study and were
                randomly divided into the losartan or amlodipine group. Because of 5 follow-up
                interruptions during the evaluation period, only 42 patients completed the study (21
                in each group) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient selection flowchart. ANL: amlodipine; T2DM: type 2 diabetes
                        mellitus; PMH: past medical history; CRF: chronic renal failure; LOS:
                        losartan; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood
                        pressure.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0051-40089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The groups were evaluated and compared according to their clinical and
                epidemiological profiles, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and prior use of
                medications. All patients were sedentary. A comparison between the 2 groups
                indicated no significant difference between the variables analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Profile of each group evaluated and comparison between the variables
                        analyzed</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Losartan group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Amlodipine group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 6.9</td>
              <td align="center">54.9 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.619</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Black, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (19.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.679</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">30.4 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.636</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.939</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.753</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Statin use, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (38.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.513</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ASA use, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Metformin use, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Sulfonylurea use, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.726</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or as percentages, as
                            indicated. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: body mass index. The p-values
                            were calculated using Student's t test for continuous variables and the
                            chi-square test for categorical variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The initial BP values were calculated in each group for the determination of systolic
                blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mean SBP and DBP were 147 &#177;
                11 mmHg and 85 &#177; 9 mmHg, respectively, in the losartan group and 147 &#177; 21 mmHg and
                84 &#177; 8 mmHg, respectively, in the amlodipine group.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the laboratory profiles,
                estimated GFRs using MDRD, and UACR. Mean microalbuminuria was lower in the
                amlodipine group when compared with the losartan group; however, the difference was
                not significant. In the losartan group, 33% of patients presented with
                microalbuminuria, with a mean value of 81.3 mg/g creatinine; in the amlodipine
                group, 24% of patients presented with microalbuminuria, with a mean value of 57.3
                mg/g creatinine.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory profile of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Losartan group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Amlodipine group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td>0.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td>0.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td>0.577</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Potassium, mEq/L</td>
              <td>4.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td>4.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td>0.684</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Blood glucose, mg/dL</td>
              <td>111.7 &#177; 43.0</td>
              <td>122.0 &#177; 47.8</td>
              <td>0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HbA1c, % total Hb</td>
              <td>6.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td>6.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td>0.270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>196.4 &#177; 35.6</td>
              <td>191.9 &#177; 30.0</td>
              <td>0.662</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>55.1 &#177; 19.5</td>
              <td>55.0 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td>0.985</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td>115.9 &#177; 40.1</td>
              <td>111.6 &#177; 27.1</td>
              <td>0.585</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
              <td>127.3 &#177; 48.0</td>
              <td>127.0 &#177; 56.4</td>
              <td>0.984</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CRP, mg/dL</td>
              <td>0.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td>0.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td>0.393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">GRF<sub>MDRD</sub>, mL/min/1, 73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td>91.9 &#177; 21.4</td>
              <td>100.0 &#177; 34.6</td>
              <td>0.368</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">UACR, mg/g creatinine</td>
              <td>34.6 &#177; 40.1</td>
              <td>24.8 &#177; 25.9</td>
              <td>0.352</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Hb: hemoglobin; HbA1c:
                            glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density
                            lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; MDRD: Modification of Diet in
                            Renal Disease; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; GFR:
                            glomerular filtration rate. The p-values were calculated using Student's
                            t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After 6 weeks of treatment, the losartan and amlodipine groups no significant
                differences in SBP (153 &#177; 19 mmHg and 145 &#177; 14 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.127), and
                DBP (90 &#177; 9 mmHg and 84 &#177; 8 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.063), although the values were
                slightly lower in the amlodipine group. The data obtained with ABPM after treatment
                with losartan or amlodipine revealed no significant differences between the 2
                groups, and similar results were obtained during the waking and sleeping periods
                    (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Data obtained with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Losartan group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Amlodipine group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP in 24 h, mmHg</td>
              <td>136 &#177; 14</td>
              <td>137 &#177; 14</td>
              <td>0.947</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DBP in 24 h, mmHg</td>
              <td>81 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>82 &#177; 9</td>
              <td>0.892</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">MAP in 24 h, mmHg</td>
              <td>100 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>101 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>0.888</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP during the waking period, mmHg</td>
              <td>139 &#177; 15</td>
              <td>139 &#177; 14</td>
              <td>0.888</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DBP during the waking period, mmHg</td>
              <td>84 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>85 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>0.787</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">MAP during the waking period, mmHg</td>
              <td>103 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>104 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>0.836</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP during the sleeping period, mmHg</td>
              <td>132 &#177; 15</td>
              <td>131 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>0.846</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DBP during the sleeping period, mmHg</td>
              <td>75 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>75 &#177; 9</td>
              <td>0.942</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">MAP during the sleeping period, mmHg</td>
              <td>95 &#177; 13</td>
              <td>94 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>0.893</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. DBP: diastolic blood
                            pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure. The
                            p-values were calculated using Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The PWV results revealed no significant differences between the 2 treatment groups.
                In contrast, applanation tonometry data indicated that the mean augmentation
                pressure was significantly higher in the losartan group in comparison with the
                amlodipine group (20 &#177; 8 mmHg and 16 &#177; 6 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.045). Similarly,
                a significantly higher mean AIx was observed in the losartan group when compared
                with the amlodipine group (36% &#177; 8% and 30% &#177; 9%, respectively, p = 0.025, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Increased endothelial function was
                observed in the losartan group using FMD (8.4% &#177; 4.6% and 7.5% &#177; 3.0%, respectively
                p = 0.431); however, the difference was not significant between the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values obtained with pulse wave velocity and applanation
                        tonometry</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Losartan group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Amlodipine group (n = 21)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p-value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CR-PWV, m/s</td>
              <td>9.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td>9.5 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td>0.347</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CF-PWV, m/s</td>
              <td>10.4 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td>10.6 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td>0.880</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">NCF-PWV, m/s</td>
              <td>9.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td>9.8 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td>0.595</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ASBP, mmHg</td>
              <td>144 &#177; 19</td>
              <td>136 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ADBP, mmHg</td>
              <td>90 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>84 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">PI, mmHg</td>
              <td>20 &#177; 8</td>
              <td>16 &#177; 6</td>
              <td>0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AIx, %</td>
              <td>36 &#177; 8</td>
              <td>30 &#177; 9</td>
              <td>0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">APP, mmHg</td>
              <td>53 &#177; 16</td>
              <td>49 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>0.386</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AIx@75, %</td>
              <td>32 &#177; 7</td>
              <td>28 &#177; 7</td>
              <td>0.050</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. AIx: augmentation index;
                            AP: augmentation pressure; AIx@75: augmentation index corrected for a
                            heart rate of 75 bpm; ADBP: aortic diastolic blood pressure; ASBP:
                            aortic systolic blood pressure; APP: aortic pulse pressure; CF-PWV:
                            carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; NCF-PWV: normalized carotid-femoral
                            pulse wave velocity; CR-PWV: carotid-radial pulse wave velocity. The
                            p-values were calculated using Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of values of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial
                        artery in the amlodipine (ANL) and losartan (LOS) group; p = 0.431 using
                        Student's t test.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0051-40089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular risk markers, including
                arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction, in a group of hypertensive patients
                with T2DM after 6 weeks of treatment with an ARB or a CCA, which are important
                antihypertensive drugs currently used in the treatment of such patients. Diabetes
                mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients
                with hypertension by 2- to 3-fold, and a decline in BP can decrease the rate of
                cardiovascular events and renal impairment in these patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. However, it is unclear whether all classes of
                antihypertensive drugs play a similar role in the treatment of hypertensive patients
                with diabetes and can lead to alterations in cardiovascular risk markers.</p>
      <p>A comparison between the 2 groups at the beginning of the study indicated
                similarities in their clinical and epidemiological profiles, presence of
                cardiovascular risk factors, and previous use of medications. Furthermore, the
                initial antihypertensive treatment performed was similar between the 2 groups,
                eliminating the difference in treatment as a confounding factor in the
                interpretation of the results.</p>
      <p>Glucose and lipid metabolism, serum potassium levels, and microalbuminuria were also
                evaluated, although assessment of these parameters was not the primary aim of this
                study. In the study by Otero et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
                improved glycaemia and HbA1c levels were reported in patients treated with
                manidipine when compared with those treated with enalapril. In contrast, Derosa et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> found no difference in blood glucose
                levels between patients who received telmisartan or nifedipine, whereas Nishida et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> observed better HbA1c levels in
                patients who received ARBs when compared with those who received CCAs. In another
                study, Giordano et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> obtained similar
                results for blood glucose and HbA1c levels in patients on captopril or nifedipine.
                In the present study, the mean blood glucose levels were higher in the amlodipine
                group than in the losartan group; however, the difference was not significant. In
                contrast, HbA1c levels were similar between the 2 groups. Moreover, no difference
                was found between the 2 groups regarding the use of hypoglycemic agents. In view of
                these findings, little can be inferred about the influence of ARBs or CCAs on
                glycemic control.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we found no significant difference in mean serum potassium
                levels between the losartan and amlodipine groups. These results are in contrast
                with those obtained by Nishida et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, who
                reported higher levels in patients using ARBs than in those using CCAs. With regard
                to lipid metabolism, the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL
                cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar between the 2 groups. In the study
                conducted by Derosa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, lower values of
                total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were found in patients treated with
                telmisartan compared with those treated with nifedipine. These results are similar
                to those obtained by Nishida et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, who
                compared patients using ARBs and those using CCAs, thereby suggesting that ARBs may
                have improved benefits on lipid metabolism in comparison with CCAs.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria was determined by calculating UACR. Mean microalbuminuria was lower
                in the amlodipine group in comparison with the losartan group; however, the
                difference was not significant. The profile of the evaluated study group indicated a
                decreased risk of nephropathy. Because of its cross-sectional nature, the present
                study did not evaluate the effects of each drug on the variables analyzed, including
                microalbuminuria. In contrast, Yasuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
                conducted a prospective study comparing patients on losartan or amlodipine and found
                lower microalbuminuria in the losartan group. The authors of the IDNT study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> evaluated patients with SAH and nephropathy
                secondary to T2DM; as primary outcomes, they observed a lower risk of renal function
                impairment in patients who received irbesartan when compared with those who received
                amlodipine or placebo. However, there was no significant difference in the risk of
                all-cause death, even in subjects with renal function impairment. Moreover, the
                RENAAL study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> evaluated the effects of
                losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2DM and nephropathy
                compared with the placebo group and found a decrease in the progression of renal
                disease in the losartan group. However, no decrease in nephropathy- and CVD-related
                mortality was observed. In contrast, Yilmaz et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> compared the use of valsartan, amlodipine, or a combination of these
                drugs in patients with hypertension and T2DM and observed decreased microalbuminuria
                in the 3 patient groups. These findings suggest that although CCAs do not have the
                same effects as ARBs on kidney hemodynamics, CCAs may have an important role in
                reducing microalbuminuria in patients with hypertension and diabetes, which can be
                explained by their antihypertensive efficacy.</p>
      <p>After 6 weeks of treatment with losartan or amlodipine, lower mean BP levels were
                observed in the amlodipine group in comparison with the losartan group, although the
                differences were not significant. The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use
                Evaluation (VALUE) trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> compared patients
                with hypertension who were treated with valsartan or amlodipine and revealed an
                increased control of BP in patients treated with amlodipine. Two years later,
                Zanchetti et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> performed further analysis
                of the VALUE trial data according to subgroups and indicated improved BP control in
                the group treated with amlodipine compared with the group treated with valsartan;
                furthermore, this reduction was more pronounced in women. Phillips et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> compared patients with hypertension who were
                treated with amlodipine or losartan and found a decrease in BP in both groups;
                however, this decrease was greater in the group receiving amlodipine.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have evaluated patients with hypertension and diabetes treated using
                CCAs and compared them with those using ARBs or ACEIs. Derosa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> compared the use of telmisartan or
                amlodipine, revealing similarities between the 2 drugs in the ability to decrease
                BP; no significant difference was found between the treatment groups. Yasuda et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studied the effects of losartan and
                amlodipine on BP in patients with hypertension and diabetes and reported that both
                drugs were capable of reducing BP levels; no significant difference was found
                between these 2 groups. Similarly, Miyashita et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> compared the effects of olmesartan and amlodipine on BP and found
                similar results between the 2 drugs.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the mean BP values &#8203;obtained with ABPM were similar in both
                groups, consistent with the results reported by Yasuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> when comparing the effects of losartan and amlodipine on BP.
                Ishimitsu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> studied the effects of
                losartan in hypertensive patients without diabetes in comparison with patients
                receiving amlodipine and reported that both drugs were able to decrease BP over 24
                h; however, the effects of amlodipine were greater than those of losartan. Otero et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> used ABPM to evaluate BP in patients
                with hypertension and diabetes treated with manidipine or enalapril and found no
                differences between these 2 drug classes.</p>
      <p>SAH is associated with the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness and is a manifestation
                of decreased arterial compliance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Decrease
                in mean BP levels, and consequently in the pressure distension on blood vessels, is
                the greatest beneficial effect common to all classes of antihypertensive drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In this context, growing evidence indicates
                the beneficial effects of CCAs and other drugs that interfere with the
                renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) for the management of important
                hemodynamic parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. After conducting a
                meta-analysis comparing ACEIs and ARBs with CCAs, diuretics, and beta blockers,
                Boutouyrie et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported the improved
                ability of ACEIs and ARBs in decreasing PWV and AIx. Kim et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> evaluated 98 patients with hypertension and T2DM after 12
                weeks of use of valsartan and found a decrease in aortic pulse pressure (APP), AIx,
                and PWV. Similarly, Asmar et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> studied a
                group of 28 patients with hypertension and T2DM who were treated with telmisartan
                and found a decrease in PWV and AIx in these patients compared with the placebo
                group.</p>
      <p>Kita et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> evaluated 29 patients
                hypertension treated with benidipine for 1 year and found a decrease in PWV in these
                patients. Previous studies have compared the effects of drugs that affect RAAS with
                CCAs. Rajzer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> evaluated 180 patients
                with hypertension who were randomized into 3 groups according to the drug
                administered [quinapril (20 mg/day), amlodipine (10 mg/day), and losartan (100
                mg/day)] and reported that all 3 drugs were able to decrease BP. However, only the
                quinapril group exhibited a significant decrease in PWV. Moreover, Ichihara et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> compared the effects of amlodipine
                with those of valsartan on PWV. The study monitored 100 patients with hypertension
                for 1 year and indicated a similar decrease in PWV in the 2 groups.</p>
      <p>In the present study, applanation tonometry results revealed lower mean values of
                systolic and diastolic central aortic pressure, AIx, PI, and APP in the amlodipine
                group when compared with the losartan group. These findings suggest an improved
                pattern of pulse wave reflection in the amlodipine group. The results&#8203; obtained with
                ABPM indicated no differences in the final BP in both groups, which corroborates
                these important hemodynamic findings. The average BP values over 24 h indicate an
                improved control of BP in hypertensive subjects. The lowest casual BP observed in
                the amlodipine group appears to reflect a more pronounced acute effect of the CCA in
                comparison with the ARB. With regard to PWV, the results were similar in both groups
                and indicated no significant differences in arterial stiffness.</p>
      <p>In the present, FMD was used to assess endothelial dysfunction. Some previous studies
                have also reported the effect of antihypertensive drugs on FMD. Cheetham et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> compared the efficacy of losartan (50
                mg/day) for 4 weeks with that of placebo in 12 hypertensive patients with T2DM. The
                results indicated a significant increase in FMD in the losartan group. Clarkson et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compared the efficacy of amlodipine
                (5 mg/day) with that of placebo in 91 patients with hypertensive. A significant
                increase in FMD was observed in both groups. However, no significant differences
                between the groups could indicate the superiority of one intervention over the
                other. Another study conducted by Anderson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> evaluated the effects of 3 classes of drugs on FMD in 80 patients who
                were randomized into 4 groups according to the treatment received: enalapril (10
                mg/day), quinapril (20 mg/day), losartan (50 mg/day), and amlodipine (5 mg/day).
                After 8 weeks, only quinapril resulted in a significant increase in FMD. Yilmaz et
                    al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> compared the effect of amlodipine
                (10 mg/day), valsartan (160 mg/day), or a combination of these 2 drugs on FMD. They
                observed that all treatment regimens effectively increased FMD, and the largest
                increase was observed in the group treated with the drug combination. In the present
                study, the mean percentage increase in FMD was higher in the losartan group compared
                with the amlodipine group. However, this difference was not significant, thereby
                preventing further conclusions in the evaluation of this method.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In hypertensive patients with T2DM with no evidence of advanced nephropathy,
                treatment with amlodipine at an average dose resulted in similar BP levels in a 24-h
                period when compared with treatment with losartan at the maximum dose. Assessment of
                functional vascular alterations revealed a more favorable pattern of pulse wave
                reflection in the amlodipine group when compared with the losartan group. The
                decreased casual BP levels in patients treated with amlodipine, although not
                significant, may have clinical importance. However, the other functional vascular
                parameters evaluated were similar in both groups, which may indicate the occurrence
                of vascular effects associated with the use of losartan, regardless of its
                antihypertensive effect.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the
                    data: Pozzobon CR, Neves MF, Oigman W; Acquisition of data: Pozzobon CR,
                    Gismondi RAOC, Bedirian R, Ladeira MC, Neves MF; Statistical analysis: Pozzobon
                    CR, Neves MF; Writing of the manuscript: Pozzobon CR; Critical revision of the
                    manuscript for intellectual content: Pozzobon CR, Gismondi RAOC, Bedirian R,
                    Neves MF, Oigman W.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This article is part of the thesis of master
                    submitted by Cesar Romaro Pozzobon, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                    Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudo Vascular Funcional em Hipertensos com Diabetes
                    Tipo 2 em uso de Losartana ou Anlodipina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzobon</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Romaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gismondi</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo A. O. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bedirian</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                        Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,
                        Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cesar Romaro Pozzobon,</bold> Rua Oman, 61 apt.&#186; 102,
                    Barra da Tijuca. CEP 22620-190, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                        <email>crpozzobon@hotmail.com</email>; <email>crpozzobon@me.com</email>
               </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A escolha dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos no tratamento de hipertensos
                        diab&#233;ticos tem como objetivos o controle da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a
                        redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es macro/microvasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares funcionais em
                        pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 ap&#243;s seis semanas de anlodipina ou
                        losartana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes melito
                        tipo 2 foram randomizados e divididos em dois grupos, sendo avaliados na
                        sexta semana de uso de losartana 100 mg/dia ou anlodipina 5 mg/dia, com
                        medida da PA, realiza&#231;&#227;o de monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial e
                        testes para avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros vasculares, como tonometria de
                        aplana&#231;&#227;o, velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) e dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo
                        (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 42 pacientes, 21 em cada grupo, com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo
                        feminino (71%) nos dois grupos. Os grupos anlodipina e losartana
                        apresentaram m&#233;dia de idade semelhante (54,9 &#177; 4,5 e 54,0 &#177; 6,9 anos,
                        respectivamente) e sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na m&#233;dia da PA (145 &#177; 14/84 &#177; 8
                        e 153 &#177; 19/90 &#177; 9 mmHg). O <italic>augmentation index</italic> (30 &#177; 9% &#215; 36
                        &#177; 8%, p = 0,025), assim como a augmentation pressure (16 &#177; 6 mmHg &#215; 20 &#177; 8
                        mmHg, p = 0,045) foram menores no grupo anlodipina que no grupo losartana.
                        Os valores obtidos para VOP e DMF foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, o uso de anlodipina demonstrou um padr&#227;o
                        de reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso mais favor&#225;vel nesse grupo, mas o uso de
                        losartana pode estar associado com a&#231;&#245;es vasculares independentes do efeito
                        press&#243;rico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Melito tipo 2 / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Losartana / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Anlodipina / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Notoriamente, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e o diabetes melito tipo 2
                    (DM2) s&#227;o doen&#231;as frequentemente associadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A HAS causa dano vascular por gerar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e
                    promover aterosclerose. O tratamento precoce da hipertens&#227;o &#233; particularmente
                    importante em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, tanto para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a
                    cardiovascular (DCV) quanto para minimizar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal e a
                    retinopatia diab&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A rigidez arterial tem sido reconhecida como um marcador de risco
                        cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Pacientes com DM2 e
                    HAS possuem maior rigidez arterial quando comparados a hipertensos ou diab&#233;ticos
                        isoladamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A rigidez arterial
                    aumentada se torna um fator de risco importante e independente relacionado &#224;
                    mortalidade precoce, e apresenta maior valor cl&#237;nico progn&#243;stico quando
                    comparada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares j&#225; conhecidos, como idade, sexo,
                    tabagismo e dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O m&#233;todo
                    padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial &#233; a medida da velocidade da onda
                    de pulso (VOP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Um par&#226;metro utilizado
                    para estimar a complac&#234;ncia arterial &#233; a medida do <italic>augmentation
                        index</italic> (AIx), obtida por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A HAS, em associa&#231;&#227;o com a aterosclerose e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, constitui um
                    fator de risco que eleva consideravelmente a morbidade e a mortalidade
                        cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada
                    por fluxo (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial &#233; um dos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos utilizados
                    para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Alguns estudos demonstraram melhora da
                    fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, avaliada pela DMF, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o,
                    coronariopatia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que utilizaram inibidores da enzima
                    conversora da angiotensina (IECA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e, da mesma
                    forma, em pacientes diab&#233;ticos que fizeram uso de losartana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Os efeitos da anlodipina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial
                    foram avaliados em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial
                    coronariana e, apesar da melhora dos par&#226;metros obtidos com a DMF, n&#227;o houve
                    diferen&#231;a na compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo placebo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares funcionais em
                    pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 ap&#243;s seis semanas de uso de
                    antagonista de canal de c&#225;lcio (anlodipina) ou bloqueador do receptor de
                    angiotensina (losartana).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
          <p>Pacientes com HAS e DM2, em acompanhamento ambulatorial no Hospital
                        Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE), da Universidade do Estado do Rio de
                        Janeiro, foram selecionados para o projeto. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos de
                        ambos os sexos com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de
                        hipertens&#227;o essencial e DM2, sem altera&#231;&#245;es no tratamento diet&#233;tico e em uso
                        de medica&#231;&#245;es orais nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas. Os principais crit&#233;rios de
                        exclus&#227;o foram sinais de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, diabetes melito
                        descompensado (glicemia de jejum &gt; 300 mg/dL ou hemoglobina glicada &gt;
                        7%), necessidade de insulinoterapia e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com taxa de
                        filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 30 ml/min. O estudo foi aprovado pelo
                        Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (n&#186; 20406/2012) do HUPE e todos os participantes
                        leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial inicial, os pacientes foram
                        randomizados em dois grupos para o tratamento com losartana 100 mg por dia
                        ou anlodipina 5 mg por dia. Ap&#243;s seis semanas, um estudo transversal foi
                        realizado com an&#225;lise de dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, e de testes
                        vasculares descritos a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Para a medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em consult&#243;rio, os pacientes ficaram
                        sentados por 30 minutos, sem uso de fumo nem cafe&#237;na. Foi utilizado um
                        aparelho semiautom&#225;tico, modelo HEM-705CP, Omron Healthcare Inc. (Illinois,
                        Estados Unidos), calibrado, com manguito ajustado pela circunfer&#234;ncia do
                        bra&#231;o. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas em cada um dos membros superiores e
                        calculadas suas respectivas m&#233;dias. A m&#233;dia de maior valor foi utilizada
                        para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, foi utilizada balan&#231;a de precis&#227;o (Filizola),
                        com capacidade m&#225;xima de 180 kg, para medida do peso corporal e da estatura
                        por meio do estadi&#244;metro. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado
                        dividindo o peso (em quilos) pela altura (em metros) ao quadrado. A
                        circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi determinada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima
                        costela e a crista il&#237;aca, e a do quadril no ponto de maior circunfer&#234;ncia
                        sobre a regi&#227;o gl&#250;tea. A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura&#8722;quadril (RCQ) foi estabelecida
                        dividindo-se os valores encontrados para as referidas circunfer&#234;ncias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Uma amostra de sangue venoso foi coletada ap&#243;s jejum de 10-12 h para exames
                        bioqu&#237;micos e dosagem da hemoglobina glicada (turbidimetria/BioSystems). A
                        taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TGF) foi estimada pela f&#243;rmula
                            <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic>(MDRD):
                            TFG<sub>MDRD</sub>= 186 &#215; (creatinina s&#233;rica)<sup>&#8722;1,154</sup>
                            (idade)<sup>&#8722;0,203</sup> &#215; (0,742 se mulher) &#215; (1,212 se negro)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os lip&#237;deos s&#233;ricos foram analisados pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico/Bioclin.
                        Quando o valor de triglicer&#237;deo foi &lt; 400 mg/dl, a fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol
                        foi calculada a partir da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald: LDL-colesterol =
                        (colesterol total - HDL-colesterol) - (triglicer&#237;deo/5). Para dosagem da
                        prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), o m&#233;todo utilizado foi o de turbidimetria
                        (BioSystems), sendo exclu&#237;da a possibilidade de o paciente ter apresentado
                        ou estar em vig&#234;ncia de processos infecciosos ou inflamat&#243;rios agudos nas
                        &#250;ltimas semanas.</p>
          <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria foi utilizada a rela&#231;&#227;o
                        albumina-creatinina urin&#225;ria (RACU) obtida em amostra de urina coletada no
                        per&#237;odo da manh&#227;. A creatinina urin&#225;ria foi dosada pelo m&#233;todo
                        colorim&#233;trico, e a albumin&#250;ria, por meio de nefelometria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) utilizou o aparelho
                        SpaceLabs 90207 (SpaceLabs Inc., Redmond, WA, Estados Unidos) programado
                        para iniciar entre 8-9 h da manh&#227;, com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 24 h, e medir a PA
                        a cada 20 minutos no per&#237;odo da vig&#237;lia (entre 6 e 23 h), e a cada 30
                        minutos no per&#237;odo noturno (entre 23 e 6 h). O exame foi considerado
                        satisfat&#243;rio quando houve, no m&#237;nimo, 70% das leituras press&#243;ricas v&#225;lidas,
                        um m&#237;nimo de 16 medidas na vig&#237;lia e oito no sono, e nenhum per&#237;odo superior
                        a duas horas sem medida da PA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Testes vasculares</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica central</title>
            <p>Ondas de pulso da art&#233;ria radial foram obtidas por meio de um ton&#244;metro
                            (SPC-301 - Millar Instruments, Houston, Texas, Estados Unidos),
                            calibrado de acordo com a press&#227;o na art&#233;ria braquial. A an&#225;lise da onda
                            de pulso da art&#233;ria radial por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o foi realizada
                            para derivar press&#245;es arteriais centrais e outros par&#226;metros
                            hemodin&#226;micos utilizando o sistema SphygmoCor (Atcor, Estados
                                Unidos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. As ondas de
                            press&#227;o a&#243;rtica foram submetidas a an&#225;lises diversas para identificar o
                            tempo entre o in&#237;cio e o primeiro e o segundo picos da onda de pulso
                            arterial durante a s&#237;stole. A diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre o primeiro
                            componente e a press&#227;o m&#225;xima durante a s&#237;stole (aumento de press&#227;o, AP)
                            foi identificada como a onda de press&#227;o refletida no per&#237;odo da s&#237;stole.
                            O &#237;ndice de incremento (<italic>augmentation index</italic>, AIx) foi
                            definido como a rela&#231;&#227;o do AP com a press&#227;o de pulso (PP) central, sendo
                            expresso em porcentagem (AIx = [AP/PP] &#215; 100) e posteriormente ajustado
                            para uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm (AIx@75).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Velocidade da onda de pulso</title>
            <p>As ondas de pulso foram obtidas por via transcut&#226;nea pelo aparelho
                            COMPLIOR SP (Artech Medical), por meio de transdutores colocados na
                            topografia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita e, ao mesmo tempo, das art&#233;rias
                            radial direita (VOP perif&#233;rica) e femoral direita (VOP central)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Duas medidas foram realizadas
                            na mesma consulta e, caso houvesse diferen&#231;a superior a 10%, uma
                            terceira medida seria realizada. A m&#233;dia das duas medidas representou a
                            VOP do paciente considerada para an&#225;lise. A medida foi corrigida pela
                            press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) por meio da f&#243;rmula: VOP-N = (VOP/PAM) &#215;
                            100.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial</title>
            <p>Exame realizado com aparelho de ultrassonografia bidimensional com
                            Doppler colorido e espectral (Vivid-3, General Electris, Estados Unidos)
                            e transdutor linear com frequ&#234;ncia de 10 MHz. O paciente foi colocado em
                            dec&#250;bito dorsal com o membro superior direito ligeiramente abduzido.
                            Depois de localizada a art&#233;ria braquial, o transdutor foi colocado na
                            face anteromedial do membro superior direito, perpendicularmente ao eixo
                            do bra&#231;o, 5-10 cm acima da prega antecubital, na topografia da art&#233;ria
                            braquial. O di&#226;metro basal da art&#233;ria braquial (DBAB) e o di&#226;metro
                            p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial (DPOAB) foram medidos manualmente entre
                            as interfaces &#237;ntima-luz ao final da di&#225;stole. Ap&#243;s a medida do DBAB, o
                            local de contato do transdutor na pele foi marcado, a fim de que a
                            medida do DPOAB ocorresse no mesmo s&#237;tio. A oclus&#227;o foi mantida durante
                            cinco minutos, por meio de manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o, o qual
                            imprimiu press&#227;o de 60 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. O DPOAB
                            foi medido aos 30, 60 e 90 segundos ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os testes foram realizados
                            sempre pelo mesmo avaliador, que n&#227;o teve conhecimento dos valores
                            observados no ato de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. A DMF foi calculada como o
                            percentual de aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o em
                            rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus valores basais, ou seja, DMF (%) = (DPOAB - DBAB/DBAB)
                            &#215; 100.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi utilizado o m&#243;dulo Sample Power do
                            <italic>software</italic> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 18.0. Adotando como
                        crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia (alfa) 0,05, o tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo proposto
                        foi de 16 pacientes para cada grupo. O poder de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica
                        foi de 80,7%, e a precis&#227;o foi de mais ou menos 1,44 ponto, com 95% de
                        confian&#231;a, utilizando a an&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es da DMF da art&#233;ria braquial
                        como objetivo prim&#225;rio, tendo como base resultados de outros estudos
                            cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo <italic>software</italic>
                            SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 18.0. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177;
                        desvio-padr&#227;o ou em n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas
                        de cada grupo foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o
                        pareado na an&#225;lise intergrupos, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, sendo o
                        valor de p &lt; 0,05 considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Inicialmente foram selecionados 120 pacientes hipertensos diab&#233;ticos que
                    atingiram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Entre os pacientes avaliados, 73 (61%)
                    apresentavam crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, sendo retirados do estudo. Assim, 47
                    indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos e randomizados de acordo com uma tabela de
                    randomiza&#231;&#227;o nos grupos losartana e anlodipina. Ap&#243;s cinco perdas de seguimento
                    durante o per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames, 42 pacientes completaram o estudo,
                    sendo 21 em cada grupo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. ANL: anlodipina; DM2: diabetes
                            melito tipo 2; HPP: hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa; IRC; insufici&#234;ncia
                            renal cr&#244;nica; LOS: losartana; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS:
                            press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0051-40089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os grupos foram avaliados e comparados de acordo com suas caracter&#237;sticas
                    cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas, presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e
                    medica&#231;&#245;es de uso pr&#233;vio. Todos os pacientes eram sedent&#225;rios. A compara&#231;&#227;o
                    entre os dois grupos mostrou n&#227;o haver, estatisticamente, diferen&#231;a
                    significativa entre as diversas vari&#225;veis analisadas, revelando semelhan&#231;a entre
                    os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de cada grupo estudado e compara&#231;&#227;o entre as
                            vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo losartana (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo anlodipina (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td>54,0 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td>54,9 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td>0,619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td>15 (71,4)</td>
                <td>15 (71,4)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Negros, n (%)</td>
                <td>4 (19,0)</td>
                <td>3 (14,3)</td>
                <td>0,679</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>30,4 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td>29,8 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td>0,636</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td>5 (23,8)</td>
                <td>6 (28,6)</td>
                <td>0,939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td>13 (61,9)</td>
                <td>12 (57,1)</td>
                <td>0,753</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Uso de estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td>8 (38,1)</td>
                <td>6 (28,6)</td>
                <td>0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Uso de AAS, n (%)</td>
                <td>7 (33,3)</td>
                <td>7 (33,3)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Uso de metformina, n (%)</td>
                <td>18 (85,7)</td>
                <td>18 (85,7)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Uso de sulfonilureia, n (%)</td>
                <td>5 (23,8)</td>
                <td>6 (28,6)</td>
                <td>0,726</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou em propor&#231;&#245;es quando
                                indicado. AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa
                                corporal. Valor p calculado por teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis
                                cont&#237;nuas e teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores iniciais de PA foram avaliados em cada grupo com determina&#231;&#227;o das
                    press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD). No grupo losartana, as
                    m&#233;dias foram 147 &#177; 11 mmHg e 85 &#177; 9 mmHg; no grupo anlodipina, foram 147 &#177; 21
                    mmHg e 84 &#177; 8 mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise laboratorial &#233; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
                        2</xref>, assim como a estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular pelo MDRD
                    e a rela&#231;&#227;o albumina-creatinina urin&#225;ria. Os valores m&#233;dios de microalbumin&#250;ria
                    foram menores no grupo anlodipina do que no grupo losartana, entretanto sem
                    valor estat&#237;stico. No grupo losartana, 33% dos pacientes apresentavam
                    microalbumin&#250;ria com valor m&#233;dio de 81,3 mg/g de creatinina, enquanto no grupo
                    anlodipina 24% dos pacientes apresentavam microalbumin&#250;ria com valor m&#233;dio de
                    57,3 mg/g de creatinina.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo losartana (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo anlodipina (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td>0,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td>0,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td>0,577</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pot&#225;ssio, mEq/L</td>
                <td>4,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td>4,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td>0,684</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Glicemia, mg/dL</td>
                <td>111,7 &#177; 43,0</td>
                <td>122,0 &#177; 47,8</td>
                <td>0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HbA1c, % Hb total</td>
                <td>6,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td>6,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td>0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td>196,4 &#177; 35,6</td>
                <td>191,9 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td>0,662</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td>55,1 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td>55,0 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td>0,985</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td>115,9 &#177; 40,1</td>
                <td>111,6 &#177; 27,1</td>
                <td>0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td>127,3 &#177; 48,0</td>
                <td>127,0 &#177; 56,4</td>
                <td>0,984</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PCR, mg/dL</td>
                <td>0,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td>0,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td>0,393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">TFG<sub>MDRD</sub>, ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>91,9 &#177; 21,4</td>
                <td>100,0 &#177; 34,6</td>
                <td>0,368</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">RACU, mg/g de creatinina</td>
                <td>34,6 &#177; 40,1</td>
                <td>24,8 &#177; 25,9</td>
                <td>0,352</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Hb: hemoglobina; HbA1c:
                                hemoglobina glicada; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL:
                                lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; MDRD:
                                Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; RACU: rela&#231;&#227;o
                                albumina-creatinina urinaria; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.
                                Valor p calculado por teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao final de seis semanas, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
                    significativas entre os valores da PAS (153 &#177; 19 &#215; 145 &#177; 14 mmHg, p = 0,127) e
                    PAD (90 &#177; 9 &#215; 84 &#177; 8 mmHg, p = 0,063), embora pouco menores no grupo anlodipina.
                    Os dados obtidos com a MAPA na sexta semana de uso de losartana ou anlodipina
                    n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos, com resultados semelhantes na
                    vig&#237;lia e durante o sono (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados obtidos com a monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o
                            arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo losartana (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo anlodipina (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS 24 h, mmHg</td>
                <td>136 &#177; 14</td>
                <td>137 &#177; 14</td>
                <td>0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD 24 h, mmHg</td>
                <td>81 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>82 &#177; 9</td>
                <td>0,892</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAM 24 h, mmHg</td>
                <td>100 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>101 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>0,888</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS dia, mmHg</td>
                <td>139 &#177; 15</td>
                <td>139 &#177; 14</td>
                <td>0,888</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD dia, mmHg</td>
                <td>84 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>85 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>0,787</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAM dia, mmHg</td>
                <td>103 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>104 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>0,836</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS noite, mmHg</td>
                <td>132 &#177; 15</td>
                <td>131 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>0,846</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD noite, mmHg</td>
                <td>75 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>75 &#177; 9</td>
                <td>0,942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAM noite, mmHg</td>
                <td>95 &#177; 13</td>
                <td>94 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>0,893</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. PAD: press&#227;o arterial
                                diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial
                                m&#233;dia. Valor p calculado por teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de onda de pulso n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a com
                    significado estat&#237;stico entre os grupos losartana e anlodipina. Por outro lado,
                    na avalia&#231;&#227;o por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, a m&#233;dia da <italic>augmentation
                        pressure</italic> foi significativamente mais elevada no grupo losartana
                    quando comparada ao grupo anlodipina (20 &#177; 8 &#215; 16 &#177; 6 mmHg, p = 0,045). Da mesma
                    forma, observou-se no grupo losartana um valor m&#233;dio significativamente maior de
                        <italic>augmentation index</italic> do que no grupo anlodipina (36 &#177; 8 &#215; 30
                    &#177; 9 %, p = 0,025; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o
                    &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pela DMF, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa
                    entre os grupos, apesar dos maiores valores obtidos no grupo losartana (8,4 &#177;
                    4,6 &#215; 7,5 &#177; 3,0%, p = 0,431), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores obtidos para velocidade de onda de pulso e tonometria de
                            aplana&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo losartana (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo anlodipina (n = 21)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VOP-CR, m/s</td>
                <td>9,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td>9,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td>0,347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VOP-CF, m/s</td>
                <td>10,4 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td>10,6 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td>0,880</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">VOP-CF-N, m/s</td>
                <td>9,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td>9,8 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td>0,595</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS-AO, mmHg</td>
                <td>144 &#177; 19</td>
                <td>136 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD-AO, mmHg</td>
                <td>90 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>84 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AP, mmHg</td>
                <td>20 &#177; 8</td>
                <td>16 &#177; 6</td>
                <td>0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AIx, %</td>
                <td>36 &#177; 8</td>
                <td>30 &#177; 9</td>
                <td>0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PP-AO, mmHg</td>
                <td>53 &#177; 16</td>
                <td>49 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AIx@75, %</td>
                <td>32 &#177; 7</td>
                <td>28 &#177; 7</td>
                <td>0,050</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. AIx:
                                augmentation index; AP: augmentation pressure; AIx@75: augmentation
                                index corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; PAD-AO: press&#227;o
                                arterial diast&#243;lica a&#243;rtica; PAS-AO: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
                                a&#243;rtica; PP-AO: press&#227;o de pulso a&#243;rtica; VOP-CF: velocidade de onda
                                de pulso carot&#237;deo-femoral; VOP-CF-N: velocidade de onda de pulso
                                carot&#237;deo-femoral normalizada; VOP-CR: velocidade de onda de pulso
                                carot&#237;deo-radial. Valor p calculado por teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) da
                            art&#233;ria braquial nos grupos anlodipina (ANL) e losartana (LOS). Valor de
                            p = 0,431 (teste t de Student).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0051-40089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo transversal que se prop&#244;s avaliar os marcadores de risco
                    cardiovasculares, como rigidez arterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, em um grupo de
                    pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos do tipo 2 na sexta semana de uso de
                    bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina (BRA) ou antagonista de canais de c&#225;lcio
                    (ACC), importantes drogas anti-hipertensivas atualmente utilizadas no tratamento
                    desses pacientes. O diabetes melito aumenta em duas a tr&#234;s vezes o risco de
                    morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos, e a redu&#231;&#227;o da
                    PA diminui a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares e de deteriora&#231;&#227;o renal nesses
                        pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Entretanto, n&#227;o est&#225;
                    claro se todas as classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas possuem papel semelhante
                    no tratamento e na modifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de risco cardiovascular em
                    pacientes hipertensos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos, no in&#237;cio do estudo, demonstrou semelhan&#231;a em
                    suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas, presen&#231;a de fatores de risco
                    cardiovasculares e medica&#231;&#245;es de uso pr&#233;vio. O tratamento anti-hipertensivo
                    realizado previamente ao in&#237;cio do estudo tamb&#233;m foi semelhante entre os dois
                    grupos avaliados, eliminando esse fator como confundidor na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                    resultados.</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ser o objetivo prim&#225;rio deste trabalho, foram avaliados par&#226;metros
                    de metabolismo glic&#237;dico, lip&#237;dico, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio e
                    microalbumin&#250;ria. No estudo de Otero e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, foram relatados melhores valores de glicemia e hemoglobina
                    glicada (HbA1c) em pacientes que fizeram uso de manidipina em compara&#231;&#227;o com
                    enalapril. J&#225; Derosa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> n&#227;o
                    acharam diferen&#231;a para os valores glic&#234;micos entre pacientes que utilizaram
                    telmisartana ou nifedipina, enquanto Nishida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> apresentaram melhores valores de HbA1c para o grupo de
                    pacientes que utilizaram BRA em compara&#231;&#227;o com ACC. Em outro estudo sobre o
                    tema, Giordano e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> obtiveram
                    resultados semelhantes para os valores de glicemia e HbA1c em pacientes que
                    utilizaram captopril ou nifedipina. No presente estudo, os par&#226;metros de
                    metabolismo glic&#237;dico demonstraram que os valores m&#233;dios obtidos para glicemia
                    foram maiores no grupo anlodipina, por&#233;m sem significado estat&#237;stico. A m&#233;dia
                    encontrada para os valores da HbA1c foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. N&#227;o
                    houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de hipoglicemiantes nos dois grupos. Diante
                    desses achados, pouco se pode afirmar sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos BRA ou ACC sobre o
                    controle glic&#234;mico.</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios encontrados para o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico tamb&#233;m n&#227;o
                    houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos losartana e anlodipina, neste estudo,
                    diferentemente do que demonstraram Nishida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, havendo valores maiores nos pacientes que utilizaram
                    BRA em vez de ACC. Os par&#226;metros relacionados ao metabolismo lip&#237;dico, no
                    presente estudo, mostraram valores semelhantes de colesterol total,
                    LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos entre os dois grupos. No estudo
                    de Derosa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, foram encontrados
                    valores menores de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol em pacientes que utilizaram
                    telmisartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com nifedipina, assim como no estudo de Nishida e
                        cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, em pacientes que utilizaram
                    BRA em compara&#231;&#227;o com ACC, sugerindo dessa forma que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de BRA pode
                    ter melhores benef&#237;cios sobre o metabolismo lip&#237;dico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ACC.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de microalbumin&#250;ria foi determinada pelo c&#225;lculo da RACU. Os valores
                    m&#233;dios encontrados foram menores no grupo anlodipina do que no grupo losartana,
                    entretanto sem valor estat&#237;stico. O perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada revelou baixo
                    risco para nefropatia. Por apresentar um desenho transversal, o presente estudo
                    n&#227;o se prop&#244;s avaliar os efeitos de cada droga em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis
                    analisadas, incluindo a microalbumin&#250;ria. Por outro lado, Yasuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, em um estudo prospectivo, compararam
                    pacientes em uso de losartana ou anlodipina e determinaram menores valores de
                    microalbumin&#250;ria no grupo em uso de losartana. Outro trabalho importante, o
                    estudo IDNT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, avaliou pacientes com HAS
                    e nefropatia secund&#225;ria ao DM2. Como desfecho prim&#225;rio, observou menor risco de
                    deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes que utilizaram irbesartana em
                    compara&#231;&#227;o com anlodipina ou placebo, entretanto n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a no
                    risco de morte relacionada a qualquer causa ou at&#233; mesmo naqueles que
                    apresentaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O estudo RENAAL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> avaliou os efeitos da losartana sobre os desfechos
                    renais e cardiovasculares em pacientes com DM2 e nefropatia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao
                    placebo. Para os que receberam losartana houve redu&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a
                    renal, por&#233;m sem haver redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade relacionada &#224; nefropatia, assim
                    como a mortalidade relacionada a causas cardiovasculares. De outra forma, Yilmaz
                    e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> compararam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
                    valsartana, anlodipina ou a combina&#231;&#227;o das duas drogas em pacientes hipertensos
                    e diab&#233;ticos do tipo 2. Os resultados revelaram redu&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria nos
                    tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes. Esses achados podem sugerir que, apesar de n&#227;o
                    possu&#237;rem as propriedades que os BRA possuem sobre a hemodin&#226;mica renal, os ACC
                    podem tamb&#233;m ter papel ben&#233;fico na redu&#231;&#227;o da microalbumin&#250;ria em pacientes
                    hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, e isso pode ser explicado pela sua efic&#225;cia
                    anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos obtidos com a medida da PA casual, na sexta semana de uso
                    de losartana ou anlodipina, revelaram m&#233;dias menores no grupo anlodipina do que
                    no grupo losartana, entretanto sem valor estat&#237;stico. Na literatura, um grande
                    estudo, o <italic>Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation</italic>
                        (<italic>VALUE trial</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
                    comparou pacientes hipertensos em uso de valsartana ou anlodipina e demonstrou
                    maior controle da PA no grupo de pacientes que utilizaram anlodipina. Dois anos
                    depois, Zanchetti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> fizeram nova
                    an&#225;lise do <italic>Value trial</italic>, de acordo com subgrupos, e tamb&#233;m
                    demonstraram superioridade no controle press&#243;rico do grupo que usou anlodipina
                    em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que utilizou valsartana, sendo essa redu&#231;&#227;o ainda maior no
                    subgrupo de mulheres. Phillips e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
                    tamb&#233;m compararam pacientes hipertensos em uso de anlodipina ou losartana,
                    encontrando redu&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m com maior redu&#231;&#227;o no
                    grupo que utilizou anlodipina.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada no presente estudo,
                    alguns trabalhos compararam o uso de ACC com o uso de BRA ou IECA. Derosa e
                        cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> compararam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
                    telmisartana ou anlodipina e revelaram semelhan&#231;a entre as duas drogas na
                    redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Yasuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> estudaram os efeitos da losartana ou anlodipina sobre a
                    PA de pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, e demonstraram que ambas as drogas
                    foram capazes de reduzir a PA, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre as duas classes de
                    anti-hipertensivos. Da mesma forma, Miyashita e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> avaliaram os efeitos da olmesartana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;
                    anlodipina e obtiveram resultados semelhantes entre as duas drogas no que diz
                    respeito aos efeitos sobre a PA.</p>
        <p>Os valores obtidos com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, no presente estudo, revelaram m&#233;dias
                    press&#243;ricas semelhantes nos dois grupos. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos
                    por Yasuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> ao compararem os
                    efeitos da losartana com a anlodipina, mostrando m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas equivalentes
                    com as duas drogas. Ishimitsu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
                    tamb&#233;m estudaram os efeitos da losartana em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; anlodipina, entretanto
                    com pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. As duas drogas foram capazes de
                    reduzir a PA ao longo das 24 h, por&#233;m os efeitos da anlodipina foram superiores
                    aos da losartana. Otero e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, ao
                    utilizarem a MAPA para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em hipertensos e
                    diab&#233;ticos em uso de manidipina ou enalapril, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as
                    entre as duas classes de f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        <p>A HAS est&#225; relacionada &#224; patog&#234;nese da rigidez arterial e tamb&#233;m &#233; uma
                    manifesta&#231;&#227;o de complac&#234;ncia arterial reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Diminui&#231;&#245;es nas m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas e, por conseguinte, nas
                    m&#233;dias das press&#245;es de distens&#227;o sobre os vasos sangu&#237;neos s&#227;o o maior efeito
                    ben&#233;fico comum a todas as classes de anti-hipertensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Nesse contexto, evid&#234;ncias crescentes exaltam os
                    efeitos ben&#233;ficos dos ACC e das drogas que interferem no sistema
                    renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) para o manejo dos par&#226;metros
                    hemodin&#226;micos centrais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Boutouyrie e
                        cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> demonstraram superioridade
                    dos IECA e BRA em diminuir a VOP e o AIx, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma metan&#225;lise
                    que comparou essas drogas com ACC, diur&#233;ticos e betabloqueadores. Kim e
                        cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> avaliaram 98 pacientes
                    hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, ap&#243;s 12 semanas do uso de valsartana, e
                    obtiveram redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica de pulso (PP-AO), do AIx e da
                    VOP. Da mesma forma, Asmar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
                    demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es da VOP e AIx, ao compararem os efeitos da telmisartana em
                    rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo em um grupo de 28 pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos do tipo
                    2.</p>
        <p>Kita e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> observaram 29 pacientes
                    hipertensos ao longo de um ano em uso de benidipina e evidenciaram diminui&#231;&#227;o na
                    VOP encontrada nesses pacientes. Alguns trabalhos compararam as drogas que atuam
                    no SRAA com os ACC, assim como no presente estudo. Rajzer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> avaliaram 180 pacientes hipertensos
                    randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com o f&#225;rmaco utilizado: quinapril (20
                    mg/dia), anlodipina (10 mg/dia) e losartana (100 mg/dia). As tr&#234;s drogas foram
                    capazes de reduzir a PA, entretanto apenas o grupo que utilizou quinapril
                    apresentou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na VOP ao final do estudo. Por outro lado,
                    Ichihara e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> compararam os efeitos
                    da anlodipina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; valsartana sobre a VOP. O trabalhou acompanhou 100
                    pacientes hipertensos pelo per&#237;odo de um ano e evidenciou redu&#231;&#245;es semelhantes
                    da VOP nos dois grupos comparados.</p>
        <p>No atual estudo, a tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o revelou menores m&#233;dias de press&#245;es
                    a&#243;rticas centrais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, de AIx, AP e de PP-AO no grupo
                    anlodipina do que no grupo losartana. Esses achados sugerem um padr&#227;o de
                    reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso mais favor&#225;vel no grupo anlodipina. Os valores obtidos
                    com a MAPA n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre as press&#245;es finais nos dois grupos, o
                    que refor&#231;aria esses achados hemodin&#226;micos centrais. A m&#233;dia de 24 h da PA
                    representa melhor o controle press&#243;rico nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. A menor
                    press&#227;o arterial casual observada no grupo anlodipina parece refletir um efeito
                    agudo mais acentuado do antagonista de canal de c&#225;lcio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao bloqueador
                    do receptor da angiotensina. No que diz respeito &#224; VOP, os resultados
                    encontrados foram semelhantes nos dois grupos e n&#227;o permitiram observar
                    diferen&#231;as referentes &#224; rigidez arterial.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no presente estudo foi
                    a DMF. Alguns estudos j&#225; foram publicados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos
                    anti-hipertensivos sobre a DMF. Cheetham e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> compararam a efic&#225;cia da losartana, na dose de 50 mg/dia, durante
                    quatro semanas, com placebo em 12 pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2. Os
                    resultados revelaram importante aumento da DMF no grupo que utilizou losartana.
                    Clarkson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, por sua vez,
                    avaliaram a efic&#225;cia da anlodipina (5 mg/dia) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo em 91
                    pacientes hipertensos. Em ambos os grupos houve aumento significativo da DMF,
                    por&#233;m na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
                    relevantes que pudessem mostrar a superioridade de uma interven&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
                    outra. Em outro estudo, Anderson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> avaliaram tr&#234;s classes de f&#225;rmacos e seus efeitos sobre a DMF. O
                    estudo envolveu 80 pacientes que foram randomizados em quatro grupos para
                    utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enalapril 10 mg/dia, quinapril 20 mg/dia, losartana 50 mg/dia ou
                    anlodipina 5 mg/dia. Ap&#243;s oito semanas, apenas o quinapril foi associado a
                    aumentos significativos da DMF. Yilmaz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> compararam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anlodipina 10 mg/dia, valsartana 160
                    mg/dia ou a combina&#231;&#227;o das duas drogas e avaliaram seus efeitos sobre a DMF. Ao
                    final do estudo, todos os regimes de tratamento efetivamente aumentaram a DMF,
                    com o maior aumento sendo observado no grupo que utilizou a combina&#231;&#227;o dos dois
                    f&#225;rmacos. No presente estudo, a m&#233;dia do percentual de aumento da DMF foi maior
                    no grupo losartana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo anlodipina. Apesar da relev&#226;ncia
                    cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, impedindo maiores conclus&#245;es na
                    avalia&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nos pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, sem evid&#234;ncias de nefropatia
                    avan&#231;ada, o tratamento com anlodipina em dose m&#233;dia comparado com losartana em
                    dose m&#225;xima esteve associado a n&#237;veis semelhantes de PA nas 24 h. A avalia&#231;&#227;o
                    das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares funcionais revelou um padr&#227;o de reflex&#227;o da onda de
                    pulso mais favor&#225;vel no grupo anlodipina quando comparado ao grupo losartana. Os
                    menores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos casuais obtidos com anlodipina, mesmo sem
                    signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, podem ter valor clinicamente relevante sobre esse
                    resultado. Por outro lado, os demais par&#226;metros vasculares funcionais avaliados
                    foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, o que pode indicar a exist&#234;ncia de
                    propriedades vasculares associadas com o uso da losartana, independentemente do
                    seu efeito anti-hipertensivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pozzobon
                        CR, Neves MF, Oigman W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pozzobon CR, Gismondi RAOC,
                        Bedirian R, Ladeira MC, Neves MF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pozzobon CR, Neves
                        MF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pozzobon CR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
                        ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pozzobon CR, Gismondi RAOC, Bedirian R,
                        Neves MF, Oigman W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cesar Romaro Pozzobon pela
                        Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
