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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C7ZxMZn5NkDcwHSxZ6SNXDn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040083</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Obesity does not Lead to Imbalance Between Myocardial
                    Phospholamban Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Paccielli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Barnabe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deus</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
                    Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP -
                    Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito
                    Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e
                    Desportos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos -
                    Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Paula Paccielli Freire,</bold> Rua Joaquim Francisco de
                    Barros, Bairro Alto. Postal Code 18600-380, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail:
                        <email>freirepp@hotmail.com</email>; <email>freirepp2@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>41</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The activation of the beta-adrenergic system promotes G protein stimulation
                        that, via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), alters the structure of
                        protein kinase A (PKA) and leads to phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation.
                        This protein participates in the system that controls intracellular calcium
                        in muscle cells, and it is the primary regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum
                        calcium pump activity. In obesity, the beta-adrenergic system is activated
                        by the influence of increased leptin, therefore, resulting in higher
                        myocardial phospholamban phosphorylation via cAMP-PKA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To investigate the involvement of proteins which regulate the degree of PLB
                        phosphorylation due to beta-adrenergic activation in obesity. In the present
                        study, we hypothesized that there is an imbalance between phospholamban
                        phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, with prevalence of protein
                        phosphorylation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into two groups: control (n =
                        14), fed with normocaloric diet; and obese (n = 13), fed with a cycle of
                        four unsaturated high-fat diets. Obesity was determined by the adiposity
                        index, and protein expressions of phosphatase 1 (PP-1), PKA, PLB,
                        phosphorylated phospholamban at serine16 (PPLB-Ser16) were assessed by
                        Western blot.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Obesity caused glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia,
                        hyperleptinemia and did not alter the protein expression of PKA, PP-1, PLB,
                        PPLB-Ser16.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Obesity does not promote an imbalance between myocardial PLB phosphorylation
                        and dephosphorylation via beta-adrenergic system.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphorylation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Leptin</kwd>
        <kwd>Adyposity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The beta-adrenergic system (BAS) modulates cardiac performance via beta receptor, G
                protein, adenylyl cyclase, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The cAMP
                alters protein kinase A (PKA), thus releasing the catalytic subunit and activating
                the phosphorylation of myocardial proteins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, which are
                involved in calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) transport - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>The activation of the beta-adrenergic system, by means of the beta
                        receptor, leads to the stimulation of the G protein, via alpha subunit, thus
                        activating AC and promoting the transformation of ATP into cAMP. The latter
                        alters the conformation of PKA, releasing and stimulating the PKA catalytic
                        subunit, which triggers the phosphorylation of different proteins involved
                        in calcium transport. AC: adenyl cyclase; cAMP: 3&#8217;. 5&#8217; cyclic adenosine
                        monophosphate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; PKA: protein kinase A.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Phospholamban (PLB) participates in the control of intracellular calcium in the
                myocardium; it is the protein that regulates the activity of Ca<sup>2+</sup> pump of
                the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2a)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; the dephosphorylated PLB forms the complex
                PLB-SERCA2a, which inhibits the pump and does not allow the transfer of the
                cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> to the sarcoplasmic reticulum; phosphorylation uncouples
                the complex PLB-SERCA2a, therefore increasing the calcium recapture by SERCA2a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The connection PLB-SERCA2a is controlled by cycles of phosphorylation and
                dephosphorylation, by the action of PKA and phosphatase 1 (PP-1), respectively. The
                prevalence of PLB phosphorylation, site of serine 16, occurs with the activation of
                PKA. Simultaneously, phosphorylates the inhibitory protein (I-1), thus forming the
                complex I-1/PP-1 and preventing PLB dephosphorylation caused by PP-1.
                Dephosphorylation is prevalent when PKA is deactivated, therefore there is no PLB
                and I-1 phosphorylation; when phosphate is not added to I-1, the formation of
                I-1/PP-1 is not possible, which allows PP-1 to dephosphorylate PLB, in its active
                    state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A. The prevalence of phosphorylation occurs when PKA is activated while
                        it phosphorylates I-1, thus preventing PLB dephosphorylation. B. The
                        prevalence of dephosphorylation occurs when PKA is not activated. There is
                        no PLB and I-1 phoshporylation, therefore PP-1 maintains its active state.
                        cAMP: 3&#8217;5&#8217; cyclic adenosine monophosphate; I-1: inhibitory protein 1; P:
                        phosphate; PKA: protein kinase A; pPLB: phosphorylated phospholamban; PLB:
                        dephosphorylated phospholamban; PP-1: phosphatase-1; Serca2a:
                            Ca<sup>2+</sup> pump.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Obesity - excessive fat tissue in relation to lean mass<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> - produces adipokines, which interfere in biological
                processes, including the activation of BAS by leptin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The BAS
                stimulation phosphorylates the myocardial PLB via cAMP-PKA. There are no studies
                analyzing the balance between PLB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation via BAS in
                obesity. Relling et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> used obese rats for
                12 weeks and showed increased PLB expression and decreased phosphorylated PLB
                (pPLB). Lima-Leopoldo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verified decreased
                pPLB via cAMP in serine 16 in obese rats for 15 weeks. These authors did not
                evaluate kinase and phosphatase proteins in the animals.</p>
      <p>The inexistence of papers analyzing PLB activation and deactivation in obesity
                induced the investigation concerning the involvement of proteins that regulate PLB
                phosphorylation via BAS. The hypothesis of this study is that obesity promotes the
                imbalance between phospholamban phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, with
                prevalent phosphorylation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and experimental protocol</title>
        <p>Twenty-seven male 30-day old Wistar rats were used, coming from the bioterium of
                    the Medical Clinic Department at the Medical School of Botucatu (SP) - Unesp,
                    under the following conditions: individual polypropylene cages with chrome wire
                    tops covered with sterilized pine wood shaving; room temperature of 24&#186;C and
                    12-hour light cycles. All of the procedures were conducted according to the
                    Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, being afterwards approved by the Committee on Animal Research
                    and Ethics of the Medical School of Botucatu (Unesp, Botucatu), protocol number
                    765.</p>
        <p>Animals were randomized into two groups: control (C) and obese (Ob). Animals in C
                    (n = 15) were fed with a normocaloric diet, RC Focus 1765, Agroceres
                        <sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (22% protein, 42.7% carbohydrate,
                    4% fat, 9% minerals, 8% fibers, 12% humidity, 1.5% calcium, 0.8% phosphorus);
                    animals in group Ob received a cycle of four hyperlipidic diets
                        Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (20% protein, 26;4%
                    carbohydrate, 20% fat, 10% minerals, 9% fibers, 12.5% humidity, 1.4% calcium,
                    0.7 phosphorus), which were rotating for a 15-week period. The profile analysis
                    of fatty acids in the diet showed that unsaturated ones correspond to 80%, and
                    saturated ones, to 20%. The food intake of animals was measured daily, and the
                    intake of water, <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Animals were weighed weekly, with
                    the digital scale Mettler<sup>&#174;</sup>, model Spider 2. After 15 weeks of
                    treatment, all of the animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg
                    /kg/ip; Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda., Itapira,
                    S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and euthanized by decapitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Constitution of control and obese groups</title>
        <p>In the biological testing, especially in experimental trials, even at similar
                    laboratory conditions, the response homogeneity is not certain. In this sense,
                    rats submitted to standard and hyperlipidic diets may present characteristics in
                    common, in higher or lower scales, such as adiposity index. A study published
                        previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed that this fact
                    may lead to classification errors, that is, animals submitted to standard diets
                    could be classified as control, when in fact they exhibit aspects of obese
                    animals, and vice-versa. Therefore, it is necessary to establish criteria to
                    separate the animals in two distinct groups, according to the adiposity index.
                    With that purpose, a 95% confidence interval (CI) was established for the
                    average adiposity level in control and obese rats. The adopted separation point
                    (SP) stood between the mean and the upper limit point in group C and the lower
                    limit point of group Ob; considering that point, animals with adiposity index
                    higher than the SP were excluded from group C, and those with adiposity index
                    lower than the SP were excluded from group Ob.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nutritional profile of the animals</title>
        <p>In order to assess if obesity had altered the nutritional profile, food
                    consumption was analyzed, as well as caloric intake, dietary efficiency, body
                    mass, body fat and adiposity index. Food intake was daily calculated from
                    individual leftovers. Caloric intake was calculated by the following formula:
                    weekly food consumption multiplied by the energetic value of each diet (g x
                    kcal). With the objective of analyzing the capacity of converting the consumed
                    food energy into body weight, dietary efficiency was calculated by dividing the
                    total body weight gain of the animals (g) by the total energy intake (kcal).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characterization of obesity</title>
        <p>The characterization of obesity, at the end of the 15-week period, was
                    established by the adiposity index. The deposits of epididymal, retroperitoneal
                    and visceral fat in the animals were dissected in order to quantify body fat.
                    The adiposity index was measured by the sum of fat deposits normalized by final
                    body weight multiplied by 100. This method allows a consistent analysis of body
                    fat deposits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comorbidities associated with obesity</title>
        <p>Since obesity can lead to cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal comorbidities,
                    such as systemic arterial hypertension, glucose intolerance, systemic resistance
                    to insulin, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and
                        hyperleptinemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the following variables were
                    analyzed:</p>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Systemic blood pressure</title>
          <p>Blood pressure was assessed by measuring the systolic arterial pressure
                        (SAP). SAP was measured by plethysmography, using the electronic
                        sphygmomanometer, Narco Bio-System<sup>&#174;</sup>, model 709-0610
                        (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, United States). The rats were
                        previously warmed, at a temperature of 40&#186;C for five minutes, in a wooden
                        box (50 &#215; 40 cm), covered with sterilized wood shaving, with the objective
                        of producing the vasodilatation of the caudal artery. Afterwards, the cuff
                        was connected to a pulse transducer placed around the animal's tail and
                        insufflated to 200 mmHg; then, it was uninsufflated. The arterial pulses
                        were recorded with a Gould RS 3200 polygraph (Gould Instrumenta Valley View,
                        Ohio, United States).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Glucose tolerance test</title>
          <p>Animals were submitted to a six-hour fasting period. Blood collection in the
                        caudal artery was conducted in basal condition and after the intraperitoneal
                        administration of 25% glucose (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup>-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO,
                        United States), equivalent to 2.0 g/kg. Blood samples were collected in
                        moments 0 (basal condition), at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The
                        ACCU-CHEK GO glucose monitor kit (Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda., S&#227;o Paulo,
                        Brazil) was used to measure the glycemic index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title> c) Hormonal profile: insulin and serum leptin</title>
          <p>The serum concentrations of these hormones were determined by the ELISA
                        method, by using specific kits (Linco Research Inc, St. Louis, MO, United
                        States). A microplate reader was used for the analysis (Spectra MAX 190,
                        Molecular Devics, Sunnyvale, CA, United States).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>d) Glycemic and lipid profile</title>
          <p>The lipid and glycemic profiles were assessed by analyzing serum glucose,
                        triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein and
                        non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Animals fasted for 12 to 15 hours, and
                        they were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg/IP,
                            Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda., Itapira,
                        S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and euthanized. Afterwards, blood samples were collected
                        in heparinized Falcon tubes, which were centrifuged (3,000 rpm; 10 minutes;
                            Eppendorf<sup>&#174;</sup> Centrifuge 5804-R, Hamburg, Germany) and stored at
                        &#8722;80&#186;C. Concentrations of serum glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol,
                        and high and low density lipoprotein were determined with specific kits
                        (CELM, Barueri, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and analyzed by the automated
                        colorimetric enzymatic method (Technicon, RA-XTTM System, Global Medical
                        Instrumentation, Minnesota, United States). NEFA levels were determined with
                        the method by Johnson &amp; Peters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
                        using a colorimetric kit (WAKO NEFA-C, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka,
                        Japan).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characterization of cardiac remodeling</title>
        <p>Since obesity can lead to cardiac remodeling, it was studied by the
                        <italic>structural post mortem</italic> evaluation and by analyzing the
                    expression of kinase and phosphatase proteins, which regulate the level of PLB
                    phosphorylation resulting from the beta-adrenergic activation of the
                    myocardium.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Cardiac structural analysis</title>
          <p>Animals were submitted to fasting from 12 to 15 hours, being afterwards
                        anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg/ip; Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup>
                        Produtos Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda., Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and
                        euthanized by decapitation. The heart of the animals was removed and
                        dissected, and the following determinations were made: total weight of the
                        heart, of the left and right ventricles, and the atrium, and their
                        respective relations with body weight and tibial length at the time of
                        euthanasia. These analyses may indicate the presence of cardiac remodeling
                        at atrial and ventricular levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Protein expression analysis</title>
          <p>The protein expression of total PLB, pPLB (ser-16), PKA and PP-1 was
                        conducted by the Western Blot technique.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The Western Blot technique</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Protein extraction</title>
          <p>Fragments of the left ventricle were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and
                        stored in a freezer at &#8722;80&#176;C. The frozen sample was homogenized in a
                        Polytron device (Ika Ultra Turrax<sup>TM</sup> T25 Basic, Wilmington, United
                        States) with hypotonic lysis buffer (potassium phosphate 50 mM pH 7.0,
                        sucrose 0.3 M, DTT 0.5 mM, EDTA 1 mM pH 8.0, PMSF 0.3 mM, NaF 10 mM and
                        phosphatase inhibitor). The process was performed three times for 10 seconds
                        at 4&#186;C, with 20-second intervals. The product of homogenization was
                        centrifuged (Eppendorf 5804R, Hamburg, Germany) at 12.000 rpm for 20 minutes
                        at 4&#186;C, and the supernatant was transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored in
                        a freezer at &#8722;80&#186;C. The protein concentration was analyzed by the Bradford
                            method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, using the curves in the
                        BSA Protein Standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States) as a
                        pattern.</p>
          <p>The protein samples were diluted in a Laemmli buffer (Tris-HCL 240mM, SDS,
                        0.8%, 40% glicerol, 0.02% bromophenol blue and 200 mM beta-mercaptoethanol)
                        and separated by electrophoresis using the Mini-Protean 3 Electrophoresis
                        Cell system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States). Electrophoresis was
                        conducted with biphasic stacking (Tris-HCL 240mM pH 6.8, 30% polyacrylamide,
                        APS and Temed) and resolution gel (Tris-HCL 240mM pH 8.8, 30%
                        polyacrylamide, APS and Temed), with concentrations of 6% to 12%, depending
                        on the molecular mass of the analyzed protein. In the first gel well, one
                        molecular mass pattern was applied, with the Kaleidoscope Prestained
                        Standards(Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States), in order to identify the
                        size of the bands. Electrophoresis was made at 120 V (Power Pac HC 3.0A,
                        Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA , United States), for approximately three hours, with
                        loading buffer (Tris 0.25M, glycine 192 mM and 1% SDS). Afterwards, proteins
                        were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane in a Mini-Trans Blot system
                        (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States), by using the transfer buffer (Tris
                        25 mM, glycine 192 mM, 20% methanol and 0.1% SDS). Membranes were washed
                        twice with a TBS buffer (Tris-HCl 20mM pH 7.6 and NaCl 137mM). The
                        non-specific binding sites of the primary antibody to the membrane were
                        blocked by incubation, with a 0.5% skimmed milk powder solution dissolved in
                        a TBS-T buffer, pH 7.4 (Tris-HCl 20mM, NaCl 137mM and 0.1% Tween 20
                        detergent) for 120 minutes at room temperature under constant agitation.
                        Afterwards, the membrane was washed three times in TBS-T buffer (Tris 1M
                        pH2.8, NaCl 5M and Tween 20) and incubated with the primary antibody diluted
                        in the blocking solution, under constant agitation for 12 hours. After the
                        incubation with the primary antibody, the membrane was washed three times in
                        TBS-T buffer and incubated with the secondary antibody in a blocking
                        solution for two hours under constant agitation. In order to remove the
                        excessive secondary antibody, the membrane was washed three times in TBS-T
                        buffer. Finally, immunodetection was performed by the chemiluminescence
                        method, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Enhancer
                        Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, NJ, United States). The
                        nitrocellulose membranes were exposed to radiographic films X-Omat AR
                        (Eastman Kodak Co., United States), in the periods standardized for each of
                        the analyzed proteins.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Antibodies</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>PLB mouse IgG (Thermo Scientific, Golden, CO, United States,
                                MA3-922). Used concentration: 1:5,000.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Phospho-Phospholamban (Ser16),rabbit IgG(Badrilla, Leeds, West
                                Yorkshire, United Kingdom, A010-12). Used concentration:
                                1:5,000.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PKArabbit IgG(Abcam Inc, MA, United States, AB71764). Used
                                concentration: 1:500.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PP1rabbit IgG (Abcam Inc, MA, United States, AB16446). Used
                                concentration: 1:1,000.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#946;-Actin, rabbit IgG1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, Santa Cruz, CA,
                                United States, SC81178). Used concentration: 1:1,000.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Quantitave blot analyses were conducted with the software Scion Image (Scion
                        Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, United States), which is a free software
                        available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scioncorp.com/">http://www.scioncorp.com/</ext-link>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All of the variables were submitted to the test of normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov.
                    The nutritional profile, the comorbidities associated with obesity, the
                    anatomical data and the cardiac protein expression were analyzed by the
                    Student's t-test for independent samples. The glucose tolerance test was
                    examined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the model of repeated measures
                    in two independent groups, being complemented by the Bonferroni test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The Sigma Plot 3.5 for Windows was used
                    for statistical analyses (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, United States).
                    Data were presented as mean &#177; standard-deviation. The 5% significance level was
                    considered for all of the variables.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Composition of control and obese groups</title>
        <p>After the criterion established to compose the experimental groups was applied,
                    27 animals remained in the study and constituted the control (C, n = 14) and the
                    obese group (Ob, n = 13).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nutritional profile</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the nutritional profile of
                    animals in C and Ob. Final body weight, weight gain, deposits of epididymal,
                    retroperitoneal and visceral fat, total body fat and adiposity index were higher
                    in the obese group in relation to the control group. Animals in the Ob consumed
                    less food than those in the C group. There was no difference between both groups
                    with regard to caloric intake.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nutritional profile</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>I BW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">290 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">308 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">445 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">486 &#177; 45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight gain (g)</td>
                <td align="center">300 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">342 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Food intake (g/day)</td>
                <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 2.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caloric intake (kcal/day)</td>
                <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">80.3 &#177; 8.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dietary efficiency (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.05 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">2.33 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Epididymal (g)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retroperitoneal (g)</td>
                <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 4.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Visceral (g)</td>
                <td align="center">4.80 &#177; 1.20</td>
                <td align="center">8.10 &#177; 1.80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total body fat (g)</td>
                <td align="center">20.5 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 7.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adiposity index (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.61 &#177; 0.85</td>
                <td align="center">7.55 &#177; 1.36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>C: control; Ob: obese; FBW: final body weight; IBW: initial body
                                weight. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Student's
                                t-test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05 * C.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of comorbidities</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Hormonal profile and systolic arterial pressure</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the result of
                        serum insulin values (A) and leptin (B); obesity leads to increasing
                        concentrations of these hormones. The result of the final systolic arterial
                        pressure (C) did not present any significant differences between groups.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Serum insulin (A) and leptin levels (B) in control (n = 8) and
                                obese animals (n = 8). Systolic arterial pressure (C) of control (n
                                = 14) and obese animals (n = 13). Data expressed as mean &#177;
                                standard-deviation. Student&#8217;s t-test for independente samples, *p
                                &lt;0,05 &#215; C</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Glucose tolerance test</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> shows the results of the
                        glucose tolerance test performed in groups C and Ob. Glycemic levels were
                        similar at the baseline between groups. After the intraperitoneal
                        administration of glucose, glycemia was high in the Ob group and in moments
                        15, 30, 60 and 90 in comparison to group C.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Glucose tolerance test in control (n = 14) and obese animals (n =
                                13). Data expressed as mean standard-deviation. Analysis of variance
                                (ANOVA) for the model of repeated measures in independent groups,
                                complemented by the Bonferroni test. * p &lt; 0.05 &#215; C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>c) Glycemic and lipid profile</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the serum biochemical
                        analyses of animals in groups C and Ob. The plasma concentrations of
                        glucose, cholesterol, HDL and NEFA were not different between treatments;
                        the triglyceride concentration was significantly higher in Ob than in C.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Glycemic and lipid profile</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Variables</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Groups</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1 &#177; 15,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.5 &#177; 18.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 5.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEFA (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids.
                                    Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Student's t-test
                                    for independent samples.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt;0.05 * C</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac remodeling</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Macroscopic structure of the heart</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the <italic>post mortem
                       </italic>macroscopic structure of the heart of rats in C and Ob. After 15
                        weeks of obesity, there was a significant difference concerning the weight
                        of the atria.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Macroscopic structure of the heart and tibia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Variables</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Groups</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tibia (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.30 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">4.30 &#177; 0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>at (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10 &#177; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart total (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/tibia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV/tibia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050 &#177; 0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060 &#177; 0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AT/tibia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020 &#177; 0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart/tibia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30 &#177; 0.02</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>C: control; Ob: obese; AT: atrial mass; RV: right ventricle mass;
                                    LV: left ventricle mass; AT/tibia: AT to tibia length ratio;
                                    RV/tibia: RV to tibia length ratio; LV/tibia: LV to tibia length
                                    ratio; Data expressed in mean &#177; standard-deviation. Student's
                                    t-test for independent samples.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t03">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt; 0.05 vs C</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) Protein expression analysis</title>
          <p>According to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>, we did not
                        observe significant differences in protein expressions of PLB (A), pPLB
                        Ser-16 (B), PKA (C) and PP-1 (D) between the control and obese groups.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Expressions of PLB (A), pPLB-ser16 (B), PKA (C) and PP-1 (D)
                                normalyzed by beta-actin. PKA: protein kinase A; PLB:
                                dephosphorylated phospholamban; pPLB-ser16: phosphorylated
                                phospholamban in serin-16; PP-1: phosphatase-1. Control (n = 6) and
                                obese (n = 6). Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard-deviation.
                                Student&#8217;s t-test * p &lt;0.05 &#215; C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding in this study was that obesity induced by an unsaturated high-fat
                diet did not lead to changes in the balance between phosphorylation and
                dephosphorylation in the heart; the behaviors of kinase and phosphatase proteins
                were similar in both analyzed groups.</p>
      <p>The diet-induced obesity is similar to that found in the human population, and it has
                been used to reproduce possible molecular, structural, metabolic, and functional
                changes in different organs of the human body<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The high calorie content of the diet used in this experiment, which
                was enough to promote obesity among rats, was a result of the high content of
                unsaturated fats. In this study, results showed that the adiposity index was
                significantly higher among obese rats (control = 4.61 &#177; 0.85; obese = 7.55 &#177; 1.36; p
                &lt; 0.005) in relation to the ones in the control group. This result is in
                accordance with studies (conducted with rodents) that classify obesity using this
                    index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obesity has been characterized by several comorbidities, such as glucose intolerance,
                insulin resistance, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia
                and hyperleptinemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. In this study, obese animals presented the following comorbidities:
                glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperleptinemia.
                Glucose intolerance associated with increasing serum insulin showed that animals
                were resistant to the action of insulin. The increasing levels of insulin in obese
                rats were not able to maintain the homeostasis of carbohydrates facing the
                supplementation of this substrate in obese animals. The increasing levels of
                triglycerides in obese rats can be a consequence of the high capture of
                triglycerides in the form of chylomicrons and/or the decreasing absorption of
                triglycerides by peripheral tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The
                increased leptin levels were caused by larger fat deposits, since there is
                correlation between the levels of leptin and the fat tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Since
                leptin is a hormone that derives from the fat tissue, it participates in energy
                balance, thus regulating the food intake and the oxidation of lipids<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The reduced food intake by obese rats suggests that the increasing
                levels of leptin were effective for appetite control. Data concerning comorbidities
                observed in this study are in accordance with other studies that induced obesity
                    experimentally<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>The most important observation in this study was that diets induced by unsaturated
                fat did not change the pPLB-ser16 expression, and proteins in charge of balancing
                phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, PKA and PP-1, respectively. Since the
                beta-adrenergic via is in charge of phosphorylation in the site of serum-16 of the
                PLB, we can infer that this system was not sufficiently stimulated to lead to
                changes in the myocardial PLB phosphorylation or that another system was opposed to
                such an activation. The behavior of pPLB-ser16 in this study is not in accordance
                with a previous study conducted in our laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, in which decreased PLB was found in its phosphorylated state in
                serum 16 among obese rats treated with the same diet used in this study. We could
                not find an explanation for these different results; such a divergence
                    <italic>could</italic> be related to the adiposity index in obese animals, which
                was 16% higher in the study conducted by Lima-Leopoldo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No studies in literature analyzed the relationship between
                proteins that interfere in myocardial PLB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in
                obese rats submitted to a hyperlipidic diet.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The initial hypothesis of this study was not confirmed. Obesity does not promote
                imbalance between myocardial PLB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by the
                beta-adrenergic via.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Freire PP, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS,
                    Silva DCT, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Acquisition of data: Freire PP, Alves CAB,
                    Deus AF, Campos DHS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Freire PP, Alves
                    CAB, Deus AF, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Campos DHS,
                    Cicogna AC; Statistical analysis: Freire PP, Alves CAB, Lima-Leopoldo AP,
                    Leopoldo AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Obtaining financing:
                    Freire PP, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Cicogna AC; Writing of the manuscript:
                    Freire PP, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                    intellectual content: Freire PP, Alves CAB, Deus AF, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo
                    AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the end-of-the-course essay of Paula Paccielli Freire
                    from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu
                    (FMB).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>2. Sugden PH, Bogoyevitch MA. Intracellular signalling through
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Obesidade n&#227;o Acarreta Desequil&#237;brio entre Fosforila&#231;&#227;o
                    e Desfosforila&#231;&#227;o da Fosfolambam Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Paccielli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Barnabe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deus</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Cristina Tomaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
                    Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP -
                    Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito
                    Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e
                    Desportos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos -
                    Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paula Paccielli Freire</bold>. Rua Joaquim Francisco de
                    Barros, Bairro Alto. CEP 18600-380, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail:
                        <email>freirepp@hotmail.com</email>; <email>freirepp2@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico promove a estimula&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na G,
                        que, via adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clico (AMPc), altera a estrutura da
                        proteina quinase A (PKA) e acarreta a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da fosfolambam (PLB).
                        Essa prote&#237;na participa do sistema envolvido no controle de c&#225;lcio
                        intracelular, em c&#233;lulas musculares, sendo a principal reguladora da
                        atividade da bomba de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico. Na obesidade
                        ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico por influ&#234;ncia do aumento da
                        leptina, acarretando, consequentemente, maior fosforila&#231;&#227;o da fosfolambam
                        mioc&#225;rdica, via AMPc-PKA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Investigar, na obesidade, o envolvimento das prote&#237;nas que regulam o grau de
                        fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica. A hip&#243;tese do
                        estudo &#233; que h&#225; desequil&#237;brio entre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o e a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o da
                        fosfolambam, com predom&#237;nio da fosforila&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar machos foram randomizados e distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos:
                        controle (n = 14), alimentado com dieta normocal&#243;rica, e obeso (n = 13), com
                        um ciclo de quatro dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas insaturadas. A obesidade foi
                        determinada pelo &#237;ndice de adiposidade, e as express&#245;es proteicas de
                        fosfatase 1 (PP-1), PKA, PLB, fosfolambam fosforilado na serina 16
                        (pPLB-ser16) foram realizadas por Western Blot.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A obesidade acarretou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hiperinsulinemia,
                        hipertrigliceridemia, hiperleptinemia e n&#227;o alterou a express&#227;o proteica de
                        PKA, PP-1, PLB, pPLB-ser16.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A obesidade n&#227;o promove desequil&#237;brio entre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o e a
                        desfosforila&#231;&#227;o, via beta-adren&#233;rgica, do PLB mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fosforila&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Leptina</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico (SBA) modula o desempenho card&#237;aco via receptor beta,
                    prote&#237;na G, adenilciclase e adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clico (AMPc). A AMPc altera
                    a prote&#237;na quinase A (PKA), liberando a subunidade catal&#237;tica, ativando a
                    fosforila&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas mioc&#225;rdicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> envolvidas no
                    tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                        1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico, por meio do receptor beta,
                            acarreta estimula&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na G que, via subunidade alfa, aciona AC,
                            promovendo a transforma&#231;&#227;o de ATP em AMPc. Esta altera a conforma&#231;&#227;o da
                            PKA liberando e estimulando a subunidade catal&#237;tica da PKA, que
                            desencadeia fosforila&#231;&#227;o de diferentes prote&#237;nas envolvidas no tr&#226;nsito
                            de c&#225;lcio. AC: adenil ciclase; AMPc: 3&#8242;,5&#8242; monofosfato c&#237;clico de
                            adenosina; ATP: adenosina trifosfato; PKA: prote&#237;na quinase A.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A fosfolambam (PLB) participa do controle do c&#225;lcio intracelular mioc&#225;rdico; &#233; a
                    prote&#237;na reguladora da atividade da bomba de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do ret&#237;culo
                    sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. o PLB
                    desfosforilado forma o complexo PLB-SERCA2a, que, inibindo a bomba, n&#227;o permite
                    transfer&#234;ncia de Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lico para o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico; a
                    fosforila&#231;&#227;o desacopla o complexo PLB-SERCA2a, aumentando a recaptura do c&#225;lcio
                    pela SERCA2a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A liga&#231;&#227;o PLB-SERCA2a &#233; controlada por ciclos de fosforila&#231;&#227;o e desfosforila&#231;&#227;o,
                    por a&#231;&#227;o da PKA e fosfatase 1 (PP-1), respectivamente. O predom&#237;nio da
                    fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB, s&#237;tio da serina 16, ocorre com a ativa&#231;&#227;o da PKA.
                    Simultaneamente, a PKA fosforila a prote&#237;na inibit&#243;ria 1 (I-1), formando o
                    complexo I-1/PP-1, impedindo a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB pela PP-1. H&#225; predom&#237;nio
                    da desfosforila&#231;&#227;o quando a PKA &#233; desativada, n&#227;o havendo fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB e
                    da I-1; a n&#227;o adi&#231;&#227;o do fosfato na I-1 impede a forma&#231;&#227;o do I-1/PP-1, permitindo
                    que a PP-1, em estado ativo, possa desfosforilar o PLB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
                        (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A. O predom&#237;nio da fosforila&#231;&#227;o ocorre quando a PKA &#233; ativada, ao
                            mesmo tempo em que fosforila a I-1, impedindo a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB.
                            B. O predom&#237;nio da desfosforila&#231;&#227;o ocorre quando a PKA n&#227;o est&#225; ativada.
                            N&#227;o h&#225; a fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB e da I-1, mantendo PP-1 em seu estado
                            ativo. AMPc: 3&#8242;,5&#8242; monofosfato c&#237;clico de adenosina; I-1: prote&#237;na
                            inibit&#243;ria 1; P: fosfato; PKA: prote&#237;na quinase A; pPLB: fosfolambam
                            fosforilado; PLB: fosfolambam desfosforilado; PP-1: fosfatase-1;
                            Serca2a: bomba de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A obesidade - excesso de tecido adiposo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa magra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> - produz adipocinas que interferem em
                    processos biol&#243;gicos, incluindo ativa&#231;&#227;o do SBA pela leptina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A estimula&#231;&#227;o do SBA fosforila o PLB mioc&#225;rdico via
                    AMPc-PKA. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos que tenham analisado o balan&#231;o entre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o e a
                    desfosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB via SBA na obesidade. Relling e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, utilizando ratos obesos por 12 semanas,
                    mostraram aumento da express&#227;o do PLB e diminui&#231;&#227;o de PLB fosforilado (pPLB).
                        Lima-Leopoldo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verificou diminui&#231;&#227;o
                    do pPLB via AMPc na serina 16 em ratos obesos durante 15 semanas. Esses autores
                    n&#227;o avaliaram as prote&#237;nas quinase e fosfatase nos animais.</p>
        <p>A inexist&#234;ncia de trabalhos analisando a ativa&#231;&#227;o e a desativa&#231;&#227;o do PLB na
                    obesidade induziu a investiga&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento das prote&#237;nas reguladoras da
                    fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB via SBA. A hip&#243;tese deste estudo &#233; que a obesidade promove
                    desbalan&#231;o entre fosforila&#231;&#227;o e desfosforila&#231;&#227;o da fosfolambam, com predom&#237;nio
                    da fosforila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados 27 ratos Wistar machos, com 30 dias de idade, provenientes
                        do Biot&#233;rio do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina de
                        Botucatu (SP) - Unesp, mantidos nas seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: gaiolas individuais
                        de polipropileno com tampas de arame cromado forradas com maravalha de p&#237;nus
                        esterilizada; temperatura ambiente de 24&#176;C e ciclos de ilumina&#231;&#227;o de 12
                        horas. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados em acordo com o <italic>Guide
                            for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em
                        Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Unesp,
                        Botucatu), protocolo n&#250;mero 765.</p>
          <p>Os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos: controle (C) e obeso (Ob). Os
                        animais C (n = 14) receberam dieta normocal&#243;rica RC Focus 1765,
                            Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil (22% de prote&#237;na,
                        42,7% de carboidrato, 4% de gordura, 9% de minerais, 8% de fibras, 12% de
                        umidade, 1,5% de c&#225;lcio, 0,8% de f&#243;sforo), e o grupo Ob recebeu um ciclo de
                        quatro dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas Agroceres<sup>&#174;</sup>, Rio Claro, S&#227;o Paulo,
                        Brasil (20% de prote&#237;na, 26,4% de carboidrato, 20% de gordura, 10% de
                        minerais, 9% de fibras, 12,5% de umidade, 1,4% de c&#225;lcio, 0,7 de f&#243;sforo),
                        as quais se sucederam de forma rotativa por um per&#237;odo de 15 semanas. A
                        an&#225;lise do perfil dos &#225;cidos graxos da dieta mostrou que os insaturados
                        correspondem a 80%, e os saturados, a 20%. A ingest&#227;o alimentar dos animais
                        foi aferida diariamente, e o consumo de &#225;gua, <italic>ad libitum</italic>.
                        Os animais foram pesados semanalmente, utilizando-se balan&#231;a digital
                            Mettler<sup>&#174;</sup>modelo Spider 2. Ao final das 15 semanas de
                        tratamento, todos os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50
                        mg/kg/ip; Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda.,
                        Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e eutanasiados por decapita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Constitui&#231;&#227;o dos grupos controle e obeso</title>
          <p>Na experimenta&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica, em especial em estudos experimentais, mesmo
                        quando mantidas as condi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais semelhantes, n&#227;o est&#225; assegurada
                        a homogeneidade de resposta. Nesse sentido, os ratos submetidos a
                        ra&#231;&#227;o-padr&#227;o e hiperlip&#237;dica podem apresentar, em maior ou menor escala,
                        caracter&#237;sticas comuns, como, por exemplo, o &#237;ndice de adiposidade. Estudo
                        publicado previamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostrou que
                        esse fato pode conduzir a um erro de classifica&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, animais
                        submetidos a ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o poderiam ser classificados como controle, quando
                        na realidade exibem caracter&#237;sticas de animais obesos ou vice versa. Por
                        essa raz&#227;o, tornou-se necess&#225;rio estabelecer um crit&#233;rio que separasse os
                        animais em dois grupos distintos de acordo com o &#237;ndice de adiposidade. Com
                        essa finalidade, foi constru&#237;do um intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a (IC) para a
                        m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de adiposidade dos ratos controle e obeso. Foi adotado como
                        ponto de separa&#231;&#227;o (PS) entre os grupos o ponto m&#233;dio entre o limite
                        superior do grupo C e o limite inferior do grupo Ob; a partir desse ponto
                        foram exclu&#237;dos do grupo C os animais com &#237;ndice de adiposidade acima do PS,
                        e do grupo Ob, os animais com &#237;ndice de adiposidade abaixo do PS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil nutricional dos animais</title>
          <p>Para avaliar se a obesidade alterou o perfil nutricional, foi analisada a
                        ingest&#227;o alimentar, o consumo cal&#243;rico, a efici&#234;ncia alimentar, a massa
                        corporal, a gordura corporal e o &#237;ndice de adiposidade. A ingest&#227;o alimentar
                        foi calculada diariamente a partir da sobra individual de ra&#231;&#227;o. O consumo
                        cal&#243;rico foi calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: ingest&#227;o alimentar semanal
                        multiplicada pelo valor energ&#233;tico de cada dieta (g &#215; kcal). Com a
                        finalidade de analisar a capacidade de convers&#227;o de energia alimentar
                        consumida em peso corporal foi calculada a efici&#234;ncia alimentar,
                        dividindo-se o ganho total de peso corporal dos animais (g) pela energia
                        total ingerida (kcal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obesidade</title>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, ao final do per&#237;odo de 15 semanas, foi
                        realizada pelo &#237;ndice de adiposidade. Os dep&#243;sitos de gordura epididimal,
                        retroperitoneal e visceral dos animais foram dissecados para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o
                        da gordura corporal. O &#237;ndice de adiposidade foi mensurado pela soma dos
                        dep&#243;sitos de gordura normalizada pelo peso corporal final multiplicado por
                        100. Esse m&#233;todo permite analisar os dep&#243;sitos de gordura corporal de
                        maneira consistente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comorbidades associadas &#224; obesidade</title>
          <p>Como a obesidade pode acarretar comorbidades cardiovasculares, metab&#243;lica e
                        hormonal, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose,
                        resist&#234;ncia sist&#234;mica &#224; insulina, dislipidemias, hiperglicemia,
                        hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, as
                        seguintes vari&#225;veis foram analisadas:</p>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</title>
            <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi avaliada pela mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial
                            sist&#243;lica (PAS). A PAS foi aferida por plestimografia, utilizando-se
                            eletroesfigmoman&#244;metro, Narco Bio-System<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo 709-0610
                            (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, Estados Unidos). Os ratos foram
                            previamente aquecidos &#224; temperatura de 40&#186;C por cinco minutos, em uma
                            caixa de madeira (50 &#215; 40 cm) forrada com maravalha autoclavada, com a
                            finalidade de produzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria caudal. Em seguida, o
                            manguito foi conectado a um transdutor de pulso colocado em torno da
                            cauda do animal e insuflado at&#233; atingir 200 mmHg e, posteriormente,
                            desinsuflado. O registro das pulsa&#231;&#245;es arteriais foi coletado em
                            pol&#237;grafo Gould RS 3200 (Gould Instrumenta Valley View, Ohio, Estados
                            Unidos).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) Teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose</title>
            <p>Os animais foram submetidos a um per&#237;odo de jejum de seis horas. As
                            coletas de sangue, na art&#233;ria caudal, foram realizadas na condi&#231;&#227;o basal
                            e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de glicose 25%
                            (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup>-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, Estados Unidos) equivalente
                            a 2,0 g/kg. As amostras sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas nos momentos 0
                            (condi&#231;&#227;o basal), 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos. O glicos&#237;metro ACCU-CHEK
                            GO KIT (Roche Diagnostic Brazil Ltda., S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi utilizado
                            para mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>c) Perfil hormonal: insulina e leptina s&#233;rica</title>
            <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas desses horm&#244;nios foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo
                            de ELISA utilizando-se <italic>kits</italic> espec&#237;ficos (Linco Research
                            Inc, St. Louis, MO, Estados Unidos). A leitura foi realizada com aux&#237;lio
                            de leitor de microplaca (Spectra MAX 190, Molecular Devics, Sunnyvale,
                            CA, Estados Unidos).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>d) Perfil glic&#234;mico e lip&#237;dico</title>
            <p>Os perfis lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico foram avaliados por meio de an&#225;lises
                            s&#233;ricas de glicose, triacilglicerol, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de
                            alta e baixa densidades e &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o esterificados (NEFA). Os
                            animais foram colocados em jejum por 12 a 15 horas, anestesiados com
                            pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg/IP, Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos
                            Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda., Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e
                            eutanasiados. A seguir, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos
                            Falcon com heparina, centrifugadas (3.000 rpm; 10 minutos;
                                Eppendorf<sup>&#174;</sup> Centrifuge 5804-R, Hamburgo, Alemanha) e
                            armazenadas a &#8722;80&#186;C. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de glicose,
                            triacilglicerol, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta e baixa
                            densidades foram determinadas por meio de <italic>kits</italic>
                            espec&#237;ficos (CELM, Barueri, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e analisadas pelo m&#233;todo
                            enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico automatizado (Technicon, RA-XTTM System, Global
                            Medical Instrumentation, Minessota, Estados Unidos). Os n&#237;veis de NEFA
                            foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo Johnson &amp; Peters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> utilizando <italic>kit</italic>colorim&#233;trico
                            (WAKO NEFA-C, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Jap&#227;o).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Como a obesidade pode acarretar remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a mesma foi estudada
                        por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural <italic>post mortem</italic>e por an&#225;lise
                        da express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas quinase e fosfatases que regulam o grau de
                        fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB decorrente da ativa&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>a) An&#225;lise estrutural card&#237;aca</title>
            <p>Os animais foram submetidos a jejum de 12 a 15 h, anestesiados com
                            pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg/ip; Crist&#225;lia<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos
                            Qu&#237;micos Farmac&#234;uticos Ltda., Itapira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e sacrificados
                            por decapita&#231;&#227;o. O cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais foi removido e dissecado, e as
                            seguintes determina&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas: peso total do cora&#231;&#227;o, do
                            ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, direito e &#225;trio, e suas respectivas rela&#231;&#245;es com o
                            peso corporal e o comprimento da t&#237;bia no momento do sacrif&#237;cio. Essas
                            an&#225;lises podem indicar a presen&#231;a de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em n&#237;veis
                            atrial e ventricular.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) An&#225;lise da express&#227;o proteica</title>
            <p>A express&#227;o proteica de PLB total, pPLB(ser-16), PKA e PP-1 foi realizada
                            pela t&#233;cnica de Western Blot.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica de Western Blot</title>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Extra&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas</title>
            <p>Fragmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram rapidamente congelados em
                            nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenados em <italic>freezer</italic> a &#8722;80&#176;C. A
                            amostra congelada foi homogeneizada em aparelho Polytron (Ika Ultra
                                Turrax<sup>TM</sup> T25 Basic, Wilmington, Estados Unidos) com
                            tamp&#227;o de lise hipot&#244;nico (fosfato de pot&#225;ssio 50 mM pH 7,0, sucrose 0,3
                            M, DTT 0,5 mM, EDTA 1 mM pH 8.0, PMSF 0,3 mM, NaF 10 mM e inibidor de
                            fosfatase). O processo foi realizado tr&#234;s vezes durante 10 segundos a
                            4&#186;C, com intervalos de 20 segundos. O produto da homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o foi
                            centrifugado (Eppendorf 5804R, Hamburgo, Alemanha) a 12.000 rpm por 20
                            minutos a 4&#186;C, e o sobrenadante foi transferido para tubos
                                <italic>eppendorfs</italic> e armazenados em
                                <italic>freezer</italic> a &#8722;80&#186;C. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi
                            analisada pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, utilizando as curvas de BSA Protein Standard (Bio-Rad,
                            Hercules, CA, Estados Unidos) como padr&#227;o.</p>
            <p>As amostras das prote&#237;nas foram dilu&#237;das em tamp&#227;o Laemmli (Tris-HCL
                            240mM, SDS, 0,8%, glicerol 40%, azul de bromofenol 0,02% e
                            beta-mercaptoetanol 200 mM) e separadas por eletroforese utilizando
                            sistema Mini-Protean 3 Electrophoresis Cell (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA,
                            Estados Unidos). A corrida eletrofor&#233;tica foi realizada em gel bif&#225;sico,
                            de empilhamento (Tris-HCL 240mM pH 6,8, poliacrilamida 30%, APS e Temed)
                            e de resolu&#231;&#227;o (Tris-HCL 240mM pH 8,8, poliacrilamida 30%, APS e Temed),
                            na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 6% a 12%, dependente do peso molecular da prote&#237;na
                            analisada. No primeiro po&#231;o do gel foi aplicado um padr&#227;o de peso
                            molecular, Kaleidoscope Prestained Standards (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA,
                            Estados Unidos), para identifica&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das bandas. A corrida
                            eletrofor&#233;tica foi efetuada a 120 V (Power Pac HC 3.0A, Bio-Rad,
                            Hercules, CA, Estados Unidos), por aproximadamente tr&#234;s horas, com
                            tamp&#227;o de corrida (Tris 0,25M, glicina 192 mM e SDS 1%). Em seguida, as
                            prote&#237;nas foram transferidas para uma membrana de nitrocelulose em
                            sistema Mini-Trans Blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, Estados Unidos)
                            utilizando-se tamp&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia (Tris 25 mM, glicina 192 mM,
                            metanol 20% e SDS 0,1%). As membranas foram lavadas duas vezes com
                            tamp&#227;o TBS (Tris-HCl 20mM pH 7,6 e NaCl 137mM). Os s&#237;tios inespec&#237;ficos
                            de liga&#231;&#227;o do anticorpo prim&#225;rio &#224; membrana foram bloqueados mediante
                            incuba&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o a 0,5% de leite em p&#243; desnatado, dissolvido em
                            tamp&#227;o TBS-T pH 7,4 (Tris-HCl 20mM, NaCl 137mM e detergente Tween 20
                            0,1%) por 120 minutos &#224; temperatura ambiente sob constante agita&#231;&#227;o. Em
                            seguida, a membrana foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes em solu&#231;&#227;o basal (Tris 1M
                            pH2,8, NaCl 5M e Tween 20) e incubada com o anticorpo prim&#225;rio dilu&#237;do
                            na solu&#231;&#227;o bloqueadora, sob agita&#231;&#227;o constante por 12 horas. Ap&#243;s a
                            incuba&#231;&#227;o com o anticorpo prim&#225;rio, a membrana foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes em
                            solu&#231;&#227;o basal e incubada com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio em solu&#231;&#227;o
                            bloqueadora por duas horas sob agita&#231;&#227;o constante. Para remover o
                            excesso de anticorpo secund&#225;rio, a membrana foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes em
                            solu&#231;&#227;o basal. Por fim, a imunodetec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por meio do m&#233;todo
                            de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante
                            (Enhancer Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, NJ, Estados Unidos).
                            As membranas de nitrocelulose foram expostas a filmes radiogr&#225;ficos
                            X-Omat AR (Eastman Kodak Co., Estados Unidos), nos tempos padronizados
                            para cada prote&#237;na estudada.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) Anticorpos</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>PLB mouse IgG (Thermo Scientific, Golden, CO, Estados Unidos,
                                    MA3-922). Concentra&#231;&#227;o utilizada: 1:5.000.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Phospho-Phospholamban (Ser16), rabbit IgG (Badrilla, Leeds, West
                                    Yorkshire, Reino Unido, A010-12). Concentra&#231;&#227;o utilizada:
                                    1:5.000.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>PKA rabbit IgG (Abcam Inc, MA, Estados Unidos, AB71764).
                                    Concentra&#231;&#227;o utilizada: 1:500.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>PP1 rabbit IgG (Abcam Inc, MA, Estados Unidos, AB16446).
                                    Concentra&#231;&#227;o utilizada: 1:1.000.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>&#223;-Actin, rabbit IgG1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, Santa Cruz,
                                    CA, Estados Unidos, SC81178). Concentra&#231;&#227;o utilizada:
                                    1:1.000.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>As an&#225;lises quantitativas dos <italic>blots</italic> foram realizadas
                            pelo programa Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, Maryland,
                            Estados Unidos), <italic>software</italic>livre, dispon&#237;vel no
                            endere&#231;o: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scioncorp.com/">http://www.scioncorp.com/</ext-link>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis foram submetidas ao teste de normalidade
                        Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O perfil nutricional, as comorbidades associadas &#224;
                        obesidade, os dados anat&#244;micos e a express&#227;o proteica card&#237;aca foram
                        analisados pelo teste<italic> t</italic>de Student para amostras
                        independentes. O teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose foi examinado por meio da
                        an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para o modelo de medidas repetidas em grupos
                        independentes e complementado com o teste de Bonferroni<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O programa utilizado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas
                        foi o Sigma Plot 3.5 para Windows (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA,
                        Estados Unidos). Os dados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. O
                        n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado para todas as vari&#225;veis foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos controle e obeso</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio estabelecido para a composi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos
                        experimentais, 27 animais permaneceram no estudo, constituindo o grupo
                        controle (C, n = 14) e o grupo obeso (Ob, n = 13).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil nutricional</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref> mostra o perfil
                        nutricional dos animais C e Ob. O peso corporal final, o ganho de peso, os
                        dep&#243;sitos de gordura epididimal, retroperitoneal e visceral, a gordura
                        corporal total e o &#237;ndice de adiposidade foram maiores no grupo obeso em
                        rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Os animais Ob ingeriram menor quantidade de ra&#231;&#227;o
                        que os C. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perfil nutricional</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCI (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">290 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">308 &#177; 23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">445 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">486 &#177; 45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ganho de peso (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">342 &#177; 16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ingest&#227;o alimentar (g/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 2,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica (kcal/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">80,3 &#177; 8,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Efici&#234;ncia alimentar (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05 &#177; 0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">2,33 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Epididimal (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 4,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Retroperitoneal (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 4,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Visceral (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,80 &#177; 1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">8,10 &#177; 1,80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura corporal total (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,5 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 7,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de adiposidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61 &#177; 0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">7,55 &#177; 1,36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>C: controle; Ob: obeso; PCF: peso corporal final; PCI: peso
                                    corporal inicial. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia desvio-padr&#227;o. Teste
                                    t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt;0,05 &#215; C.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das comorbidades</title>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Perfil hormonal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref> ilustra o resultado dos
                            valores s&#233;ricos de insulina (A) e leptina (B); a obesidade acarretou
                            aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es desses horm&#244;nios. O resultado da press&#227;o
                            arterial sist&#243;lica final (C) n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa
                            entre os grupos.</p>
            <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de insulina (A) e leptina (B) dos animais
                                    controles (n = 8) e obesos (n = 8). Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
                                    (C) dos animais controles (n = 14) e obesos (n = 13). Dados
                                    expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Teste t de Student para
                                    amostras independentes, * p &lt; 0,05 &#215; C.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) Teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose</title>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref> mostra o resultado do
                            teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose realizado nos grupos C e Ob. Os n&#237;veis
                            glic&#234;micos foram semelhantes no momento basal entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s a
                            administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de glicose, a glicemia foi elevada no
                            grupo Ob nos momentos 15, 30, 60 e 90 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C.</p>
            <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose dos animais controles (n = 14)
                                    e obesos (n = 13). Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o.
                                    An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para o modelo de medidas repetidas
                                    em grupos independentes e complementada com o teste de
                                    Bonferroni. * p &lt; 0,05 &#215; C.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>c) Perfil glic&#234;mico e lip&#237;dico</title>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as an&#225;lises
                            bioqu&#237;micas s&#233;ricas dos animais dos grupos C e Ob. As concentra&#231;&#245;es
                            plasm&#225;ticas de glicose, colesterol, HDL e NEFA n&#227;o foram diferentes
                            entre os tratamentos; a concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides foi maior,
                            significantemente, no Ob em rela&#231;&#227;o ao C.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t05">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Perfil glic&#234;mico e lip&#237;dico</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                      <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>Grupos</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
                      <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 &#177; 16</td>
                    <td align="center">138 &#177; 14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 10,3</td>
                    <td align="center">82,1 &#177; 15,7<sup>*</sup>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 11,5</td>
                    <td align="center">67,5 &#177; 18,0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
                    <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 5,8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NEFA (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,10</td>
                    <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta intensidade; NEFA: &#225;cidos graxos
                                        n&#227;o esterificados. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o.
                                        Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="tfn01t05">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>p &lt;0,05 &#215; C.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <sec>
            <title>a) Estrutura macrosc&#243;pica card&#237;aca</title>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a estrutura
                            macrosc&#243;pica card&#237;aca <italic>post mortem</italic> dos ratos C e Ob.
                            Ap&#243;s 15 semanas de obesidade, houve diferen&#231;a significativa no peso dos
                            &#225;trios.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t06">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estrutura macrosc&#243;pica card&#237;aca e t&#237;bia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                      <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2" align="center">
                      <bold>Grupos</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>
                      <bold>C (n = 14)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                      <bold>Ob (n = 13)</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T&#237;bia (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,30 &#177; 0,07</td>
                    <td align="center">4,30 &#177; 0,10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,06</td>
                    <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VD (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,02</td>
                    <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,09 &#177; 0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cora&#231;&#227;o total (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,09</td>
                    <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VE/t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,01</td>
                    <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VD/t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,050 &#177; 0,005</td>
                    <td align="center">0,060 &#177; 0,008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT/t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,020 &#177; 0,002</td>
                    <td align="center">0,020 &#177; 0,003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cora&#231;&#227;o/t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,30 &#177; 0,02</td>
                    <td align="center">0,30 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>C: controle; Ob: obeso; AT: peso do &#225;trio; VD: peso do
                                        ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
                                        AT/t&#237;bia: rela&#231;&#227;o AT pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia; VD/t&#237;bia:
                                        rela&#231;&#227;o VD pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia; VE/t&#237;bia: rela&#231;&#227;o VE
                                        pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia; Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
                                        padr&#227;o. Teste "t" de Student para amostras
                                        independentes.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="tfn01t06">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>p&lt; 0,05 vs C</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>b) An&#225;lise da express&#227;o proteica</title>
            <p>De acordo com a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>, n&#227;o
                            verificamos diferen&#231;a significativa nas express&#245;es proteicas de PLB (A),
                            pPLB Ser-16 (B), PKA (C) e PP-1 (D) entre os grupos controle e
                            obeso.</p>
            <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#245;es de PLB (A), pPLB-ser16 (B), PKA (C) e PP-1(D)
                                    normalizadas pela beta-actina. PKA: prote&#237;na quinase A; PLB:
                                    fosfolambam desfosforilado; pPLB-ser16: fosfolambam fosforilado
                                    na serina16; PP-1: fosfatase-1. Controle (n = 6) e obeso (n =
                                    6). Os dados est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Teste t
                                    de Student * p &lt; 0,05 &#215; C.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0041-40083-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que a obesidade induzida por dieta rica em
                    gordura insaturada n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#227;o no balan&#231;o entre fosforila&#231;&#227;o e
                    desfosforila&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o; os comportamentos das prote&#237;nas quinase e fosfatase
                    foram semelhantes nos dois grupos analisados.</p>
        <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade por dieta se assemelha &#224; encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o humana, e
                    vem sendo utilizada para reproduzir poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares,
                    estruturais, metab&#243;licas e funcionais em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os do corpo humano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O alto teor cal&#243;rico da dieta utilizada
                    neste experimento, suficiente para promover a obesidade em ratos, foi devido ao
                    elevado teor de gorduras insaturadas. Neste trabalho, os resultados mostraram
                    que o &#237;ndice de adiposidade foi significativamente maior nos obesos (controle =
                    4,61 &#177; 0,85; obeso = 7,55 &#177; 1,36; p &lt;0,005) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Esse
                    resultado est&#225; de acordo com trabalhos (realizados em roedores) que classificam
                    a obesidade utilizando esse &#237;ndice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>A obesidade vem sendo caracterizada por v&#225;rias comorbidades, como intoler&#226;ncia &#224;
                    glicose, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemias,
                    hiperinsulinemia e hiperleptinemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Neste
                    estudo, os animais obesos apresentaram as seguintes comorbidades: intoler&#226;ncia &#224;
                    glicose, hiperinsulinemia, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperleptinemia. A
                    intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose associada ao aumento de insulina s&#233;rica mostrou que os
                    animais apresentaram resist&#234;ncia &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina. O aumento nos n&#237;veis de
                    insulina nos obesos n&#227;o foi capaz de manter a homeostasia dos carboidratos
                    frente &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o desse substrato nos animais obesos. O aumento dos n&#237;veis
                    de triglic&#233;rides nos ratos com obesidade pode ser consequ&#234;ncia da elevada
                    capta&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides na forma de quilom&#237;crons e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da absor&#231;&#227;o
                    dos triglic&#233;rides pelos tecidos perif&#233;ricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da leptina foi devida aos maiores dep&#243;sitos de
                    gordura, j&#225; que h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de leptina e o tecido adiposo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. A leptina, por ser um horm&#244;nio derivado do tecido
                    adiposo, participa do balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico, regulando o consumo alimentar e a
                    oxida&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;deos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de alimentos
                    pelos obesos sugere que o aumento da leptina foi efetivo no controle do apetite.
                    Os dados relativos &#224;s comorbidades observados neste trabalho est&#227;o de acordo com
                    outros trabalhos que induziram a obesidade experimentalmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o mais importante deste estudo foi que a obesidade induzida por dieta
                    insaturada n&#227;o alterou a express&#227;o do pPLB-ser16, e as prote&#237;nas respons&#225;veis
                    pelo balan&#231;o entre a sua fosforila&#231;&#227;o e a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o, PKA e PP-1,
                    respectivamente. Sendo a via beta-adren&#233;rgica a respons&#225;vel pela fosforila&#231;&#227;o no
                    s&#237;tio da serina 16 do PLB, podemos inferir que esse sistema n&#227;o foi
                    suficientemente estimulado para acarretar altera&#231;&#227;o na fosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB
                    mioc&#225;rdico ou outro sistema se contrap&#244;s a essa ativa&#231;&#227;o. O comportamento do
                    pPLB-ser16 neste trabalho est&#225; em discord&#226;ncia com o estudo anterior realizado
                    em nosso laborat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, em que foi
                    encontrada diminui&#231;&#227;o do PLB em seu estado fosforilado na serina 16 em ratos
                    obesos tratados com a mesma dieta utilizada neste estudo. N&#227;o encontramos
                    explica&#231;&#227;o para a diferen&#231;a entre os resultados; essa diverg&#234;ncia
                        <italic>poderia</italic> estar relacionada com o n&#237;vel do &#237;ndice de
                    adiposidade dos animais obesos, que foi 16% maior no estudo realizado por
                        Lima-Leopoldo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. N&#227;o h&#225; trabalhos na
                    literatura que tenham analisado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as prote&#237;nas que interferem na
                    fosforila&#231;&#227;o e desfosforila&#231;&#227;o do PLB mioc&#225;rdico em ratos obesos submetidos a
                    dieta hiperlip&#237;dica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese inicial deste estudo n&#227;o foi confirmada. A obesidade n&#227;o promove
                    desequil&#237;brio entre a fosforila&#231;&#227;o e a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o, via beta-adren&#233;rgica, do
                    PLB mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Freire PP, Lima Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS,
                        Silva DCT, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Freire PP, Alves CAB,
                        Deus AF, Campos DHS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Freire PP, Alves
                        CAB, Deus AF, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Campos
                        DHS, Cicogna AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Freire PP, Alves CAB, Lima-Leopoldo
                        AP, Leopoldo AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                        financiamento: Freire PP, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o
                        do manuscrito: Freire PP, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                        manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Freire PP, Alves CAB,
                        Deus AF, Lima Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS, Silva DCT, Tomasi LC, Cicogna
                        AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Conclus&#227;o de curso de Paula Paccielli Freire pela
                        Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu
                        (FMB).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
