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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tcPLdJhVLG8zZkYFffgt99S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040085</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism in the Efficacy and Safety
               of Simvastatin/Atorvastatin Therapy in a Southern Brazilian Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smiderle</surname>
            <given-names>Lisiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hutz</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sand</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zar Roberto Van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Van der Sand</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elvira Wagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Canibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiegenbaum</surname>
            <given-names>Marilu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
               Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico, Porto Alegre,
               RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marilu Fiegenbaum,</bold> Rua Sarmento Leite 245/403, Centro
               Hist&#243;rico. Postal Code: 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. Email:
                  <email>mariluf@ufcspa.edu.br</email>;
                  <email>marilu_fiegenbaum@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>40</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Dyslipidemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and statins
                  have been effective in controlling lipid levels. Sex differences in the
                  pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins contribute to interindividual
                  variations in drug efficacy and toxicity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the efficacy and safety of
                  simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Lipid levels of 495 patients (331 women and 164 men) were measured at baseline
                  and after 6 &#177; 3 months of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment to assess the
                  efficacy and safety profiles of both drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Women had higher baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density
                  lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
                  compared with men (p &lt; 0.0001). After treatment, women exhibited a greater
                  decrease in plasma TC and LDL-C levels compared with men. After adjustment for
                  covariates, baseline levels of TC and LDL-C influenced more than 30% of the
                  efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (p &lt; 0.001), regardless of sex. Myalgia
                  [with or without changes in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels] occurred more
                  frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002), whereas an increase in CPK and/or abnormal
                  liver function was more frequent in in men (17.9%; p = 0.017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> Our results show that baseline TC and LDL-C levels are the main predictors of
                  simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy efficacy, regardless of sex. In addition, they
                  suggest the presence of sexual dimorphism in the safety of
                  simvastatin/atorvastatin. The effect of sex differences on receptors, transporter
                  proteins, and gene expression pathways needs to be better evaluated and
                  characterized to confirm these observations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Simvastatin</kwd>
        <kwd>Atorvastatin</kwd>
        <kwd>Sexual Dimorphism</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Dyslipidemia has been established as the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease
               (CVD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Statins are a class of lipid-lowering
            drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in the
            intracellular synthesis of cholesterol. Statins promote an increase in low-density
            lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) receptors in hepatocytes, an increase in the removal of
            LDL-C particles from blood, and a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C
               levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>In addition to their cardioprotective effects, statins also exhibit many pleiotropic
            effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Although statins are well tolerated by patients and have a good
            safety profile, some patients develop adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or do not show the
            desired pharmacological efficacy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Simultaneous
            drug use with statins may increase the risk of ADRs due to drug-drug interactions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Drug response may vary according to sexual dimorphism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between sexes
            contribute to interindividual variations in drug efficacy and toxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Endogenous hormonal factors differ between men
            and women, and the hormonal effects and quantities change with age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The incidence
            of CVD is lower in women during their reproductive period than in men of the same
               age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The sex hormone estrogen (17&#946;-estradiol)
            may contribute to the decreased incidence of cardiac diseases in females<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. However, women in their postmenopausal period
            are more likely to develop CVD compared with men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A recently published meta-analysis shows that the benefits of statins in primary and
            secondary CVD prevention did not differ between sexes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, of the 18 studies analyzed, only seven were related to the use
            of simvastatin/atorvastatin. Moreover, this study did not provide data on sex
            differences in the safety and efficacy of statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Therefore, we highlight the importance of studies providing efficacy and
            safety data for lipid-lowering therapies, with focus on the role of sexual dimorphism
            and interaction with co-medications.</p>
      <p>This study aimed to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism and interaction with
            co-medications on the efficacy and safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy in a
            southern Brazilian cohort of European descent.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>This open prospective cohort study included patients with hypercholesterolemia who
               were receiving lipid-lowering therapy with simvastatin/atorvastatin. The patients
               were of European descent, as ascertained by skin color and morphological
               characteristics, lived in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and were collected for convenience.
               The sample size was estimated by the standard deviation in LDL-C levels and the
               expected difference between men and women after considering the following values:
               power of 80%, significance level of 5%, difference between men and women of 5
               percentage points, and a standard deviation of 18 mg/dL. Considering these data, the
               estimated sample size initially comprised 205 men and 205 women. Our initial
               screening included 658 patients. The exclusion criteria for this study were as
               follows: age &lt; 20 years, triglyceride concentration &#8805; 400 mg/dL, altered thyroid
               stimulating hormone levels, impaired hepatic or renal function, unstable or
               uncontrolled disease that influences lipid metabolism, and previous therapy with
               other lipid-lowering drugs. After application of these exclusion criteria, 495
               patients were considered eligible (simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy use). Physical
               examination, clinical data, and clinical laboratory data were obtained by the
               physician. Biochemical evaluation was performed prior to statin
               (simvastatin/atorvastatin) therapy initiation and after 6 months of treatment for the
               evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Statin therapy and dose administered were
               determined by the physician on the basis of clinical characteristics. The patients
               received other medications, including calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and
               antithrombotic agents, and did not alter their medication regimens throughout the
               study.</p>
        <p>To assess the lipid-lowering efficacy, lipid levels were measured at baseline and
               after 6 &#177; 3 months of treatment. Totally, 162 patients who received treatment for at
               least a year (35 &#177; 22 months) without developing ADRs were designated as a control
               group. Patients who exhibited an ADR, regardless of the duration of statin treatment,
               were designated as the case group. ADRs were diagnosed by the physician when patients
               presented one or more events of myalgia with or without an increase in creatine
               phosphokinase (CPK) levels and impairment in liver function concomitant with statin
               therapy. Myalgia was defined as muscle pain with normal or increased serum CPK levels
               and changes in liver enzyme levels as confirmed by increased serum levels of alanine
               aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase. The presence of ADRs was evaluated on
               an average of every 3 months. Patients were not included in the ADR group when other
               unrelated conditions caused muscle pain, such as exercise-induced myalgia, arthritis,
               and viral myalgia.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre
               Ethics Committee. All subjects who agreed to participate in this study gave their
               informed consent. Previous studies have already analyzed part of this sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Financial support was provided by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
               Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq - Brazil), REUNI/UFCSPA scholarship program,
               PROAP-CAPES, PRONEX-FAPERGS/CNPq, and PRONEN-FAPERGS/CNPq.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analyses and benchmarks</title>
        <p>Serum levels of TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides
               (TGs) were determined from peripheral blood obtained after 12 h of fasting using
               standard methods with commercial kits. LDL-C levels were assessed by Friedewald et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The percentage of patients with
               normalized lipid levels after therapy was assessed according to the following
               National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III)
                  guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> for primary prevention of CVD:
               TC &lt; 200 mg/dL, LDL-C &lt; 100 mg/dL, HDL-C &gt; 60 mg/dL, and TG &lt; 150
               mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS&#174; software version 18.0 (Chicago, IL,
               USA). TG levels were <italic>ln</italic>-transformed to eliminate skewness in data,
               and untransformed values are shown. Analyses were conducted using the whole sample
               and stratified by sex. We created a standardized statin dosage variable to avoid
               differences in lipid-lowering efficacy. According to the findings of Kivist&#246; et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, the daily doses of simvastatin were
               transformed to equivalent doses of atorvastatin at a ratio of 2:1. The mean
               percentage change in plasma lipid levels was obtained from the difference in pre-and
               post-treatment lipid levels, multiplied by 100, and divided by the pre-treatment
               level for each parameter. To analyze the association between sexual dimorphism and
               lipid-lowering treatment, the mean percentage change in plasma lipid levels was
               compared using the general linear model Type III sum of squares. Models were adjusted
               for age, smoking status, baseline lipid levels, prior CVD, controlled hypothyroidism,
               and antithrombotic use. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess
               differences in the dependence of variables on lipid-lowering efficacy. Continuous
               variables are presented as means &#177; standard deviations. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was
               considered statistically significant. Student's <italic>t</italic>-test was performed
               to assess differences between continuous variables. Categorical variables were
               compared using chi-square tests (a two-sided p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered
               statistically significant) with Yates's correction. When appropriate, adjusted
               residual values (cell-by-cell analyses) and the power of the tests were assessed by
               WINPEPI <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of patients</title>
        <p>We investigated 495 European descendants from southern Brazil who used
               simvastatin/atorvastatin lipid-lowering therapy. This population-based study
               comprised 331 (66.9%) women and 164 (33.1%) men; 85.1% participants were simvastatin
               users and 14.9% participants were atorvastatin users. The average treatment duration
               for women and men was approximately 6.4 &#177; 3.4 months and 6.1 &#177; 2.9 months (p =
               0.357), respectively, with no difference between sexes. The standard dose of statins
               did not differ between women (10.3 &#177; 4.7 mg) and men (10.2 &#177; 4.3 mg; p = 0.840).
               Patients were aged between 25 and 82 years (61 &#177; 11 years). The mean age of the
               female patients (62.3 &#177; 10.7 years) was higher than that of the male patients (59.9 &#177;
               11.1 years; p = 0.021). The number of smokers was greater among men than among women
               (p = 0.008), while hypothyroidism was more frequent in women (p &lt; 0.0001). The
               clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. In our study, women had higher mean
               baseline levels of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C compared with men (p &lt; 0.0001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>All</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">a</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Number</td>
                <td align="center">495</td>
                <td align="center">331 (66.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (33.1%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 10.9</td>
                <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Statin Use (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Simvastatin</td>
                <td align="center">85.1</td>
                <td align="center">86.8</td>
                <td align="center">81.8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atorvastatin</td>
                <td align="center">14.9</td>
                <td align="center">13.2</td>
                <td align="center">18.2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Treatment time (months)</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Standard dose (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.840</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Postmenopausal (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">76.0</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hormone therapy use (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">14.1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Past</td>
                <td align="center">12.1</td>
                <td align="center">8.9</td>
                <td align="center">18.2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current</td>
                <td align="center">8.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.1</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Never</td>
                <td align="center">78.5</td>
                <td align="center">82.8</td>
                <td align="center">71.2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior CVD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32.5</td>
                <td align="center">28.8</td>
                <td align="center">40.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVD Family history (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17.7</td>
                <td align="center">16.7</td>
                <td align="center">19.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100.2 &#177; 23.9</td>
                <td align="center">99.8 &#177; 26.1</td>
                <td align="center">100.9 &#177; 19.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18.7</td>
                <td align="center">17.4</td>
                <td align="center">21.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71.3</td>
                <td align="center">71.3</td>
                <td align="center">71.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controlled hypothyroidism (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15.1</td>
                <td align="center">20.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">Concomitant therapy use (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>calcium channel blockers</td>
                <td align="center">17.9</td>
                <td align="center">16.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.165</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">39.5</td>
                <td align="center">42.0</td>
                <td align="center">34.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antithrombotic</td>
                <td align="center">26.6</td>
                <td align="center">23.8</td>
                <td align="center">32.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CYP3A4 substrates</td>
                <td align="center">17.6</td>
                <td align="center">16.6</td>
                <td align="center">19.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CYP3A4 inducers</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.719</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CYP3A4 inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
                <td align="center">20.2</td>
                <td align="center">24.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.228</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values for age, treatment duration, standard dose, and glucose levels are
                        expressed as means &#177; standard deviations</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>p-values represent differences between women and men; CVD: Cardiovascular
                        disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pretreatment lipid levels according to sex</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>All (n = 495)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women (n = 331)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men (n = 164)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">a</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">247.3 &#177; 39.9</td>
                <td align="center">254.1 &#177; 39.5</td>
                <td align="center">234.2 &#177; 37.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C(mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">164.4 &#177; 35.6</td>
                <td align="center">169.1 &#177; 34.9</td>
                <td align="center">154.9 &#177; 36.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">51.1 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
                <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 11.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">b</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">157.7 &#177; 78.6</td>
                <td align="center">154.2 &#177; 68.3</td>
                <td align="center">164.8 &#177; 96.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.384</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values are means &#177; standard deviations; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C:
                        low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein
                        cholesterol; TG: triglycerides</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Student's t-test for differences between woman and men</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t02">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>TG values were ln-transformed for comparisons.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efficacy and safety of the lipid-lowering therapy and sexual dimorphism</title>
        <p>During treatment, 96.5% patients achieved standard LDL-C levels, while 73.8% and
               72.6% patients achieved the desired TC and TG levels, respectively. Analysis of HDL-C
               levels revealed that 85.5% men and 51.9% women achieved the recommended levels. A
               similar percentage of men and women exhibited normalized TC and LDL-C levels: 88.9%
               and 86.8%, respectively, for men and 88.5% and 87.2%, respectively, for women. Table
               3 describes the mean percentage change in lipid levels with respect to sex. After 6
               months of follow-up, women exhibited a greater decrease in plasma TC (&#8722;27.32 &#177; 12.51
               vs. &#8722;24.57 &#177; 12.08; p = 0.028) and LDL-C (&#8722;37.61 &#177; 1 8.34 vs. &#8722;33.49 &#177; 7.38; p =
               0.014) levels compared with men. After adjusting for covariates, baseline TC and
               LDL-C levels were the primary predictors of simvastatin/atorvastatin efficacy. After
               adjustment for covariates, baseline levels of TC and LDL-C influenced 35.8% and 36.3%
               of the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (p &lt; 0.001), regardless of sex (Table
               4).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean percentage changes in lipid levels according to sex</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>All (n = 495)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women (n = 331)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men (n = 164)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">a</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">b</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-26.40 &#177; 12.42</td>
                <td align="center">-27.32 &#177; 12.51</td>
                <td align="center">-24.57 &#177; 12.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
                <td align="center">0.406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-36.41 &#177; 17.93</td>
                <td align="center">-37.90 &#177; 17.82</td>
                <td align="center">-33.41 &#177; 17.84</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
                <td align="center">0.179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.68 &#177; 21.95</td>
                <td align="center">2.90 &#177; 21.11</td>
                <td align="center">5.25 &#177; 23.55</td>
                <td align="center">0.291</td>
                <td align="center">0.713</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TGs (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-11.95 &#177; 32.14</td>
                <td align="center">-12.56 &#177; 31.56</td>
                <td align="center">-10.72 &#177; 33.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.572</td>
                <td align="center">0.328</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Values are means &#177; standard deviations;TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C:
                        low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein
                        cholesterol; TGs: triglycerides</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t03">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Student's t-test for comparison between woman and men</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t03">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>covariates included in the model: age, smoking status, baseline lipid
                        levels, prior CVD, controlled hypothyroidism, and antithrombotic use.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear regression analysis: factors associated with percentage change in TC
                     and LDL-C levels</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Covariates</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Regression coefficient &#177; standard error</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Partial R<sup>2</sup> x 100</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">TC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constant</td>
                <td align="center">1.742 &#177; 5.594</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.009 &#177; 0.057</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.868</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender</td>
                <td align="center">1.073 &#177; 1.290</td>
                <td align="center">3.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">0.697 &#177; 0.817</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CVD</td>
                <td align="center">-0.276 &#177; 1.318</td>
                <td align="center">-0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.834</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baseline TC levels</td>
                <td align="center">-0.117 &#177; 0.015</td>
                <td align="center">-35.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controlled hypothyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">1.324 &#177; 1.648</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.422</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antitrombothic use</td>
                <td align="center">-1.305 &#177; 1.393</td>
                <td align="center">-4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">LDL-C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constant</td>
                <td align="center">0.988 &#177; 7.164</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.890</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.100 &#177; 0.083</td>
                <td align="center">-5.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.228</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sex</td>
                <td align="center">2.521 &#177; 1.872</td>
                <td align="center">6.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">0.833 &#177; 1.209</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CVD</td>
                <td align="center">-1.729 &#177; 1.930</td>
                <td align="center">-4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baseline LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">-0.192 &#177; 0.024</td>
                <td align="center">-36.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controlled hypothyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">1.380 &#177; 2.411</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.567</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antitrombothic use</td>
                <td align="center">-1.433 &#177; 2.029</td>
                <td align="center">-3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.481</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CVD:
                        cardiovascular disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When assessing the safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy, we observed that 74
               (14.9%) patients in the total sample developed ADRs. Myalgia (with or without an
               increase in CPK levels) occurred more frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002) than in
               men, whereas increased CPK levels and/or abnormal liver function developed more
               frequently in men (17.9%) than in women (p = 0.017; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) according to sex</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>All (n = 236)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Women (n = 158)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Men (n = 78)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Control</td>
                <td align="center">162 (68.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (66.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">57<sup>a</sup> (73.1%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myalgia (regardless of changes in CPK levels)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (20.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (25.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">7<sup>b</sup> (9.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Increased CPK and/or abnormal liver function</td>
                <td align="center">26 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">14<sup>c</sup> (17.9%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CPK creatine phosphokinase</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Adjusted residual = 1.03, p = 0.302</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t05">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Adjusted residual = -3.05, p = 0.002</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t05">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Adjusted residual = 2.39, p = 0.017.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interactions with co-medications</title>
        <p>We analyzed the effects of the lipid-lowering therapies in the presence of other
               medications, including beta-blockers, antithrombotic agents, levothyroxines,
               diuretics, angiotensin enzyme converting inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers,
               vasodilators, nitrates, benzodiazepines, cytochrome (CYP) inhibitors, CYP substrates,
               and CYP inducers. Women who used calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, and
               antithrombotic agents exhibited a greater frequency of ADRs (p = 0.014, p = 0.014, p
               = 0.002; respectively).</p>
        <p>The concomitant use of drugs affecting the lipid-lowering metabolic pathway, such as
               CYP3A4 inducers, substrates, and inhibitors, was assessed and showed no influence on
               the safety and efficacy of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy. Likewise, analysis of
               other co-medications showed no influence on the simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy
               endpoint in this patient group.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism and
            interactions with co-medications on the efficacy and safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin
            therapy. High levels of TC, LDL-C, and TGs and low levels of HDL-C are significant
            predictors of atherosclerosis and CVD in all populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the baseline lipid profile revealed that women had higher mean levels of TC
            and LDL-C compared with men. In addition, the average age was greater in women than in
            men in our study. The majority of women studied were post-menopausal and
            hormone-deficient. This condition leads to a worse lipid profile due to a decrease in
            estrogen production, resulting in downregulation of LDL receptors in the liver and,
            subsequently, decreased clearance of LDL-C from the serum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>During statin therapy, there is a decrease in LDL-C levels due to the hepatic inhibition
            of cholesterol synthesis, which leads to upregulation of LDL receptors and a clearance
            of LDL from the circulatory system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Previous
            studies have shown that the percentage of men who achieve normal TC and LDL-C levels
            during statin therapy is significantly higher than that of women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. However, in
            our study, a similar percentage of men and women exhibited normalized TC and LDL-C
            levels.</p>
      <p>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzime A reductase is primarily expressed in hepatocytes,
            and the efficacy of statins is dependent on the local concentration of these drugs in
            the liver. In addition, individual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
            contribute to interindividual variations that characterize drug responses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. An efficacy analysis of statin therapy revealed
            that the decrease in plasma TC and LDL-C levels was greater in females than in males.
            After adjustment for covariates, we observed that baseline TC and LDL-C levels were
            statistically significant covariates. Although several studies in the literature have
            shown differences in drug response between men and women, approximately 35%-40% of the
            efficacy of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy was related to baseline lipid levels in
            each patient, regardless of sex. Statin therapy is more effective in subjects with
            higher TC and LDL-C levels. Sexual dimorphism is defined as differences in
            characteristics between men and women. Sexual dimorphism in humans is also associated
            with the prevalence, severity, and development of many common diseases such as
            autoimmune diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, asthma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, and cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, which may be due to differences in gene regulation between men
            and women. Previous studies have shown that sexual dimorphism affects mRNA
               expression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Pilote et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> suggested
            the possibility that the evolution of sex differences in risk profiles can be partially
            attributed to sex hormones or their receptors. Previous studies have identified
            controversial data on differences in statin-induced responses between women and men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Kostis et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> performed a
            meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of statins in decreasing cardiovascular
            events in men and women. This study evaluated 18 randomized clinical trials of statin
            involving 141,235 participants in order to analyze sex-specific differences. They
            observed that the benefits of statins were similar between sexes, regardless of the type
            of control, baseline risk, or type of endpoint in primary and secondary prevention.
               Mosca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evaluated that study and stated that
            Kostis et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> did not provide data on statin
            efficacy with regard to sex-specific differences and safety. In addition, of the 18
            trials evaluated by Kostis et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, only seven
            involved the use of simvastatin/atorvastatin. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of
            conducting cohort studies with a follow-up analysis to assess the efficacy of
            simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy.</p>
      <p>Statin use can be associated with ADRs. In this study, we observed that myalgia (with or
            without an increase in CPK levels) occurred more frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002)
            than in men, whereas increased CPK levels and/or abnormal liver function was more
            commonly observed in men than in women (17.9%; p = 0.017). Studies have shown a
            difference in pharmacokinetics of up to 40% between men and women in terms of
            pharmacological response; furthermore, women have been shown to be at risk of clinically
            relevant ADRs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Females have a higher percentage
            body fat compared with males, which can affect the drug distribution volume. A larger
            distribution volume will decrease the maximum concentration of the drug and increase its
            half-life and efficacy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Genetic, physiological,
            and environmental effects can affect enzyme activity. Previous studies have shown that
            genetic polymorphisms promote variations in the expression of metabolizing enzymes, such
            as genes in the CYP 450 family, and are related to the efficacy and toxicity of statin
               therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>We also observed that women consuming calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and
            antithrombotic co-medications had a higher prevalence of ADRs compared with men.
            Although the pathogenesis of statin-related toxicity has been explained by multiple
            hypotheses, there is no clear consensus and uniform theory that can explain these
               effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>Simvastatin and atorvastatin are metabolized by CYP 450 3A4 (simvastatin acid is also
            metabolized by CYP2C8). Exposure to CYP3A4 inhibitor drugs concomitantly with statins
            can lead to ADRs. Calcium channel blockers are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors at clinically
            relevant doses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Kornstein et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> observed that the tolerability of antidepressant
            therapies is also sex-dependent. Other co-medications that were analyzed showed no
            influence on the simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy endpoint in this group of patients.
            However, an interaction between age and sex has also been demonstrated for a variety of
            CYP3A4 substrates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The risk of ADR occurrence
            is 1.5-1.7-fold greater in women than in men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.
            Female sex, advanced age, presence of comorbidities, and use of concomitant medications
            were described as risk factors for statin-induced ADRs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> published a systematic review of statin trials,
            suggesting strong evidence that the benefits of statin outweigh any possible serious
            ADRs. However, ADRs occurred in 14.9% patients in this study. Assessment of the cause of
            ADRs is important for optimizing the management of these subjects and the efficacy of
            lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
      <p>The main strength of our study is that it is focused on the characteristics of patients
            receiving simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy as well as efficacy and safety profiles in a
            southern Brazilian cohort.</p>
      <p>This study also has some limitations. It was an observational study with no placebo
            control. The sample was not equally distributed in terms of the baseline lipid profile,
            proportion of men and women, and age, and there was no age and sex matching. Some
            patients had incomplete data on hormonal status (women), hormone therapy use, genetic
            dyslipidemia, and lifestyle (diet and physical exercise). All patients were advised to
            begin physical activity and diet control, but monitoring and evaluation of these changes
            were not part of this work. Simvastatin/atorvastatin-induced ADRs were determined
            according to the physician's criteria and do not represent the incidence of ADRs in this
            population. In order to increase the power of the analysis, we collected patients who
            developed ADRs at some point during lipid-lowering therapy. Although the final sample
            size was different from the initially calculated sample size, our investigation
            displayed a power of 82% to detect differences of a five-percentage point decrease in
            LDL-C levels between men and women. We minimized the possibility of type II errors by
            using adjustment variables with covariates that could influence the final response.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, we observed that simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy use was more effective in
            patients with higher TC and LDL-C levels, regardless of sex, and that ADRs were more
            frequent in women than in men. In the literature, we found a wide range of
            pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic statin-related studies. However,
            the role of sex differences in receptors, transporters proteins, and gene expression
            pathways needs to be better evaluated and characterized.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Smiderle L, Almeida S, Hutz MH, Van der Sand
               CR, Van der Sand LC, Ferreira MEW, Pires RC, Fiegenbaum M; Acquisition of data:
               Smiderle L, Lima LO, Van der Sand CR, Van der Sand LC, Ferreira MEW, Pires RC;
               Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Smiderle L, Almeida
               S, Fiegenbaum M; Obtaining financing: Almeida S, Fiegenbaum M; Writing of the
               manuscript: Smiderle L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
               Almeida S, Hutz MH, Fiegenbaum M.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, PROAP-CAPES, PRONEX-FAPERGS/CNPq, Bolsa REUNI USCSPA,
               DECIT/SCTIE-MS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Lisiane Smiderle, from
               Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Clarkson</surname>
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          <volume>9</volume>
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              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emberson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Blackwell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keech</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Papel do Dimorfismo Sexual na Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a da
               Terapia com Sinvastatina ou Atorvastatina em uma Coorte no Sul do
               Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smiderle</surname>
            <given-names>Lisiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hutz</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sand</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zar Roberto Van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sand</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elvira Wagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Canibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiegenbaum</surname>
            <given-names>Marilu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
               Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico, Porto Alegre,
               RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marilu Fiegenbaum,</bold> Rua Sarmento Leite 245/403, Centro
               Hist&#243;rico. CEP: 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. Email:
                  <email>mariluf@ufcspa.edu.br</email>;
                  <email>marilu_fiegenbaum@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A dislipidemia &#233; o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e as
                  estatinas s&#227;o efetivas no controle do perfil lip&#237;dico. Diferen&#231;as sexuais na
                  farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica contribuem para a varia&#231;&#227;o interindividual na
                  efic&#225;cia e toxicidade de f&#225;rmacos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de dimorfismo sexual na efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do tratamento
                  com sinvastatina/atorvastatina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> 495 sujeitos (331 mulheres e 164 homens) tiveram seus n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos mensurados
                  antes e ap&#243;s 6&#177;3 meses de tratamento com sinvastatina/atorvastatina para avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  dos perfis de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> As mulheres apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis basais de colesterol total, LDL-C e HDL-C
                  quando comparadas aos homens (p &lt; 0,0001). Ap&#243;s o tratamento, mulheres tiveram
                  uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-C que homens. Ap&#243;s
                  ajuste para covari&#225;veis, foi observado que os n&#237;veis basais de colesterol total e
                  de LDL-C s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por cerca de 30% da efic&#225;cia (p &lt; 0,001),
                  independentemente do sexo. Mialgia (com ou sem altera&#231;&#227;o de creatina fosfoquinase
                  - CPK) ocorreu mais frequentemente em mulheres (25,9%) (p = 0,002), enquanto o
                  aumento isolado de CPK e altera&#231;&#245;es de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica foram mais frequentemente
                  observados em homens (17,9%) (p = 0,017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados demonstram que os n&#237;veis basais de colesterol total e LDL-C s&#227;o
                  os maiores preditores da efic&#225;cia do tratamento, independente do sexo.
                  Adicionalmente, sugerimos que existe dimorfismo sexual na seguran&#231;a do tratamento
                  com sinvastatina/atorvastatina. O efeito das diferen&#231;as sexuais em receptores,
                  prote&#237;nas transportadoras e rotas de express&#227;o g&#234;nica devem ser avaliados e
                  caracterizados para confirmar estas observa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sinvastatina</kwd>
        <kwd>Atorvastatina</kwd>
        <kwd>Dimorfismo Sexual</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dislipidemia &#233; o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. As estatinas s&#227;o uma classe de medicamentos
               hipolipemiantes que inibem a 3 hidroxi 3 metilglutaril coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase,
               uma enzima chave na s&#237;ntese intracelular de colesterol. As estatinas promovem ainda
               aumento no n&#250;mero de receptores de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) em
               hepat&#243;citos, aumento na remo&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de LDL-C do sangue e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis
               de colesterol total e LDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de seus efeitos cardioprotetores, as estatinas tamb&#233;m apresentam efeitos
               pleiotr&#243;picos, incluindo propriedades anti inflamat&#243;rias e antioxidantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Embora as estatinas sejam bem toleradas no
               organismo e sejam seguras, alguns indiv&#237;duos desenvolvem rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a
               medicamentos (RAM) ou os medicamentos n&#227;o tem a efic&#225;cia farmacol&#243;gica desejada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O uso de outros f&#225;rmacos juntamente com as
               estatinas pode aumentar o risco de RAM devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de intera&#231;&#245;es
                  medicamentosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A resposta aos medicamentos pode variar em decorr&#234;ncia do dimorfismo sexual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Varia&#231;&#245;es na farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica
               entre os sexos contribuem para diferen&#231;as interindividuais na efic&#225;cia e toxicidade
               das drogas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Fatores hormonais end&#243;genos
               diferem entre homens e mulheres, e os efeitos e quantidade dos horm&#244;nios mudam com a
                  idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de DCV &#233; menor em mulheres durante o per&#237;odo
               reprodutivo do que em homens da mesma idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               O horm&#244;nio sexual estrog&#234;nio (17&#946;-estradiol) pode contribuir para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               incid&#234;ncia de DCVs em mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. No entanto,
               as mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis ao desenvolvimento de DCVs do que
               os homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada recentemente mostrou que os benef&#237;cios das estatinas na
               preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de DCV n&#227;o diferiram entre os sexos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. No entanto, dos 18 estudos analisados, apenas
               7 estavam relacionados &#224; terapia com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina. Al&#233;m disso, este
               estudo n&#227;o forneceu dados da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de estatinas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
                  sexos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Assim, destacamos a import&#226;ncia
               dos estudos que forne&#231;am dados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de terapias hipolipemiantes, e
               que estudem o papel do dimorfismo sexual e de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o papel do dimorfismo sexual e de
               intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas sobre a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da terapia com sinvastatina ou
               atorvastatina em uma coorte do sul do Brasil, de descendentes de europeus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupo de estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo de coorte aberto e prospectivo foi realizado com indiv&#237;duos
                  hipercolesterol&#234;micos submetidos &#224; terapia hipolipemiante com sinvastatina ou
                  atorvastatina. Os participantes do estudo eram descendentes de europeus,
                  classificados pela cor da pele e por caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas, residentes de
                  Porto Alegre, Brasil, e coletados por conveni&#234;ncia. O tamanho da amostra foi
                  estimado pelo desvio padr&#227;o de LDL-C e pela diferen&#231;a esperada entre homens e
                  mulheres, considerando-se os seguintes valores: poder de 80%, n&#237;vel de
                  signific&#226;ncia de 5%, diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres de 5 pontos percentuais e
                  um desvio padr&#227;o de 18 mg/dL. Considerando esses par&#226;metros, o tamanho da amostra
                  estimado inicialmente foi de 205 homens e 205 mulheres. A triagem inicial incluiu
                  658 indiv&#237;duos. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o (idade inferior a 20
                  anos, concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides &#8805;400 mg/dL, n&#237;veis alterados de horm&#244;nio
                  estimulante da tireoide, comprometimento de fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas ou renais, doen&#231;a
                  inst&#225;vel ou descontrolada que pudesse exercer influ&#234;ncia sobre o metabolismo
                  lip&#237;dico, e indiv&#237;duos anteriormente submetidos a tratamentos utilizando
                  medicamentos hipolipemiantes), 495 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o
                  para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina, e foram
                  inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O exame f&#237;sico, os dados cl&#237;nicos e os dados da avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  laboratorial foram coletados pelo m&#233;dico. Determina&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas foram
                  realizadas antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com estatinas, e ap&#243;s 6 meses de
                  tratamento, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica. A terapia com estatinas e a
                  dose administrada foram determinadas pelo m&#233;dico de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas
                  cl&#237;nicas de cada paciente. Os participantes receberam outros medicamentos,
                  incluindo bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, diur&#233;ticos, antitromb&#243;ticos e n&#227;o
                  mudaram os seus regimes de medica&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a efic&#225;cia do efeito hipolipemiante, as concentra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas foram
                  quantificadas no in&#237;cio do estudo e ap&#243;s 6 &#177; 3 meses de tratamento. Cento e
                  sessenta e dois indiv&#237;duos que permaneceram em tratamento por pelo menos um ano
                  (35 &#177; 22 meses) e n&#227;o apresentaram RAM foram designados como o grupo controle. Os
                  indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram RAM, independentemente da dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com
                  estatinas, foram designados como o grupo caso. RAM foi considerada pelo m&#233;dico
                  quando os participantes apresentaram um ou mais casos de mialgia, com ou sem
                  aumento de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK) e concomitante comprometimento de fun&#231;&#245;es
                  hep&#225;ticas durante o tratamento com estatinas. Mialgia foi definida como dor
                  muscular com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CPK normais ou aumentados, e altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis
                  s&#233;ricos das enzimas hep&#225;ticas alanina aminotransferase (ALT) ou aspartato
                  aminotransferase (AST). A avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de RAM foi realizada a cada 3
                  meses, em m&#233;dia. Os participantes n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo RAM quando outras
                  condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o relacionadas pudessem ter causado dor muscular, tais como mialgia
                  induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, artrite e mialgia viral.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias
                  da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que concordaram em participar deste
                  estudo forneceram o seu consentimento informado. Estudos anteriores haviam
                  avaliado parte desta amostra<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O apoio
                  financeiro foi fornecido pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e
                  Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq Brasil), e pelo programa de bolsas REUNI/UFCSPA, PROAP-CAPES,
                  PRONEX-FAPERGS/CNPq e PRONEN-FAPERGS/CNPq.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C)
                  e triglic&#233;rides (TG) foram determinados a partir do sangue perif&#233;rico obtido ap&#243;s
                  12 horas de jejum por m&#233;todos padr&#227;o, utilizando kits comerciais. Os n&#237;veis de
                  LDL-C foram calculados de acordo com o m&#233;todo proposto por Friedewald e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A percentagem de indiv&#237;duos que
                  apresentaram n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos normais ap&#243;s o tratamento foi avaliada de acordo com
                  as seguintes normas estabelecidas pelo <italic>National Cholesterol Education
                     Program - Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares: CT &lt;200 mg/dL, LDL-C &lt;100 mg/dL, HDL-C &gt;60 mg/dL, e TG
                  &lt;150 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS&#174; vers&#227;o
                  18.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). Os n&#237;veis de TG foram transformados em logaritmo natural
                  para remover a assimetria dos dados, e os valores n&#227;o transformadas s&#227;o mostrados.
                  As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando a amostra total e estratificada por sexo.
                  N&#243;s padronizamos a vari&#225;vel relacionada &#224; dose de estatina para evitar diferen&#231;as
                  na efic&#225;cia dos agentes hipolipemiantes. Com base no m&#233;todo proposto por Kivist&#246; e
                     cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, as doses di&#225;rias de
                  sinvastatina foram transformadas em doses equivalentes de atorvastatina numa
                  propor&#231;&#227;o de 2:1. A percentagem m&#233;dia de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos
                  plasm&#225;ticos foi obtida a partir da diferen&#231;a dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos pr&#233;- e
                  p&#243;s-tratamento, multiplicado por 100 e dividido pelo n&#237;vel do pr&#233;-tratamento para
                  cada par&#226;metro. Para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o dimorfismo sexual e o efeito
                  hipolipemiante, a porcentagem m&#233;dia de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos plasm&#225;ticos
                  foi comparada pela soma dos quadrados do Modelo Linear Geral tipo III. Os modelos
                  foram ajustados para idade, tabagismo, n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos basais, DCV pr&#233;via,
                  hipotireoidismo controlado e uso de antitromb&#243;ticos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear
                  foi realizada para avaliar o efeito das vari&#225;veis sobre a efic&#225;cia do efeito
                  hipolipemiante. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
                  padr&#227;o. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significante. O teste-t de Student
                  foi realizado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis
                  categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste de qui-quadrado [um valor de
                  p&lt;0,05 com duas caudas de distribui&#231;&#227;o foi considerado significante] com
                  corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates. Os valores residuais ajustados [an&#225;lises realizadas c&#233;lula por
                  c&#233;lula] e o poder dos testes foram avaliadas utilizando WINPEPI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, quando apropriado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico da coorte</title>
          <p>N&#243;s investigamos 495 descendentes de europeus residentes no sul do Brasil que
                  realizaram tratamento hipolipemiante com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina. Este
                  estudo de base populacional incluiu 331 (66,9%) mulheres e 164 (33,1%) homens, dos
                  quais 85,1 % eram usu&#225;rios de sinvastatina e 14,9 % dos participantes eram
                  usu&#225;rios de atorvastatina. O tempo m&#233;dio de tratamento n&#227;o diferiu entre os sexos,
                  e foi de 6,4 &#177; 3,4 e 6,1 &#177; 2,9 meses (p = 0,357) para mulheres e homens,
                  respectivamente. A dose padr&#227;o de estatinas n&#227;o diferiu entre as mulheres (10,3 &#177;
                  4,7 mg) e os homens (10,2 &#177; 4,3 mg) (p = 0,840). A idade dos participantes variou
                  entre 25 e 82 anos (61 &#177; 11 anos). A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes do sexo
                  feminino (62,3 &#177; 10,7 anos) foi superior &#224; idade dos indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino
                  (59,9 &#177; 11,1 anos) (p = 0,021). Observou-se um maior n&#250;mero de fumantes entre os
                  homens (p = 0,008), enquanto o hipotireoidismo foi mais comum em mulheres (p &lt;
                  0,0001). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da amostra est&#227;o descritas na
                     <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>. No presente estudo, as
                  mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis m&#233;dios basais de CT, LDL- C e HDL-C maiores que os
                  n&#237;veis obtidos em homens (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela
                     2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ambos os sexos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">a</xref>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos</td>
                  <td align="center">495</td>
                  <td align="center">331 (66,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (33,1%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de estatinas (%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,229</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinvastatina</td>
                  <td align="center">85,1</td>
                  <td align="center">86,8</td>
                  <td align="center">81,8</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atorvastatina</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de tratamento (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,357</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose padronizada (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa (%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">76,0</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use de terapia hormonal (%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Passado</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presente</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o fumantes</td>
                  <td align="center">78,5</td>
                  <td align="center">82,8</td>
                  <td align="center">71,2</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCV anterior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">19,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,2 &#177; 23,9</td>
                  <td align="center">99,8 &#177; 26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">100,9 &#177; 19,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3</td>
                  <td align="center">71,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo controlado (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">20,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">Uso de co-medica&#231;&#245;es (%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">39,5</td>
                  <td align="center">42,0</td>
                  <td align="center">34,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antitromb&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8</td>
                  <td align="center">32,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Substratos do CYP3A4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indutores do CYP3A4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,719</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores do CYP3A4</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Idade, tempo de tratamento, dose padronizada e n&#237;veis de glicose foram
                           expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t06">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>p indica compara&#231;&#245;es entre homens e mulheres; DCV: Doen&#231;as
                           cardiovasculares.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos basais antes do tratamento de acordo com o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ambos os sexos (n = 495)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (n = 331)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (n = 164)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">a</xref>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">247,3 &#177; 39,9</td>
                  <td align="center">254,1 &#177; 39,5</td>
                  <td align="center">234,2 &#177; 37,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C(mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">164,4 &#177; 35,6</td>
                  <td align="center">169,1 &#177; 34,9</td>
                  <td align="center">154,9 &#177; 36,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,1 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">b</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">157,7 &#177; 78,6</td>
                  <td align="center">154,2 &#177; 68,3</td>
                  <td align="center">164,8 &#177; 96,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,384</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; CT: colesterol total;
                           LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta
                           densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t07">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es entre homens e mulheres usando o test t de Student</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t07">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Os valores de TG foram transformados em logaritmo natural para a
                           realiza&#231;&#227;o de compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da terapia hipolipemiante e papel do dimorfismo
                  sexual</title>
          <p>Durante o tratamento, 96,5% dos indiv&#237;duos atingiram n&#237;veis normais de LDL-C e
                  73,8% e 72,6% deles atingiram os n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos desejados de CT e TG,
                  respectivamente. A an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de HDL-C revelou que 85,5% dos homens e
                  51,9% das mulheres alcan&#231;aram os n&#237;veis recomendados. A porcentagem de homens e
                  mulheres que apresentou n&#237;veis normalizados de CT e LDL-C foi muito semelhante:
                  88,9% para CT e 86,8% para LDL-C em mulheres, e 88,5% para CT e 87,2% para LDL-C
                  em homens. A Tabela 3 mostra a porcentagem m&#233;dia de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos
                  em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo. As mulheres apresentaram uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis
                  plasm&#225;ticos de CT (-27,32 &#177; 12,51 versus -24,57 &#177; 12,08, p = 0,028) e de LDL-C
                  (-37,61 &#177; 18,34 versus -33,49 &#177; 7,38, p = 0,014) comparado com indiv&#237;duos do sexo
                  masculino, respectivamente, ap&#243;s seis meses de acompanhamento. Depois do ajuste
                  para covari&#225;veis, observou-se que os n&#237;veis basais de CT e LDL-C foram o principal
                  fator preditor da efic&#225;cia da sinvastatina e atorvastatina. O modelo de regress&#227;o
                  linear indica que os n&#237;veis basais de CT influenciam em 35,8% (p &lt; 0,001) e
                  LDL-C em 36,3% (p &lt; 0,001) na redu&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros em resposta &#224; terapia
                  hipolipemiante nesta coorte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela
                  4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Porcentagem m&#233;dia de mudan&#231;a nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos de acordo com o
                        sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ambos os sexos (n = 495)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (n = 331)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (n = 164)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">a</xref>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">b</xref>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-26,40 &#177; 12,42</td>
                  <td align="center">-27,32 &#177; 12,51</td>
                  <td align="center">-24,57 &#177; 12,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,406</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-36,41 &#177; 17,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-37,90 &#177; 17,82</td>
                  <td align="center">-33,41 &#177; 17,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,68 &#177; 21,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,90 &#177; 21,11</td>
                  <td align="center">5,25 &#177; 23,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,291</td>
                  <td align="center">0,713</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,95 &#177; 32,14</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,56 &#177; 31,56</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,72 &#177; 33,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,572</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; CT: colesterol total;
                           LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta
                           densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t08">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es entre homens e mulheres usando o test t de Student</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t08">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo: idade, tabagismo, n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos
                           basais, DCV anterior, hipotireoidismo controlado e uso de
                           antitromb&#243;ticos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear: fatores associados a altera&#231;&#245;es na
                        porcentagem dos n&#237;veis de CT e LDL-C</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Covari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Coeficiente de regress&#227;o &#177; erro
                              padr&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>R<sup>2</sup> parcial x 100</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">CT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Constante</td>
                  <td align="center">1,742 &#177; 5,594</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009 &#177; 0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,868</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,073 &#177; 1,290</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,406</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,697 &#177; 0,817</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCV anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,276 &#177; 1,318</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,834</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT basal</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,117 &#177; 0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">-35,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,324 &#177; 1,648</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de antitromb&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,305 &#177; 1,393</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">LDL-C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Constante</td>
                  <td align="center">0,988 &#177; 7,164</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,890</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,100 &#177; 0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,521 &#177; 1,872</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,833 &#177; 1,209</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCV anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,729 &#177; 1,930</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C basal</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,192 &#177; 0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">-36,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,380 &#177; 2,411</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,567</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de antitromb&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,433 &#177; 2,029</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,481</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DCV:
                           doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ao avaliar a seguran&#231;a dos tratamentos com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina,
                  observou-se que 74 (14,9%) participantes relataram RAM. Mialgia (com ou sem
                  altera&#231;&#245;es da CPK) ocorreu mais frequentemente em mulheres (25,9%) (p = 0,002) do
                  que nos homens, ao passo que o aumento da CPK e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas
                  ocorreram mais frequentemente em homens (17,9%) (p = 0,017) do que em mulheres
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a medicamentos (RAM) de acordo com o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Ambos os sexos (n = 236)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (n = 158)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (n = 78)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (68,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (66,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t10">a</xref>
                              (73,1%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mialgia (independente de altera&#231;&#245;es na CPK)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (20,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (25,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t10">b</xref>
                              (9,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aumento nos n&#237;veis de CPK e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t10">c</xref>
                              (17,9%)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t10">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Residual ajustado = 1,03, p = 0,302</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn02t10">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Residualajustado = -3,05, p = 0,002</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn03t10">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>Residual ajustado = 2,39, p = 0,017; CPK: Creatina fosfoquinase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas</title>
          <p>Os efeitos da terapia hipolipemiante tamb&#233;m foram avaliados com co-medica&#231;&#245;es,
                  incluindo: beta-bloqueadores, antitromb&#243;ticos, levotiroxinas, diur&#233;ticos,
                  inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos canais de
                  c&#225;lcio, vasodilatadores, nitratos, benzodiazep&#237;nicos, bem como inibidores,
                  substratos e indutores do citocromo P450 (CYP). Mulheres que usavam bloqueadores
                  dos canais de c&#225;lcio, diur&#233;ticos e antitromb&#243;ticos apresentaram uma maior
                  frequ&#234;ncia de RAM (p = 0,014, p = 0,014 e p = 0,002, respectivamente).</p>
          <p>O uso concomitante de f&#225;rmacos que afetam as vias metab&#243;licas associadas ao efeito
                  hipolipemiante, tais como indutores, substratos e inibidores do CYP3A4, foi
                  avaliado, e n&#227;o mostrou nenhuma influ&#234;ncia sobre a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do
                  tratamento com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina. Da mesma forma, a an&#225;lise de outras
                  intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas n&#227;o indicou qualquer influ&#234;ncia sobre o efeito deste
                  tratamento nesta coorte.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o papel do dimorfismo sexual e o envolvimento
               de intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas na efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do tratamento com sinvastatina e
               atorvastatina. Altos n&#237;veis de CT, LDL-C e TG e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-C s&#227;o preditores
               significativos de aterosclerose e DCV em todos os grupos populacionais previamente
                  investigados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico basal revelou que as mulheres apresentam n&#237;veis m&#233;dios
               mais elevados de CT e LDL-C do que os homens. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres foram, em
               m&#233;dia, mais velhas do que os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. A maioria das mulheres
               estudadas encontrava-se no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-menopausa e apresentaram defici&#234;ncia
               hormonal. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o pode levar ao agravamento do perfil lip&#237;dico, devido &#224;
               diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de estr&#243;geno, o que resulta em uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de
               express&#227;o dos receptores de LDL no f&#237;gado e, subsequentemente, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               depura&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C s&#233;rico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Durante o tratamento com estatinas, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C devido &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da
               s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de colesterol, o que leva ao aumento nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de
               receptores de LDL e uma depura&#231;&#227;o do colesterol circulante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a porcentagem de homens
               que atingiu n&#237;veis normais de CT e LDL-C ap&#243;s o tratamento com estatinas &#233;
               significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. No entanto,
               observou-se que a porcentagem de homens e mulheres que exibiu n&#237;veis normais de CT e
               LDL-C foi muito semelhante.</p>
        <p>HMG-CoA redutase &#233; expressa principalmente nos hepat&#243;citos e a efic&#225;cia das estatinas
               &#233; dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o local desta enzima no f&#237;gado. Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as
               individuais na farmacocin&#233;tica e farmacodin&#226;mica contribuem para varia&#231;&#245;es
               interindividuais na resposta aos f&#225;rmacos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A
               an&#225;lise da efic&#225;cia do tratamento com estatinas revelou uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis
               plasm&#225;ticos de CT e LDL-C em mulheres do que em homens. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para as
               covari&#225;veis, observou se que o n&#237;vel basal de CT e LDL-C constituiu uma covari&#225;vel
               estatisticamente significante. Apesar de outros estudos na literatura mostrarem a
               exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres em resposta aos f&#225;rmacos, nesta
               coorte, cerca de 35-40% da efic&#225;cia do tratamento com sinvastatina e atorvastatina
               est&#225; relacionada aos n&#237;veis individuais basais de lip&#237;dios, independentemente do
               sexo. Indiv&#237;duos que apresentam n&#237;veis mais altos de CT e LDL-C exibem uma maior
               efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica com estatinas. As diferentes caracter&#237;sticas observadas entre
               homens e mulheres podem ser definidas com base no dimorfismo sexual. Em humanos, o
               dimorfismo sexual tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado &#224; preval&#234;ncia, gravidade e desenvolvimento de
               muitas doen&#231;as comuns, tais como doen&#231;as auto-imunes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, asma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, e doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, talvez devido &#224;
               diferen&#231;as na regula&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica entre homens e mulheres. Estudos anteriores
               demonstraram que o dimorfismo sexual influencia na express&#227;o de mRNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Pilote e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> indicaram a
               possibilidade de que a evolu&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as sexuais considerando diferentes perfis
               de risco &#233; parcialmente atribu&#237;da aos horm&#244;nios sexuais ou seus receptores. Estudos
               anteriores indicaram controv&#233;rsias nos dados a respeito da resposta &#224; estatinas entre
               homens e mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Kostis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> realizaram uma meta-an&#225;lise para avaliar o efeito das estatinas na
               redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em homens e mulheres. Este estudo avaliou 18
               ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com estatinas, envolvendo 141.235 participantes, para
               analisar as diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas de cada sexo. Os autores observaram que os
               benef&#237;cios das estatinas foram semelhantes entre os sexos, independentemente do tipo
               de controle, risco basal ou resultados da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria. Mosca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> avaliou este estudo e afirmou que Kostis e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> n&#227;o forneceram resultados de
               efic&#225;cia do uso de estatinas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dimorfismo sexual e &#224; seguran&#231;a. Al&#233;m
               disso, dos 18 estudos avaliados por Kostis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, apenas 7 estavam relacionados com o uso de sinvastatina ou
               atorvastatina. Por isso, enfatizamos a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos de coorte
               com acompanhamento dos casos para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de tratamentos com estas
               estatinas.</p>
        <p>O uso de estatinas pode estar associado &#224; RAM. No presente estudo, observou-se que
               mialgia (com ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es na CPK) ocorreu mais frequentemente em mulheres
               (25,9%) (p = 0,002), enquanto que o aumento da CPK e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es
               hep&#225;ticas foram mais comumente observadas em homens (17,9%) (p = 0,017). Estudos
               anteriores indicaram uma diferen&#231;a de at&#233; 40% na farmacocin&#233;tica entre homens e
               mulheres, com respeito &#224; resposta farmacol&#243;gica, e que o sexo feminino constitui um
               fator de risco para rea&#231;&#245;es adversas clinicamente relevantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Mulheres t&#234;m uma percentagem maior de gordura no corpo em
               rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, o que pode afetar o volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o de drogas. Um maior
               volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos ir&#225; diminuir a concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, aumentar a
               meia-vida e aumentar o tempo do efeito do f&#225;rmaco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, fatores gen&#233;ticos, fisiol&#243;gicos e ambientais podem afetar
               as atividades enzim&#225;ticas. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que polimorfismos
               gen&#233;ticos s&#227;o capazes de promover varia&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de genes que codificam
               enzimas metabolizadoras, tais como os genes da fam&#237;lia CYP450, e est&#227;o relacionados
               com a efic&#225;cia e toxicidade do tratamento com estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi observado que as mulheres que receberam co medica&#231;&#245;es com bloqueadores de
               canais de c&#225;lcio, diur&#233;ticos e antitromb&#243;ticos apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de RAM
               do que os homens. Embora a patog&#234;nese da toxicidade de estatinas tenha sido explicada
               por v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso e teorias claras que possam explicar esses
                  efeitos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sinvastatina e atorvastatina s&#227;o metabolizadas pelo citocromo P450 (CYP) 3A4 (o &#225;cido
               de sinvastatina &#233; tamb&#233;m metabolizado pela CYP2C8). A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; drogas inibidoras
               de CYP3A4 concomitantemente com estatinas pode levar ao desenvolvimento de RAM.
               Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio s&#227;o inibidores potentes do CYP3A4 em doses
               clinicamente relevantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Al&#233;m disso,
               Kornstein e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> observaram que a
               tolerabilidade do tratamento com antidepressivos &#233; dependente do sexo. Outras
               co-medica&#231;&#245;es analisadas mostraram que n&#227;o houve nenhuma influ&#234;ncia sobre os
               resultados do tratamento com sinvastatina e atorvastatina nesta coorte. No entanto, a
               intera&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e o sexo tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada para uma variedade de
               substratos do CYP3A4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Mulheres t&#234;m um risco
               1,5 a 1,7 vezes maior de desenvolver RAM do que indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Sexo feminino, idade avan&#231;ada, exist&#234;ncia de
               outras doen&#231;as, e co-medica&#231;&#245;es foram descritos como fatores de risco para rea&#231;&#245;es
               adversas as estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Os colaboradores do
                  <italic>Cholesterol Treatment Trialists</italic> (CTT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> publicaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios com estatinas, e
               indicaram uma forte evid&#234;ncia de que os benef&#237;cios de estatinas superam eventuais
               rea&#231;&#245;es adversas graves. No entanto, observou-se que RAM ocorreu em 14,9% da amostra.
               Sendo assim, a determina&#231;&#227;o das causas de RAM &#233; importante para otimizar o tratamento
               hipolipemiante e o acompanhamento destes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>O principal ponto positivo do presente estudo &#233; que ele focou nas caracter&#237;sticas da
               coorte submetida ao tratamento com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina, bem como no perfil
               de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a destas estatinas.</p>
        <p>Como uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, indicamos que foi realizado um estudo
               observacional, n&#227;o randomizado e n&#227;o controlado com placebo. A amostra diferiu em
               parte no que diz respeito ao perfil lip&#237;dico basal, porcentagem e idade entre homens
               e mulheres, e os grupos n&#227;o foram pareados por idade e sexo. Alguns indiv&#237;duos
               apresentaram dados incompletos, tais como o status hormonal (nas mulheres), o uso de
               terapia hormonal e dislipidemia gen&#233;tica. Al&#233;m disso, os dados sobre estilo de vida
               (dieta e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico) n&#227;o foram considerados. Todos os indiv&#237;duos receberam
               orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para iniciar atividades f&#237;sicas e controle da dieta, mas tais
               atividades n&#227;o foram monitoradas. RAM a sinvastatina e atorvastatina foi determinada
               de acordo com crit&#233;rios m&#233;dicos e n&#227;o representou a incid&#234;ncia de RAM nesta
               popula&#231;&#227;o. A fim de aumentar o poder da an&#225;lise, em um momento do estudo, apenas
               indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram RAM foram convidados a participar do estudo. Embora a
               amostra final tenha um tamanho diferente da amostra inicialmente calculada, nossa
               investiga&#231;&#227;o apresentou um poder de 82% para detectar diferen&#231;as de cinco pontos
               percentuais nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C entre homens e mulheres. N&#243;s minimizamos a
               possibilidade de erros do tipo II, que poderiam influenciar a resposta final,
               utilizando ajuste com covari&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Observamos que o tratamento com sinvastatina e atorvastatina foi mais eficaz em
               indiv&#237;duos que apresentam n&#237;veis mais altos de CT e LDL-C, independentemente do sexo,
               conforme previamente descrito, e RAM &#233; mais frequente nas mulheres. Na literatura,
               encontramos uma grande variedade de estudos de farmacogen&#233;tica, farmacocin&#233;tica e
               farmacodin&#226;mica relacionados &#224;s estatinas, no entanto, o papel do dimorfismo sexual
               nos receptores, prote&#237;nas transportadoras, e vias de express&#227;o g&#234;nica precisa ser
               melhor explorado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Smiderle L, Almeida S, Hutz MH, Van der Sand CR,
                  Van der Sand LC, Ferreira MEW, Pires RC, Fiegenbaum M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Smiderle
                  L, Lima LO, Van der Sand CR, Van der Sand LC, Ferreira MEW, Pires RC; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Smiderle L, Almeida S, Fiegenbaum
                  M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Almeida S, Fiegenbaum M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
                  Smiderle L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Almeida S, Hutz MH, Fiegenbaum M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CNPq, PROAP-CAPES, PRONEX-FAPERGS/CNPq,
                  Bolsa REUNI USCSPA, DECIT/SCTIE-MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Lisiane Smiderle pela Universidade
                  Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
