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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vYjf9hBHk3RjLztyFJqw48s</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance Exercise Restores Endothelial Function and
               Reduces Blood Pressure in Type 1 Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eliakim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cesar Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wichi</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal
               de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - UFS, S&#227;o
               Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcio Roberto Viana Santos,</bold> Departamento de
               Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze.
               Postal Code 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>marciorvsantos@bol.com.br</email>, <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise effects on cardiovascular parameters are not consistent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The effects of resistance exercise on changes in blood glucose, blood pressure and
                  vascular reactivity were evaluated in diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (n = 8); sedentary
                  diabetic (n = 8); and trained diabetic (n = 8). Resistance exercise was carried
                  out in a squat device for rats and consisted of three sets of ten repetitions with
                  an intensity of 50%, three times per week, for eight weeks. Changes in vascular
                  reactivity were evaluated in superior mesenteric artery rings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> A significant reduction in the maximum response of acetylcholine-induced
                  relaxation was observed in the sedentary diabetic group (78.1 &#177; 2%) and an
                  increase in the trained diabetic group (95 &#177; 3%) without changing potency. In the
                  presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the acetylcholine-induced relaxation
                  was significantly reduced in the control and trained diabetic groups, but not in
                  the sedentary diabetic group. Furthermore, a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in
                  mean arterial blood pressure was observed in the sedentary diabetic group (104.9 &#177;
                  5 to 126.7 &#177; 5 mmHg) as compared to that in the control group. However, the
                  trained diabetic group showed a significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in the mean
                  arterial blood pressure levels (126.7 &#177; 5 to 105.1 &#177; 4 mmHg) as compared to the
                  sedentary diabetic group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Resistance exercise could restore endothelial function and prevent an increase in
                  arterial blood pressure in type 1 diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical endurance</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium, vascular / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that have in common
            hyperglycemia associated with secondary cardiovascular system complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Increased blood glucose levels are associated with <italic>in
               vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic>endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic phenomenon related to an unbalance
            in the endothelial production of mediators that regulate vascular tone; it contributes
            partially to increase arterial blood pressure levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. The endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus can be considered
            an early marker of cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several factors, such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and
            hypertension, can explain the endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Resistance exercise has been reported to
            contribute to prevent/treat pathologies that affect the metabolism and cardiovascular
               function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Resistance exercise has proved to have an important therapeutic
            potential by promoting skeletal muscle mass gain, increased insulin sensitivity and
            blood glucose reduction in diabetic rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Aerobic exercise also
            have those effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have suggested that aerobic exercise is effective to treat endothelial
            dysfunction in diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. However, little is known about the chronic
            effects of resistance exercise on the arterial blood pressure and endothelial function
            of type 1 diabetic rats. We raised the hypothesis that long-term resistance exercise can
            minimize the deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system and on the metabolic
            control of type 1 diabetes mellitus-induced animals. Thus, this study aimed at assessing
            the chronic effects of resistance exercise on blood glucose changes, vascular reactivity
            and arterial blood pressure of diabetic rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and experimental delineation</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>), aged 3 months, weighing
               250-300 g, were used in all experiments. They were kept under controlled temperature
               (22 &#177; 1 &#176;C) and 12-hour light-dark cycles, with free access to water and food
               specific for rodents (Labina, Purina&#174;). All procedures described in this study were
               approved by the Committee on Ethics and Animal Research of the Universidade Federal
               de Sergipe (UFS) (protocol number 01/2008). The animals were divided into the
               following three groups of eight animals each: control group (C); diabetic sedentary
               (DS); and diabetic trained (DT). In groups C and DS, the animals were kept in their
               cages and not exposed to exercise, while group DT animals underwent eight weeks of
               resistance exercise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drugs</title>
        <p>The following drugs were used: acetylcholine chloride (ACh); L-phenylephrine (Phe);
                  N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); alloxan (SIGMA&#174;, USA); and
               sodium thiopental (Thiopentax, Crist&#225;lia, Itapira, SP, Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of diabetes and blood glucose measurement</title>
        <p>Experimental diabetes was induced as described by Da Silva Costa et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. After a 24-hour fasting period, diabetes was
               induced by use of a single intravenous dose of alloxan (40 mg/kg - penile vein), two
               weeks before starting the exercise protocol. The animals with blood glucose level &#8805;
               200 mg/dL were selected as diabetic. Blood glucose level was measured one week after
               alloxan administration by using reagent test strips (ACCU-CHEK Advantage II, Roche&#174;,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) coupled to a portable digital glucometer (ACCU-CHEK Advantage
               II, Roche&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise protocol</title>
        <p>Resistance exercise was performed in a squat device according to the model by Tamaki
               et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. After one week of adaptation, DT
               animals underwent training with three sets of ten repetitions, with 60-second rest
               intervals and intensity of 50% of the load established through the one-repetition
               maximum (1RM) test, three times a week. For determining the maximum strength,
               successive loads were added to the equipment, and the animals were electrically
               stimulated to repeat the exercise. Between load increments, 5-minutes rests were
               observed to allow the musculature to recover. The maximum load for each animal was
               the maximum amount of weight allowing the complete movement. Training loads were
               readjusted every two weeks by using a new 1RM test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The parameters of electrical stimulation were those described by
               C&#225;ssia Cypriano Ervati Pinter et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
               Electrical stimulation (20 V, 0.3-second duration, 3-second interval)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> with electrodes (Valu Trode, Model CF3200,
               Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, USA) fixed to the animals' tails and connected to an
               electrical stimulator (BIOSET, Physiotonus Four, Model 3050, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil)
               was used to make the animals performed their exercise sets.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical procedure and direct recording of mean arterial blood pressure</title>
        <p>For this procedure, the animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (45 mg/kg,
               intraperitoneal), and a polyethylene catheter (PE-10/50, Intramedic, Becton Dickinson
               and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) with heparin saline (1:20 v/v) was implanted through an
               inguinal incision in the left femoral artery to record arterial blood pressure. After
               insertion and fixation, the catheter was exteriorized in the animal's posterior
               cervical region (<italic>scapulae</italic>) and the incision, sutured. After
               finishing the surgical procedures, all animals received a single intramuscular dose
               (0.2 g/kg) of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (long-lasting antibiotic) and oral sodium
               diclofenac (10 mg/kg/day). Then, the animals were put into individual cages, where
               they remained for a minimum period of 24 hours (postoperative recovery).</p>
        <p>After the animals recovered and were moving spontaneously, the catheter was coupled
               to a pressure transducer (Edwards Lifescience<bold>&#174;</bold>, Irvine, CA, USA), and 30
               minutes after the signal stabilized, a 5-minute recording was performed. After
               recording the mean arterial blood pressure for 24 hours, the animals were
               anesthetized and prepared for the vascular reactivity experiments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity of the superior mesenteric artery</title>
        <p>The tissue was prepared as described by Araujo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Endothelial function was assessed via the ability of 1 &#181;M of ACh to
               induce relaxation in more than 75% of the previously contracted superior mesenteric
               artery rings with 1 &#181;M of FEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>The vascular reactivity changes were assessed by using concentration-response curves
               for ACh (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M), a non-selective muscarinic agonist. To
               assess the nitric oxide (NO) participation in ACh-induced relaxation, the curves for
               that agent were also obtained in the presence of L-NAME (100 &#181;M), a nitric oxide
               synthase (NOS) inhibitor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Initially, all data underwent the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine whether the
               probability distributions were parametric or non-parametric. All data had normal
               distribution. The values were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM).
               When necessary, Student<italic> t</italic>test for independent samples and repeated
               measures or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni
               post-test, were used to assess the significance of the differences between the means.
               Pearson's correlation was used to determine the association between ACh-induced
               relaxation and blood glucose levels. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.
               The GraphPad Prism statistical software, version 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego,
               CA, USA), was used for all procedures.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximum strength</title>
        <p>At the beginning of the experiment, the strength levels were similar in all groups
               (C: 956.3 &#177; 63.3 g, n = 8; DS: 1,022.2 &#177; 32.3 g, n = 8; and DT: 945.4 &#177; 108.7 g,
               n=8). After eight weeks, the strength levels of animals in groups C and DS showed no
               statistically significant difference (1,032.2 &#177; 44.0 and 1,030.5 &#177; 61.2 g,
               respectively). In addition, the resistance exercise promoted an increase in strength
               levels from 945.4 &#177; 108.7 g to 1,327.3 &#177; 98.7 g (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood glucose levels</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the effect of resistance
               exercise on blood glucose levels. Alloxan induced an increase (p &lt; 0.001) in blood
               glucose concentration in both experimental groups. In addition, resistance exercise
               caused a reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in blood glucose levels after eight weeks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variation of blood glucose levels of rats at the beginning (0) and by the
                     end (8) of eight weeks of training: control group (C); diabetic sedentary group
                     (DS); and diabetic trained group (DT). Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard
                     error of the mean. The statistical differences were determined by repeated
                     measures analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-test. <sup>***</sup>
                     p &lt; 0.001 vs. C 0; <sup>&#8224;&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.01 vs. DS 0; and <sup>#</sup> p
                     &lt; 0.05 vs. DT 0.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelium-dependent relaxation</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows ACh induced relaxation,
               depending on its concentration, in isolated rings of the superior mesenteric artery,
               with intact endothelium in all groups. Neither diabetes, nor resistance exercise
               interfered with arterial sensitivity, considering that the concentration from which
               the agonist produces 50% of maximum response (potency - pD<sub>2</sub>) remained
               unaltered. However, in group DS, diabetes reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the maximum response
               (Rmax) as compared to that in group C. That was reversed (p &lt; 0.01) in DT animals.
               In addition, a strong negative correlation was observed between ACh-induced
               relaxation and blood glucose levels in groups DS (r = -0.9710; p = 0.001, n = 8) and
               DT (r = -0.9874; p = 0.001, n = 8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure
               3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concentration-response curves for acetylcholine (ACh: 10<sup>-9</sup> &#8211; 10
                        <sup>-4</sup> M) in isolated superior mesenteric artery rings, with intact
                     endothelium and pre-contracted with L-phenylephrine (1 &#956;M). The rings were
                     obtained from rats of the groups control (C), diabetic sedentary (DS) and
                     diabetic trained (DT). Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean.
                     The statistical differences were determined by two-way analysis of variance
                     followed by Bonferroni post-test. <sup>**</sup> p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>***</sup>
                     p &lt; 0.001 vs. C; <sup>##</sup> p &lt; 0.01 vs. DS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between blood glucose levels and the percentage of maximum
                     response of acetylcholine-induced relaxations in superior mesenteric artery
                     rings of the groups diabetic sedentary (A) and diabetic trained (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelium-dependent relaxation in the presence of L-NAME</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows that L-NAME could reduce (p
               &lt; 0.001) pD<sub>2</sub> and Rmax (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.001) of ACh-induced
               relaxations in groups C and DT, respectively. That reduction was not observed in
               group DS. The presence of L-NAME significantly increased (p &lt; 0.001) the
                  pD<sub>2</sub> of ACh-induced relaxations of group DS as compared to group C,
               without modifying the Rmax. However, L-NAME significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the
                  pD<sub>2</sub> and Rmax (p &lt; 0.01) of the ACh-induced relaxations of group DT
               as compared to group DS.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potency (pD<sub>2</sub>) and maximum response (Rmax) obtained from
                     concentration-response curves for acetylcholine before and after pretreatment
                     with N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Condition</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>pD<sub>2</sub>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Rmax</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">C</td>
                <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 0.0</td>
                <td align="center">99.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                <td>5.5 &#177; 0.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>70.0 &#177; 6.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">DS</td>
                <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 0.0</td>
                <td align="center">78.0 &#177; 1.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                <td>6.8 &#177; 0.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td>72.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">DT</td>
                <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">95.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                <td>4.9 &#177; 0.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td>50.0 &#177; 3.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">##</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>The superior mesenteric artery rings were obtained from rats of the groups
                        control (C), diabetic sedentary (DS), and diabetic trained (DT). The
                        experiments were performed in the absence of L-NAME (- L-NAME) or presence
                        of 100 &#956;M of L-NAME (+ L-NAME). Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error
                        of the mean. The statistical differences were determined by Student t test
                        for independent samples (intragroup) or analysis of variance followed by
                        Bonferroni post-test (intergroup).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t01">
              <p><sup>*</sup> p &lt;0.001 or <sup>**</sup>p &lt;0.01 for - L-NAME vs. +
                        L-NAME values; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p&lt;0.001 vs. C and <sup>#</sup> p&lt;0.001 or
                           <sup>##</sup> p&lt;0.01 vs. DS.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mean arterial blood pressure</title>
        <p>Diabetes induction with alloxan increased (p &lt; 0.05) mean arterial blood pressure
               in group DS. Inversely, resistance exercise reduced (p &lt; 0.05) arterial blood
               pressure levels of group DT animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure
               4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean arterial blood pressure of rats of the groups control (C), diabetic
                     sedentary (DS), and diabetic trained (DT) after eight weeks of resistance
                     exercise. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. The
                     statistical differences were determined by repeated measures analysis of
                     variance followed by Bonferroni post-test. * p &lt; 0.05 DS vs. C and # p &lt;
                     0.05 DT vs. DS.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>According to the results, resistance exercise reduces blood glucose levels, restores
            endothelial function and decreases arterial blood pressure of type 1 diabetic animals
            after eight weeks of training.</p>
      <p>Resistance exercise is characterized by intermittent movements and a predominantly
            anaerobic metabolic pathway<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In this study, resistance exercise was performed
            in a squat device for rats, and proved to be effective in mimicking the beneficial
            cardiovascular effects found in humans practicing that type of exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Tail electrical stimulation was required for the animals to perform the
            squat movement. The electrical stimulation parameters used in this study have been
            reported to promote no cardiovascular system changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Based on the literature, we suggest that the effects observed in trained
            diabetic animals are directly related to resistance exercise.</p>
      <p>The maximum strength test was used as an indicator of training efficacy. From that
            perspective, we observed that trained diabetic animals gained muscle strength after
            eight weeks. This indicates that the training protocol could promote chronic adjustments
            resulting from resistance exercise. The importance of the therapeutic potential of that
            type of exercise has been recently emphasized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
            Resistance exercise has proved to have a beneficial effect on insulin action
            improvement, muscle mass gain, fatty mass reduction, blood glucose control and arterial
            blood pressure reduction in individuals with diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>Experimental and clinical evidence has shown that metabolic disorders, mainly the
            chronic increase in blood glucose levels, are strictly related to cardiovascular
            complications of diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. To better understand
            the metabolic and cardiovascular complications originating from diabetes, several
            experimental models of diabetes induced in rats have been widely used by different
            research groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Alloxan has been reported to
            cause the destruction of a large number of beta-pancreatic cells, hindering insulin
               production<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The experimental model of alloxan-induced diabetes is of type 1,
            with symptoms similar to those found in humans, such as weight loss, polyuria,
            polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, ketonuria, increased production of oxygen reactive
            species, decreased blood insulin levels and increased blood glucose levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>The increased blood glucose levels of diabetic animals observed at the beginning of the
            study were reduced after eight weeks of training. Similarly, Farrell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have shown that treatment with resistance
            exercise, by the end of eight weeks, reduced blood glucose levels of animals with type 1
            diabetes. Studies have shown that muscle contraction during physical exercise stimulates
            the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), independently of insulin
            action, resulting in an increase in peripheral glucose uptake<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Thus, a
            possible explanation for blood glucose level reduction in trained animals in this study
            could relate to a greater activation in the signaling pathways involved in glucose
            transportation regardless of insulin action, because our animals had insulin deficiency
            or lack of insulin production, since ours was a type 1 diabetes mellitus model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to Gross et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, increased blood
            glucose levels cause damages, dysfunctions and even failure of several organs, involving
            severe micro- and macrovascular changes. In some cases, restoration of normal blood
            glucose levels reverts cell damages. In others, however, such damages are irreversible,
            making blood glucose control a physiological parameter of essential importance to
            prevent the severe chronic complications of diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Studies have shown
            that diabetes mellitus causes changes in endothelium-dependent relaxation of different
            vascular beds, promoting endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Endothelial
            dysfunction is considered a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, and the importance of the
            endothelium in maintaining vascular health is a consensus in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>The group DS animals showed loss of vascular function. However, eight weeks of
            resistance exercise could restore the vascular function of diabetic animals. That can be
            due to the reduction in blood glucose levels observed in group DT animals. Our results
            evidenced that the ACh-induced relaxation had a strong inverse correlation with blood
            glucose levels. The group DS animals had an increase in blood glucose levels and an
            important loss in endothelial function, however, the reduction in blood glucose levels
            is associated with the vascular function restoration of group DT animals. Such results
            emphasize the findings of several other studies, which indicate resistance exercise as a
            possible tool to treat and/or prevent diseases with vascular function loss, such as
            hypertension and diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus has been reported to reduce the endothelial production of vasoactive
            substances responsible for regulating the vascular tone, such as NO and
               prostaglandins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. To investigate the
            participation of NO in endothelium-dependent relaxations, concentration-response curves
            for ACh were obtained in the presence of L-NAME. Under that experimental condition,
            L-NAME antagonized the ACh-induced relaxation in animals of groups C and DT, but did not
            change the relaxation in group DS animals, characterizing a reduction in the
            participation of one of the major endothelium-derived relaxing factors in group DS
            animals. Those findings are in accordance with the results by Chen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, who have reported that ACh-induced Rmax was also
            reduced in the presence of L-NAME in animals undergoing aerobic exercise for eight
            weeks.</p>
      <p>Group DT animals had a higher percentage of relaxation inhibition in the presence of
            L-NAME as compared with healthy animals. That phenomenon might have resulted from a
            possible increase in NO-dependent relaxation caused by resistance exercise. The increase
            in relaxations observed in this study corroborates other findings, in which there was an
            increase in aerobic-exercise-mediated NO production in the experimental type 1 diabetes
               model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies with humans with type 1 diabetes have also shown that aerobic exercise improved
            endothelial function in vascular beds not directly involved during exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In this study, the effects observed in the
            arteries of animals exercising also suggest a possible generalized vascular effect,
            because the artery analyzed was far from the tissues more active during exercise. That
            generalized vascular effect has also been observed by Faria et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, and one single session of resistance exercise increased the
            NO-dependent relaxation in the caudal artery, reducing arterial blood pressure in
            spontaneously hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>In addition, in our study, resistance exercise reduced mean arterial blood pressure in
            DT animals, proving to be effective to treat endothelial dysfunction related to
            increased blood glucose levels. Recent data from our laboratory have shown that
            L-NAME-induced hypertensive animals also showed a reduction in arterial blood pressure
            levels after four weeks of resistance exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.
            The mechanisms responsible for the decrease in arterial blood pressure of animals
            undergoing resistance exercise can be the reduction in peripheral vascular resistance
            and the increase in systemic vascular conductance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, our results suggest that low-intensity resistance exercise induces metabolic and
            cardiovascular responses similar to those observed in studies submitting diabetic
            animals to aerobic exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Although those modalities of exercise have
            different characteristics, such as the energetic pathway and movement execution, both
            promote beneficial cardiometabolic effects that help to treat both types of diabetes
               mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, this study indicates that the model of resistance exercise used could reduce blood
            glucose levels, restore endothelial function and reduce arterial blood pressure in
            diabetic animals. Finally, resistance exercise might cause beneficial vascular and
            metabolic adjustments for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus dysfunctions in an
            experimental model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank the Brazilian Board of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the
            Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level-Education Personnel (CAPES) and the
            Foundation for Support to Technological Research and Innovation of the State of Sergipe
            (FAPITEC-SE) for the financial support.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Barreto AS, Santos MRV;
               Acquisition of data: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Ara&#250;jo JES; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Oliveira ACC; Statistical
               analysis: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Barreto AS; Obtaining financing: Santos MRV; Writing
               of the manuscript: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Wichi RB; Critical revision of the manuscript
               for intellectual content: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Oliveira ACC, Wichi RB, Santos
               MRV.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES e FAPITEC/SE.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota, from
               Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe
               (UFS).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Exerc&#237;cio Resistido Restaura a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Reduz a
               Press&#227;o Arterial de Ratos Diab&#233;ticos Tipo 1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tharciano Luiz Teixeira Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Eliakim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Cesar Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wichi</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Brand&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal
               de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - UFS, S&#227;o
               Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Roberto Viana Santos,</bold> Departamento de
               Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n, Rosa Elze.
               CEP 49100-000, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>marciorvsantos@bol.com.br</email>, <email>marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares n&#227;o s&#227;o
                  consistentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es na glicemia,
                  reatividade vascular e press&#227;o arterial de ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo controle (n = 8), diab&#233;tico
                  sedent&#225;rio (n = 8) e diab&#233;tico treinado (n = 8). O exerc&#237;cio resistido foi
                  realizado no aparelho de agachamento para ratos e consistiu em tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de dez
                  repeti&#231;&#245;es com uma intensidade de 50%, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, durante 8 semanas.
                  As altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular foram avaliadas em an&#233;is de art&#233;ria
                  mesent&#233;rica superior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da resposta m&#225;xima dos relaxamentos
                  induzidos por acetilcolina no grupo diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio (78,1% &#177; 2) e um aumento
                  do grupo diab&#233;tico treinado (95 &#177; 3%), sem alterar a pot&#234;ncia. Na presen&#231;a de
                  NG-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster, os relaxamentos induzidos por acetilcolina foram
                  significativamente reduzidos nos grupos controle e diab&#233;tico treinado, mas n&#227;o no
                  grupo diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, foi observado um aumento significativo (p
                  &lt; 0,05) da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia no grupo diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio de 104,9 &#177; 5
                  para 126,7 &#177; 5 mmHg, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Por outro lado, o grupo
                  diab&#233;tico treinado apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05) nos n&#237;veis da
                  press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 126,7 &#177; 5 mmHg para 105,1 &#177; 4 mmHg, quando comparado ao
                  diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio resistido foi capaz de restaurar a funcionalidade endotelial e impedir
                  o aumento da press&#227;o arterial em ratos com diabetes tipo 1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diabetes melito &#233; caracterizado como um grupo heterog&#234;neo de desordens metab&#243;licas
               que apresentam em comum a hiperglicemia associada a complica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias no
               sistema cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O aumento nos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos est&#225; associado
               &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um fen&#244;meno sist&#234;mico e refere se ao
               desequil&#237;brio da produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de mediadores que regulam o t&#244;nus vascular e
               contribui, em parte, para o aumento nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no diabetes melito tipo
               1 pode ser considerada um marcador precoce de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Muitos fatores podem explicar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no diabetes melito tipo 1, como
               hiperlipidemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hiperglicemia e hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, a literatura indica que o exerc&#237;cio
               resistido contribui para a preven&#231;&#227;o/o tratamento de patologias que acometem o
               metabolismo e a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O exerc&#237;cio
               resistido tem demonstrado ser um importante potencial terap&#234;utico, por promover ganho
               de massa muscular esquel&#233;tica, aumento na sensibilidade &#224; insulina e redu&#231;&#227;o da
               glicemia plasm&#225;tica em ratos diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Esses efeitos
               tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentados pelo exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos sugerem que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio &#233; eficaz no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o
               endotelial no diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Por outro lado, pouco se sabe sobre os
               efeitos cr&#244;nicos do exerc&#237;cio resistido na press&#227;o arterial e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de
               ratos diab&#233;ticos do tipo 1. N&#243;s consideramos a hip&#243;tese de que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do
               exerc&#237;cio resistido em longo prazo pode minimizar os efeitos delet&#233;rios que acometem
               o sistema cardiovascular e o controle metab&#243;lico apresentados por animais induzidos
               ao diabetes melito tipo 1. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o objetivo do presente estudo
               foi avaliar os efeitos cr&#244;nicos do exerc&#237;cio resistido sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es na
               glicemia, reatividade vascular e press&#227;o arterial de ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e delineamento experimental</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>), com idade de 3 meses,
                  pesando entre 250 e 300 g, foram utilizados em todos os experimentos. Os animais
                  foram mantidos sob condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura (22 &#177; 1 &#176;C) e ciclo
                  claro-escuro de 12 horas, tendo livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua e &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para
                  roedores (Labina, Purina). Todos os procedimentos descritos no presente trabalho
                  foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Animais da Universidade
                  Federal de Sergipe (UFS), com protocolo n&#250;mero 01/2008. Os animais foram divididos
                  em tr&#234;s grupos com oito animais cada: Grupo Controle (C), Diab&#233;tico Sedent&#225;rio
                  (DS) e Diab&#233;tico Treinado (DT). Os animais dos grupos C e DS foram mantidos em
                  suas caixas sem exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, enquanto que os animais do grupo DT foram
                  submetidos a 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio resistido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drogas</title>
          <p>As drogas utilizadas foram: Cloreto de Acetilcolina (ACh), L-fenilefrina (FEN),
                     N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-Arginina Metil &#201;ster (L-NAME), aloxano &#8722; todos da SIGMA&#174;
                  (Estados Unidos) &#8722; e tiopental s&#243;dico (Thiopentax, Crist&#225;lia, Itapira, SP,
                  Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes e medida da glicemia</title>
          <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes experimental foi realizada conforme descrito por Da Silva
                  Costa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os animais, ap&#243;s jejum
                  pr&#233;vio de 24 horas, foram induzidos ao diabetes por meio da administra&#231;&#227;o de
                  aloxano na dose &#250;nica de 40 mg/kg intravenosa (veia peniana), 2 semanas antes do
                  in&#237;cio do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio. Os animais com glicemia &#8805; 200 mg/dL foram
                  selecionados como diab&#233;ticos. A glicemia foi medida 1 semana ap&#243;s o tratamento com
                  aloxano utilizando fitas reagentes (ACCU-CHEK Advantage II, Roche&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP,
                  Brasil) acoplada a um glicos&#237;metro port&#225;til digital (ACCU-CHEK Advantage II,
                  Roche&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio resistido foi realizado em aparelho de agachamento segundo modelo de
                  Tamaki e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Os animais do DT, ap&#243;s 1
                  semana de familiariza&#231;&#227;o, foram treinados com tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es, com
                  intervalos de repouso de 60 segundo, e intensidade de 50% da carga estabelecida
                  por meio do teste de 1 Repeti&#231;&#227;o M&#225;xima (1RM), tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Para a
                  determina&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a m&#225;xima, cargas sucessivas foram acrescentadas ao
                  equipamento, e os animais foram estimulados eletricamente a executar uma
                  repeti&#231;&#227;o. Entre os incrementos de carga, repousos adequados de 5 minutos foram
                  aplicados na tentativa de permitir a recupera&#231;&#227;o da musculatura trabalhada. Foi
                  considerada como carga m&#225;xima para cada animal aquela que foi realizada com o
                  maior peso e permitiu o movimento completo. As cargas de treinamento foram
                  reajustadas a cada 2 semanas por meio de um novo teste de 1RM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Os par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica foram realizados
                  conforme descrito por de C&#225;ssia Cypriano Ervati Pinter e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Os animais foram estimulados a executar as
                  s&#233;ries por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de est&#237;mulos el&#233;tricos (20 V, 0,3 segundo de dura&#231;&#227;o,
                  3 segundos de intervalo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> por eletrodos
                  (Valu Trode, Modelo CF3200, Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, Estados Unidos) fixados na
                  cauda e conectados a um eletroestimulador (BIOSET, Physiotonus Four, Modelo 3050,
                  Rio Claro, SP, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico e registro direto da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia</title>
          <p>Neste procedimento, os animais foram anestesiados com tiopental s&#243;dico (45 mg/kg,
                  intraperitoneal), e cateteres de polietileno (PE-10/50, Intramedic, Becton
                  Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, Estados Unidos), preenchidos com solu&#231;&#227;o salina
                  heparinizada (1:20 v/v), foram implantados, atrav&#233;s de incis&#227;o inguinal, na
                  art&#233;ria femoral esquerda, para o registro da press&#227;o arterial. Ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o e
                  fixa&#231;&#227;o, o cateter foi exteriorizado na regi&#227;o cervical posterior do animal
                     (<italic>scapulae</italic>) e incis&#227;o suturada. Ap&#243;s as suturas das incis&#245;es e
                  o t&#233;rmino dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, todos os animais receberam cloridrato de
                  oxitetraciclina (antibi&#243;tico de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada) em dose &#250;nica (0,2 g/kg) por via
                  intramuscular e diclofenaco s&#243;dico na dose de 10 mg/kg/dia por via oral; em
                  seguida, eles foram colocados em caixas individuais, onde permaneceram por um
                  per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 24 horas (recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria com os animais apresentando mobilidade espont&#226;nea,
                  o cateter foi acoplado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (Edwards
                     Lifescience<bold>&#174;</bold>, Irvine, CA, USA) e, ap&#243;s 30 minutos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o
                  do sinal, foram registrados 5 minutos para an&#225;lise dos dados. Ap&#243;s 24 horas da
                  coleta dos registros de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia os animais foram anestesiados e
                  preparados para os experimentos de reatividade vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior</title>
          <p>A prepara&#231;&#227;o do tecido foi realizada conforme descrito por Araujo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A funcionalidade do endot&#233;lio foi
                  verificada pela habilidade, medida em percentagem, de 1 &#181;M de ACh em relaxar mais
                  do que 75% dos an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com 1 &#181;M de FEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na reatividade vascular foram avaliadas por meio da obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para ACh (10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-4</sup> M), um
                  agonista muscar&#237;nico n&#227;o seletivo. Para avaliar a participa&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico
                  nos relaxamentos induzidos por ACh, as curvas para esse agente foram tamb&#233;m
                  obtidas na presen&#231;a de L-NAME (100 &#181;M), um inibidor da &#211;xido N&#237;trico Sintetase
                  (NOS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, todos os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, com
                  o intuito de determinar se suas distribui&#231;&#245;es de probabilidade apresentavam-se
                  como param&#233;tricas ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Todos os dados apresentaram uma
                  distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os valores foram expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; Erro Padr&#227;o da
                  M&#233;dia (EPM). Quando necess&#225;rio, os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student para
                  amostras independentes e a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas ou
                  de duas vias, seguidas do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni, foram realizados para avaliar a
                  signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi
                  utilizada para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o relaxamento induzido por ACh e a
                  glicemia. Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p
                  &lt; 0,05. Para todos esses procedimentos, foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico
                  GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>For&#231;a m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>P&#244;de ser observado que, no in&#237;cio dos experimentos, os n&#237;veis de for&#231;a foram
                  similares em todos os grupos (C: 956,3 &#177; 63,3 g, com n = 8; DS: 1.022,2 &#177; 32,3 g,
                  com n = 8; e DT: 945,4 &#177; 108,7 g, com n=8). Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de experimento, os
                  animais dos grupos C e DS n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
                  significativas em seus n&#237;veis de for&#231;a (1.032,2 &#177; 44,0 e 1030,5 &#177; 61,2 g,
                  respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que o exerc&#237;cio resistido
                  promoveu um aumento (p &lt; 0,01) nos n&#237;veis de for&#231;a de 945,4 &#177; 108,7 para
                  1.327,3 &#177; 98,7 g.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Glicemia</title>
          <p>O efeito do exerc&#237;cio resistido est&#225; demonstrado na Figura 1. Pode ser observado
                  que o aloxano induziu ao aumento (p &lt; 0,001) da glicemia em ambos os grupos
                  experimentais. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que o exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu
                  redu&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05) da glicemia ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de ratos no in&#237;cio (0) e ao final (8) de 8 semanas
                        de treinamento: grupos controle (C); diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio (DS) e diab&#233;tico
                        treinado (DT). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. As
                        diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para
                        medidas repetidas seguidas pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. <sup>***</sup> p
                        &lt; 0,001 vs. C 0; <sup>&#8224;&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,01 vs. DS 0; e <sup>#</sup> p
                        &gt; 0,05 vs. DT 0.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio</title>
          <p>Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 2</xref>, a ACh induziu
                  ao relaxamento dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o em an&#233;is isolados de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica
                  superior, com endot&#233;lio intacto em todos os grupos. Nem o diabetes, nem o
                  exerc&#237;cio resistido interferiu na sensibilidade arterial, tendo em vista que a
                     pD<sub>2</sub> (concentra&#231;&#227;o a partir da qual o agonista produz uma resposta
                  igual a 50% da resposta m&#225;xima) permaneceu inalterada. No entanto, no grupo DS, o
                  diabetes promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001) na Rm&#225;x quando comparado ao grupo C. Esse
                  feito foi revertido (p &lt; 0,01) nos animais treinados que receberam aloxano
                  (DT). Al&#233;m disso, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref> mostra uma
                  forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o relaxamento induzido por ACh e a glicemia nos
                  grupos DS (r = -0,9710; p = 0,001, com n = 8) e DT (r = -0,9874; p = 0,001, com n
                  = 8).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para acetilcolina (ACh: 10-9 &#8211; 10 -4 M) em
                        an&#233;is isolados da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, com endot&#233;lio intacto e
                        pr&#233;-contra&#237;das com L-fenilefrina (1 &#956;M). Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos
                        grupos controle (C); diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio (DS) e diab&#233;tico treinado (DT). Os
                        dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. As diferen&#231;as
                        estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de duas vias
                        seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. <sup>**</sup> p &lt; 0,01 e
                           <sup>***</sup> p &lt;0,001 vs. C; <sup>##</sup> p &lt; 0,01 vs.
                        DS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual de resposta m&#225;xima dos relaxamentos
                        induzidos por acetilcolina e glicemia em an&#233;is de art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica dos
                        grupos diab&#233;tico sedent&#225;rio (A) e diab&#233;tico treinado (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio na presen&#231;a de L-NAME</title>
          <p>Como observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>, o L-NAME foi
                  capaz de reduzir (p &lt; 0,001) a pot&#234;ncia ao agonista (pD<sub>2</sub>) e a Rm&#225;x
                  (p &lt; 0,01 e p &lt; 0,001) dos relaxamentos induzidos por ACh nos grupos C e DT,
                  respectivamente. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada no DS. Entre os grupos, a presen&#231;a
                  de L-NAME aumentou significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) a pD<sub>2</sub>dos
                  relaxamentos induzidos por ACh do grupo DS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, sem modificar a
                  resposta m&#225;xima. Por outro lado, o L-NAME reduziu significativamente (p &lt;
                  0,001) a pD<sub>2</sub> e a Rm&#225;x (p &lt; 0,01) dos relaxamentos induzidos por ACh
                  no grupo DT quando comparado ao grupo DS.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores de pot&#234;ncia (pD<sub>2</sub>) e resposta m&#225;xima (Rm&#225;x) obtidos de
                        curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para acetilcolina antes e ap&#243;s o pr&#233;-tratamento
                        com N<sup>G</sup>-nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster (L-NAME)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p D<sub>2</sub>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Rm&#225;x</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">C</td>
                  <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">99,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                  <td>5,5 &#177; 0,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>70,0 &#177; 6,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">DS</td>
                  <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">78,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                  <td>6,8 &#177; 0,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>72,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">DT</td>
                  <td align="center">- L-NAME</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">95,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>+ L-NAME</td>
                  <td>4,9 &#177; 0,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">#</xref>
									</td>
                  <td>50,0 &#177; 3,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
										<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">##</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Os an&#233;is foram obtidos de ratos dos grupos controle (C); diab&#233;tico
                           sedent&#225;rio (DS) e diab&#233;tico treinado (DT). Os experimentos foram
                           realizados na aus&#234;ncia L-NAME (- L-NAME) e na presen&#231;a de 100 &#956;M de
                           L-NAME (+ L-NAME). Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia.
                           As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pelo teste t de Student
                           para amostras independentes (intragrupo) ou pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia
                           seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni (intergrupo).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="tfn01t02">
                <p><sup>*</sup>p &lt;0,001 ou <sup>**</sup>p &lt;0,01 para valores - L-NAME
                           vs. + L-NAME; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p&lt;0,001 vs. C e <sup>#</sup> p&lt;0,001 ou
                              <sup>##</sup> p&lt;0,01 vs. DS.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia</title>
          <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes com aloxano promoveu aumento (p &lt; 0,05) da press&#227;o
                  arterial m&#233;dia no grupo DS. Inversamente, o exerc&#237;cio resistido reduziu (p &lt;
                  0,05) a press&#227;o arterial dos animais treinados que receberam aloxano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de ratos dos grupos controle (C); diab&#233;tico
                        sedent&#225;rio (DS) e diab&#233;tico treinado (DT) ap&#243;s 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio
                        resistido. Os dados representam as m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. As
                        diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram determinadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para
                        medidas repetidas seguidas pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. <sup>*</sup> p &lt;
                        0,05 DS vs. C e <sup>#</sup> p &lt; 0,05 DT vs. DS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0025-40087-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados indicam que o exerc&#237;cio resistido em animais diab&#233;ticos do tipo 1
               promove redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, restaura a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e diminui a press&#227;o
               arterial ap&#243;s 8 semanas de treinamento.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi utilizado o exerc&#237;cio resistido, que &#233; descrito como um tipo
               de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico caracterizado por movimentos intermitentes e por uma via
               metab&#243;lica predominantemente anaer&#243;bia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. O exerc&#237;cio
               resistido foi realizado em um aparelho de agachamento para ratos, que j&#225; demonstrou
               ser eficaz em mimetizar os ben&#233;ficos efeitos cardiovasculares encontrados em humanos
               praticantes dessa modalidade de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Para que o animal
               execute o movimento de agachamento &#233; necess&#225;ria a eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o caudal. &#201;
               descrito na literatura que os par&#226;metros de eletroestimula&#231;&#227;o usados neste estudo n&#227;o
               promovem altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Com base na literatura, sugerimos que os efeitos observados nos
               animais diab&#233;ticos treinados s&#227;o diretamente relacionados ao exerc&#237;cio resistido.</p>
        <p>O teste de for&#231;a m&#225;xima foi usado como um indicador de efic&#225;cia do treinamento.
               Dentro dessa perspectiva, observamos que os animais diab&#233;ticos treinados ganharam
               for&#231;a muscular ap&#243;s 8 semanas. Isso indica que o protocolo de treinamento foi capaz
               de promover ajustes cr&#244;nicos provenientes do exerc&#237;cio resistido. Recentemente,
               esteve em destaque o importante potencial terap&#234;utico dessa modalidade de
                  exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O exerc&#237;cio resistido demonstra
               ter um efeito ben&#233;fico na melhora da a&#231;&#227;o insul&#237;nica, no ganho de massa muscular, na
               redu&#231;&#227;o da massa gorda, no controle glic&#234;mico e na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em
               indiv&#237;duos com diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias experimentais e cl&#237;nicas demonstram que os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos,
               principalmente a hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica, est&#227;o estritamente relacionados com as
               complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares provenientes do diabetes melitos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Para uma
               melhor compreens&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares provenientes do
               diabetes, diversos modelos experimentais de diabetes induzidos em ratos t&#234;m sido
               amplamente utilizados por diversos grupos de pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. &#201; relatado que o aloxano causa a destrui&#231;&#227;o de grande parte das
               c&#233;lulas betapancre&#225;ticas, o que impossibilita a produ&#231;&#227;o de insulina, necess&#225;ria para
               demanda do organismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O modelo experimental de diabetes induzido
               pelo aloxano &#233; do tipo 1 e apresenta sintomas semelhantes aos encontrados em humanos,
               como perda de peso, poli&#250;ria, polidipsia, polifagia, glicos&#250;ria, ceton&#250;ria, aumento
               da produ&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, hipoinsulinemia e hiperglicemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis elevados de glicemia apresentados pelos animais diab&#233;ticos no in&#237;cio do
               estudo foram reduzidos ap&#243;s 8 semanas de treinamento. Da mesma forma, Farrell e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> demonstraram que o tratamento com o
               exerc&#237;cio resistido, ao final de 8 semanas, reduziu a glicemia de animais com
               diabetes do tipo 1. A literatura indica que a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular realizada durante o
               exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico estimula a transloca&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas transportadoras de glicose
               (GLUT4), independentemente da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina, o que resulta no aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o
               de glicose perif&#233;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Portanto, uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a
               redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia dos animais treinados no presente estudo pode estar relacionada a
               uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o envolvidas no transporte de glicose
               independentes da a&#231;&#227;o de insulina, uma vez que nossos animais apresentam defici&#234;ncia
               ou aus&#234;ncia na produ&#231;&#227;o de insulina, por se tratar de um modelo de diabetes melito
               tipo 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo Gross e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, a hiperglicemia causa
               danos, disfun&#231;&#245;es e at&#233; fal&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os, envolvendo severas altera&#231;&#245;es
               micro e macrovasculares. Em alguns casos, a restaura&#231;&#227;o da normoglicemia reverte os
               danos celulares. Em outros, no entanto, esses danos s&#227;o irrevers&#237;veis, o que torna o
               controle glic&#234;mico um par&#226;metro fisiol&#243;gico de essencial import&#226;ncia, para evitar as
               s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Estudos t&#234;m
               demonstrado que o diabetes melito promove altera&#231;&#245;es no relaxamento dependente do
               endot&#233;lio em diferentes leitos vasculares, promovendo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; considerada um biomarcador de risco
               cardiovascular, e a import&#226;ncia do endot&#233;lio, na manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de vascular, &#233;
               consenso na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o exercitados do presente estudo apresentaram perda da
               funcionalidade vascular. Por outro lado, 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio resistido foram
               capazes de restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular dos animais diab&#233;ticos. Tal situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser
               justificada em virtude da redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos observada nos animais
               diab&#233;ticos exercitados. Uma vez que nossos resultados evidenciam que o relaxamento
               induzido por ACh tem forte correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos. Os animais
               diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o exercitados apresentaram um aumento dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos e uma
               importante perda da funcionalidade endotelial, em contrapartida, a redu&#231;&#227;o da
               glicemia est&#225; associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular apresentada pelos animais
               diab&#233;ticos exercitados. Esses resultados refor&#231;am os achados de v&#225;rios outros
               estudos, que apontam o exerc&#237;cio resistido como uma poss&#237;vel ferramenta para o
               tratamento e/ou preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as que apresentam perda da funcionalidade vascular,
               como a hipertens&#227;o e o diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; relatado, na literatura, que o diabetes melito reduz a produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de
               subst&#226;ncias vasoativas respons&#225;veis pelo controle do t&#244;nus vascular, como o &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico e as prostaglandinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Para investigar
               a participa&#231;&#227;o do NO nos relaxamentos dependentes do endot&#233;lio, foram obtidas curvas
               concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para ACh, na presen&#231;a de L-NAME. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o experimental,
               foi observado que L-NAME antagonizou os relaxamentos induzidos por ACh nos animais do
               C e DT, mas n&#227;o modificou os relaxamentos dos animais do grupo DS, caracterizando uma
               redu&#231;&#227;o na participa&#231;&#227;o de um dos principais fatores relaxantes derivados do
               endot&#233;lio nos animais diab&#233;ticos sedent&#225;rios. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os
               resultados apresentados por Chen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,
               que demonstraram que as Rm&#225;x induzidas por ACh tamb&#233;m foram reduzidas na presen&#231;a de
               L-NAME nos animais submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio por 8 semanas.</p>
        <p>Interessantemente, os animais diab&#233;ticos exercitados apresentaram um percentual de
               inibi&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciado nos relaxamentos realizados na presen&#231;a de L-NAME quando
               comparados aos animais saud&#225;veis. Tal fen&#244;meno pode ter ocorrido em decorr&#234;ncia de um
               poss&#237;vel aumento no relaxamento dependente de NO proporcionado pelo exerc&#237;cio
               resistido. O aumento dos relaxamentos apresentados neste estudo corrobora outros
               achados, nos quais houve um aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO mediada pelo exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio
               no modelo experimental de diabetes tipo 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos com humanos portadores de diabetes tipo 1 tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio
               aer&#243;bio melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em leitos vasculares que n&#227;o est&#227;o diretamente
               envolvidos durante o exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Em nosso
               estudo, os efeitos observados nas art&#233;rias dos animais exercitados sugerem tamb&#233;m um
               poss&#237;vel efeito vascular generalizado, pois a art&#233;ria analisada encontrava-se
               distante dos tecidos mais ativos durante execu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. Esse efeito vascular
               generalizado tamb&#233;m foi observado por Faria e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, sendo que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido aumentou o
               relaxamento dependente de NO na art&#233;ria caudal, reduzindo a press&#227;o arterial em ratos
               espontaneamente hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o, observamos, em nosso estudo, que o exerc&#237;cio resistido reduziu a press&#227;o
               arterial m&#233;dia nos animais diab&#233;ticos exercitados, demonstrando ser eficaz no
               tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial relacionada &#224; hiperglicemia. Dados recentes do
               nosso laborat&#243;rio demonstraram que animais hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME tamb&#233;m
               apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s 4 semanas de exerc&#237;cio
                  resistido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia
               vascular perif&#233;rica e o aumento na condut&#226;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica podem ser os
               mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela queda da press&#227;o arterial apresentada pelos animais
               submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio resistido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, nossos resultados sugerem que o exerc&#237;cio resistido de baixa intensidade
               induz a respostas metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares semelhantes &#224;s observadas em estudos
               que utilizaram animais diab&#233;ticos submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Mesmo se tratando de modalidades de exerc&#237;cio com caracter&#237;sticas
               diferentes, tais como a via energ&#233;tica e a execu&#231;&#227;o do movimento, ambas promovem
               efeitos cardiometab&#243;licos ben&#233;ficos, que auxiliam no tratamento do diabetes melito
               tipos 1 e 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, este estudo indica que o modelo de exerc&#237;cio resistido utilizado foi capaz de
               reduzir a glicemia, restaurar a funcionalidade endotelial e reduzir a press&#227;o
               arterial em animais diab&#233;ticos. Finalmente, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o exerc&#237;cio resistido
               promova ajustes vasculares e metab&#243;licos ben&#233;ficos para o tratamento das disfun&#231;&#245;es
               presentes no diabetes melito tipo 1 em um modelo experimental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq),
               &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de
               Apoio &#224; Pesquisa e &#224; Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC-SE) pelo
               apoio financeiro.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Barreto AS, Santos MRV;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Ara&#250;jo JES; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Fontes MT, Oliveira ACC; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Barreto AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Santos
                  MRV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mota MM, Silva TLTB, Wichi RB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mota MM, Silva TLTB,
                  Oliveira ACC, Wichi RB, Santos MRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, CAPES e FAPITEC/SE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota pelo
                  Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe
                  (UFS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
