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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nNhFQcnMZsDFgdbBXxWsMWr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of Different Obesity Assessment Methods after Acute
               Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline N. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP
                  - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff.</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de
               Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr., Botucatu. Postal Code
               18618-970. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>19</fpage>
      <lpage>24</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Abdominal obesity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore,
                  identifying the best method for measuring waist circumference (WC) is a
                  priority.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the eight methods of measuring WC in patients with acute coronary
                  syndrome (ACS) as a predictor of cardiovascular complications during
                  hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective study of patients with ACS. The measurement of WC was performed by
                  eight known methods: midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest (1), point
                  of minimum circumference (2); immediately above the iliac crest (3), umbilicus
                  (4), one inch above the umbilicus (5), one centimeter above the umbilicus (6),
                  smallest rib and (7) the point of greatest circumference around the waist (8).
                  Complications included: angina, arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock,
                  hypotension, pericarditis and death. Logistic regression tests were used for
                  predictive factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 55 patients were evaluated. During the hospitalization period, which
                  corresponded on average to seven days, 37 (67%) patients had complications, with
                  the exception of death, which was not observed in any of the cases. Of these
                  complications, the only one that was associated with WC was angina, and with every
                  cm of WC increase, the risk for angina increased from 7.5 to 9.9%, depending on
                  the measurement site. It is noteworthy the fact that there was no difference
                  between the different methods of measuring WC as a predictor of angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The eight methods of measuring WC are also predictors of recurrent angina after
                  acute coronary syndromes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal Circumference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obesity is currently considered an epidemic in many countries and is one of the main
            health problems of contemporary society, being associated with high prevalence and
            incidence of cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
            Cardiovascular disease, in turn, is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
            Despite the decrease in the proportion of deaths from cardiovascular disease in
            developed countries in recent decades, rates have grown enormously in low- and
            middle-income ones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Complications associated with overweight and obesity are related mainly to adipose
            tissue deposition, which leads to excess adiposity or body fat. However, the way in
            which fat is distributed throughout the body can be more important than total body fat
            in determining cardiovascular risk. Thus, recent evidence suggests that, although excess
            fat is associated with cardiovascular risk, the accumulation of intra-abdominal adipose
            tissue, specifically, is characterized by more severe cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>There are several indirect methods to precisely estimate the total amount of body fat,
            as well as its distribution, to establish the diagnosis of obesity. Comparison of
            anthropometric measures with diagnostic imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance
            imaging and computed tomography, shows that waist circumference (WC) was the
            anthropometric variable that showed the best correlation with visceral adipose
               tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, in a recent literature review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, experts
            detected eight different documented methods of measuring the WC: the midpoint between
            the last rib and the iliac crest (1), at the point of minimum circumference (2);
            immediately above the iliac crest (3), at the umbilicus (4), one inch above the
            umbilicus (5), one centimeter inch above the umbilicus (6), at the smallest rib (7) and
            the point of greatest circumference around the waist (8). This variability in WC
            measurement may hinder the use of this measurement as a marker of cardiovascular
            risk.</p>
      <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the eight measurement sites of WC in
            hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome and determine which methods are
            predictors of cardiovascular complications during hospitalization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective, observational study carried out in the Coronary Care Unit of our
            institution. Patients with acute coronary syndrome, characterized by acute myocardial
            infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI), acute myocardial infarction without
            ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"> 11</xref> between August 2012
            and April 2013, were included in the study.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of STEMI was made by the presence of ST-segment elevation in at least two
            leads that represent the same region, larger than 2 mm in men and 1.5 mm in women in
            leads V1-V3; or greater than 1 mm in other leads<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The diagnosis of NSTEMI was based on elevated marker of myocardial injury
            (troponin). Unstable angina was diagnosed by the presence of: recent angina with
            intensity of at least II of CCS; angina at rest and prolonged; angina after acute
            myocardial infarction (AMI); or accelerated angina, according to previous
               definitions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The study protocol was approved
            by the Ethics Committee of our institution and patients were enrolled after signing a
            free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical profile, data were obtained from the clinical history and
            physical examination on admission. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, ethnicity,
            heart rate, blood pressure and duration of chest pain, the symptom onset to the time of
            initial evaluation in the emergency room. Regarding laboratory data, it included peak
            total creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and troponin. The investigated
            risk factors were patient's personal and family history, smoking status and presence of
            hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family history of premature
            atherosclerosis and obesity.</p>
      <p>The assessed treatments were platelet antiaggregants, anticoagulants,
            angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers,
            nitrates, positive inotropic agents, diuretics and reperfusion therapy.</p>
      <p>The presence of complications was evaluated during hospital stay and the following
            variables were considered: angina, characterized by chest pain with angina
            characteristics and/or acute and dynamic ischemic changes at ECG (T-wave inversion or ST
            segment elevation/depression); arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular
            tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, AV block of at least second degree, atrial
            tachyarrhythmias); cardiogenic shock defined by systemic hypotension (systolic blood
            pressure &#8804; 80 mmHg), signs of hypoperfusion, such as cold extremities, oliguria and
            dyspnea caused by pulmonary congestion; heart failure, characterized by clinical or
            radiological pulmonary congestion requiring intravenous diuretics; arterial hypotension,
            when the systolic blood pressure is &#8804; 80 mmHg; pericarditis (confirmed by
            echocardiography) and death. These and other definitions were similar to those of
            previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>WC measurements were performed by the eight methods described previously. Regarding the
            statistical analysis, continuous variables were tested for normality; when the variables
            were tested, the mean values and standard deviations were calculated for the studied
            groups. In the case of normal distribution, Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used
            to compare variables. For nonparametric variables, median values and interquartile
            ranges were calculated and Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups.</p>
      <p>Existing associations between the independent variables and complications were analyzed
            by means of uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Data analysis was
            performed with the statistical package SigmaPlot v. 12.0. The level of significance was
            set at 5% for all tests.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 55 patients, mean age of 62 &#177; 12 years, 42 (76%) males, were assessed. During
            the hospitalization period, which corresponded on average to seven days, 37 (67%)
            patients had at least one complication observed, except death, which was not observed in
            none of the cases, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Presence of complications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Angina</td>
              <td align="center">8 (16.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Congestive heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">18 (36.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypotension</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pericarditis</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Death</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the variables analyzed, including clinical profiles, risk factors and medications
            used by patients, only diastolic blood pressure showed a positive association with the
            occurrence of angina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical and laboratory data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
              <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Angina</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">No (n = 47)</th>
              <th align="center">Yes (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Demographic data</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Time of hospitalization (days)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">6.00 (4.00 - 8.00)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 (6.30 - 8.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.355</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Time of precordial pain (minutes)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">240.0(30.00 - 1440)</td>
              <td align="center">135.0 (75.00 - 1155)</td>
              <td align="center">0.924</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">35.0 (74.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7.00 (87.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.664</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Diagnosis</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NSTEMI, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">13 (27.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inferior AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">13 (27.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anterior AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">8 (17.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HRUA, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">10(21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MRUA, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.40)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Caucasian, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">34 (72.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (75.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.949</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>African descendant, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">12 (25.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.949</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Asian, n (%)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.949</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Family history</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">40 (85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">23 (48.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">18 (38.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.700</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DLP, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">13 (27.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.678</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">23 (48.9)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Personal history</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">14 (29.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,423</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">34 (72.3)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0,176</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">17 (36.2)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,244</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DLP, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">43 (91.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td>
                <bold>Yes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">20 (42.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,446</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Clinical data</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>-</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">71,0 (63,0 - 83,0)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 (65.2 - 92.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.310</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">120 (102 - 136)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (105 - 133)</td>
              <td align="center">0.943</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">66,0 (60,0 - 80,0)</td>
              <td align="center">78.5 (70.0 - 88.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">333,0 (109,0 - 2678)</td>
              <td align="center">320.0 (88.2 - 2764)</td>
              <td align="center">0.711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">60,0 (160-235)</td>
              <td align="center">38.5 (15.0 - 282)</td>
              <td align="center">0.711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Troponin (U/L)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">0,90 (0,20 - 4,00)</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 (0.0 0- 8.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.886</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction; HRUA: high-risk
                     unstable angina; MRUA: moderate-risk unstable angina; SAH: systemic arterial
                     hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP dyslipidemia; HR: heart rate; SBP:
                     systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CPK: Total creatine
                     phosphokinase; CK-MB: MB isoform.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Drug therapy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Angina</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">No (n = 47)</th>
              <th align="center">Yes (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Reperfusion therapy (angioplasty), n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (21.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ASA and clopidogrel therapy, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (97.9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Enoxaparin therapy, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (90.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (64.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (80.8)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Calcium-channel blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.604</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitrates, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (21.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.428</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive inotropics, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (63.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.244</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the complications, angina was the only variable that, after being adjusted
            for gender, age and infarct size, showed a positive association (p &lt;0.05) with
            abdominal obesity, regardless of the method used for WC measurement, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>. Additionally, we observe that for every
            centimeter of waist circumference increase, the risk for angina increased from 7.5 to
            9.9%, depending on the measurement site, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of different sites for waist circumference measurement and the
                  incidence of angina</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>WC measurement method (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Angina (Yes) n = 8</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Angina (No) n = 47</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>P</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Greatest circumference</td>
              <td align="center">114.5 &#177; 16.70</td>
              <td align="center">99.80 &#177; 14.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smallest rib</td>
              <td align="center">106.5 (100.5 - 117.0)</td>
              <td align="center">93.00 (85.00 - 104.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One centimeter above the umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">113.1 &#177; 16.10</td>
              <td align="center">97.80 &#177; 14.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One inch above the umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">113.3 &#177; 17. 90</td>
              <td align="center">96.80 &#177; 14.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">114.4 &#177; 18.70</td>
              <td align="center">98.60 &#177; 14.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Above iliac crest</td>
              <td align="center">110.2 &#177; 17.80</td>
              <td align="center">98.10 &#177; 13.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimum circumference</td>
              <td align="center">107.6 &#177; 12.70</td>
              <td align="center">94.30 &#177; 13.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Midpoint</td>
              <td align="center">113.1 &#177; 16.40</td>
              <td align="center">97.70 &#177; 13.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>WC: waist circumference.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression for predicting angina adjusted for gender, age and peak
                  CPK</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">OR (%)</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Greatest circumference</td>
              <td align="center">1.081</td>
              <td align="center">1.016 - 1.151</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smallest rib</td>
              <td align="center">1.095</td>
              <td align="center">1.017 - 1.179</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One centimeter above the umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">1.088</td>
              <td align="center">1.018 - 1.164</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>One inch above the umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">1.090</td>
              <td align="center">1.020 - 1.166</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Umbilicus</td>
              <td align="center">1.086</td>
              <td align="center">1.018 - 1.158</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Above iliac crest</td>
              <td align="center">1.075</td>
              <td align="center">1.010 - 1.144</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimum circumference</td>
              <td align="center">1.096</td>
              <td align="center">1.016 - 1.182</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Midpoint</td>
              <td align="center">1.099</td>
              <td align="center">1.022 - 1.182</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of eight sites for the measurement
            of waist circumference in predicting complications after acute coronary syndromes during
            patient hospitalization. The results suggest that all sites used for WC measurement are
            associated with the incidence of angina after acute cardiac events, with no significant
            differences among them.</p>
      <p>The first aspect to be considered refers to the fact that some studies suggest that body
            fat distribution, as assessed by WC and waist-hip ratio (WHR), may be more relevant than
            BMI as a cardiovascular risk factor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. This topic
            is controversial, as the study that evaluated WC as a predictor of 30-day evolution in
            patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in reference hospital for the treatment of
            cardiovascular disease, found no association between WC and major cardiovascular
               events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in other studies, WC was the measure most associated with risk
            factors and death from cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Additionally, in an
            analysis of 6,560 patients with ACS, the disproportion between body mass index and WC
            (indicative of central obesity) increased the probability of cardiovascular death,
            myocardial infarction and recurrent ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
            Similarly, the WC, but not BMI, was a predictor of the remodeling process after
            anterior-wall acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
            Therefore, identifying the best method of WC measurement may have important clinical
            implications.</p>
      <p>The main finding of our study was that there was no difference between the WC
            measurement procedure and complications during hospital stay in patients hospitalized
            with ACS. In this sense, the WC, regardless of the method used, could predict recurrent
            angina during hospitalization. For each centimeter of WC increase, the patients in our
            study had, on average, a nine-fold higher chance to have angina. Similarly, none of the
            methods of WC measurement was associated with the other evaluated complications.
            Therefore, one can deduce that any of the eight available methods for WC assessment
            could be incorporated into clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect is related to the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular risk
            associated with abdominal obesity. Although the mechanisms are complex and not
            completely understood, several hypotheses have been formulated. For instance, the
            visceral adipose tissue has greater capacity to secrete components of the
            renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Similarly, abdominal obesity would more adversely
            modulate the release / inhibition of substances secreted by adipose tissue (adipokines),
            which can regulate blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, energy homeostasis, immune
            response, oxidative stress and inflammatory response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, these
            mechanisms alone or concomitant, could explain the association found in our study
            between waist circumference and recurrent ischemia.</p>
      <p>Some issues should be considered when interpreting our results. Firstly, the clinical,
            demographic and laboratory data, as well as drug therapy used for the treatment of
            patients at the hospital discharge showed no association with the presence of angina in
            the studied population. Thus, in the absence of better markers, our result further
            highlights the importance of using different sites for WC measurement when predicting
            the risk of angina in individuals at risk of cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>A second characteristic that expands the importance of abdominal obesity assessment is
            that the measure of the WC is considered a reliable, easy to use and low-cost
            anthropometric indicator. Additionally, the WC may have other important applications,
            considering it is used to predict the risk of early onset of certain diseases such as
            diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular diseases, as well as to provide useful
            information to identify populations at risk even before obesity is identified through
            body mass index<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Finally, some limitations should be taken into account when interpreting the results.
            Our study assessed a low number of patients and included patients from a single center.
            Despite these limitations, we believe our study raises two important hypotheses to be
            confirmed in large clinical trials: first, this study suggests no significant
            differences between the different methods of WC assessment; and, second, our data
            suggest that WC measurement may be a clinically relevant marker for predicting the risk
            of angina after acute coronary syndromes and may, in this scenario, be incorporated as a
            marker of cardiovascular risk by health professionals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>For these reasons, we conclude that the eight methods used for waist circumference
            measurement are associated with the presence of angina after acute coronary events, with
            no significant differences between them.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM;
               Acquisition of data: Nunes CNM, Minicucci MF, Farah E, Fusco D; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Nunes CNM, Minicucci MF, Farah E, Fusco D, Zornoff LAM;
               Statistical analysis: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Writing of the manuscript: Nunes CNM,
               Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; Critical revision of the manuscript
               for intellectual content: Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Combination of BMI and waist circumference for
                  identifying cardiovascular risk factor in whites</article-title>
          <source>Obes Res</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>645</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Impacto de Diferentes M&#233;todos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Obesidade
               Abdominal ap&#243;s S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline N. M.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP
                  - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo A. M. Zornoff.</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de
               Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr., Botucatu. CEP 18618-970. S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade abdominal &#233; relevante fator de risco cardiovascular. Portanto, a
                  identifica&#231;&#227;o do melhor m&#233;todo para medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) &#233;
                  priorit&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os oito m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA, em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana
                  aguda, como preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares durante o per&#237;odo de
                  interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo com pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. A medi&#231;&#227;o da CA
                  foi realizada pelos oito m&#233;todos conhecidos: ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e
                  a crista il&#237;aca (1), ponto da circunfer&#234;ncia m&#237;nima (2); imediatamente acima da
                  crista il&#237;aca (3), cicatriz umbilical (4), uma polegada acima do umbigo (5), um
                  cent&#237;metro acima do umbigo (6), menor costela (7), no ponto de maior
                  circunfer&#234;ncia em torno da cintura (8). As complica&#231;&#245;es observadas foram: angina,
                  arritmia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico, hipotens&#227;o, pericardite e
                  &#243;bito. Para os fatores de predi&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados os testes de regress&#227;o
                  log&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 55 pacientes. Durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, que correspondeu,
                  em m&#233;dia, a sete dias, 37 (67%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o
                  do &#243;bito, que n&#227;o foi verificado em nenhum dos casos. Destas complica&#231;&#245;es, a &#250;nica
                  que apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a CA foi a angina, sendo que a cada cent&#237;metro de
                  eleva&#231;&#227;o da CA, o risco de apresentar angina aumentou de 7,5 a 9,9%, conforme o
                  local de medi&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante destacar que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os
                  diferentes m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA como preditor de angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os oito m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA s&#227;o igualmente preditores de angina recorrente
                  ap&#243;s s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade, considerada na atualidade uma epidemia em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, &#233; um dos
               maiores problemas de sa&#250;de da sociedade contempor&#226;nea, estando relacionada &#224; elevada
               preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular, por sua vez, &#233; a principal causa de morte e de
               invalidez em todo o mundo. Apesar da queda na propor&#231;&#227;o de mortes ocorridas por
               doen&#231;a cardiovascular em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, os &#237;ndices t&#234;m
               crescido enormemente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao sobrepeso e obesidade est&#227;o relacionadas,
               principalmente, com a deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo, o que leva ao excesso de
               adiposidade ou gordura corporal. No entanto, a forma pela qual a gordura est&#225;
               distribu&#237;da pelo corpo pode ser mais importante que a gordura corp&#243;rea total na
               determina&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. Assim, recentes evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, embora
               o excesso de gordura esteja associado a risco cardiovascular, o ac&#250;mulo de tecido
               adiposo intra-abdominal, especificamente, &#233; caracterizado por risco cardiovascular
               mais grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico da obesidade, existem v&#225;rios m&#233;todos indiretos que permitem
               estimar com precis&#227;o a quantidade total de gordura corp&#243;rea, assim como sua
               distribui&#231;&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas com exames de diagn&#243;stico por
               imagens, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a tomografia computadorizada, mostra que a
               circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) foi a vari&#225;vel antropom&#233;trica que apresentou melhor
               correla&#231;&#227;o com o tecido adiposo visceral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>No entanto, em revis&#227;o recente da literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>,
               especialistas detectaram oito diferentes m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA documentados: no
               ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca (1), no ponto da circunfer&#234;ncia
               m&#237;nima (2); imediatamente acima da crista il&#237;aca (3), na cicatriz umbilical (4), uma
               polegada acima do umbigo (5), um cent&#237;metro acima do umbigo (6), na menor costela (7)
               e no ponto de maior circunfer&#234;ncia em torno da cintura (8).Esta variabilidade de
               mensura&#231;&#227;o da CA pode dificultar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa medida como marcador de risco
               cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os oito locais de medi&#231;&#227;o da
               CA em pacientes hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e
               determinar quais m&#233;todos s&#227;o preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares durante o
               per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, observacional, realizado na Unidade Coron&#225;ria de
               nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda,
               caracterizada por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do
               segmento ST, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ou
               angina inst&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, entre agosto de 2012 a abril de 2013. O
               diagn&#243;stico de IAM com supra foi feito pela presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do
               segmento ST em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es que representem a mesma regi&#227;o, maiores que
               2 mm em homens ou 1,5 mm em mulheres, nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3; ou maiores que 1 mm nas
               outras deriva&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O diagn&#243;stico de infarto
               sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi realizado com base na eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador
               de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (troponina). Angina inst&#225;vel foi diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a
               de: angina recente de intensidade de pelo menos II da CCS; angina em repouso e
               prolongada; angina ap&#243;s o IAM; ou angina acelerada, segundo defini&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo
               Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s assinarem o
               termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil cl&#237;nico, os dados foram obtidos a partir da anamnese e de exame
               f&#237;sico, na admiss&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, frequ&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o tempo de dor precordial, do in&#237;cio dos
               sintomas at&#233; o momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. Quanto aos dados
               laboratoriais, foram considerados os picos de creatinofosfoquinase total (CPK),
               isoenzima MB (CKMB) e troponina. Os fatores de risco foram investigados na hist&#243;ria
               pessoal e familiar do paciente, observando a presen&#231;a do tabagismo e a ocorr&#234;ncia de
               hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar de
               aterosclerose precoce e obesidade. Os tratamentos analisados foram antiagregantes
               plaquet&#225;rios, anticoagulantes, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina
               (IECA), betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, nitratos, inotr&#243;picos
               positivos, diur&#233;ticos e terapia de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es foi avaliada durante o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar e foram
               consideradas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: angina, caracterizada pela precordialgia com
               caracter&#237;sticas anginosas e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es agudas e din&#226;micas isqu&#234;micas no ECG
               (invers&#227;o da onda T ou supra/infradesnivelamento do segmento ST); arritmias
               (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, taquicardia ventricular, bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios A-V
               de pelo menos segundo grau, taquiarritmias atriais); choque cardiog&#234;nico definido
               pela hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 80 mmHg), presen&#231;a de sinais
               de hipoperfus&#227;o, como extremidades frias e olig&#250;ria e dispneia por congest&#227;o
               pulmonar; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, caracterizada por congest&#227;o pulmonar cl&#237;nica ou
               radiol&#243;gica que necessite de diur&#233;tico endovenoso; hipotens&#227;o arterial, quando a
               press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 80 mmHg; pericardite (confirmada pelo ecocardiograma) e
               &#243;bito. Essas e demais defini&#231;&#245;es foram similares &#224;s de estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es da CA foram realizadas pelos oitos m&#233;todos descritos anteriormente. Em
               rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224;
               normalidade; quando as vari&#225;veis passaram por este teste, foram calculados os valores
               m&#233;dios e os desvios-padr&#227;o dos grupos estudados. No caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi
               utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis. Para
               as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, foram calculados os valores da mediana e os intervalos
               interquartis, e utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar os grupos. As
               associa&#231;&#245;es existentes entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e as complica&#231;&#245;es foram
               analisadas por meio dos testes de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni e multivariada. Para a
               an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizado o pacote estat&#237;stico SigmaPlot v 12.0. O n&#237;vel de
               signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, foram avaliados 55 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 62
               &#177; 12 anos, sendo 42 (76%) do sexo masculino. Durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, que
               correspondeu, em m&#233;dia, a sete dias, 37 (67%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma
               das complica&#231;&#245;es observadas, exceto o &#243;bito, que n&#227;o foi verificado em nenhum dos
               casos, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
               1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                <td align="center">18 (36,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pericardite</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,00)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Das vari&#225;veis analisadas, incluindo o perfil cl&#237;nico, os fatores de risco e
               medicamentos utilizados pelos pacientes, apenas a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica
               apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a ocorr&#234;ncia de angina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Angina</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 47)</th>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 (4,00 - 8,00)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (6,30 - 8,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de dor precordial (minutos)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">240,0(30,00 - 1440)</td>
                <td align="center">135,0 (75,00 - 1155)</td>
                <td align="center">0,924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">35,0 (74,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (87,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSS, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM inferior, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIAR, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIRI, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,40)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">34 (72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6(75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Afrodescendentes, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">12 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2(25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Antecedentes familiares</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40 (85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4(50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4(50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,700</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Antecedentes pessoais</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34 (72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17 (36,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43 (91,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20 (42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">71,0 (63,0 - 83,0)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (65,2 - 92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">120 (102 - 136)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (105 - 133)</td>
                <td align="center">0,943</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">66,0 (60,0 - 80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 (70,0 - 88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dados Llaboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">333,0 (109,0 - 2678)</td>
                <td align="center">320,0 (88,2 - 2764)</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CK-MB (U/L)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (160-235)</td>
                <td align="center">38,5 (15,0 - 282)</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina (U/L)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,20 - 4,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 (0,0 0- 8,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,886</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IAMSS: infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; AIAR: angina inst&#225;vel
                        de alto risco cardiovascular; AIRI: angina inst&#225;vel de risco intermedi&#225;rio;
                        HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; DLP: dislipidemia;
                        FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o
                        arterial diast&#243;lica; CPK: creatinofosfoquinase total; CKMB: isoforma MB.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia medicamentosa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Angina</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 47)</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia de reperfus&#227;o (angioplastia), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia com AAS e clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (97,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia com enoxaparina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">49 (90,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">32 (64,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (80,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inotr&#243;picos positivos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (63,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando as complica&#231;&#245;es, a angina foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que, ajustada para
               g&#234;nero, idade e tamanho do infarto, apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva (p &lt; 0,05) com
               a obesidade abdominal, independente do m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal,
               conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>. Adicionalmente, podemos
               observar que a cada cent&#237;metro de eleva&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, o risco de
               apresentar angina aumenta de 7,5 a 9,9%, conforme o local de medi&#231;&#227;o, como pode ser
               observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes locais de medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal com
                     a incid&#234;ncia de angina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">M&#233;todo de medida da CA (cm)</th>
                <th align="center">Angina (Sim) n = 8</th>
                <th align="center">Angina (N&#227;o) n = 47</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia maior</td>
                <td align="center">114,5 &#177; 16,70</td>
                <td align="center">99,80 &#177; 14,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor costela</td>
                <td align="center">106,5 (100,5 - 117,0)</td>
                <td align="center">93,00 (85,00 - 104,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um cent&#237;metro acima do umbigo</td>
                <td align="center">113,1 &#177; 16,10</td>
                <td align="center">97,80 &#177; 14,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um polegar acima do umbigo</td>
                <td align="center">113,3 &#177; 17, 90</td>
                <td align="center">96,80 &#177; 14,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cicatriz umbilical</td>
                <td align="center">114,4 &#177; 18,70</td>
                <td align="center">98,60 &#177; 14,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima da crista il&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">110,2 &#177; 17,80</td>
                <td align="center">98,10 &#177; 13,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia m&#237;nima</td>
                <td align="center">107,6 &#177; 12,70</td>
                <td align="center">94,30 &#177; 13,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">113,1 &#177; 16,40</td>
                <td align="center">97,70 &#177; 13,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CA: Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predi&#231;&#227;o de angina ajustada para g&#234;nero, idade e
                     pico de CPK</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">OR (%)</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia maior</td>
                <td align="center">1,081</td>
                <td align="center">1,016 - 1,151</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor costela</td>
                <td align="center">1,095</td>
                <td align="center">1,017 - 1,179</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um cent&#237;metro acima do umbigo</td>
                <td align="center">1,088</td>
                <td align="center">1,018 - 1,164</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um polegar acima do umbigo</td>
                <td align="center">1,090</td>
                <td align="center">1,020 - 1,166</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cicatriz umbilical</td>
                <td align="center">1,086</td>
                <td align="center">1,018 - 1,158</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima da crista il&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,075</td>
                <td align="center">1,010 - 1,144</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia m&#237;nima</td>
                <td align="center">1,096</td>
                <td align="center">1,016 - 1,182</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">1,099</td>
                <td align="center">1,022 - 1,182</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o impacto dos oito locais de medi&#231;&#227;o da
               circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal na predi&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s s&#237;ndromes coronarianas
               agudas durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Os resultados encontrados sugerem
               que todos os locais de medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal se associam com a
               incid&#234;ncia de angina ap&#243;s eventos card&#237;acos agudos, sem diferen&#231;as significantes
               entre si.</p>
        <p>O primeiro aspecto a ser considerado refere-se ao fato de que alguns estudos sugerem
               que a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, como a avaliada pela CA e a rela&#231;&#227;o
               cintura-quadril (RCQ), pode ser mais relevante que o IMC como fator de risco
                  cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Esse tema &#233; controverso,
               j&#225; que o estudo que avaliou a CA como preditor de evolu&#231;&#227;o durante 30 dias em
               pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, em hospital de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento de
               doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre CA e eventos
               cardiovasculares maiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Por outro lado, em
               outros estudos, a CA foi a medida que mais se correlacionou com os fatores de risco e
               morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Some-se a isso,
               em an&#225;lise de 6.560 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, a despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o
               &#237;ndice de massa corporal e a CA (indicativo de obesidade central) aumentou a
               probabilidade de morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e isquemia
                  recorrente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Do mesmo modo, a CA, mas n&#227;o
               o IMC, foi preditor do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de
               parede anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o do
               melhor m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA pode ter importante implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O principal achado de nosso trabalho foi que n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre o
               m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da CA e as complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo hospitalar em pacientes
               hospitalizados com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas. Nesse sentido, a CA,
               independentemente do m&#233;todo, foi fator de predi&#231;&#227;o de angina recorrente durante a
               hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Para cada cent&#237;metro de eleva&#231;&#227;o da CA, os pacientes do nosso estudo
               tinham, em m&#233;dia, nove vezes mais chances de apresentarem angina. Do mesmo modo,
               nenhum dos m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o da CA esteve associado com as outras complica&#231;&#245;es
               avaliadas. Portanto, podemos deduzir que qualquer dos oito m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis para
               avalia&#231;&#227;o da CA poderia ser incorporado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto relevante est&#225; associado aos mecanismos envolvidos no risco
               cardiovascular associado &#224; obesidade abdominal. Apesar dos mecanismos serem complexos
               e n&#227;o estarem completamente esclarecidos, algumas hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido formuladas. Por
               exemplo, o tecido adiposo visceral apresenta maior capacidade de secretar os
               componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. Do mesmo modo, a obesidade
               abdominal modularia de forma mais prejudicial a libera&#231;&#227;o/inibi&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias
               secretadas pelo tecido adiposo (adipocinas), que podem regular a press&#227;o arterial, a
               sensibilidade insul&#237;nica, a homeostase energ&#233;tica, a resposta imunol&#243;gica, o estresse
               oxidativo e a resposta inflamat&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Portanto, tais
               mecanismos, isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o, poderiam explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada em
               nosso estudo entre a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e a isquemia recorrente.</p>
        <p>Algumas facetas devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados. Em
               primeiro lugar, os dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais, assim como a terapia
               medicamentosa empregada durante o tratamento dos pacientes no per&#237;odo
               intra-hospitalar, n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de angina na popula&#231;&#227;o
               estudada. Desse modo, na aus&#234;ncia de melhores marcadores, nosso resultado ressalta
               ainda mais a import&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes locais de medi&#231;&#227;o da CA na
               predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de angina em indiv&#237;duos com risco de complica&#231;&#245;es
               cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Uma segunda caracter&#237;stica que amplia a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade
               abdominal &#233; que a medida da CA &#233; considerada um indicador antropom&#233;trico confi&#225;vel,
               de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e de baixo custo. Adicionalmente, a CA pode ter outras importantes
               aplica&#231;&#245;es, considerando que ela &#233; utilizada para predizer risco do surgimento
               precoce de determinadas doen&#231;as como diabetes melito e outras doen&#231;as
               cardiovasculares, bem como fornece informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para identificar popula&#231;&#245;es em
               risco, mesmo antes de a obesidade ser identificada com o &#237;ndice de massa
                  corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
               resultados encontrados. Nosso estudo analisou baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes e incluiu
               pacientes de um &#250;nico centro. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, acreditamos que nossa
               pesquisa levanta duas importantes hip&#243;teses a serem confirmadas em grandes ensaios
               cl&#237;nicos: Primeiramente, este trabalho sugere n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as significantes
               entre os diferentes m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da CA; e, em segundo lugar, nossos dados
               sugerem que a medi&#231;&#227;o da CA pode ser relevante marcador cl&#237;nico na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco
               de angina ap&#243;s as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, podendo, nesse cen&#225;rio, ser
               incorporada como marcadora de risco cardiovascular pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pelo exposto, podemos concluir que os oito m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia
               abdominal se associam com a presen&#231;a de angina ap&#243;s eventos coronarianos agudos, sem
               diferen&#231;as significantes entre si.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Nunes CNM, Farah E, Fusco D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nunes CNM,
                  Minicucci MF, Farah E, Fusco D, Zornoff LAM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Minicucci MF,
                  Paiva SAR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nunes CNM, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR,
                  Zornoff LAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
