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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rqNZJVrRbwpFFmhMfsjzCWt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040096</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality and Embolic Potential of Cardiac
               Tumors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;cero Piva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das
                  Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Ribeiro Dias</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade
               de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Ricardo Ribeiro Dias - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44 2&#186;andar sala 13, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ricardo.dias@incor.usp.br</email>;
                  <email>diasrr@hotmail.com</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac tumors are rare, mostly benign with high embolic potential.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To correlate the histological type of cardiac masses with their embolic potential,
                  implantation site and long term follow up in patients undergoing surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Between January 1986 and December 2011, we retrospectively analyzed 185
                  consecutive patients who underwent excision of intracardiac mass (119 females,
                  mean age 48&#177;20 years). In 145 patients, the left atrium was the origin site. 72%
                  were asymptomatic and prior embolization was often observed (19.8%). The diagnosis
                  was established by echocardiography, magnetic resonance and histological
                  examination.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Most tumors were located in the left side of the heart. Myxoma was the most common
                  (72.6%), followed by fibromas (6.9%), thrombi (6.4%) and sarcomas (6.4%). Ranging
                  from 0.6cm to 15cm (mean 4.6 &#177; 2.5cm) 37 (19.8%) patients had prior embolization,
                  stroke 10.2%, coronary 4.8%, peripheral 4.3% 5.4% of hospital death, with a
                  predominance of malignant tumors (40% p &lt; 0.0001). The histological type was a
                  predictor of mortality (rhabdomyomas and sarcomas p = 0.002) and embolic event
                  (sarcoma, lipoma and fibroelastoma p = 0.006), but not recurrence. Tumor size,
                  atrial fibrillation, cavity and valve impairment were not associated with the
                  embolic event. During follow-up (mean 80&#177;63 months), there were 2 deaths (1.1%)
                  and two recurrences 1 and 11 years after the operation, to the same cavity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Most tumors were located in the left side of the heart. The histological type was
                  predictor of death and preoperative embolic event, while the implantation site
                  carries no relation with mortality or to embolic event.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart n/ surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolism / complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Primary cardiac tumors are uncommon and often asymptomatic with an incidence ranging
            from 0.0017% to 0.28%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The differential
            diagnosis of cardiac masses includes vegetations, thrombi, and tumors. It may involve
            the endocardium, myocardium or epicardium. Secondary involvement of the heart by
            extra-cardiac tumors is rare. Benign tumors constitute 80% of primary cardiac neoplasms
            and myxomas are the prevalent type<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Angiosarcoma
            is the most frequent malignant cardiac tumor and is characterized by rapid growth, local
            invasion and distant metastasis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The clinical findings of cardiac tumors vary. They may mimic either cardiac or systemic
            diseases, and, therefore, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of distinct
            heart diseases. In addition, as surgical therapy is curative in most cases, early
            diagnosis is required to prevent complications. In patients with primary cardiac
            neoplasm, tumors location and cells type are important in determining clinical
            presentation, therapy options, and outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to correlate the histological type of cardiac masses with their
            embolic potential, implantation site and long term follow up in patients undergoing
            surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Between January 1986 and December 2011, we retrospectively analyzed 185 consecutive
            patients (118 females - 64%), with age ranging from 1 month to 86 years (mean age 48 &#177;
            20 years), who were operated on at our Institution for primary cardiac mass.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis was established by echocardiography, magnetic resonance and histological
            examination.</p>
      <p>Patients' characteristics, as well as demographic distribution, are listed in tables one
            to three. The most frequent primary cardiac tumors origin site was the left atrium
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>), most of the patients were
            asymptomatic (72%) and when with symptoms, dyspnea was the most common clinical
            presentation. Embolization was often observed (19.8%) especially to the central nervous
            system (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de 185 pacientes com tumores intracard&#237;acos, de acordo com o
                  local de implanta&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Local de Origem</th>
              <th>N&#186; de pacientes (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#193;trio esquerdo</td>
              <td align="center">143 (77,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#193;trio direito</td>
              <td align="center">23 (12,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
              <td align="center">15 (8,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de 185 pacientes com tumores card&#237;acos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Sintoma Card&#237;aco</th>
              <th>N&#186; de pacientes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Dispneia</td>
              <td align="center">52 (28%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
              <td align="center">50 (26,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">17 (9,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
              <td align="center">18 (9,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Emb&#243;lico</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SNC</td>
              <td align="center">19 (10,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IAM</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Perif&#233;rico</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Sist&#234;mico</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Febre</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anemia</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Perda de peso</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Artralgia</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SNC: Sistema nervoso central; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Complete patients' follow-up was collected by chart review and patients' phone interview
            to assess late functional status.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>All data were initially descriptively analyzed. Analysis of the minimum and maximum
               values, calculation of means, standard deviations and median were done for
               quantitative variables. For qualitative variables were calculated absolute and
               relative frequencies. The continuous variable studied was tumor size, the others were
               categorical (recurrence, embolism, origin site, histological type, atrial
               fibrillation, valve disease, death and hospital death).</p>
        <p>For comparison of means of two groups (variable tumor size) it was used the Student t
               test (normal data distribution). The test of proportions of the categorical variables
               were performed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test (when expected frequencies
               less than 5%). Long-term cumulative evaluations were assessed by means of
               Kaplan-Meier analysis and curves were compared with the log-rank test. A p value less
               than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was
               performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0
               for Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York).</p>
        <p>This study was approved by our Institutional Ethics Committee / Review Board, which
               waived the requirement for informed patient consent due to the retrospective design
               of this study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One hundred seventy four patients (93.6%) had benign cardiac tumors. Their preferred
            implantation site was the left side of the heart (88%). 78% were in the left atrium, 8%
            in the left ventricle, 13% in the right atrium and 2% in the right ventricle. Myxoma was
            the most common histological type (72.6%), followed by fibroma (7%) and intracardiac
            thrombus (6.5%); the remaining types are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Experi&#234;ncia institucional com ressec&#231;&#227;o de tumores card&#237;acos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Tipo de tumor</th>
              <th>N&#186; de pacientes (%)</th>
              <th>Masculino/Feminino</th>
              <th>M&#233;dia de idade</th>
              <th>Tamanho (m&#233;dia) cm</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Mixoma</td>
              <td align="center">135 (72,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">45 / 90</td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">1-12,5 (4,7 &#177; 2,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibroma</td>
              <td align="center">13 (7%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 / 5</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 37</td>
              <td align="center">0,6 - 11 (3,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Trombo</td>
              <td align="center">11 (5,9%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 8</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">1,8 - 5,7 (2,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sarcoma</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 / 4</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">2,5 - 6,4 (4,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fibroelastoma papilar</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 / 2</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">0,6 - 1,8 (1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Lipoma</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 / 2</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 - 8,3 (4,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rabdomioma</td>
              <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 / 3</td>
              <td align="center">0,03</td>
              <td align="center">2,2 - 10 (4,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angissarcoma</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1,6%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 / 2</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">2,5 - 3 (2,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Osteossarcoma</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1,1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 / 2</td>
              <td align="center">13,5</td>
              <td align="center">4,5 - 5,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemangioma</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 / 0</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">2,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Meningioma</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 / 0</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Hospital mortality was 5.4%: four for patients with benign tumors (2.3%) and six malign
            (50%). Two infants with rhabdomyoma developed untreated low output syndrome despite
            high-dose inotropic support due to surgical resection and reconstruction of involved
            cardiac cavity. The third patient was a 12 year-old young girl who died of unknown cause
            during recovery of a 2,5cm left atrial thrombus and ductus arteriosus resection, and
            necropsy was not allowed. The fourth was a 42-year-old woman with coronary embolization
            prior to her myxoma resection, who died of untreated low output syndrome after surgery.
            The six patients with malignant tumors died early during the postoperative period due to
            rapidly disease progression (54.5%).</p>
      <p>When comparing hospital mortality with cells type, more deaths related to malign tumors
            (p = 0.002) were observed. The histological type was predictor of mortality
            (rhabdomyomas, sarcomas and angiosarcomas; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) but not of recurrence (p = 0.182). There was no relation between
            implantation site and mortality (p = 0.346) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
               2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>The tumors&#8217; histological type was related with higher mortality.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0013-40096-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>The tumors&#8217; implantation site did not interfere with survival (RA: right
                  atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0013-40096-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Preoperative thromboembolic event occurred in 37 patients (19.8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>), mainly to the central nervous system
            (10.2%), but also to coronary arteries (4.8%), to lower limbs (4.3%) and to pulmonary
            territory (0.5%). The tumor size (p = 0.132), pre-operatory atrial fibrillation (p =
            0.206) and implantation site (p = 0.121) were not associated with embolic event.
            Nevertheless, the histological type was predictor of embolic event (osteosarcoma,
            angiosarcoma, papillary fibroelastoma and lipoma; p = 0.006).</p>
      <p>During follow up (mean 87 &#177; 51.9 months) there were two patients with prior myxoma
            resection who died 60 and 27 months after surgery of unknown cause and cerebrovascular
            accident respectively. Actuarial survival was 100%, 98.8% and 98.8% at 1, 5 and 10 years
            respectively. There were two recurrences to the same cavity; one left atrial mixoma
            recurrence 11.2 years after the surgical resection and a right atrial osteossarcoma 11
            months after the operation. Both were operated on and had an eventful recovery. One
            neurological embolic event was observed at 27 months follow up but not related to
            intracardiac mass.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study it was observed that the histological type was a predictor of mortality
            and embolic events.</p>
      <p>Malignant tumors (sarcomas) were predictors of hospital mortality. Angiosarcoma is the
            most common malignant tumor of the heart and is characterized by rapid growth, local
            invasion, and distant metastasis with reserved prognosis. Patients with non metastatic
            cardiac sarcoma amenable to complete resection experienced improved survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. However, the high overall rates of disease
            progression and mortality, highlight the need for more effective local and systemic
            treatments that may be used in conjunction with surgery to improve patient outcomes
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Some authors recommend, in order to
            reducing mortality, multimodal therapy (surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, or
            radiation treatment). They achieved reasonable survival for patients with resected
            cardiac sarcomas (mean 47 months). Patients with local tumor recurrence or metastatic
            disease may still benefit from aggressive treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Elbardissi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> in 48 years of experience in
            323 patients with primary cardiac tumors found that patients with malignant tumors have
            a dismal prognosis and despite aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy after resection, the
            median survival rates of these patients were less than 1 year.</p>
      <p>We observed a decrease in mortality over time. In the period between 1980 and 1998 we
            had 16% of mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. At that time, the great
            majority of patients were diagnosed belatedly and, with the advent of routine use of
            additional methods, such as echo complemented with MRI, the diagnosis can be performed
            early and avoid complications. In the subsequent period up to 2004, the mortality
            dropped to 6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In this study, the hospital
            mortality of 5.4% is still considered high, although mainly due to the malignant tumors
            aggressive behavior.</p>
      <p>As it has been written, the majority of cardiac tumors are benign and cardiac myxomas
            are the most frequent ones (over 70%). Myxoma is the most prevalent cardiac tumor in the
            adult population, predominating in the female sex, with a gelatinous and transparent
            gross appearance. Myxoma is usually a single tumor, preferably located in the left
            atrium and inserted close to the oval fossa. They are considered benign tumors, even
            though they may behave in a malignant way with local relapse, invasion of the thoracic
            wall, and embolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The clinical presentation of cardiac tumors is usually divided into cardiac, embolic and
            systemic manifestations, such as fever, cachexia, arthralgia, Raynaud's phenomenon,
            rash, and anemia, which are attributed to the production of certain cytokines, such as
               interleukin-6<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, and symptoms related to
            metastasis. In our series, systemic manifestations were present in 10.9% of the
            patients, and were reported as fever (4.8%), chronic anemia (4%), weight loss (1.6%) and
            arthralgia (0.5%).</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that 72% of our patients were asymptomatic, cardiac manifestations may
            be related to tumor's size, because as they grow, they can progressively obstruct
            cardiac chambers mimicking valve disease. So, dyspnea may be followed by others symptoms
            of heart failure, as happened in our series.</p>
      <p>In order to avoid complications such as intracavity obstruction or embolic events, the
            treatment of choice for primary cardiac tumors is resection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Primary cardiac tumors should be considered as a possible diagnosis for all patients
            with embolization, although in our casuist, we had 12 patients (6.4%) with thrombus
            mimicking primary cardiac tumors. Cardiac imaging has difficulty in categorizing
            intracardiac mass and some patients may have their mass classified as thrombus after
            pathological evaluation. Two of these patients were subsequently diagnosed as having
            antiphospholipid syndrome. There are several cases in literature of atrial and
            ventricular thrombus related to antiphospholipid syndrome mimicking primary cardiac
               tumors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Another recent study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> found a prevalence of cardiac thrombus in 13 of 84
            (15.4%) patients with cardiac tumors. They showed thrombotic masses of variable age,
            occasionally with features of organization and typical concentric fibrinous layers. One
            case showed evidence of early peripheral calcification. None of the cases contained
            areas suggestive of residual myxoma or other-type neoplasm.</p>
      <p>Most patients, in whom tumor was diagnosed and later confirmed thrombus by pathology,
            belonged to our initial series in which the diagnosis was established only by
            echocardiography. We have currently used, to all cardiac masses, transthoracic echo at
            first, followed by transesophageal echo and resonance to confirm the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Recurrence develops in about 3% of tumors, although the rate is higher with familial
            cardiac myxomas. Our study showed tumor recurrence in two cases. One of them was a
            myxoma 11 years after initial surgical treatment. It was observed that the cumulative
            myxoma recurrence was as high as 13%, and has increased steadily up to 4 years after
            which there was a low hazard of tumor recurrence. There was no association between the
            method of surgical excision and the incidence of tumor recurrence. Patients who
            experienced a myxoma recurrence were younger than those who did not (mean 42 years
            versus 57 years). The site of recurrence was at the location of the original tumor in
            81% of cases. These authors recommended, based on this finding, all patients (especially
            younger patients) who undergo tumor resection should be followed closely with
            echocardiography semiannually for 4 years after resection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our analysis shows that most tumors were located in the left side of the heart, most of
            intracardiac mass is benign and myxoma is the most common histological type. And also
            the histological type was a predictor of death and preoperative embolic event while the
            implantation site carries no relation to mortality or to embolic event.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Dias RR; Analysis and
               interpretation of the data: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA; Writing of the
               manuscript: Dias RR, Fernandes F; Critical revision of the manuscript for
               intellectual content: Mady C, Albuquerque CP, Jatene FB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade e Potencial Emb&#243;lico dos Tumores
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das
                  Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Ribeiro Dias</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade
               de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Ricardo Ribeiro Dias - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de
               Carvalho Aguiar, 44 2&#186;andar sala 13, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP,
               Brasil. E-mail: <email>ricardo.dias@incor.usp.br</email>;
                  <email>diasrr@hotmail.com</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os tumores do cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o infrequentes, em sua maioria benignos e com alto
                  potencial emb&#243;lico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar o tipo histol&#243;gico do tumor card&#237;aco com seu potencial emb&#243;lico, com
                  o s&#237;tio de implanta&#231;&#227;o e analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia destes pacientes submetidos &#224;
                  cirurgia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de dezembro de 1986 a setembro de 2011 foram retrospectivamente
                  analisados 186 pacientes operados (119 do sexo feminino e idade m&#233;dia de 48 &#177; 20
                  anos). Foram 145 tumores de &#225;trio esquerdo (77%), 72% dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos
                  e 19,8% com emboliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. O diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado por ecocardiograma,
                  resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e exame histol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos tumores situava-se nas c&#226;maras esquerdas. O mixoma foi o mais
                  frequente (72,6%), seguido dos fibromas (6,9%), trombos (6,4%) e sarcomas (6,4%).
                  Seus tamanhos variaram de 0,6cm a 15 cm (m&#233;dia de 4,6 &#177; 2,5cm). Houve 37
                  emboliza&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o (10,2% AVC, 4,8% IAM e 4,3% perif&#233;rica). Foram
                  5,4% de &#243;bito hospitalar, com predom&#237;nio nos tumores malignos (40% p &lt; 0,0001).
                  O tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de mortalidade (rabdomioma e sarcomas p = 0,002) e
                  de evento emb&#243;lico (sarcomas, fibroelastoma e lipoma p = 0,006), por&#233;m n&#227;o de
                  recidiva. O tamanho tumoral, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a cavidade e valva acometida n&#227;o
                  apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o com o evento emb&#243;lico. Durante o seguimento (m&#233;dia de 80 &#177; 63
                  meses), houve 2 &#243;bitos (1,1%) e duas recidivas tumorais 1 e 11 anos ap&#243;s a
                  opera&#231;&#227;o, ambas para a mesma cavidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de &#243;bito e de evento emb&#243;lico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio,
                  enquanto o s&#237;tio de implanta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o incomuns e muitas vezes assintom&#225;ticos, com uma
               incid&#234;ncia variando de 0,0017% a 0,28%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O
               diagn&#243;stico diferencial de massas card&#237;acas inclui vegeta&#231;&#245;es, trombos e tumores.
               Pode envolver o endoc&#225;rdio, mioc&#225;rdio ou epic&#225;rdio. O envolvimento secund&#225;rio do
               cora&#231;&#227;o por tumores extra-card&#237;acos &#233; raro. Os tumores benignos constituem 80% das
               neoplasias card&#237;acas prim&#225;rias e os mixomas &#233; o tipo predominante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O angiossarcoma &#233; o tumor card&#237;aco maligno
               mais frequente, e &#233; caracterizado pelo r&#225;pido crescimento, invas&#227;o local e met&#225;stase
               &#224; dist&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os achados cl&#237;nicos dos tumores card&#237;acos variam. Eles podem se assemelhar a doen&#231;as
               card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas e, portanto, devem ser considerados no diagn&#243;stico
               diferencial das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas distintas. Al&#233;m disso, como a terapia cir&#250;rgica &#233;
               curativa na maioria dos casos, o diagn&#243;stico precoce &#233; necess&#225;rio para evitar
               complica&#231;&#245;es. Em pacientes com neoplasia prim&#225;ria card&#237;aca, a localiza&#231;&#227;o de tumores
               e o tipo de c&#233;lulas s&#227;o importantes na identifica&#231;&#227;o da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, op&#231;&#245;es
               de terapia e resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; correlacionar o tipo histol&#243;gico de massas card&#237;acas com
               seu potencial emb&#243;lico, local de implanta&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento a longo prazo em
               pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro de 1986 e dezembro de 2011, analisamos retrospectivamente 185 pacientes
               consecutivos (118 mulheres - 64%), com idades variando de 1 m&#234;s a 86 anos (m&#233;dia de
               idade 48 &#177; 20 anos), que foram operados da massa card&#237;aca prim&#225;ria em nossa
               institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico foi determinado por ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e exame
               histol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, bem como a distribui&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica, s&#227;o listadas
               nas tabelas 1 a 3. O local de origem dos tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios mais frequentes
               foi o &#225;trio esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>), a maioria
               dos pacientes estava assintom&#225;tica (72%) e quando apresentavam sintomas, dispneia foi
               a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o foi muitas vezes observada (19,8%)
               especialmente para o sistema nervoso central (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de 185 pacientes com tumores intracard&#237;acos, de acordo com o
                     local de implanta&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Local de Origem</th>
                <th>N&#186; de pacientes (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">143 (77,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio direito</td>
                <td align="center">23 (12,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de 185 pacientes com tumores
                     card&#237;acos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sintoma Card&#237;aco</th>
                <th>N&#186; de pacientes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">52 (28%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">50 (26,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">18 (9,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Emb&#243;lico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SNC</td>
                <td align="center">19 (10,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perif&#233;rico</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sist&#234;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Febre</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perda de peso</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Artralgia</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SNC: Sistema nervoso central; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O acompanhamento completo dos pacientes foi coletado pela revis&#227;o do gr&#225;fico e
               entrevista telef&#244;nica com os mesmos para avaliar o estado funcional final.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados foram inicialmente analisados descritivamente. An&#225;lise dos valores
                  m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o e mediana foram feitos para
                  as vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Para vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram calculadas as
                  frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua estudada foi o tamanho do
                  tumor, as outras foram categ&#243;ricas (recorr&#234;ncia, embolia, local de origem, tipo
                  histol&#243;gico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a valvular, morte e morte hospitalar).</p>
          <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de dois grupos (tamanho vari&#225;vel do tumor) foi
                  utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados normal). O
                  teste de propor&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizado usando o teste
                  qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher (quando se esperavam frequ&#234;ncias
                  inferiores a 5%). Avalia&#231;&#245;es cumulativas a longo prazo foram feitas por meio da
                  an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier e as curvas foram comparadas com o teste de log-rank. Um
                  valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A
                  an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico para as ci&#234;ncias
                  sociais (SPSS) vers&#227;o 16.0 para Windows (IBM Corporation Armonk, Nova York).</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo nosso Comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional / Conselho de
                  revis&#227;o, que renunciou a exig&#234;ncia de consentimento esclarecido do paciente,
                  devido ao projeto retrospectivo deste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Cento e setenta e quatro pacientes (93,6%) tiveram tumores card&#237;acos benignos. Seu
               local preferido de implanta&#231;&#227;o foi o lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o (88%). 78% foram na
               aur&#237;cula esquerda, 8% no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 13% no &#225;trio direito e 2% no ventr&#237;culo
               direito. O mixoma foi o tipo histol&#243;gico mais comum (72,6%), seguido do fibroma (7%)
               e do trombo intracard&#237;aco (6,5%); os restantes tipos est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Experi&#234;ncia institucional com ressec&#231;&#227;o de tumores card&#237;acos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo de tumor</th>
                <th>N&#186; de pacientes (%)</th>
                <th>Masculino/Feminino</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia de idade</th>
                <th>Tamanho (m&#233;dia) cm</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mixoma</td>
                <td align="center">135 (72,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 / 90</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">1-12,5 (4,7 &#177; 2,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibroma</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 / 5</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 37</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 - 11 (3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombo</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 8</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 - 5,7 (2,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sarcoma</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 / 4</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 - 6,4 (4,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibroelastoma papilar</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 / 2</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 - 1,8 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipoma</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 / 2</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 - 8,3 (4,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rabdomioma</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 / 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 - 10 (4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angissarcoma</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 / 2</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 - 3 (2,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Osteossarcoma</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 / 2</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 - 5,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemangioma</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 / 0</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meningioma</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 / 0</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,4%: quatro para pacientes com tumores benignos
               (2,3%) e seis malignos (50%). Dois beb&#234;s com rabdomioma desenvolveram s&#237;ndrome de
               baixo d&#233;bito n&#227;o tratado apesar das elevadas doses de inotr&#243;picos devido &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o
               cir&#250;rgica e reconstru&#231;&#227;o da cavidade card&#237;aca envolvida. O terceiro paciente era uma
               menina de 12 anos que morreu de causa desconhecida durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o de um trombo
               atrial esquerdo de 2,5 cm e ressec&#231;&#227;o de ductus arteriosus e a necropsia n&#227;o foi
               permitida. O quarto foi uma mulher de 42 anos com emboliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana antes da
               ressec&#231;&#227;o do mixoma que morreu de s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito n&#227;o tratado ap&#243;s a
               cirurgia. Os seis pacientes com tumores malignos morreram cedo durante o per&#237;odo
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido &#224; progress&#227;o r&#225;pida da doen&#231;a (54,5%).</p>
        <p>Ao comparar a mortalidade hospitalar com o tipo de c&#233;lulas, observaram-se mais mortes
               relacionadas com tumores malignos (p = 0,002). O tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de
               mortalidade (rabdomiomas, sarcomas e angiosarcomas; p &lt; 0,001) (Figura 1), mas n&#227;o
               de recorr&#234;ncia (p = 0,182). N&#227;o havia nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o local da implanta&#231;&#227;o e
               a mortalidade (p = 0,346) (Figura 2).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>O tipo histol&#243;gico dos tumores se relacionou com maior mortalidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0013-40096-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>O local de implanta&#231;&#227;o dos tumores n&#227;o interferiu com a sobreviv&#234;ncia (AD:
                     &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo
                     esquerdo)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0013-40096-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os acidentes tromboemb&#243;licos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios ocorreram em 37 pacientes (19,8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>), principalmente no sistema nervoso
               central (10,2%), mas tamb&#233;m nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (4,8%), nos membros inferiores
               (4,3%) e no territ&#243;rio pulmonar (0,5%). O tamanho do tumor (p = 0,132), fibrila&#231;&#227;o
               atrial pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (p = 0,206) e o local de implanta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,121) n&#227;o foram
               associados com o evento emb&#243;lico. No entanto, o tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de
               eventos emb&#243;licos (osteossarcoma, angiossarcoma, fibroelastoma papilar e lipoma; p =
               0,006).</p>
        <p>Durante o acompanhamento (m&#233;dia 87 &#177; 51,9 meses) houve dois pacientes com ressec&#231;&#227;o
               do mixoma pr&#233;via que morreram 60 e 27 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia de causa desconhecida e
               acidente vascular cerebral, respectivamente. A sobreviv&#234;ncia atuarial foi de 100%,
               98,8% e 98,8% em 1, 5 e 10 anos respectivamente. Havia duas recorr&#234;ncias da mesma
               cavidade; uma recorr&#234;ncia de um mixoma atrial esquerdo 11,2 anos ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o
               cir&#250;rgica e um osteossarcoma atrial direito 11 meses depois da opera&#231;&#227;o. Ambos foram
               operados e tiveram uma recupera&#231;&#227;o memor&#225;vel. Um evento emb&#243;lico neurol&#243;gico foi
               observado em 27 meses de acompanhamento, mas n&#227;o relacionado com a massa
               intracard&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo foi observado que o tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de mortalidade e
               eventos emb&#243;licos.</p>
        <p>Tumores malignos (sarcomas) foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. O
               angiossarcoma &#233; o tumor card&#237;aco maligno mais comum e &#233; caracterizado pelo r&#225;pido
               crescimento, invas&#227;o local e met&#225;stase &#224; dist&#226;ncia com progn&#243;stico reservado.
               Pacientes com sarcoma card&#237;aco n&#227;o metast&#225;tico indicado para ressec&#231;&#227;o completa
               experimentaram sobreviv&#234;ncia melhorada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. No
               entanto, as altas taxas globais de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e mortalidade destacam a
               necessidade de tratamentos mais eficazes locais e sist&#234;micos que possam ser
               utilizados em conjunto com a cirurgia para melhorar os resultados nos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Alguns autores recomendam, a fim de reduzir a
               mortalidade, a terapia multimodal (ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia
               ou tratamento com radia&#231;&#227;o. Eles alcan&#231;aram a sobreviv&#234;ncia razo&#225;vel para pacientes
               com sarcomas card&#237;acos ressecados (m&#233;dia 47 meses). Os pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia
               local do tumor ou doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica podem ainda se beneficiar de um tratamento
                  agressivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Elbardissi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> em 48 anos de experi&#234;ncia
               em 323 pacientes com tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios descobriram que pacientes com
               tumores malignos t&#234;m um progn&#243;stico sombrio, e apesar da quimioterapia agressiva
               adjuvante ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o, as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia m&#233;dia desses pacientes foram
               menos de 1 ano.</p>
        <p>Observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ao longo do tempo. No per&#237;odo entre 1980 e
               1998 a mortalidade situou-se em 16%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Naquela
               &#233;poca, a grande maioria dos pacientes foi diagnosticada tardiamente e, com o advento
               do uso rotineiro de m&#233;todos adicionais, tais como a eco, complementada com
               resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, o diagn&#243;stico pode ser realizado mais cedo e evitar
               complica&#231;&#245;es. No per&#237;odo subsequente at&#233; 2004, a taxa de mortalidade caiu para
                  6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Neste estudo, a mortalidade
               hospitalar de 5,4% ainda &#233; considerada elevada, embora se deva principalmente ao
               comportamento agressivo de tumores malignos.</p>
        <p>Como foi escrito, a maioria dos tumores card&#237;acos &#233; benigna e os mixomas card&#237;acos
               s&#227;o os mais frequentes (mais de 70%). O mixoma &#233; o tumor card&#237;aco mais prevalecente
               na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, predominando no sexo feminino, com uma apar&#234;ncia grossa
               gelatinosa e transparente. O mixoma geralmente &#233; um tumor &#250;nico, de prefer&#234;ncia
               localizado no &#225;trio esquerdo e inserido perto da fossa oval. S&#227;o considerados tumores
               benignos, embora possam se comportar de forma maligna com recidiva local, invas&#227;o da
               parede tor&#225;cica, e embolia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de tumores card&#237;acos &#233; geralmente dividida em manifesta&#231;&#245;es
               card&#237;acas, emb&#243;licas e sist&#234;micas, tais como febre, caquexia, artralgia, fen&#244;meno de
               Raynaud, prurido e anemia, que s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de determinadas citocinas,
               como a interleucina-6<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, e sintomas
               relacionados com a met&#225;stase. Em nossa s&#233;rie, estavam presentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es
               sist&#234;micas em 10,9% dos pacientes, e foram relatadas como febre (4,8%), anemia
               cr&#244;nica (4%), perda de peso (1,6%) e artralgia (0,5%).</p>
        <p>Apesar do fato de 72% dos nossos pacientes estarem assintom&#225;ticos, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es
               card&#237;acas podem estar relacionadas ao tamanho do tumor, porque como eles crescem,
               podem progressivamente obstruir as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, se assemelhando a uma doen&#231;a da
               v&#225;lvula. Assim, a dispneia pode ser seguida por outros sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca, como aconteceu na nossa s&#233;rie.</p>
        <p>Para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es tais como obstru&#231;&#227;o intracavit&#225;ria ou eventos emb&#243;licos, o
               tratamento eleito para tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios &#233; a ressec&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios devem ser considerados como poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico para
               todos os pacientes com emboliza&#231;&#227;o, embora em nossa casu&#237;stica, registramos 12
               pacientes (6,4%) com trombo semelhante a tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios. A imagenologia
               card&#237;aca tem dificuldade em categorizar a massa intracard&#237;aca e alguns pacientes
               podem ter sua massa classificada como trombo ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica. Dois destes
               pacientes foram posteriormente diagnosticados como tendo s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pidos.
               H&#225; v&#225;rios casos na literatura de trombo atrial e ventricular relacionado &#224; s&#237;ndrome
               antifosfol&#237;pidos se assemelhando a tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Outro estudo recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
               encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de trombos card&#237;acos em 13 de 84 (15,4%) pacientes com
               tumores card&#237;acos. Eles mostraram massas tromb&#243;ticas de idade vari&#225;vel,
               ocasionalmente com caracter&#237;sticas de organiza&#231;&#227;o e camadas conc&#234;ntricas fibrinosas
               t&#237;picas. Um caso mostrou evid&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica precoce. Nenhum dos
               casos conteve &#225;reas que sugerissem mixoma residual ou outro tipo de neoplasia.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes, em quem o tumor foi diagnosticado e com trombo por patologia
               confirmado posteriormente, pertencia a nossa s&#233;rie inicial em que o diagn&#243;stico foi
               estabelecido apenas pela ecocardiografia. Atualmente para todas as massas card&#237;acas
               usamos eco transtor&#225;cica, primeiro, seguida de eco transesof&#225;gica e resson&#226;ncia para
               confirmar o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A recorr&#234;ncia se desenvolve em cerca de 3% dos tumores, embora a taxa seja maior com
               mixomas card&#237;acos familiares. Nosso estudo mostrou a recorr&#234;ncia do tumor em dois
               casos. Um deles foi um mixoma 11 anos ap&#243;s o tratamento cir&#250;rgico inicial.
               Observou-se em alguns que a recorr&#234;ncia cumulativa do mixoma foi de 13% e aumentou
               progressivamente at&#233; 4 anos ap&#243;s o qual, se registrou um baixo risco de recorr&#234;ncia
               do tumor. N&#227;o houve qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre o m&#233;todo de excis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a
               incid&#234;ncia de recidiva do tumor. Os pacientes que experimentaram uma recorr&#234;ncia do
               mixoma eram mais jovens do que aqueles nos quais isto n&#227;o aconteceu (quer dizer 42
               anos contra 57 anos). O local de recorr&#234;ncia foi o do tumor original em 81% dos
               casos. Estes autores recomendaram, com base em esta descoberta que todos os pacientes
               (pacientes especialmente mais jovens) que se submetem a ressec&#231;&#227;o do tumor devem ser
               seguidos de perto com ecocardiografia semestralmente nos quatro anos ap&#243;s a
                  ressec&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossa an&#225;lise mostra que a maioria dos tumores estava localizada no lado esquerdo do
               cora&#231;&#227;o, a maioria da massa intracard&#237;aca &#233; benigna e o mixoma &#233; do tipo histol&#243;gico
               mais comum. E tamb&#233;m que o tipo histol&#243;gico foi preditor de morte e eventos emb&#243;licos
               pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, enquanto o local de implanta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tem qualquer rela&#231;&#227;o com a
               mortalidade ou eventos emb&#243;licos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dias RR; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dias RR, Fernandes F, Ramires FJA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
                  Dias RR, Fernandes F; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Mady C, Albuquerque CP, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
