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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NLNxxJWzTTxJwrVqD6MkJkg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014001900002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Pitavastatin on Vascular Reactivity in
               Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Michiko Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP
                  - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Eros Antonio de Almeida,</bold> Rua Professor Jorge Nogueira
               Ferraz, XX Jardim Chapad&#227;o. Postal Code 13070-120, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>erosaa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eros@fcm.unicamp.br</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>103</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>12</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Pitavastatin is the newest statin available in Brazil and likely the one with
                  fewer side effects. Thus, pitavastatin was evaluated in hypercholesterolemic
                  rabbits in relation to its action on vascular reactivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the lowest dose of pitavastatin necessary to reduce plasma lipids,
                  cholesterol and tissue lipid peroxidation, as well as endothelial function in
                  hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty rabbits divided into six groups (n = 5): G1 - standard chow diet; G2 -
                  hypercholesterolemic diet for 30 days; G3 - hypercholesterolemic diet and after
                  the 16th day, diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.1 mg); G4 -
                  hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.25 mg); G5 -
                  hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (0.5 mg); G6 -
                  hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with pitavastatin (1.0 mg). After 30 days,
                  total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate
                  aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured and LDL was
                  calculated. In-depth anesthesia was performed with sodium thiopental and aortic
                  segments were removed to study endothelial function, cholesterol and tissue lipid
                  peroxidation. The significance level for statistical tests was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Total cholesterol and LDL were significantly elevated in relation to G1. HDL was
                  significantly reduced in G4, G5 and G6 when compared to G2. Triglycerides, CK,
                  AST, ALT, cholesterol and tissue lipid peroxidation showed no statistical
                  difference between G2 and G3-G6. Significantly endothelial dysfunction reversion
                  was observed in G5 and G6 when compared to G2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Pitavastatin starting at a 0.5 mg dose was effective in reverting endothelial
                  dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl - CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelial Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Rabbits</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="7"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA), the
            statins, are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver by blocking the
            conversion to mevalonate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Clinical studies with
            simvastatin (4S) and pravastatin (WOSCOPS) demonstrated that statins act by decreasing
            the concentration of cholesterol in the blood, decreasing the incidence of myocardial
            infarction and its mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Aiming at correlating decreases in mortality with the atherosclerotic plaque size,
            studies were carried out with different commercial products of statins. Aware of changes
            in lipid profile, the studies MARS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and
               REGRESS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> showed that there were stabilization
            and regression of atherosclerosis as assessed by coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Ribeiro Jorge et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> in 1994 suggested that
            statins might have an antioxidant action when they observed that hypercholesterolemic
            rabbits showed improvement of endothelial dysfunction that was disproportionate to lipid
            reduction, when treated with pravastatin. This observation was once again seen in
               1997<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, when the rapid reversal of
            hypercholesterolemia with statins was studied in the same animal model. These actions,
            in addition to lowering cholesterol known as pleiotropic effects, refer to endothelial
            function protection, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic action and stabilization of
            atherosclerotic plaque, among others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pitavastatin is the latest available statin in the market, also known as nisvastatin and
            itavastatin. It was developed in 2003 in Japan, and approved in 2009 by the U.S. Food
            and Drug Administration of the United States of America, being the seventh statin to be
            developed and commercialized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is a synthetic and lipophilic statin, of which pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
            have distinct properties compared with other statins and can offer greater pleiotropic
            effects in relation to endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress and
            antithrombosis. It is minimally metabolized in the liver and primarily metabolized by
            enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C8, showing bioavailability of 80% of the administered dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. The low affinity of pitavastatin to CYP3A4 reduces interactions with
            other drugs metabolized by this enzyme and can decrease toxic manifestations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>To date, no clinical or experimental study on the pitavastatin was found in the
            Brazilian literature and thus, the aim of this study was to verify the action of this
            statin, particularly in decreasing endothelial dysfunction in experimental
            hypercholesterolemia, as well as defining its lowest effective dose for this
            purpose.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal
            Experimentation (EAEC)-IB-UNICAMP, under n. 2528-1.</p>
      <p>The animals were fed 100g a day of standard chow with the following composition (g/100):
            Proteins, 16.00; Carbohydrates, 45.00; Fibers, 20.00; Fat, 5.00 and Ash, 14.00. We
            studied 30 New Zealand male rabbits initially weighing from 2.0 to 2.5 kg, which were
            divided into six groups. In the group considered as control in relation to
            hypercholesterolemic ones (G1), the rabbits were sacrificed after one month of standard
            diet and adaptation to the biothery. The other 25 rabbits received a
            hypercholesterolemic diet, containing standard chow supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol
            and 10% coconut oil. With the exception of the hypercholesterolemic control group (G2),
            the other groups were treated with pitavastatin (Kowa Company, Nagoya, Japan) during the
            last 15 days, by gavage, at doses of 0.1 mg/animal/day (G3), 0 25 mg/animal/day (G4),
            0.5 mg/animal/day (G5) and 1 mg/animal/day (G6).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analysis</title>
        <p>Total plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (high-density lipoproteins), triglycerides,
               glucose, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and
               creatine kinase were measured using enzymatic kits (Laborclin, Bioliquid, Pinhais,
               PR, Brazil), and the reading was performed by spectrophotometry (Thermo Spectronic,
               Genesys 10 uv, Rochester, NY, USA) with a wavelength of 500 nm. LDL was calculated
               using Friedewald formula.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue Cholesterol</title>
        <p>At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the thoracic aorta was
               removed. Tissue cholesterol was measured in segments according to the method of Naito
               and David<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. In brief, the specimens were
               dried and homogenized at 4&#186; C in 5 mL of Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4, plus 0.01
                  NaNO<sub>3</sub>. Total lipids were extracted and homogenized in 10 vol of
               chloroform-methanol. The extracted total cholesterol was measured by enzymatic
               kits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue lipid peroxidation</title>
        <p>One segment of the thoracic aorta was homogenized with trichloroacetic acid (1 g
               tissue + 10 vol 20% TCA). After centrifugation, 0.67% thiobarbituric acid volume was
               added and the mixture was heated at 100 &#186; C for 20 minutes. The concentration of
               malondialdehyde was calculated from the absorbance of 532 nm using extinction
               coefficient of 1.49 x 10-5 expressed as nmoL/mg tissue x 10<sup>-7</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelial function</title>
        <p>Endothelial function was measured in the thoracic aorta segments of approximately 5
               mm, with intact endothelium, suspended in a recipient with a capacity of 10 mL in
               Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37&#186; and pH 7.4 and heated to 37&#186; C. The solution was
               continuously aerated with a carbogen mixture containing 95% oxygen and 5% carbonic
               gas. The segments were mounted on two metal hooks attached to a support in the
               container and the force transducer (Narco, 40 Narcotrace, Texas, USA). Then they were
               left to equilibrate for 60 minutes with replacement of the Krebs Henseleit solution
               every 20 minutes. The segments were stretched to a basal tension of 1 g. All segments
               of the aorta were contracted with NE (10<sup>-7</sup>M) and, after stabilization, ACh
               was added cumulatively (10<sup>-8</sup> to 10<sup>-5</sup> M)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and
               relaxation was verified.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The SAS for Windows (Statistical Analysis System) software, version 9.2 (SAS
               Institute Inc., 2002-2008, Cary, NC, USA) was used in the statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>ANOVA with rank transformation was used to compare treatment groups through the
               collected variables, followed by Tukey test, to locate the differences. When
               comparing endothelial function to locate the differences in concentrations between
               the groups, the contrast profile test was used. The significance level for
               statistical tests was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The results of means and standard deviations of the different parameters studied are
            shown in Table 1.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, depicting total cholesterol in the end
            of the experiment, showed that there was a decrease in total cholesterol in groups G5
            (25.8% reduction) and G6 (25.7%), where the rabbits were treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mg of
            pitavastatin, when compared to the hypercholesterolemic group G2, with statistically
            significant difference.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Total cholesterol in all groups expressed as mean and standard
                  deviation.</title>
          <p>* p &lt; 0.05 in relation to G2.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, depicting LDL, showed that there was a
            decrease in G5 (20.07%) and G6 (26.62%), with no statistically significant difference
            when compared to G2.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>LDL-col in all groups expressed as mean and standard deviation.</title>
          <p>* p &lt; 0.05 in relation to G2.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>, depicting HDL, showed that a decrease
            occurred in G3 (40.88%), G5 (56.68%) and G6 (56.53%) when compared to G2, with a
            statistically significant difference.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>HDL-col in all groups expressed as mean and standard deviation.</title>
          <p>* p &lt; 0.05 in relation to G2.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>, depicting triglycerides, showed that a
            decrease occurred in G3 (44.62%), G4 (33.53%), G5 (52.05%) and G6 (45.56%), but with no
            statistically significant difference when compared to G2.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Triglycerides in all groups expressed as mean and standard deviation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>, depicting tissue cholesterol, showed a
            decrease in groups G5 (28.2%) and G6 (20.09%), but with no statistically significant
            difference when compared to G2.</p>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tissue cholesterol in all groups expressed as mean and standard
                  deviation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>, depicting lipid peroxidation, showed a
            decrease in G5 (26.25%) and G6 (31.25%), with no statistically significant difference
            compared to G2.</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tissue peroxidation in all groups expressed as mean and standard
                  deviation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref> shows an improvement in endothelial
            function in G5 and G6 in relation to group G2, which was statistically significant.</p>
      <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Endothelial function in all groups expressed as mean and standard
                  deviation.</title>
          <p>* p &lt; 0.05 in relation to G2.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding glucose, creatine kinase, AST and ALT, there were no statistically significant
            alterations between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados dos grupos G1 a G6 com suas m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>G1</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G2</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G3</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G4</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G5</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G6</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Col (mg/dL)</td>
              <td>63,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
              <td>753,9 &#177; 32,0</td>
              <td>650,5 &#177; 212,5</td>
              <td>705,3 &#177; 164,0</td>
              <td>559,6 &#177; 203,6</td>
              <td>527,6 &#177; 100,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HDL</td>
              <td>16,5 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td>61,4 &#177; 8,8</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>36,3 &#177; 15,0</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>25,2 &#177; 10,9</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>26,6 &#177; 12,5</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>26,7 &#177; 5,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td>26,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
              <td>650,0 &#177; 33,3</td>
              <td>599,7 &#177; 196,3</td>
              <td>663,0 &#177; 161,1</td>
              <td>519,6 &#177; 202,3</td>
              <td>477,7 &#177; 103,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Trig</td>
              <td>104,2 &#177; 16,2</td>
              <td>212,5 &#177; 99,9</td>
              <td>117,7 &#177; 32,9</td>
              <td>141,2 &#177; 36,5</td>
              <td>101,9 &#177; 22,5</td>
              <td>115,7 &#177; 15,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Glicose</td>
              <td>115,8 &#177; 19,2</td>
              <td>127,3 &#177; 28,9</td>
              <td>114,6 &#177; 25,5</td>
              <td>123,5 &#177; 21,6</td>
              <td>119,8 &#177; 23,7</td>
              <td>94,7 &#177; 26,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Col tec</td>
              <td>21,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
              <td>28,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td>22,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
              <td>29,1 &#177; 7,8</td>
              <td>20,4 &#177; 5,6</td>
              <td>22,7 &#177; 4,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Perox</td>
              <td>5,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
              <td>8,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td>5,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td>5,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
              <td>5,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
              <td>5,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Rel M&#225;x (%)</td>
              <td>93,2 &#177; 6,7</td>
              <td>60,2 &#177; 12,64</td>
              <td>62,3 &#177; 12,1</td>
              <td>61,3 &#177; 11,7</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>80,40 &#177; 5,1</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>79,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Cknac</td>
              <td>236,1 &#177; 79,9</td>
              <td>354,0 &#177; 62,3</td>
              <td>243,8 &#177; 89,0</td>
              <td>200,5 &#177; 88,7</td>
              <td>336,1 &#177; 135,2</td>
              <td>298,3 &#177; 118,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AST</td>
              <td>35,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
              <td>25,9 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td>50,0 &#177; 24,5</td>
              <td>22,7 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td>30,0 &#177; 9,1</td>
              <td>34,7 &#177; 10,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ALT</td>
              <td>20,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
              <td>25,1 &#177; 6,7</td>
              <td>37,2 &#177; 18,6</td>
              <td>36,1 &#177; 13,8</td>
              <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>18,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
              <td>30,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Col: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na
                     de baixa densidade; Trig: triglic&#233;rides; Gl: glicose; Col tec: colesterol
                     tecidual; Perox: peroxida&#231;&#227;o tecidual (ng/mg de prote&#237;na); Rel Max (%): fun&#231;&#227;o
                     endotelial; Cknac: creatinofosfoquinase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT:
                     alanina aminotransferase.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o a G2.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Several different statins are available in the pharmaceutical market, acting through the
            inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which makes
            them members of a group of a specific class of drugs, all with the precise indication of
            hypercholesterolemia reduction. Molecular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
            modifications have been performed to differentiate the statins, almost always seeking
            the more effective blocking of HMGCoA reductase and thus, better control of plasma
            lipids, but also for the purpose of drug individualization, in addition its generic
            quality.</p>
      <p>Pitavastatin is the newest statin in the market, starting in 2003 in Japan and currently
            available in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. To the best of our
            knowledge, this constitutes the first experimental study available in the Brazilian
            literature, to date, which evaluated pitavastatin action on plasma and tissue lipids,
            lipid peroxidation and vascular reactivity, seeking to identify the lowest dose at which
            it can be effective in controlling these parameters. Moreover, clinical studies have not
            been published in the national literature addressing the different aspects involving
            pitavastatin.</p>
      <p>The addition of fat to the standard chow fed to the rabbits has been the most widely
            used model for induction of experimental hypercholesterolemia and it was effective in
            this study. The results shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> showed
            that group G2 showed significantly higher elevations in serum lipids than those in G1,
            fed the standard chow. The same occurred with the tissue parameters, with elevations in
            total cholesterol, lipid peroxidation and reduced endothelial function in aortic
            segments.</p>
      <p>The pitavastatin dose proposed for human use ranges from 1 to 2 mg/day, with a maximum
            dose of 4 mg/day, whereas in experimental studies, a dose &lt; 1 mg/kg/day has been
            used, with no reports of groups of animals receiving increasingly higher doses, as in
            the present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. The pitavastatin doses used in this study, although lower than the lowest
            used in humans, are high for rabbits, considering the differences between the species,
            especially weight. However, they are necessary to achieve the effect of cholesterol
            reduction in these animals, which was observed only with a minimum dose 0.5 mg/animal.
            Differences in metabolism between species may probably explain why high doses are not
            toxic or lethal to some of them. Not only were the doses different regarding their
            action on lipids, but also their time of use. In the present study, only 15 days of drug
            use were sufficient for the lipid-lowering action of pitavastatin to occur, while other
            studies used at least 12 weeks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>These data are similar to those observed in studies using other statins, when doses are
            optimized for a same total cholesterol percentage reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A clinical study has demonstrated that pitavastatin improves
            peripheral microvasculature function verified through reactive hyperemia measured by
            arterial tonometry in hypercholesterolemic individuals with coronary artery disease,
            only two hours after oral administration of the drug, demonstrating the promptness of
            drug action in improving endothelial function, regardless of its action on plasma
               cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>The results shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref> demonstrated that pitavastatin was effective
            in improving vascular reactivity, as there was a significant improvement in endothelial
            dysfunction in the treated groups when compared to the hypercholesterolemic group.
            However, this effect occurred only with doses &#8805; 0.5 mg, meaning that lower doses are
            unable to exercise the same effect during the time period of the experiment. Similar
            results in endothelial dysfunction reversal by pitavastatin have been reported in other
            experimental studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and in humans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> without great differences from those observed
            when other statins were assessed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>The improvement in endothelial dysfunction cannot be determined only by LDL reduction,
            although this reduction has occurred, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
               1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, because the absolute
            values still remained much higher than in the G1 group, not hypercholesterolemic.
            However, the percentage of relaxation was very close to that of G1. Oxidative stress
            involving LDL in hypercholesterolemia has been held responsible for the endothelial
            dysfunction observed in these situations and was one of the goals of this study. Even
            without full control of hypercholesterolemia, one can achieve reversal of endothelial
            dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress. This effect has been produced by statins and
            occurs with pitavastatin, as observed in the results, as there was a decrease in tissue
            lipid peroxidation in relation to G2, in the treated groups.</p>
      <p>Closely related to both situations, an improvement in endothelial dysfunction and
            decreased lipid oxidation is the reduction in tissue cholesterol, as reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure
               5</xref>, as well as in previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. However the reduction in tissue cholesterol and
            lipid peroxidation occur similarly in all treated groups, unlike endothelial dysfunction
            reversal, which was observed only in the groups where animals received higher doses of
            pitavastatin (G5 and G6).</p>
      <p>A literature study that used the same experimental model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> aimed to evaluate the effect of pitavastatin and probucol on
            atherosclerosis progression by studying oxidative stress. For that purpose, superoxide
            dismutase and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were
            used as parameters. The authors observed that, at a dose of 0.05 mg / kg / day,
            pitavastatin was effective in reducing oxidative stress without any action on serum
            cholesterol levels. Thus, it appears that pitavastatin acts on other mechanisms, which
            could explain the results obtained in this study, justifying the reduction in lipid
            peroxidation, without altering plasma cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p>Thus, endothelial dysfunction reversal may depend on other factors in addition to
            oxidative ones, requiring larger doses of pitavastatin for it to occur.</p>
      <p>One of the remarkable features of pitavastatin, observed from the clinical point of
            view, is its action in increasing HDL, especially in individuals in which it is
               reduced<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The main mechanism by which this statin is better than others in
            increasing HDL levels is the capacity to increase the expression of ApoA-1 gene, through
            the activation of PPARs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, the largest intra- and
            extracellular regulator of fatty acid metabolism, increasing its secretion.</p>
      <p>In the present study, there was a reduction of HDL, accompanying a decrease in total
            cholesterol and LDL levels. Pitavastatin did not determine the increase or prevented the
            decrease in HDL, as observed in clinical studies. In another experimental study in
            ovariectomized hypercholesterolemic rabbits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,
            the authors found no significant changes in HDL and triglycerides. These findings
            regarding HDL have been observed with other statins in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, and they were not aimed at specifying the mechanisms by which these
            animals exhibit such behavior. Differences in lipid metabolism between species that
            justify such results should exist and should be the objectives of future researches in
            order to better understand this phenomenon.</p>
      <p>The results observed in relation to triglycerides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>), showing
            significant decrease in the treated groups, demonstrate the efficacy of pitavastatin in
            this sense, as observed in other experimental studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, which would make
            this statin the choice to treat individuals with hypercholesterolemia, as well as those
            with hypertriglyceridemia, especially diabetic ones.</p>
      <p>The actions of statins, in addition to those dependent on the reduction in LDL and
            cholesterol, are known in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Such effects, known
            as pleiotropic ones, have been generally beneficial by reducing lipid oxidation and
            reversing endothelial dysfunction, as demonstrated in the present study, in addition to
            blocking inflammatory processes, among others, resulting in the interruption of
            atherosclerosis progression and, consequently, of clinical events. However, lately it
            has been observed that these pleiotropic effects may also be deleterious to the body,
            especially in relation to glucose metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although clinical studies have shown controversial results regarding the adverse events
            of statins in inducing diabetes as, in the WOSCOPS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> study, pravastatin prevented diabetes onset, and in the JUPITER study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, rosuvastatin induced it, experimental evidence
            consistently demonstrate that statins may impair glucose homeostasis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. In the present study, there was no change in
            blood glucose levels of treated groups when compared to controls.</p>
      <p>Although experimental studies involving pitavastatin and adverse events related to
            glucose metabolism have not been performed, clinical studies comparing it to other
            statins have shown that the onset of diabetes in users has been significantly lower,
            especially regarding atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, and comparable to pravastatin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Furthermore, this event has occurred when higher
            doses of statins were used, perhaps justifying the results of this study, in which lower
            doses were used. The same result occurred in relation to liver and creatine kinase
            enzymes, which showed no change in the groups treated with pitavastatin when compared to
            controls, demonstrating that the doses used were safe (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). This fact has been reported in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Pitavastatin was effective in reducing plasma lipids, lipid peroxidation and tissue
            cholesterol, reversing endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, starting
            with a 0.5 mg dose.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data:
               Almeida EA, Ozaki MR; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Ozaki MR;
               Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
               Almeida EA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAEPEX (Fundo de apoio ao ensino, pesquisa e extens&#227;o -
               UNICAMP).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This study is not associated with any thesis or
               dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">O Efeito da Pitavastatina na Reatividade Vascular em
               Coelhos Hipercolesterol&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Michiko Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP
                  - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eros Antonio de Almeida,</bold> Professor Jorge Nogueira
               Ferraz, Jardim Chapad&#227;o. CEP 13070-120, Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>erosaa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eros@fcm.unicamp.br</email>
           </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A pitavastatina &#233; a mais nova estatina dispon&#237;vel no Brasil e com prov&#225;veis
                  menores efeitos colaterais. Assim, a pitavastatina foi avaliada em coelhos
                  hipercolesterol&#234;micos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; a&#231;&#227;o na reatividade vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a menor dose de pitavastatina na redu&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos,
                  colesterol e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica tecidual e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em coelhos
                  hipercolesterol&#234;micos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta coelhos divididos em seis grupos (n=5): G1 - dieta ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; G2 - dieta
                  hipercolesterol&#234;mica por 30 dias; G3 - dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica e a partir do
                  16&#186; dia suplementada com pitavastatina (0,1 mg); G4 - dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica e
                  suplementada com pitavastatina (0.25 mg); G5 - dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica e
                  suplementada com pitavastatina (0,5 mg); G6 - dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica e
                  suplementada com pitavastatina (1,0 mg). Ap&#243;s 30 dias foram dosados o colesterol
                  total, HDL, triglic&#233;rides, glicose, creatinoquinase, aspartato aminotransferase,
                  alanina aminotransferase e o LDL calculado. Aprofundada a anestesia com tiopental
                  s&#243;dico e retirado segmentos de aorta para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, colesterol
                  e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica tecidual. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes
                  estat&#237;sticos foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Colesterol total e LDL elevados significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G1. HDL reduzida
                  significativamente em G4, G5 e G6 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2. Triglic&#233;rides,
                  creatinoquinase, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, colesterol
                  e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica tecidual sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre G3-G6 e G2.
                  Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial revertida significativamente em G5 e G6 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A pitavastatina, a partir da dose de 0,5mg, foi eficaz em reverter &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  endotelial em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril - CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</kwd>
        <kwd>Coelhos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os inibidores da enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A redutase, as estatinas,
               s&#227;o potentes inibidores da bioss&#237;ntese de colesterol no f&#237;gado por bloquear a
               convers&#227;o em mevalonato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Estudos cl&#237;nicos com
               sinvastatina (4S) e pravastatina (WOSCOPS) demonstraram que as estatinas atuam
               diminuindo a concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol no sangue, reduzindo a incid&#234;ncia de infarto
               do mioc&#225;rdio e sua mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com a inten&#231;&#227;o de correlacionar as redu&#231;&#245;es da mortalidade com a magnitude da placa
               de aterosclerose realizaram-se estudos com diferentes produtos comerciais das
               estatinas. Os estudos MARS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e REGRESS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> revelaram que, a par da altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil
               lip&#237;dico, ocorreram estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o da aterosclerose, avaliados pela
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        <p>Ribeiro Jorge e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> em 1994,sugeriram que
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               hipercolesterol&#234;micos a melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desproporcional &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o
               lip&#237;dica, quando tratados com a pravastatina. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o foi reiterada em
                  1997<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, quando se estudou a revers&#227;o r&#225;pida
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               redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol conhecidos como pleiotr&#243;picos, referem-se &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o sobre a
               fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a&#231;&#227;o na inflama&#231;&#227;o, estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica,
               antitromb&#243;tico, entre outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>A pitavastatina &#233; a mais recente estatina disponibilizada no mercado, tamb&#233;m
               conhecida como itavastatina e nisvastatina. Foi desenvolvida em 2003 no Jap&#227;o, e
               aprovada em 2009 pelos US Food and Drug Administration dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica,
               sendo a s&#233;tima estatina desenvolvida e comercializada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. &#201; uma estatina
               sint&#233;tica e lipof&#237;lica que tem farmacodin&#226;mica e farmacocin&#233;tica com propriedades
               distintas de outras estatinas as quais podem oferecer maiores efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos
               em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, stress oxidativo e antitrombose. &#201;
               minimamente metabolizada no f&#237;gado e, primariamente metabolizada pelas enzimas CYP2C9
               e CYP2C8, tendo biodisponibilidade de 80% da dose administrada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A baixa
               afinidade da pitavastatina pela CYP3A4 reduz intera&#231;&#245;es com outros f&#225;rmacos
               metabolizados por esta enzima e podem diminuir manifesta&#231;&#245;es t&#243;xicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento n&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico ou experimental a respeito da
               pitavastatina na literatura brasileira, sendo objetivo deste estudo verificar a a&#231;&#227;o
               dessa estatina, principalmente em reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na
               hipercolesterolemia experimental, assim como definir a menor dose eficaz neste
               sentido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O protocolo do experimento foi submetido e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica na
               experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal (CEEA)-IB-UNICAMP sob no 2528-1.</p>
        <p>Os animais foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o na quantidade de 100g ao dia e com a
               seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (g/100): Prote&#237;nas, 16,00; Carboidratos 45,00; Fibras 20,00;
               Gordura 5,00 e Cinzas 14,00. Utilizou-se 30 coelhos machos da ra&#231;a Nova Zel&#226;ndia com
               peso inicial entre 2,0 a 2,5 kg e distribu&#237;dos em seis grupos. No grupo considerado
               controle em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hipercolesterol&#234;micos (G1) os coelhos foram sacrificados ap&#243;s
               um m&#234;s de dieta padr&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o ao biot&#233;rio. Os 25 coelhos seguintes receberam a
               dieta hipercolesterol&#234;mica composta por dieta padr&#227;o suplementada de 0,5% de
               colesterol e 10% de gordura de coco. Com exce&#231;&#227;o dos animais do grupo controle
               hipercolesterol&#234;mico (G2), os demais grupos receberam tratamento com pitavastatina
               (Kowa company, Nagoya, Jap&#227;o) nos &#250;ltimos 15 dias, via gavagem, nas doses 0,1
               mg/animal/dia (G3), 0,25 mg/animal/dia (G4), 0,5 mg/animal/dia (G5) e 1 mg/animal/dia
               (G6), respectivamente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagens bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Dosou-se o colesterol plasm&#225;tico total, HDL (lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade),
                  triglic&#233;rides, glicose, AST (aspartato aminotransferase), ALT (alanina
                  aminotransferase) e creatinoquinase mediante kits enzim&#225;ticos (Laborclin,
                  Bioliquid, Pinhais, PR, Brasil) e feitos a leitura em espectrofot&#244;metro (Thermo
                  Spectronic, Genesys 10 uv, Rochester, NY, USA) comprimento de onda 500 nm. A LDL
                  foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Colesterol tecidual</title>
          <p>No final do experimento os animais foram sacrificados, sendo retirada a aorta
                  tor&#225;cica. Em segmentos foi dosado o colesterol tecidual, segundo o m&#233;todo de Naito
                  e David<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Resumidamente: os esp&#233;cimes
                  foram secados e homogeneizados a 4&#186;C em 5 ml de tamp&#227;o Tris HCL, pH 7.4 acrescido
                  de 0.01 NaNO<sub>3</sub>. Os l&#237;pides totais extra&#237;dos e homogeneizados em 10 vol.
                  de clorof&#243;rmio-metanol. O colesterol total extra&#237;do foi dosado mediante kits
                  enzim&#225;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica tecidual</title>
          <p>Um segmento da aorta tor&#225;cica foi homogeneizado com &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico (1g de
                  tecido+10 vol. TCA 20%). Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o foi acrescentado volume de &#225;cido
                  tiobarbit&#250;rico 0.67% e a mistura aquecida a 100&#186;C por 20 minutos. A concentra&#231;&#227;o
                  de malondialde&#237;do foi calculada pela absorb&#226;ncia de 532 nm, utilizando-se
                  coeficiente de extin&#231;&#227;o de 1.49 x 10<sup>-5</sup> expresso em nmol/mg de tecido
                     x10<sup>-7</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi medida em segmentos de aorta tor&#225;cica de aproximadamente,
                  5 mm, com o endot&#233;lio intacto, suspensos em uma cuba com capacidade de 10 ml, em
                  solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit a 37&#186; e pH 7.4 e aquecida a 37&#186; C. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi aerada
                  continuamente com mistura de carbog&#234;nio, contendo 95% de oxig&#234;nio e 5% de g&#225;s
                  carb&#244;nico. Os segmentos foram montados em dois ganchos de metal ligados a um
                  suporte da cuba e ao transdutor de for&#231;a (Narco, Narcotrace 40, Texas, USA). Ap&#243;s,
                  deixados em equil&#237;brio por 60 minutos, com troca da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs Henseleit a
                  cada 20 minutos. Os segmentos foram distendidos a uma tens&#227;o basal de 1g. Todos os
                  segmentos de aorta foram contra&#237;dos com NE (10<sup>-7</sup>M) e depois de
                  estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, ACh foi adicionada de forma cumulativa (10<sup>-8</sup> a
                     10<sup>-5</sup> M)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e verificado o relaxamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo Estat&#237;stico</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado o Programa Computacional SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for
                  Windows, vers&#227;o 9.2. SAS Institute Inc, 2002-2008, Cary, NC, USA.</p>
          <p>Para comparar os grupos de tratamento atrav&#233;s das vari&#225;veis coletadas foi
                  utilizada ANOVA com transforma&#231;&#227;o por postos, seguida pelo teste de Tukey, para
                  localiza&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as. Na compara&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial para localiza&#231;&#227;o
                  das diferen&#231;as das concentra&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de perfil
                  de contrastes. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de
                  5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O resultado das m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o dos diferentes par&#226;metros estudados est&#227;o
               expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">figura 1</xref>, referente ao colesterol total no
               final do experimento, demonstrou que ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total nos
               grupos G5 (25,8% de redu&#231;&#227;o) e G6 (25,7%) onde os coelhos foram tratados com 0,5 e
               1,0mg de pitavastatina, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo hipercolesterol&#234;mico G2, com diferen&#231;a
               estatisticamente significante.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Colesterol total em todos os grupos expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio
                     padr&#227;o.</title>
            <p>* p &lt;0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">figura 2</xref>, referente &#224; LDL, demonstrou que
               ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos G5 (20,07%) e G6 (26,62%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a
               estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo G2.</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LDL-col em todos os grupos expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
            <p>* p &lt;0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figura 3</xref>, referente &#224; HDL, demonstrou que
               ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos G3 (40,88%), G5 (56,68%) e G6 (56,53%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
               G2, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;sticamente significante.</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>HDL-col em todos os grupos expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
            <p>* p &lt;0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">figura 4</xref>, referente aos triglic&#233;rides,
               demonstrou que ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos G3 (44,62%), G4 (33,53%), G5 (52,05%),
               G6 (45,56%), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
               G2.</p>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Triglic&#233;rides em todos os grupos expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio
                     padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">figura 5</xref>, referente ao colesterol tecidual,
               demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos G5 (28,2%) e G6 (20,09%), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a
               estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo G2.</p>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Colesterol tecidual em todos os grupos expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio
                     padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">figura 6</xref>, referente a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica,
               demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos G5 (26,25%) e G6 (31,25%), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a
               estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo G2.</p>
        <fig id="f13" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peroxida&#231;&#227;o tecidual em todos os grupos expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio
                     padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">figura 7</xref> demonstrou que ocorreu melhora da
               fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos grupos G5 e G6 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo G2, sendo estatisticamente
               significante.</p>
        <fig id="f14" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em todos os grupos expressa em m&#233;dia e desvio
                     padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <p>* p &lt;0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2</p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-103-01-0004-40090-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; glicose, creatinoquinase, AST e ALT n&#227;o ocorreram altera&#231;&#245;es
               estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados dos grupos G1 a G6 com suas m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G3</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G4</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G5</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G6</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Col (mg/dL)</td>
                <td>63,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td>753,9 &#177; 32,0</td>
                <td>650,5 &#177; 212,5</td>
                <td>705,3 &#177; 164,0</td>
                <td>559,6 &#177; 203,6</td>
                <td>527,6 &#177; 100,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">HDL</td>
                <td>16,5 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td>61,4 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>36,3 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>25,2 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>26,6 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>26,7 &#177; 5,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td>26,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td>650,0 &#177; 33,3</td>
                <td>599,7 &#177; 196,3</td>
                <td>663,0 &#177; 161,1</td>
                <td>519,6 &#177; 202,3</td>
                <td>477,7 &#177; 103,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Trig</td>
                <td>104,2 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td>212,5 &#177; 99,9</td>
                <td>117,7 &#177; 32,9</td>
                <td>141,2 &#177; 36,5</td>
                <td>101,9 &#177; 22,5</td>
                <td>115,7 &#177; 15,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Glicose</td>
                <td>115,8 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td>127,3 &#177; 28,9</td>
                <td>114,6 &#177; 25,5</td>
                <td>123,5 &#177; 21,6</td>
                <td>119,8 &#177; 23,7</td>
                <td>94,7 &#177; 26,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Col tec</td>
                <td>21,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td>28,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td>22,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td>29,1 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td>20,4 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td>22,7 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Perox</td>
                <td>5,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td>8,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td>5,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td>5,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td>5,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td>5,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rel M&#225;x (%)</td>
                <td>93,2 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td>60,2 &#177; 12,64</td>
                <td>62,3 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td>61,3 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>80,40 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>79,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cknac</td>
                <td>236,1 &#177; 79,9</td>
                <td>354,0 &#177; 62,3</td>
                <td>243,8 &#177; 89,0</td>
                <td>200,5 &#177; 88,7</td>
                <td>336,1 &#177; 135,2</td>
                <td>298,3 &#177; 118,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">AST</td>
                <td>35,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
                <td>25,9 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td>50,0 &#177; 24,5</td>
                <td>22,7 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td>30,0 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td>34,7 &#177; 10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ALT</td>
                <td>20,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td>25,1 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td>37,2 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td>36,1 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>18,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td>30,1 &#177; 6,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Col: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL:
                        lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Trig: triglic&#233;rides; Gl: glicose; Col tec:
                        colesterol tecidual; Perox: peroxida&#231;&#227;o tecidual (ng/mg de prote&#237;na); Rel
                        Max (%): fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; Cknac: creatinofosfoquinase; AST: aspartato
                        aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 em rela&#231;&#227;o a G2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As estatinas t&#234;m v&#225;rios representantes dispon&#237;veis no mercado farmac&#234;utico, agindo
               atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da 3-hidroxy-3-metilglutaril coenzima A HMGCoA redutase, o que as
               tornam membros de um grupo de f&#225;rmacos classe espec&#237;fica, todas com a indica&#231;&#227;o
               precisa na redu&#231;&#227;o da hipercolesterolemia. Modifica&#231;&#245;es farmacocin&#233;ticas e
               farmacodin&#226;micas moleculares t&#234;m-se sido realizadas no intuito de diferenciar as
               estatinas, buscando quase sempre a maior efic&#225;cia no bloqueio da HMGCoA redutase e,
               consequentemente, melhor controle dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, mas tamb&#233;m, com a
               finalidade de individualiza&#231;&#227;o do medicamento, al&#233;m de sua qualidade gen&#233;rica. Assim,
               a pitavastatina &#233; a mais recente estatina dispon&#237;vel no mercado, a partir de 2003 no
               Jap&#227;o e, atualmente, no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. At&#233; onde
               conhecemos, este se constitui no primeiro estudo experimental dispon&#237;vel na
               literatura brasileira, at&#233; o momento, em que se avaliam as a&#231;&#245;es da pitavastatina nos
               l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos e tecidual, na peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e na reatividade vascular,
               procurando se identificar a menor dose em que ela possa ser eficaz no controle destes
               par&#226;metros. Tamb&#233;m, estudos cl&#237;nicos ainda n&#227;o foram publicados na literatura
               nacional, abordando os diferentes aspectos envolvendo a pitavastatina.</p>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o de gordura na ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para alimenta&#231;&#227;o de coelhos tem sido o modelo
               mais utilizado na indu&#231;&#227;o de hipercolesterolemia experimental e se mostrou eficaz no
               presente estudo. Os resultados observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
                  1</xref> demonstraram que os animais do grupo G2 apresentaram eleva&#231;&#245;es dos
               l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos significantemente superiores aos do grupo G1, alimentados com
               dieta padr&#227;o. O mesmo ocorreu com os par&#226;metros teciduais, observando-se eleva&#231;&#245;es do
               colesterol e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em segmentos da
               aorta.</p>
        <p>A dose de pitavastatina propostas para uso em humanos varia de 1 a 2 mg/dia, com
               m&#225;ximo de 4 mg/dia, sendo que em estudos experimentais a dose tem sido utilizada
               sempre abaixo de 1mg/kg/dia, n&#227;o havendo relatos de grupos de animais com doses
               progressivas como no presente trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. As doses de pitavastatina utilizadas no
               presente estudo, embora abaixo da menor utilizada no homem, s&#227;o altas para o coelho
               em vista das diferen&#231;as entre as esp&#233;cies, principalmente o peso. No entanto, s&#227;o
               necess&#225;rias para se conseguir o efeito redutor do colesterol nestes animais, o que se
               observou apenas a partir de 0,5 mg/animal. Provavelmente, diferen&#231;as no metabolismo
               entre as esp&#233;cies possam explicar o porqu&#234; de altas doses n&#227;o serem t&#243;xicas ou letais
               a algumas delas. N&#227;o s&#243; as doses foram diferentes em agir sobre os l&#237;pides, mas
               tamb&#233;m o tempo de uso. No presente estudo, apenas 15 dias do medicamento foram
               suficientes para a a&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante da pitavastatina, enquanto outros estudos
               utilizaram, no m&#237;nimo, 12 semanas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Estes
               dados s&#227;o semelhantes a aqueles observados em estudo utilizando-se outras estatinas,
               quando s&#227;o otimizadas doses para uma mesma porcentagem de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol
                  total<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Estudo cl&#237;nico demonstrou que a
               pitavastatina melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o da microvasculatura perif&#233;rica, verificada por
               hiperemia reativa medida atrav&#233;s de tonometria arterial, em indiv&#237;duos
               hipercolesterol&#234;micos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, apenas ap&#243;s duas
               horas da administra&#231;&#227;o oral do f&#225;rmaco, demonstrando a rapidez de a&#231;&#227;o na melhora da
               fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, independentemente da a&#231;&#227;o no colesterol plasm&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os resultados observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref> demonstraram que a pitavastatina foi
               eficaz em melhorar a reatividade vascular, uma vez que houve melhora significativa da
               disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos grupos tratados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo hipercolesterol&#234;mico. No
               entanto, isto ocorreu apenas a partir da dose de 0,5 mg, significando que doses
               inferiores s&#227;o incapazes de surtir o mesmo efeito, no tempo utilizado no experimento.
               Resultados semelhantes na revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pela pitavastatina t&#234;m
               sido relatados em outros estudos experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e em humanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, sem grandes
               diferen&#231;as daqueles observados, quando avaliadas outras estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. A melhora na
               disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o pode ser determinada apenas pela redu&#231;&#227;o da LDL, embora esta
               redu&#231;&#227;o tenha ocorrido, como observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
                  1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 2</xref>, porque os valores
               absolutos ainda se mantiveram muito superiores ao grupo G1, n&#227;o hipercolesterol&#234;mico.
               No entanto, a porcentagem do relaxamento se aproximou muito do grupo G1. O estresse
               oxidativo envolvendo a LDL na hipercolesterolemia tem sido responsabilizado pela
               disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial observado nestas situa&#231;&#245;es e foi um dos objetivos deste estudo.
               Mesmo sem controle total da hipercolesterolemia, mas reduzindo-se o estresse
               oxidativo, pode-se conseguir a revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Isto tem sido
               produzido pelas estatinas e ocorreu com a pitavastatina, como observado nos
               resultados, uma vez que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica tecidual em rela&#231;&#227;o
               ao grupo G2, nos grupos tratados. Estreitamente relacionado a estas duas situa&#231;&#245;es,
               melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e redu&#231;&#227;o da oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, encontra-se a redu&#231;&#227;o
               do colesterol tecidual, como observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
                  1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref> e, tamb&#233;m, em estudos
                  anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e colesterol tecidual
               ocorreram de forma semelhante em todos os grupos tratados, ao contr&#225;rio da revers&#227;o
               da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a qual foi observada apenas nos grupos em que os animais
               receberam doses maiores da pitavastatina (G5 e G6). Em um estudo da literatura
               utilizando o mesmo modelo experimental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
               objetivou-se avaliar a a&#231;&#227;o da pitavastatina e probucol na progress&#227;o da
               aterosclerose, estudando-se o estresse oxidativo, tomando-se como par&#226;metros a
               super&#243;xido dismutase e a express&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o da atividade de receptores de
               peroxisomo (PPARs). Os autores observaram que na dose de 0,05mg/kg/dia a
               pitavastatina foi eficaz em reduzir o estresse oxidativo sem qualquer a&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis
               s&#233;ricos do colesterol. Assim, depreende-se que a pitavastatina age em outros
               mecanismos que possam explicar os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, justificando
               a redu&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, sem alterar os n&#237;veis de colesterol plasm&#225;tico.
               Assim, a revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial possa depender de outros fatores, al&#233;m
               daqueles oxidativos, necessitando de doses maiores da pitavastatina para ocorrer.</p>
        <p>Uma das caracter&#237;sticas marcantes da pitavastatina, observada do ponto de vista
               cl&#237;nico, &#233; sua a&#231;&#227;o em elevar a HDL, principalmente nos indiv&#237;duos em que esta se
               encontra reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. O principal mecanismo pelo qual esta estatina
               se torna superior a outras em elevar os n&#237;veis de HDL &#233; a capacidade em aumentar a
               express&#227;o do gene da ApoA-1, atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos PPARs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, considerado o maior regulador intra e extracelular do
               metabolismo dos &#225;cidos graxos, aumentando sua secre&#231;&#227;o. No presente estudo houve
               redu&#231;&#227;o da HDL, acompanhando a queda do colesterol total e da LDL. A pitavastatina
               n&#227;o determinou o aumento ou impediu a redu&#231;&#227;o da HDL, como observado em estudos
               cl&#237;nicos. Em outro estudo experimental em coelhas ooforectomizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> hipercolesterol&#234;micas, os autores n&#227;o
               encontraram modifica&#231;&#245;es significantes na HDL e triglic&#233;rides. Estes resultados em
               rela&#231;&#227;o a HDL t&#234;m sido observados na literatura com outras estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, n&#227;o sendo objetivo de nenhum deles especificar os mecanismos pelos
               quais estes animais apresentam este comportamento. Diferen&#231;as no metabolismo lip&#237;dico
               entre as esp&#233;cies que justifiquem estes resultados devam existir, devendo ser
               objetivos de futuras pesquisas, no intuito de melhor entendimento deste fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>Os resultados observados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>), com
               diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos grupos tratados demonstram a efic&#225;cia da pitavastatina
               neste sentido, j&#225; observado em outros estudos experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, o que
               tornaria esta estatina eleita para tratamento de indiv&#237;duos hipercolesterol&#234;micos,
               tamb&#233;m com hipertrigliceridemia, principalmente diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>A&#231;&#245;es das estatinas, al&#233;m daquelas dependentes da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e LDL, s&#227;o
               conhecidas na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Estes efeitos, conhecidos como pleiotr&#243;picos,
               t&#234;m sido geralmente ben&#233;ficos ao reduzir a oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, reverter &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o
               endotelial, como demonstrado no presente estudo, al&#233;m de bloquear processos
               inflamat&#243;rios, entre outros, culminando na interrup&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da aterosclerose
               e, consequentemente, dos eventos cl&#237;nicos. No entanto, ultimamente tem sido observado
               que estes efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, tamb&#233;m, podem ser delet&#233;rios ao organismo,
               principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao metabolismo glic&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Embora em estudos cl&#237;nicos existam controv&#233;rsias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao evento
               adverso das estatinas em induzir diabetes, uma vez que no estudo WOSCOPS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> a pravastatina preveniu o aparecimento desta e
               no estudo JUPITER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, a rosuvastatina induziu,
               evid&#234;ncias experimentais s&#227;o consistentes que as estatinas podem prejudicar a
               homeostase glic&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. No presente estudo n&#227;o
               houve qualquer modifica&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos dos grupos tratados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
               controles. Embora estudos experimentais envolvendo a pitavastatina e eventos adversos
               relacionados ao metabolismo glic&#237;dico n&#227;o tenham sido realizados, estudos cl&#237;nicos
               comparando-a as outras estatinas t&#234;m demonstrado que o surgimento de diabetes nos
               usu&#225;rios tem sido significativamente menor, principalmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               atorvastatina e rosuvastatina, e compar&#225;veis &#224; pravastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Tamb&#233;m, este evento tem ocorrido quando doses maiores das
               estatinas tenham sido utilizadas, o que talvez justifique os resultados do presente
               estudo, no qual foram usadas doses menores do f&#225;rmaco. O mesmo ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o as
               enzimas hep&#225;ticas e &#224; creatinoquinase, as quais n&#227;o apresentaram modifica&#231;&#245;es nos
               grupos tratados com a pitavastatina em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles, demonstrando que as
               doses utilizadas foram seguras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). O
               mesmo j&#225; foi relatado na literatura neste sentido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A pitavastatina foi eficaz em reduzir os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica
               e colesterol tecidual, revertendo &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em coelhos
               hipercolesterol&#234;micos, a partir da dose de 0,5 mg.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida EA,
                  Ozaki MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ozaki MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Almeida EA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAEPEX (Fundo de apoio ao ensino, pesquisa e
                  extens&#227;o - UNICAMP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
