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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8mvWRLY9Z9ZxnhDQmCYRQfs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Short-Coupled Variant of "Torsades de Pointes" and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Britto</surname>
            <given-names>Allisson Valad&#227;o de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo/ InCor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca,</bold> InCor-HCFMUSP, Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail:   <email>mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e60</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Excitation Contraction Coupling</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Premature Complexes</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>"Torsades de pointes" (TdP) ventricular tachycardias carry a high risk of sudden death, even when they occur in individuals with a structurally normal heart, in the absence of myocardial ischemia or prolonged QT interval. Leenhardt et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> described a new syndrome with these characteristics in 1994 that showed a difference in which the TdP were triggered by ventricular extrasystoles (VE) with ultra-short coupling interval (&lt; 300 ms).</p>
      <p>Although this condition is easily diagnosed by the described characteristics, there is a lack of data on the clinical management of patients during the phase of electrical storm and during long-term clinical outcome. Over the past 20 years, three patients were identified in our institution with this clinical condition, as well as a family member with VE and short coupling interval, asymptomatic and without documented polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT).</p>
      <p>The aim of this case report is to describe the clinical management used in these patients and review the literature on the implication of the finding of VE with short coupling interval in asymptomatic family members.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Reports</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>Female patient, 20 years of age, started to have rhythmic palpitations, initially well tolerated and self-limited in August 1993, at the same time when she had depression due to the loss of a family member. In the same month she had an episode of loss of consciousness with sphincter release that lasted approximately 10 minutes, followed by spontaneous recovery with no physical trauma. During the evolution, she started to have several episodes of short-duration palpitations. Three months later, she reported a new episode of convulsive syncope lasting approximately 8 minutes, after which hospitalization was indicated for investigation. On the same night she was hospitalized, she had an episode of cardiac arrest in ventricular fibrillation rhythm, and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The investigation showed no evidence of structural heart disease; cardiac chamber showed preserved dimensions (LV = 47/29 mm, LVEF = 76 %; Aorta = 29 mm; LA = 27 mm, RV = 20 mm; septum and posterior wall = 8 mm each and preserved biventricular function, no segmental contractility alterations and no valvular dysfunction).</p>
        <p>The 24-hour Holter showed VE with ultra-short coupling interval (260 ms) inducing episodes of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. The 12-lead electrocardiogram showed no alterations, the QT interval was 360 ms and QTc was 390 ms. The exercise stress test was negative for myocardial ischemia with no arrhythmia at rest or upon exertion. Coronary angiography was normal. The high-resolution electrocardiogram showed no late potentials. We performed an electrophysiological study (EPS), which showed normal basic intervals and did not induce arrhythmias when programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in the apex and right ventricular outflow tract, as well as using 'short-long-short' cycles for induction of VT/VF during sensitization with isoproterenol. The patient started to receive verapamil 80 mg every 8 hours and received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>24-hour Holter: A. Extrasystole with ultrashort coupling interval (260 ms). B. Episode of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by extrasystoles with short-coupling interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The patient needed psychological counseling after these events. During follow-up, she still had episodes of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, seen at the 24-hour Holter, requiring a dose of 480 mg/day of verapamil to control the arrhythmia. She then remained asymptomatic for several years, although the 24-hour Holter still showed VE with short-coupling interval (260 ms). Seventeen years after the diagnosis and two ICD generator replacements, the patient received adequate defibrillator therapy; during an evaluation, she reported poor compliance to treatment with calcium channel blockers. At follow-up, she showed no significant emotional alterations, ischemic changes or ventricular function worsening.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>Female patient, 52 years old, admitted at another service due to episodes of recurrent syncope in 2010. At the time, she had suffered the recent loss of a son in a car accident and was drinking a type of "tea for weight loss." The electrocardiographic monitoring showed episodes of rapid ventricular tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2B</xref>). Within hours, the patient developed electrical storm and needed defibrillation for more than 50 times during a 24-hour period, requiring sedation and orotracheal intubation. An attempt was made to suppress the arrhythmias with isoproterenol, which was not successful.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2A</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrical Storm - Moment of electrical cardioversion with 200 J and Torsades de Pointes reversal to sinus rhythm</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2B</label>
          <caption>
            <title>12-lead ECG with extrasystole and short coupling interval (280 ms)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Recurrence was observed in less than 6 hours after the start of drug infusion. A temporary pacemaker was implanted in the right ventricle, performed on stimulation without arrhythmia suppression. She was clinically stable after 48 hours of deep sedation and administration of verapamil at a dose of 240 mg/day.</p>
        <p>The investigation showed no structural heart disease at the echocardiography, MRI and coronary angiography. The 24-h Holter monitoring, performed after crisis stabilization, showed 960 VE/24 h, with several of them showing short coupling (+/- 280 ms) and the same morphology. There were no tachycardias. At the ECG, the QTc was 400 ms. Electrophysiological mapping and attempted VE ablation were not successful. The scarcity of extrasystoles during the procedure did not induce arrhythmias when programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in the apex and right ventricular outflow tract, as well as using 'short-long-short' cycles for of VT/ VF induction under sensitization with isoproterenol. ICD implantation was indicated and treatment with verapamil was maintained. The patient remains asymptomatic during the two-year follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>This is an asymptomatic, 18-year-old woman, the daughter of the patient described in case # 2. During family screening, she was diagnosed with VE with a coupling of approximately 300 ms (17 extrasystoles in 24 h) during a 24-h Holter monitoring. Because the patient was asymptomatic and due to the low-density VE, it was decided to prescribe verapamil 160 mg/day and keep her on frequent clinical monitoring. She remains asymptomatic after a follow-up period of 48 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 4</title>
        <p>Female patient, 39 years old, with episodes of syncope preceded by sudden and fast malaise, without trauma and unrelated to exertion, some occurring at night, during sleep, at an approximate frequency of three times a week since March 2011. She sought medical attention a few times, having been diagnosed with anxiety and prescribed anxiolytics, with no improvement of symptoms and worsening of anxiety. On 07/10/2011, she had recurrence of syncope, with characteristics similar to those described, when she was admitted at another hospital for diagnosis.</p>
        <p>The patient had no family history of cardiac arrhythmias or sudden death. Physical examination was normal. The initial ECG showed no abnormalities. The exercise stress test was negative for ischemia and di not trigger arrhythmias. The echocardiogram showed a structurally normal heart (LV = 52/35 mm, LVEF = 60%; Aorta = 33 mm; LA = 35 mm; septum and posterior wall = 9 mm; preserved biventricular function, no segmental alterations in contractility and mitral valve prolapse with discrete meso-systolic leak). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging also ruled out structural heart disease showing preserved cardiac chamber dimensions with normal biventricular function (LVEF = 70% and RVEF = 69%), without the presence of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        <p>The Holter monitoring showed several polymorphic VE with short-coupling interval, some of them inducing nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by extrasystoles with R-on-T phenomenon, with coupling between 350 and 370 ms, and QT intervals within normal limits.</p>
        <p>The coronary angiography ruled out the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease. She was prescribed diltiazem 180 mg/day and a defibrillator implant was indicated, performed in August 2011. As the VE persisted (density 2%) with episodes of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, diltiazem was substituted by verapamil 240 mg/day in September 2011. New 24-h Holter monitoring showed a significant reduction in the density of arrhythmias (&lt;1%), increase in minimum coupling interval of extrasystoles to 370 ms and absence of episodes of non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, always with a normal QT interval. The patient became asymptomatic, with no further episodes of syncope or ICD therapies, during a nine-month follow up.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Described by Dessertenne<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> in 1966, TdP ventricular has a typical ECG pattern, with progressive changes in morphology, amplitude and polarity of the QRS complex of which peaks cross the baseline before spontaneously terminating. This phenomenon is preceded by a long-short cycle that triggers the tachycardia, usually after a long coupling interval (600 to 800 ms). The scenario of this arrhythmia includes long QT syndrome in its congenital and acquired forms, as well as the precipitating factors, such as electrolyte disturbances.</p>
      <p>Three decades later, in 1994, Leenhardt et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>published a series of 14 patients without structural heart disease and a history of syncope, whose electrocardiographic monitoring showed TdP polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with normal QT intervals, initiated by VE with short coupling interval (200 - 300 ms). One third of these patients had a family history of sudden death, and approximately 70% had TdP degenerating into ventricular fibrillation during a mean follow-up of seven years. The morphology of isolated VE and those that initiated the TdP was similar in nine patients, with most triggering VE showing left bundle branch block morphology and axis deviated to the left.</p>
      <p>In general, the EPS did not reproduce the clinical arrhythmia. The only drug that partially suppressed arrhythmia was verapamil, increasing the VE coupling interval and reducing its density. However, it was not able to prevent sudden death, which is why the ICD is indicated for all patients with this disease.</p>
      <p>In the following year, a series of 15 patients with the same characteristics (absence of structural heart disease, normal QT interval) that had episodes of TdP polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by VE with short coupling interval was published. It was demonstrated that the smaller the coupling interval of these extrasystoles, the greater the risk of spontaneous polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and, therefore, of sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation. No medication was able to prevent this outcome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the two largest case series published, similar to our three patients, we observed that the initial clinical presentation was syncope preceded or not by palpitations and the occurrence was predominantly in females. The age of symptom onset ranged from the second to the fifth decade of life and two of our patients were going through major psychological problems, which is described as a potential trigger for the clinical manifestation of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The mean coupling interval measured from the beginning of the QRS preceding the extrasystole, at the beginning of the latter, was + / - 280 ms. Verapamil has been prescribed to all patients, although the literature reports the frequent occurrence of appropriate ICD therapy and sudden death, in which the defibrillator had not been implanted, despite medication use<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A case of electrical storm and recovered cardiac arrest triggered by VE with ultrashort coupling interval in a 50-year-old patient was recently published. Similar to our patient in case number 2, there were several episodes of spontaneous TdP polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, some of them developing into ventricular fibrillation requiring cardiorespiratory resuscitation and electrical defibrillation.</p>
      <p>Several intravenous medications have been tried, including lidocaine, amiodarone and magnesium, without control of arrhythmia. Ventricular pacing with temporary pacemaker electrode resulted in arrhythmia exacerbation. However, unlike our patient, the infusion of isoproterenol until a heart rate of 100 bpm is achieved showed to be capable of suppressing ventricular arrhythmias. Electrode implantation in the right atrium and its stimulation at a frequency of 85 bpm was effective in arrhythmia remission. After ICD implantation with atrial pacing of 85 bpm, the patient had no symptoms and no evidence of arrhythmias during a three-month follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>There is no consensus in the literature regarding what the normal value of the VE coupling interval is. In the patient from case number 4, the shortest coupling interval recorded was 360 ms, with several episodes of NSVT occurring with VE of up to 370 ms, with morphological characteristics similar to those from the other three cases. A clinical hypothesis is that it is the same genetic mutation with varying degrees of gene penetration and consequently, different clinical expressions. Therefore, individuals with the more severe form of disease could potentially trigger malignant arrhythmias without necessarily having a coupling interval &lt; 300 ms.</p>
      <p>In 2002, Haissaguerre et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> described the VE with short coupling interval originating from the distal Purkinje fibers as the main triggering factors of idiopathic VF. These extrasystoles had different morphologies and were mapped in several locations of the Purkinje system, including the anterior right ventricular region and large areas of the lower half of the left ventricular septum. The authors ruled out these triggers by focal catheter ablation in 27 patients.</p>
      <p>Throughout a mean follow up of 24 months, 89% of patients had no recurrence of ventricular fibrillation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. These findings demonstrate that a therapeutic possibility in this patient population would be treatment by catheter ablation; however, it should be noted that all patients were under the protection of an ICD. In our series, two patients underwent attempted ablation of VE, but the non-occurrence of VE during the procedure prevented their accurate mapping, which would justify the moment of the electrical storm as the ideal setting for the attempted ablation. Another indication for ablative therapy would be cases of appropriate therapies for the ICD, refractory to use of calcium channel blockers.</p>
      <p>Regarding family screening, there is no specific reference in the literature about the best management and medical decision in asymptomatic individuals remains controversial. All four patients in our series underwent family screening and extrasystoles with short coupling interval were found in the daughter of Patient 2. Due to the limited data in the literature in asymptomatic individuals, together with the family, we chose to institute a clinical follow-up and prophylactic and empiric prescription of verapamil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>VE patients with short coupling may carry a rare syndrome, probably of genetic etiology, which can result in TdP. Verapamil is apparently the most effective drug for alleviating the occurrence of these arrhythmias; however, it is not effective enough to eliminate the need for an ICD. Ablation of VE could reduce the incidence of TdP; however, there are still technical limitations to its effective implementation. A new look at the disease and the knowledge of this rare heart rhythm disorder is needed so that cardiologists can be able to recognize this electrocardiographic detail and thus identify apparently healthy individuals at risk of genetically determined sudden death.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Chokr MO, Britto AVO, Scanavacca MI; Acquisition of data: Chokr MO, Darrieux FCC, Hardy CA, Hachul DT, Britto AVO, Melo SL, Pisani C, Sosa EA, Martinelli Filho M, Scanavacca MI; Statistical analysis: Chokr MO, Scanavacca MI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chokr MO, Sosa EA, Scanavacca MI; Writing of the manuscript: Chokr MO, Britto AVO, Scanavacca MI; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chokr MO, Darrieux FCC, Scanavacca MI.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Short-coupled variant of Torsade de Pointes as a cause of electrical storm and aborted sudden cardiac death: insights into mechanism and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Hellenic J Cardiol</source>
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              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
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              <surname>Jais</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
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              <surname>Kautzner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato De Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Acoplamento Ultracurto e Taquicardia Ventricular Polim&#243;rfica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Britto</surname>
            <given-names>Allisson Valad&#227;o de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo/ InCor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca.</bold> InCor-HCFMUSP, Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail:   <email>mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Taquicardia ventricular / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Complexos ventriculares prematuros</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As taquicardias ventriculares tipo "<italic>torsades de pointes"  </italic>(TDP) representam uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alto risco de morte s&#250;bita, mesmo quando ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos com o cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, na aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou intervalo QT prolongado. Leenhardt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>descreveram uma nova s&#237;ndrome, com essas carater&#237;sticas, em 1994, que apresentava a diferen&#231;a de que as TDP eram deflagradas por extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) com intervalo de acoplamento ultracurto (&lt; 300 ms).</p>
        <p>Embora tal condi&#231;&#227;o seja facilmente diagnosticada pelas caracter&#237;sticas descritas, existe car&#234;ncia de dados para o manejo cl&#237;nico dos pacientes na fase da tormenta el&#233;trica e durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em longo prazo. Nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, foram identificados, em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, tr&#234;s pacientes com tal condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e um familiar portador de EV com intervalo de acoplamento curto, assintom&#225;tico e sem taquicardias ventriculares (TV) polim&#243;rficas documentadas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste texto &#233; descrever as condutas cl&#237;nicas empregadas nesses pacientes e revisar na literatura a implica&#231;&#227;o do achado de EV com acoplamento curto em familiares assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato dos Casos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, com 20 anos de idade, come&#231;ou a apresentar palpita&#231;&#245;es r&#237;tmicas, inicialmente bem toleradas e autolimitadas, em agosto de 1993, no mesmo per&#237;odo em que apresentava depress&#227;o por perda familiar. Apresentou neste mesmo m&#234;s um epis&#243;dio de perda de consci&#234;ncia com libera&#231;&#227;o esfincteriana e dura&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 10 minutos, com recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e sem traumatismo f&#237;sico. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, passou a apresentar v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s meses depois, relatou novo epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope convulsiva, com dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 8 minutos, sendo indicada interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para investiga&#231;&#227;o. Na mesma noite em que foi internada, apresentou epis&#243;dio de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo submetida &#224; reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se evidenciou cardiopatia estrutural, c&#226;maras card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es preservadas (VE = 47/29 mm; FEVE = 76%; Aorta = 29 mm; AE = 27 mm; VD = 20 mm; septo e parede posterior com 8 mm cada, e fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular preservada, sem altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade e sem disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares).</p>
          <p>O Holter de 24 horas documentou EV com intervalo de acoplamento ultracurto (260 ms) induzindo epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada -   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>. O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o demonstrava altera&#231;&#245;es, o intervalo QT era de 360 ms e QTc de 390 ms. O teste ergom&#233;trico foi negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sem arritmias no repouso ou no esfor&#231;o. A cinecoronariografia foi normal. O eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou potenciais tardios. Foi realizado estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) que evidenciou intervalos b&#225;sicos normais e n&#227;o induziu arritmias quando realizado estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada em &#225;pice e via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, al&#233;m de utilizar ciclos 'curto-longo-curto' para indu&#231;&#227;o da TV/FV, sob sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol. Foi iniciado verapamil 80 mg de 8/8 h e realizado implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador autom&#225;tico (CDI).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Holter de 24 horas: A. Extrass&#237;stole com intervalo de acoplamento ultracurto (260 ms). B. Epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada iniciada por extrass&#237;stoles de acoplamento curto.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A paciente necessitou de acompanhamento psicol&#243;gico ap&#243;s tais eventos. No seguimento, ainda apresentava epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada, flagrados no Holter de 24 horas, sendo necess&#225;rio a dose de 480 mg/dia de verapamil para controle da arritmia. Evoluiu assintom&#225;tica durante v&#225;rios anos, embora ainda se observassem EV com acoplamento curto (260 ms) no Holter de 24 horas. Ap&#243;s 17 anos do diagn&#243;stico e de duas trocas do gerador, a paciente recebeu uma terapia apropriada do desfibrilador, sendo que, em avalia&#231;&#227;o, relatou m&#225; ader&#234;ncia &#224; terap&#234;utica com bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio. No seguimento, n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o emocional relevante, nem altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ou piora de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 52 anos, internada em outro servi&#231;o por epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncopes recorrentes em 2010. Na &#233;poca, havia sofrido perda recente de um filho em acidente automobil&#237;stico e tomava um "ch&#225; para emagrecimento". Ap&#243;s monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, observaram-se epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular r&#225;pida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">2B</xref>). Em poucas horas, a paciente evoluiu com tempestade el&#233;trica e necessidade de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o por mais de 50 vezes em um per&#237;odo de 24 horas, sendo necess&#225;rias seda&#231;&#227;o e intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Foi feita tentativa de supress&#227;o das arritmias com isoproterenol, n&#227;o apresentando sucesso. Observou-se recorr&#234;ncia em menos de 6 h ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da infus&#227;o da droga. Foi implantado marca-passo provis&#243;rio no ventr&#237;culo direito, realizado sobre estimula&#231;&#227;o sem supress&#227;o das arritmias. Houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s 48 h de seda&#231;&#227;o profunda e administra&#231;&#227;o de verapamil na dose de 240 mg/dia.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2A</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempestade el&#233;trica &#8211; Momento da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica com 200 J e revers&#227;o da Torsades de Pointes para ritmo sinusal</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2B</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com extrass&#237;stole com intervalo de acoplamento curto (280 ms).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0e60-40075-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o evidenciou cardiopatia estrutural ao ecocardiograma, &#224; RNM e &#224; cinecoronariografia. O Holter de 24 h, realizado ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da crise, demonstrou 960 EV/24 h, sendo v&#225;rias delas com acoplamento curto (+/- 280 ms) e mesma morfologia. N&#227;o foram registradas taquicardias. Ao ECG, o intervalo QTc era de 400 ms. O mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico e a tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o das EV n&#227;o tiveram sucesso. Pela escassez de extrass&#237;stoles durante o procedimento, n&#227;o houve indu&#231;&#227;o a arritmias quando realizada estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada em &#225;pice e via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito, al&#233;m de utilizar ciclos 'curto-longo-curto' para indu&#231;&#227;o da TV/FV, sob sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol. Foi indicado implante do CDI e mantido o tratamento com verapamil. A paciente mant&#233;m-se assintom&#225;tica ao longo do seguimento de dois anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 3</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma jovem assintom&#225;tica, de 18 anos, filha da paciente descrita no caso n&#250;mero 2. Em triagem familiar, foi diagnosticada EV com acoplamento de aproximadamente 300 ms (17 extrass&#237;stoles em 24 h), em exame de Holter de 24 h. Por ser a paciente assintom&#225;tica e com baixa densidade de EV, optou-se por prescrever verapamil 160 mg/dia e mant&#234;-la sob acompanhamento cl&#237;nico frequente. Mant&#233;m-se assintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de seguimento de 48 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 4</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 39 anos, com epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope precedidos por mal-estar s&#250;bito e r&#225;pido, sem traumas e sem rela&#231;&#227;o com esfor&#231;os, alguns ocorrendo &#224; noite, durante o sono, numa frequ&#234;ncia aproximada de tr&#234;s vezes por semana, desde mar&#231;o de 2011. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico algumas vezes, tendo sido feito diagn&#243;stico de ansiedade e prescritos ansiol&#237;ticos, sem melhora dos sintomas e com agravamento da ansiedade. Em 10/07/2011, apresentou recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope, com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224;s descritas, quando foi internada em outro servi&#231;o para elucida&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. A paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;ria familiar de arritmias card&#237;acas e nem de morte s&#250;bita. O exame f&#237;sico era normal. O ECG inicial n&#227;o evidenciou anormalidades. O teste ergom&#233;trico foi negativo para isquemia e n&#227;o desencadeou arritmias. O ecocardiograma demonstrou cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal (VE = 52/35 mm; FEVE = 60%; Aorta = 33 mm; AE = 35 mm; septo e parede posterior com 9 mm; fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular preservada, sem altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade e prolapso de valva mitral com escape mesossist&#243;lico discreto). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m afastou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, com c&#226;maras card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es preservadas, fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular normal (FEVE = 70% e FEVD = 69%), sem presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter, foram evidenciadas v&#225;rias EV com intervalo de acoplamento curto, polim&#243;rficas; algumas delas induzindo taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada, iniciadas por extrass&#237;stoles com fen&#244;meno R sobre T com acoplamento entre 350 e 370 ms, e intervalos QT dentro dos limites da normalidade.</p>
          <p>A cineangiocoronariografia afastou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva. Iniciado diltiazem 180 mg/dia e indicado implante do desfibrilador, realizado em agosto de 2011. Como as EV persistiam (densidade 2%) com epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada, o diltiazem foi substitu&#237;do por verapamil 240 mg/dia em setembro de 2011. Novo Holter de 24 h evidenciou redu&#231;&#227;o importante da densidade das arritmias (&lt; 1%), aumento do intervalo de acoplamento m&#237;nimo das extrass&#237;stoles para 370 ms e aus&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica n&#227;o sustentada, sempre com intervalo QT dentro da normalidade. A paciente evoluiu assintom&#225;tica, sem novos epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope ou terapias do CDI, em seguimento de nove meses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Descrita por Dessertenne<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> em 1966, a TDP apresenta padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico t&#237;pico, com mudan&#231;as progressivas na morfologia, amplitude e polaridade dos complexos QRS, cujos picos cruzam a linha de base antes de terminar espontaneamente. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; precedido por ciclo longo-curto que deflagra a taquicardia, em geral, ap&#243;s um intervalo de acoplamento longo (600 a 800 ms). O cen&#225;rio desta arritmia inclui a s&#237;ndrome do QT longo em suas formas cong&#234;nita e adquirida, al&#233;m de fatores precipitantes, como dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s, em 1994, Leenhardt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>publicaram uma s&#233;rie de 14 pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural e hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncopes, cuja monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica revelava taquicardias ventriculares polim&#243;rficas tipo TDP, com intervalos QT normais, e iniciadas por EV com intervalo de acoplamento curto (200-300 ms). Um ter&#231;o destes pacientes tinha hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e aproximadamente 70% deles tiveram TDP degenerando para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, em seguimento m&#233;dio de sete anos. A morfologia das EV isoladas e daquelas que iniciavam a TDP era semelhante em nove pacientes com a maioria das EV deflagradoras apresentando morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e eixo desviado para esquerda. Em geral, o EEF n&#227;o reproduzia a arritmia cl&#237;nica. A &#250;nica droga que suprimiu parcialmente a arritmia foi o verapamil, aumentando o intervalo de acoplamento das EV e reduzindo sua densidade. No entanto, n&#227;o foi capaz de prevenir a morte s&#250;bita, motivo pelo qual o CDI &#233; indicado para todos os pacientes com essa patologia.</p>
        <p>No ano seguinte, foi publicada uma s&#233;rie de 15 pacientes com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas (aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural, intervalo QT normal), que apresentavam epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica, tipo TDP, iniciados por EV com acoplamento curto. Foi demonstrado que, quanto menor o intervalo de acoplamento dessas extrass&#237;stoles, maior o risco de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica espont&#226;nea e, consequentemente, de morte s&#250;bita por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o foi capaz de evitar esse desfecho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nas duas maiores s&#233;ries de casos publicadas, &#224; semelhan&#231;a das nossas tr&#234;s pacientes, observamos que a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial foi s&#237;ncope, precedida ou n&#227;o por palpita&#231;&#227;o, e a ocorr&#234;ncia era predominantemente no g&#234;nero feminino. A idade do in&#237;cio dos sintomas variou da segunda a quinta d&#233;cada de vida e duas de nossas pacientes passavam por problemas psicol&#243;gicos importantes; o que &#233; descrito como potencial gatilho para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O intervalo m&#233;dio de acoplamento medido do in&#237;cio do QRS que precede a extrass&#237;stole, ao in&#237;cio da mesma, foi de +/- 280 ms. O verapamil foi prescrito para todas as pacientes, embora a literatura relate frequente ocorr&#234;ncia de terapia apropriada do CDI e de morte s&#250;bita nas quais o desfibrilador n&#227;o havia sido implantado, apesar do uso da medica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, foi publicado um caso de tempestade el&#233;trica e paradas card&#237;acas recuperadas desencadeadas por EV com acoplamento ultracurto em uma paciente de 50 anos. Semelhante &#224; nossa paciente do caso n&#250;mero 2, ocorreram v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica tipo TDP espont&#226;neos, alguns deles evoluindo para fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com necessidade de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica. Foram tentadas v&#225;rias medica&#231;&#245;es endovenosas, incluindo lidoca&#237;na, amiodarona e magn&#233;sio, sem controle da arritmia. A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular com eletrodo de marca-passo provis&#243;rio resultou em exacerba&#231;&#227;o da arritmia. Entretanto, ao contr&#225;rio de nossa paciente, a infus&#227;o de isoproterenol at&#233; atingir frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 bpm foi uma medida terap&#234;utica capaz de suprimir as arritmias ventriculares. O implante de eletrodo no &#225;trio direito, e sua estimula&#231;&#227;o em uma frequ&#234;ncia de 85 bpm, foi eficaz na remiss&#227;o da arritmia. Ap&#243;s implante de CDI com estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial de 85 bpm, a paciente evoluiu sem sintomas e sem evid&#234;ncia de arritmias num seguimento de tr&#234;s meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura sobre qual seria o valor normal do acoplamento de uma EV. Na paciente do caso n&#250;mero 4, o acoplamento mais curto registrado foi de 360 ms, sendo que v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de TVNS ocorreram com EV de at&#233; 370 ms com caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas semelhantes &#224;s dos outros tr&#234;s casos. Uma hip&#243;tese cl&#237;nica &#233; que se trate da mesma muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica em diferentes graus de penetr&#226;ncia g&#234;nica e, consequentemente, diferentes express&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Desta maneira, indiv&#237;duos com a forma mais grave da doen&#231;a poderiam desencadear arritmias potencialmente malignas sem ter necessariamente um acoplamento menor que 300 ms.</p>
        <p>Em 2002, Haissaguerre e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> descreveram as EV com intervalo de acoplamento curto originadas das fibras de Purkinje distais como as principais deflagradoras da FV idiop&#225;tica. Estas extrass&#237;stoles tinham morfologias variadas e foram mapeadas em v&#225;rias localiza&#231;&#245;es do sistema de Purkinje, incluindo a regi&#227;o anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito e em &#225;reas extensas da metade inferior do septo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os autores eliminaram tais deflagradores por meio de abla&#231;&#227;o focal por cateter em 27 pacientes. Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 24 meses, 89% dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Estes achados demonstram que uma possibilidade terap&#234;utica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes seria o tratamento por meio da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, por&#233;m deve ser salientado que todos os pacientes estavam sob a prote&#231;&#227;o de um CDI. Em nossa s&#233;rie, duas pacientes foram submetidas &#224; tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o das EV, por&#233;m a n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de EV durante o procedimento impossibilitou seu mapeamento preciso, o que justificaria o momento da tormenta el&#233;trica como o cen&#225;rio ideal para a tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o. Outra indica&#231;&#227;o para a terap&#234;utica ablativa seria os casos de terapias apropriadas pelo CDI, refrat&#225;rias ao uso de bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>No que se refere &#224; triagem familiar, n&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica na literatura sobre a melhor conduta e a decis&#227;o m&#233;dica nos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos ainda &#233; controversa. Em todos os quatro pacientes de nossa s&#233;rie, foi feito o rastreamento familiar e, na filha da paciente do caso 2, foram encontradas extrass&#237;stoles com intervalo de acoplamento curto. Devido &#224; escassez de dados na literatura em assintom&#225;ticos, em conjunto com a fam&#237;lia, optamos por seguimento cl&#237;nico e prescri&#231;&#227;o "profil&#225;tica" e emp&#237;rica de verapamil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Pacientes com EV com acoplamento curto podem ser portadores de uma s&#237;ndrome rara de etiologia provavelmente gen&#233;tica e que pode resultar em TDP. O verapamil &#233; aparentemente a droga mais eficaz para atenuar a ocorr&#234;ncia dessas arritmias, no entanto, n&#227;o &#233; efetivo o suficiente para eliminar a necessidade de implante de CDI. A abla&#231;&#227;o das EV poderia reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de TDP, por&#233;m, ainda existem limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas para sua aplica&#231;&#227;o efetiva. Um novo olhar sobre essa doen&#231;a e para o conhecimento desse raro dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco se faz necess&#225;rio pela comunidade de cardiologistas que devem estar aptos a reconhecer este detalhe eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e, assim, identificar indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis em risco de morte s&#250;bita geneticamente determinada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chokr MO, Britto AVO, Scanavacca MI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chokr MO, Darrieux FCC, Hardy CA, Hachul DT, Britto AVO, Melo SL, Pisani C, Sosa EA, Martinelli Filho M, Scanavacca MI; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chokr MO, Scanavacca MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chokr MO, Sosa EA, Scanavacca MI; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chokr MO, Britto AVO, Scanavacca MI; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chokr MO, Darrieux FCC, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
