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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">93PkjsRKVPQ3F7BBpWHBt8x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140068</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of mortality in chagasic cardiomyopathy - systematic review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Clodoval de Barros</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laboratory of Echocardiography</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laboratory of Echocardiography and Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic of Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Brivaldo Markman Filho.</bold> Avenida Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902, Boa Viagem. Postal Code: 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>brimark@cardiol.br</email>,<email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>602</fpage>
      <lpage>610</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of death risk in Chagas cardiomyopathy still constitute a challenge due to the diversity of manifestations, which determine the importance of using echocardiography, tissue Doppler and biomarkers. To evaluate, within a systematic review, clinical and echocardiographic profiles of patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, which may be related to worse prognosis and major mortality risk. To perform the systematic review, we used Medline (via PubMed), LILACS and SciELO databases to identify 82 articles published from 1991 to 2012, with the following descriptors: echocardiography, mortality and Chagas disease. We selected 31 original articles, involving diagnostic and prognostic methods. The importance of Chagas disease has increased due to its emergence in Europe and United States, but most evidence came from Brazil. Among the predictors of worse prognosis and higher mortality risk are morphological and functional alterations in the left and right ventricles, evaluated by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler, as well as the increase in brain natriuretic peptide and troponin I concentrations. Recently, the evaluations of dyssynchrony, dysautonomia, as well as strain, strain rate and myocardial twisting were added to the diagnostic arsenal for the early differentiation of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Developments in imaging and biochemical diagnostic procedures have enabled more detailed cardiac evaluations, which demonstrate the early involvement of both ventricles, allowing a more accurate assessment of the mortality risk in Chagas disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis; Chagas' Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="43"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease remains a serious worldwide, economic and public health problem, endemic in South America and emergent in Europe and the United States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The World Health Organization (WHO), in 2013, estimated between 7 and 8 million people chronically infected with<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> in the world, most of them in 21 Latin American countries, among which more than 30% develop cardiac abnormalities and more than 10% digestive and neurological problems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Additionally, the WHO estimated there are 25 million people at risk of contracting the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, it is estimated that there are somewhere between 2 to 3 million infected individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, which makes it the third main cause of parasitic diseases after malaria and schistosomiasis, and the fourth cause of great damage among communicable diseases in America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the acute phase of Chagas disease, cardiac involvement can occur in up to 90% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. After six to eight weeks, most patients show recovery of the clinical picture<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the indeterminate phase, the infestation is only diagnosed by serological or parasitological tests, as there is no evidence of organ damage. Subclinical cardiac involvement may be demonstrated by imaging studies in some patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Symptoms will develop in the chronic phase, a long time after the first infestation, with cardiac involvement being mainly responsible for the reduction in life expectancy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several physiopathological hypotheses have been implicated in myocardial damage, ranging from direct aggression by the parasite<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, sympathetic and parasympathetic dysautonomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> and coronary microvascular abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> to autoimmune processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The lack of definition of the physiopathology complicates the diagnosis and hence, the early implementation of treatment in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. For these reasons, and because the mortality from Chagas cardiomyopathy is closely related to significant organ involvement, it becomes important to identify prognostic markers related to worse outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>This article aims to systematically review the clinical and echocardiographic profiles of patients with chronic Chagas' disease, which may be related to worse prognosis and mortality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>A systematic literature review was performed in the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Using the descriptors: echocardiography, Chagas disease and mortality, the following were employed as inclusion criteria for the studies: being original; having as research subjects individuals diagnosed with Chagas disease; addressing diagnostic or prognostic methods of Chagas cardiomyopathy: detailing clear inclusion, exclusion and discontinuation (when relevant) criteria, and objectives for the research subjects, regardless of gender.</p>
      <p>The search was not limited by period of time and language. Duplicate articles, those assessing interventions, those performed in patients aged zero to 10 years and in animals, <italic>in vitro</italic> experiments, case reports and editorials were excluded.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Data Analysis</title>
      <p>Article selection was performed in three steps. Firstly, the titles were read and the ones that did not fit any of the study inclusion criteria were excluded. Secondly, summaries of the selected studies in the first step were read and, likewise, the ones that did not fit at least one of the inclusion criteria were excluded. In the third step, all studies that were not excluded in previous studies were read in full to select the ones that would be included in this review.</p>
      <p>A total of 52 articles were found in the MedLine database via PubMed using the descriptors, of which 13 were excluded after reading the title and eight after reading the abstracts. The remaining 31 articles were read in full and 12 were excluded and 19 included in the review. A total of 30 articles were located in the SciELO and LILACS databases, six of which were excluded after reading the abstracts and 11, after reading the full article; one of these was a duplicate, resulting in the selection of 12 articles. Thus, 31 articles were included in this review, published between 1991 and 2012 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flow chart of the number of articles found and selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0602-40068-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For a better presentation of the results, we chose to classify methodologically articles selected by the variables: author, year, country, sample size, mean age of the subjects, presence of criteria for subject selection (inclusion and exclusion), of comparison group and results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Methodological classification of selected articles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Author</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Country</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Type of study</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N. of patients</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mean age (years) (range)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Selection criteria</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Group of comparison</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Results</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Guerrero et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td>1991</td>
              <td>Venezuela</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>269</td>
              <td>&gt; 18</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>The higher prevalence of complex ventricular arrhythmias in chronic Chagasic patients, compared to those with primary dilated cardiomyopathy, exposes Chagasic patients to a worse prognosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Marin-Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="2">1998</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Brazil</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Prospective</td>
              <td rowspan="2">45</td>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden">With digestive tract abnormalities = 39.4 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Dysautonomia is evident in chagasic patients with the digestive form, but not with the indeterminate form. There is no causal association with early myocardial damage, apparent only in patients with impaired right ventricular function, which appears to be the mechanism for the predominance of systemic over pulmonary congestion when heart failure occurs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Without abnormalities = 42.4 &#177; 11.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Barros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2001</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective</td>
              <td>40</td>
              <td>Not informed</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>TDI allowed the identification of higher isovolumic contraction of the septal wall in chagasic patients with the indeterminate form.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Barros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2002</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective</td>
              <td>30</td>
              <td>39.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>TDI allows early identification of the RV dysfunction (increased isovolumic contraction of the septal and lateral walls).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="3" align="left">Barros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="3">2003</td>
              <td rowspan="3">Brazil</td>
              <td rowspan="3">Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td rowspan="3">77</td>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Control: 35.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td rowspan="3">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="3">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="3">Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) identifies early contractility abnormalities.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Chagasic com normal ECG: 40.7 &#177; 8.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Chagasic with abnormal ECG: 43.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Arias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2003</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>60</td>
              <td>&gt; 18</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Troponin levels are elevated in different clinical presentations of Chagas' disease and detect early inflammation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2004</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>74</td>
              <td>47.5 &#177; 12.9 (22-73)</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>RV dysfunction was significantly associated with LV involvement and pulmonary hypertension, which was more correlated with RV overload than to contractility.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Viotti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2004</td>
              <td>Argentina</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>849</td>
              <td>&gt; 18</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Echocardiography determines the prognosis of chronic Chagasic patients without congestive heart failure (CHF).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Talvani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2004</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>81</td>
              <td>43.5 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>High levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in Chagasic patients detect heart failure (HF) or severe HF manifestations, generating arrhythmias.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Rocha et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2004</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>60</td>
              <td>47 &#177; 13</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Left atrial volume (LAV) was an important predictor of death in Chagas disease.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Freitas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2005</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>1220</td>
              <td>13 &#177; 72 (45)</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Chagasic etiology in HF patients was the main prognostic factor for mortality.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Melo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2005</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Transversal</td>
              <td>25</td>
              <td>62.7 &#177; 7.7 chronic 42.2 &#177; 11.7 asymptomatic</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes (Chagas asymptomatic x symptomatic)</td>
              <td>BNP increases with worsening functional class and cardiac area.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pazin-Filho et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2006</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>59</td>
              <td>37-76 &gt; 55</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>In time, slight alterations in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lead to the worsening of global LV systolic function.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Rassi Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2006</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>424</td>
              <td>47 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Development of death risk assessment in chagasic cardiomyopathy based on six factors</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Chaves et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2006</td>
              <td>Colombia</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>430</td>
              <td>Md = 40.5 (IQR = 36-45)</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Comparing controls, stage I and stage II using tissue Doppler, it is possible to identify, in stage II, the greater relaxation time, lower velocity of A wave, higher E/A ratio, lower pulmonary A velocity, greater pulmonary/mitral A velocity ratio, greater annulus A wave velocity, and the RV shows increased tricuspid A wave velocity and isovolumic contraction time.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Benchimol Barbosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2007</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>50</td>
              <td>34-74</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>In the male gender, pathological Q wave, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia and abnormal echocardiogram (diastolic and systolic dysfunction and apical aneurysm) are markers of poorer prognosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Barbosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2007</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>59</td>
              <td>48 &#177; 11</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>The pro-BNP levels remained a strong correlation with LVEF and duration indices of diastolic dysfunction of left atrial volume, as well as with the more severe forms of the disease, allowing their differentiation from the moderate forms.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2008</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>158</td>
              <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Evaluation of systolic and diastolic function using the Tei index (myocardial performance index) and CF showed to be useful prognostic tool in Chagasic cardiomyopathy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Villas-Boas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2008</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>38</td>
              <td>51.3 &#177; 1.6 for chagasic and 53.3 &#177; 2.3 for control patients</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>The concentration of BNP is increased and correlates with heart failure (direct), functional class (direct) natremia (reverse), blood pressure (reverse), right atrial pressure, R/L ventricular dysfunction, TNF-alpha (demonstrating inflammatory characteristic of the disease).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2009</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>192</td>
              <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>LAV provides powerful information to predict mortality regardless of clinical and echocardiographic data.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Del Castillo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2009</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>40</td>
              <td>55 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Based on the principle of speckle tracking and employing the assessment of intramyocardial velocity gradients, they identified the reduction in the percentage of deformation (X-strain) and the rate of deformation (strain rate) of the infero-lateral left ventricular wall in Chagas patients unidentifiable by clinical data or conventional echocardiography.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Terzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2010</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>62</td>
              <td>58</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Chagasic patients with normal LVEF and normal electrocardiogram had a significant frequency of contractile alterations related with arrhythmias and reduced LVEF.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Pereira Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="2">2010</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Brazil</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Cohort</td>
              <td rowspan="2">287</td>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Chagasic: 48.3 &#177; 12</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Identification of Chagasic etiology resulted in poor prognosis in patients with HF, regardless of clinical and echocardiography data.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Idiopathic: 49.6 &#177; 15.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2010</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>65</td>
              <td>48.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>RV dysfunction is an important determinant, regardless of exercise capacity, and the systolic valvular velocity of this ventricle was associated with the peak volume of O2 consumed, regardless of age, gender and echocardiographic parameters.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Garcia-Alvarez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2010</td>
              <td>Spain</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>54</td>
              <td>20-58 (mean 37)</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes (4 groups)</td>
              <td>The identification of diastolic dysfunction can be achieved by increasing BNP, which correlates with functional class (NYHA), TNF-alpha, PS, endothelin, ANP and reduction in the percentage of longitudinal and radial deformation to assess contractility.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Duarte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2011</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Cohort</td>
              <td>56</td>
              <td>56 &#177; 10</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>Although high prevalence of intraventricular dyssynchrony and moderate interventricular dyssynchrony was demonstrated among Chagasic patients, especially in patients without a pacemaker, dyssynchrony did not show to be a risk factor for poor prognosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Valerio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2011</td>
              <td>Spain</td>
              <td>Descriptive</td>
              <td>100</td>
              <td>38.2 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td>The fact that Spain has become a center of migration of Latin Americans in Europe has aroused the concern of Chagas disease becoming an important cause of cardiomyopathy in health services.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Nunes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2012</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective endpoint</td>
              <td>232</td>
              <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes (survivors and deaths)</td>
              <td>Using tissue Doppler imaging, they identified risk factors for death: functional class III and IV increased RV Tei, increased left atrial volume index and interaction of LV ejection fraction and E / E' index and protectors: E / E ' ratio and reduction in LV ejection fraction.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Vasconcelos and Junqueira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="2">2012</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Brazil</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td rowspan="2">15 controls and 13 chagasic</td>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden">controls = 40-46</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">The sympathetic and parasympathetic depressions with preserved balance were associated with heart rate variability and increased left ventricular systolic diameter in Chagasic patients with cardiomyopathy, indicating that these depressions may precede and be independently more severe than ventricular dysfunction, with no causal association between this depression and dysfunction.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">chagasic = 35-49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Del Castillo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
							</td>
              <td>2012</td>
              <td>Brazil</td>
              <td>Prospective cross-sectional</td>
              <td>20</td>
              <td>54.8 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td>Employing the speckle tracking technique, it was possible to prove reduction of twisting and torsional deformation of myocardial fibers in Chagas cardiomyopathy, thus differentiating it from ventricular hypertrophy</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td rowspan="2" align="left">Melo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="2">2010</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Brazil</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Cross-sectional</td>
              <td rowspan="2">150</td>
              <td style="border-bottom:hidden">G1:51.02 &#177; 1.256</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
              <td rowspan="2">It was demonstrated that both groups had increased inflammatory activity, but there were no indications of greater prothrombotic status among chagasic patients.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">G2: 54.88 &#177; 0.8787</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Legend: ANP: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; DTI: Doppler tissue imaging (Image by tissue Doppler), CF: cardiac function, LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction, HF: Heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; O2: oxygen; Tei: myocardial performance index, TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; LAV: left atrial volume, RV: right ventricle, LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Regarding temporal distribution, there was a marked prevalence of publications in the past decade, with only two publications having been published in the penultimate decade (1990-1999) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Another important point to be considered is the absolute hegemony of studies carried out in Brazil (77% of those included in this review)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. Among the five studies performed in other countries, three were carried out in Latin America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and two in Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the use of comparison groups, it was observed that in 18 articles (58%) the authors used the design of comparisons between groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37  </xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"> 43</xref>. It is also interesting to note the predominance of adult patients in the selected studies, with only one study including adolescent chagasic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the addressed topics, 10 articles considered prognostic factors of mortality and risk of disease progression using echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, five studies assessed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, alone or together with prognostic factors, seven articles assessed systolic and diastolic ventricular function with tissue Doppler<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, five assessed concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, one study assessed the prognostic value of troponin concentrations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, one study evaluated ventricular dyssynchrony<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, two studies assessed cardiac dysautonomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, two studies used two-dimensional echocardiography to assess ventricular deformation (strain, strain rate and twisting)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> and one study addressed the proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors in Chagas disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The predominance of publications over the last ten years may be related to the fact that in past decades, the prognosis for Chagas disease relied almost exclusively on clinical predictors of mortality, which could be evaluated solely during patient follow-up. This means that the preventive process was restricted to the tertiary level, when treatment aimed only to improve quality of life, as the entire spectrum of cardiomyopathy was already established <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. With the technological development of ultrasound devices, which allow performing more detailed tests capable of providing valuable information on the physiopathology and prognosis of Chagas cardiomyopathy and establish hemodynamic correlation, studies have become more comprehensive.</p>
      <p>As for the near hegemony of studies performed in South America, particularly in Brazil, one possible explanation is that our country constitutes a true source of specialized centers and researchers who, for decades, have been devoted to research on Chagas disease, mainly concerning the factors that alone or combined, may be involved with worse prognosis and increased mortality. Among these are Rassi Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, Nunes et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, Marin-Neto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Barbosa <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Barbosa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another possible explanation for the increase in publications in the last decade was the dissemination of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> beyond the limits of Central and South America. The immigration of Latin Americans resulted in the diagnosis of patients with the indeterminate form, who were blood donors, especially in Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, arousing concerns given the frequency at which Chagas cardiomyopathy became an important diagnostic issue in health services, which were not used to managing these patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>This concern is also found in other countries, especially with the objective of providing primary and secondary disease prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies with group comparison<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> aimed to evaluate the clinical, hemodynamic and evolution aspects of Chagas cardiomyopathy, while those aimed to identifying morphological and functional characteristics related to prognosis and mortality did not employ this methodology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. The identification of the predominance of publications aimed to investigate adult patients (between the third and fourth decades of life), when compared to those involving adolescents, seems justified by the physiopathology of the disease. In the chronic phase, symptoms of organ involvement most often manifests after 10 to 30 years since the first infestation. That is why Chagas cardiomyopathy in adolescents is a rarer event, for which the acute phase is the most frequent in epidemiological studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. It is appropriate to stress that, in cases of vertical transmission of the disease, children and adolescents may exhibit signs of early cardiac impairment, but these cases have been the subject of underreporting, reinforcing the scarcity of cases also in adolescence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> .</p>
      <p>In addition to the involvement of young adults, chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy constitutes a serious public health problem, as it is a major cause of heart failure with a high mortality rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This fact, which persists a century after the first description of the disease, has motivated many studies on prognostic factors of mortality and risk of disease progression, among which 10 were included in this review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. All these studies recognize the importance of identifying the chagasic etiology of heart failure, given its destructive and overwhelming role due to incessant myocarditis, caused by extensive myocardial fibrosis, as well as being responsible for complex ventricular arrhythmias, which may explain poorer prognosis of chagasic patients when compared to patients with primary dilated cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Emphasizing the importance of the etiological diagnosis of heart failure in the context of Chagas disease, another study, which compared 224 patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy and 63 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, showed that only the identification of Chagas disease conferred poor prognosis for patients with heart failure, regardless of clinical and echocardiographic data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>In addition to heart failure, other studies have shown that right ventricular involvement may be useful for risk stratification of Chagas cardiomyopathy. The myocardial performance index (Tei index), assessed by echocardiography, adds significant prognostic information and allows analysis of systolic and diastolic function of the right ventricle (RV), very useful and effective in patients with Chagas heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Another index used to evaluate RV systolic function is the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), capable of providing more reliable information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the RV morphological and functional characteristics were also the subject of a study including 74 patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, demonstrating that such changes are associated with significant left ventricular involvement and pulmonary hypertension, contributing to poor prognosis of Chagas disease and also acting as an independent determinant of reduced exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Among the left ventricular alterations, the presence of apical aneurysm, impaired left ventricular function and ventricular extrasystoles also acted as predictors of poor prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, associated with increased left atrial volume, regardless of the clinical data and conventional echocardiographic parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with normal systolic function were shown to be a predictor of ventricular function deterioration in chagasic patients with normal ECG and no symptoms or physical signs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> .</p>
      <p>The evaluation of several mutually related indices demonstrates their potential in determining prognostic factors of mortality and risk of disease progression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, as emphasized in the paper of Rassi Jr. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, wich described six risk factors and attributed a score to constitute a simple and validated score. It should be noted that this score was gradually increased by the adding of other factors identified by echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging.</p>
      <p>Mitral annular tissue Doppler, an established modality of echocardiographic assessment of ventricular diastolic and systolic function, disclosed early abnormalities of myocardial contractility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, thus enabling a previous cardiac planning, regarding the institution of early measures to preserve left ventricular function. It also showed to be effective in predicting RV systolic function, correlated with peak oxygen uptake, regardless of the influence of gender and age or other echocardiographic parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Additionally, the E / E' ratio showed high prognostic value for mortality in patients with mild or moderate left ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Tissue Doppler imaging constitutes an easy and reproducible way of systolic and diastolic assessment that must be increasingly used, as it is superior to conventional echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, identifying overall contractile abnormalities, especially in patients at the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease and with normal ECG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other studies have sought to determine the prognostic markers of cardiac function in Chagas disease. Among them, BNP, a neurohormone of specific cardiac origin, has been the subject of five studies, with the aim of associating its concentration to cardiac dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, with discordant results.</p>
      <p>Talvani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, by correlating BNP levels to ventricular function indices in chagasic patients, showed that because it was a simple, fast, relatively inexpensive method, it should be used for diagnosis of heart failure in these patients, to identify the increased risk of severe arrhythmias, sudden death and reduced survival.</p>
      <p>Additionally, they recommended the use of a cutoff lower than 60 pg/mL to characterize patients with low risk of severe chagasic cardiomyopathy, for which echocardiography was not necessary. A study carried out in 2005, however, despite confirming the correlation between high concentrations of BNP and cardiac involvement in Chagas disease, did not confirm it when considered ejection fraction. This study showed that individuals with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease had serum BNP levels similar to those found in the general population, i.e., it did not contribute to the diagnosis of this clinical form<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Subsequent studies, however, have supplemented the significance of BNP measurement in patients with Chagas disease and were also compared to those results. They demonstrated that the assessment of systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle and right atrial pressure, together with serum BNP levels, helps to stratify the risk of cardiovascular event development, facilitating the diagnosis of Chagas cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Some studies contrasted to the findings of Melo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, by identifying a strong correlation between BNP levels and ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, as well as the validity of BNP to identify patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. The differences between the findings can be attributed to increased sensitivity and specificity of the test used for BNP measurement, verified since 2006, in response to its large-scale use in many countries.</p>
      <p>Considering Chagas disease in the context of inflammatory diseases, another biomarker of heart muscle injury has been evaluated in chagasic patients - troponin I. In chagasic individuals, the concentration of troponin I has been identified in the chronic and indeterminate forms, allowing early detection of myocardial inflammation and consequently, secondary prevention of this injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. More recent studies have sought prognostic markers of myocardial damage degree and, consequently, risk of death, based on physiological processes. In this context, a study has addressed ventricular dyssynchrony<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, while another<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>sought to update cardiac dysautonomia, of which importance in Chagas disease had already been highlighted in 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the dyssynchrony in chagasic cardiomyopathy, a cohort assessed by echocardiography showed high intraventricular and moderate interventricular prevalence and found that, despite the high prevalence, this phenomenon may not affect prognosis as it is independent from the changes in QRS. The importance of this finding is that dyssynchrony, being a segmental alteration secondary to the presence of areas of fibrosis associated with chronic diffuse inflammatory process, does not behave as a risk factor. However, the authors left the significance of dyssynchrony open to discussion and suggested studies with larger samples so that the evaluation of poor prognosis can be supplemented by other factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 1998, Marin-Neto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, based on the premise that the digestive form of Chagas disease is characterized by autonomic dysfunction, essential for the development of megaesophagus and megacolon, admitted that this dysfunction could be involved in ventricular alterations of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Cardiac autonomic function was evaluated using angiography with Tc-99m labeled RBCs, demonstrating that patients with the digestive form had pronounced parasympathetic cardiac injury and right ventricular dysfunction in the absence of diagnosed left ventricular dysfunction. However, cardiac autonomic dysfunction was absent in the indeterminate forms, even in the presence of similar right ventricular involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The importance of this pioneering study was to demonstrate the possibility that the presence of severe right ventricular involvement can constitute the only cardiac dysfunction in asymptomatic chronic chagasic patients with no other clinical signs of cardiac involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Fourteen years later, a period in which echocardiography was improved by the technological development of equipment and programs (software), allowing early evaluation of morphological and functional disorders, cardiac autonomic function in asymptomatic chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy started to be investigated once again in more detail<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac autonomic dysfunction, characterized by marked depression of autonomic modulation of heart rate variability with preserved vagosympathetic balance, was verified regardless of the standing position of the patient. The association of autonomic dysfunction with normality of most ventricular echocardiographic variables suggests that dysautonomia must be a primary phenomenon that may precede ventricular mechanical changes. Thus, its assessment may constitute a precursor of ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recently, new echocardiographic tools have been employed to allow earlier diagnosis of ventricular alterations in chagasic patients, as, although echocardiography is considered adequate for analysis of ventricular contractility and regional myocardial function, it does not allow ventricular deformation assessment. Two-dimensional X-strain echocardiography is an easy-to-apply technique that allows differentiating passive from active deformation of the ventricular cavity walls, through the assessment of tangential and longitudinal deformation. Del Castillo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, using X-strain and strain rate determination, showed the presence of significant reduction in the percentage of deformation and the rate of deformation of the infero-lateral left ventricular wall of patients with Chagas disease, especially in the middle and apical portions, regions that show segmental contractility alterations in the cardiac form of Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>This study was improved<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> with the use of the speckle tracking technique, which allows determination of basal and apical myocardial rotation, as well as the twisting, i.e., the angular difference resulting from the clockwise rotation of the apical region and of the basal in the counterclockwise direction, during ventricular systole. These new echocardiographic parameters were employed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> in the differentiation of chagasic patients and those with left ventricular hypertrophy. By identifying the reduction in global longitudinal strain, radial strain, twisting and myocardial rotation in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy, as well as the increase in these parameters in ventricular hypertrophy, the authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> recommend the use of this modality as a differentiation tool.</p>
      <p>In addition to the search for new methodologies for cardiac function assessment, the association between inflammatory and prothrombotic activity in Chagasic cardiomyopathy has been investigated in an attempt to better characterize the disease, as to attain better care of these patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. Such studies are relevant to the elucidation of the damage of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, so that it will no longer be included in the group of neglected diseases, considering that after 100 years of its discovery, it is still a serious public health problem. Chronic Chagas disease still leads individuals to heart failure as result of the disease, incapacitating them for work and for life, increasing public expenses, notably with incapacity to lead a productive life, cardio-stimulation (pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronizers), drug therapy and heart transplantation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The evidence shown in this review allows us to state that the possibility of early etiological diagnosis of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy has increased over time, enabling us to predict the reduction of mortality in these patients. By demonstrating that ventricular impairment, not only left as it has been emphasized, but also right, occurs since the indeterminate phase of the disease, when symptoms are mild and do not prevent patients from performing activities of daily living, opens up new possibilities that can translate in prolonged life with quality.</p>
      <p>New methods of cardiac assessment for the detailing of ventricular impairment, associated with the use of prognostic scores for risk of death in the future tend to be incorporated into cardiologic routine, facilitating the differential diagnosis of Chagas cardiomyopathy while still in its early phase.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira J&#250;nior CB, Markman Filho B; Obtaining financing: Markman Filho B.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Clodoval de Barros Pereira Jr from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Preditores cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de mortalidade na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica - revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Clodoval de Barros</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia e Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas do Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil  </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Brivaldo Markman Filho.</bold> Avenida Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902, Boa Viagem. CEP 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>brimark@cardiol.br</email>,<email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico, o progn&#243;stico e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte por miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica ainda s&#227;o desafiadores pela diversidade de manifesta&#231;&#245;es, do que deriva a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia, do Doppler tissular e dos biomarcadores. Avaliar de forma sistem&#225;tica os perfis cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, que possam estar relacionados com pior progn&#243;stico e mortalidade. Para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, empregaram-se as bases de dados MedLine (via PubMed), LILACS e SciELO, e localizaram-se 82 artigos publicados entre 1991 e 2012, empregando os descritores<italic>echocardiography, mortality</italic> e Chagas<italic>disease</italic>. Foram selecionados 31 artigos originais, envolvendo m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos ou progn&#243;sticos de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Constatou-se que a import&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas tem aumentado devido a seu aparecimento na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, entretanto a maior parte das evid&#234;ncias originou-se do Brasil. Dentre os preditores de pior progn&#243;stico e maior mortalidade, estiveram altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, avaliadas por ecocardiografia convencional e Doppler tissular, bem como o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral e da troponina I. Recentemente, integraram o arsenal diagn&#243;stico as avalia&#231;&#245;es de dissincronia, disautonomia, al&#233;m de <italic>strain, strain rate</italic> e<italic>twisting</italic> mioc&#225;rdico para diferencia&#231;&#227;o precoce da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos meios diagn&#243;sticos de imagem e bioqu&#237;micos possibilitou avalia&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais minuciosas, que d&#227;o conta do comprometimento precoce de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, permitindo determinar com maior precis&#227;o o risco de mortalidade na doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas mant&#233;m-se como s&#233;rio problema mundial, econ&#244;mico e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, end&#234;mico na Am&#233;rica do Sul e emergente na Europa e nos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), para 2013, estimou entre 7 a 8 milh&#245;es de pessoas cronicamente infectadas pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> no mundo, a maioria em 21 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, dentre os quais, mais de 30% desenvolvem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, mais de 10% consequ&#234;ncias digestivas e neurol&#243;gicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Adicionalmente, a OMS estimava 25 milh&#245;es de pessoas em risco de contrair a doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, as estimativas d&#227;o conta de algo entre 2 a 3 milh&#245;es de infectados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, o que a coloca como terceira causa de doen&#231;as parasit&#225;rias ap&#243;s a esquistossomose e a mal&#225;ria, e quarta causa de maior dano dentre as doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis na Am&#233;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na fase aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas, acometimento card&#237;aco pode ocorrer em at&#233; 90% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Decorridas seis a oito semanas, h&#225; recupera&#231;&#227;o do quadro na grande maioria dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na fase indeterminada, a infesta&#231;&#227;o s&#243; &#233; diagnosticada por testes sorol&#243;gicos ou parasitol&#243;gicos, j&#225; que n&#227;o existe evid&#234;ncia de dano org&#226;nico. Envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico pode ser evidenciado por exames complementares em alguns pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Sintomas se desenvolver&#227;o na fase cr&#244;nica, longo tempo ap&#243;s a primeira infesta&#231;&#227;o, sendo o envolvimento card&#237;aco respons&#225;vel em grande parte pela redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Diversas hip&#243;teses fisiopatol&#243;gicas t&#234;m sido implicadas no dano mioc&#225;rdico, variando desde a agress&#227;o direta pelo parasita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, disautonomia simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, altera&#231;&#245;es microvasculares coronarianas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e at&#233; processos autoimunes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A indefini&#231;&#227;o da fisiopatologia dificulta o diagn&#243;stico e, consequentemente, a institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento precoce aos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Por esses motivos, e porque a mortalidade por miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao grande envolvimento do &#243;rg&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, torna-se importante identificar marcadores progn&#243;sticos relacionados &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar, de forma sistem&#225;tica, os perfis cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, que possam estar relacionados com pior progn&#243;stico e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura foi realizada a partir das bases de dados<italic>Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online</italic>(MedLine) via PubMed, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LiLacs) e <italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic> (SciELO). Empregando os descritores: <italic>echocardiography, mortality</italic> e Chagas<italic>disease</italic>, adotaram-se como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos estudos: serem originais; terem como sujeitos de pesquisa indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas; abordarem m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos ou progn&#243;sticos da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica: detalharem crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, exclus&#227;o e descontinua&#231;&#227;o (quando pertinentes) claros; e objetivos para defini&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos da pesquisa, independentemente de sexo. A busca n&#227;o foi limitada por per&#237;odo e por idioma. Foram exclu&#237;dos artigos em duplicidade, os que contemplavam interven&#231;&#245;es, os que foram realizados em pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria de zero a 10 anos e em animais, os experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic>, os relatos de caso e os editoriais.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada respeitando-se tr&#234;s etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada leitura dos t&#237;tulos. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o se enquadravam em qualquer dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a leitura dos resumos dos estudos selecionados na primeira etapa e, da mesma forma, foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o se adequavam pelo menos a um dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Na terceira etapa, todos os estudos n&#227;o exclu&#237;dos nas anteriores foram lidos na &#237;ntegra para sele&#231;&#227;o dos que seriam inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Na base de dados MedLine, via PubMed, cruzando-se os descritores, foram encontrados 52 artigos, dos quais: 13 foram exclu&#237;dos pelo t&#237;tulo e oito na leitura dos resumos. Os 31 artigos restantes foram lidos na &#237;ntegra e 12 foram exclu&#237;dos, sendo 19 inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o. Nas bases de dados SciELO e LILACS, foram localizados 30 artigos, dos quais seis foram exclu&#237;dos na leitura dos resumos e 11, ap&#243;s leitura do artigo, destes um era repetido, do que resultou serem selecionados 12 artigos. Dessa feita, 31 artigos integram esta revis&#227;o, publicados entre 1991 e 2012 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do n&#250;mero de artigos encontrados e selecionados ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0602-40068-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Para melhor apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, optou-se por classificar metodologicamente os artigos selecionados pelas vari&#225;veis: autor, ano, pa&#237;s, tamanho amostral, m&#233;dia de idade dos sujeitos da pesquisa, presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos (inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o) de grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o e resultados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica dos artigos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Autor</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pa&#237;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Tipo de estudo</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#186; de pacientes</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia de idade (anos) (varia&#231;&#227;o)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Resultados</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Guerreiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td>1991</td>
                <td>Venezuela</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>269</td>
                <td>&gt; 18</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>A maior preval&#234;ncia de arritmias complexas ventriculares em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos, comparados aqueles com miocardiopatia dilatada prim&#225;ria, exp&#245;e os chag&#225;sicos a pior progn&#243;stico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Marin-Neto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="2">1998</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Brasil</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Prospectivo</td>
                <td rowspan="2">45</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Com anormalidade de aparelho digestivo = 39,4 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Disautonomia &#233; proeminente em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com a forma digestiva, mas n&#227;o na forma indeterminada. N&#227;o mostra associa&#231;&#227;o causal com dano mioc&#225;rdico inicial, aparente apenas em pacientes com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, a qual parece ser o mecanismo para predom&#237;nio de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica sobre a pulmonar, quando a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobrev&#233;m.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sem anormalidades = 42,4 &#177; 11,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Barros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2001</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo</td>
                <td>40</td>
                <td>N&#227;o informa</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>DTI permitiu identificar maior tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica da parede septal em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com a forma indeterminada.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Barros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2002</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>39,9 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>DTI permite identificar precocemente a disfun&#231;&#227;o em VD (aumento do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica das paredes septal e lateral).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="3" align="left">Barros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="3">2003</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Brasil</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td rowspan="3">77</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Controle: 35,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Doppler tissular (DTI) identifica anormalidades precoces da contratilidade.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">Chag&#225;sico com ECG normal: 40,7 &#177; 8,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Chag&#225;sico com ECG anormal: 43,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Aras e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2003</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>&gt; 18</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#237;veis de troponina est&#227;o elevados em diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a de Chagas e detecta inflama&#231;&#227;o precoce.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2004</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>74</td>
                <td>47,5 &#177; 12,9 (22-73)</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD se associou significantemente com envolvimento do VE e com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, a qual esteve mais relacionada &#224; sobrecarga do VD do que &#224; contratilidade.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Viotti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2004</td>
                <td>Argentina</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>849</td>
                <td>&gt; 18</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Ecocardiografia determina progn&#243;stico de chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Talvani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2004</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>81</td>
                <td>43,5 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) alto em chag&#225;sicos detecta Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ou manifesta&#231;&#245;es de IC severa, geradoras de arritmias.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rocha e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2004</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>47 &#177; 13</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (VAE) mostrou-se importante preditor de morte em chag&#225;sicos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Freitas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2005</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>1220</td>
                <td>13 &#177; 72 (45)</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Portadores de IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica foi o principal fator progn&#243;stico de mortalidade.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Melo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2005</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Transversal</td>
                <td>25</td>
                <td>62,7 &#177; 7,7 cr&#244;nicos 42,2 &#177; 11,7 assintom&#225;ticos</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim (Chagas assintom&#225;tico x sintom&#225;tico)</td>
                <td>BNP aumenta com o agravamento da classe funcional e &#225;rea card&#237;aca.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Pazin-Filho e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2006</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>59.</td>
                <td>37-76 &gt; 55 a</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Com o tempo, altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas leves da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) levam &#224; piora da fun&#231;&#227;o global sist&#243;lica do VE.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rassi Jr e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2006</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>424</td>
                <td>47 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Desenvolvimento da avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte por miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica baseada em seis fatores</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Chaves e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2006</td>
                <td>Col&#244;mbia</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>430</td>
                <td>Md = 40,5 (IIQ = 36-45)</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Comparando controles, estadio I e estadio II com Doppler tissular e identifica-se, no estadio II, maior tempo de relaxamento, menor velocidade da onda A, maior rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, menor velocidade A pulmonar, maior rela&#231;&#227;o Onda A pulmonar/mitral, maior velocidade A no anel mitral, e no VD encontra-se aumento da velocidade de onda A tric&#250;spide e do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Barbosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2007</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>50</td>
                <td>34-74</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Sexo masculino, onda Q patol&#243;gica, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, taquicardia ventricular, altera&#231;&#245;es do ecocardiograma (disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica e aneurisma apical) s&#227;o marcadores de pior progn&#243;stico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Barbosa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2007</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>59</td>
                <td>48 &#177; 11</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de pro-BNP mantiveram correla&#231;&#227;o com forte fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#237;ndices de dura&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de volume atrial esquerdo, bem como com as formas mais graves da doen&#231;a, permitindo diferenci&#225;-las das formas moderadas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2008</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>158</td>
                <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica pelo &#237;ndice de Tei (&#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico) e CF mostrou ser ferramenta progn&#243;stica &#250;til em cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Villas-Boas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2008</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>38</td>
                <td>51,3 &#177; 1,6 chag&#225;sicos e 53,3 &#177; 2,3 controles</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de BNP &#233; maior e se correlaciona com: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (direta), classe funcional (direta) natremia (inversa), press&#227;o arterial (inversa), press&#227;o de &#225;trio D, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ED, TNF alfa (comprovando natureza inflamat&#243;ria da doen&#231;a).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2009</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>192</td>
                <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>VAE fornece informa&#231;&#227;o poderosa em predizer mortalidade, e independente de cl&#237;nica e dados do ecocardiograma,</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Del Castillo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2009</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>40</td>
                <td>55 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Baseado no princ&#237;pio de rastreamento de pontos (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>) e empregando a determina&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes de velocidade intramioc&#225;rdica, foi identificada redu&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de deforma&#231;&#227;o (X<italic>-strain</italic>) e da taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain rate</italic>) da parede &#237;nfero-lateral ventricular esquerda em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o identific&#225;veis pela cl&#237;nica ou por ecocardiografia convencional.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Terzi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2010</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>62</td>
                <td>58</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Chag&#225;sicos com FEVE normal e eletrocardiograma normal tiveram frequ&#234;ncia significativa de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis e relacionadas com arritmias se FEVE reduzida.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="2">2010</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Brasil</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Coorte</td>
                <td rowspan="2">287</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Chag&#225;sicos: 48,3 &#177; 12</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Identifica&#231;&#227;o de etiologia chag&#225;sica conferiu mau progn&#243;stico nos pacientes com IC, independente de cl&#237;nica e ecocardiograma.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Idiop&#225;ticos: 49,6 &#177; 15,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2010</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>48,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>A disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD &#233; um importante determinante, independente da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, e a velocidade valvular sist&#243;lica desse ventr&#237;culo associou-se ao pico do volume de O<sub>2</sub>consumido, independente de idade, sexo e dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Garcia-Alvarez e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2010</td>
                <td>Espanha</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>54</td>
                <td>20-58 (m&#233;dia 37)</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim (4 grupos)</td>
                <td>A identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ser feita por aumento de BNP que se correlaciona com classe funcional (NYHA), de TNF alfa, da PS, da endotelina, do ANP e da redu&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e radial para avalia&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Duarte e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2011</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Coorte</td>
                <td>56</td>
                <td>56 &#177; 10</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>Embora tenha sido evidenciada alta preval&#234;ncia de dissincronia intraventricular e moderada interventricular entre chag&#225;sicos, especialmente em pacientes sem marca-passo, a dissincronia n&#227;o se apresentou como fator de risco para pior progn&#243;stico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Valerio e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2011</td>
                <td>Espanha</td>
                <td>Descritivo</td>
                <td>100</td>
                <td>38,2 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td>O fato de a Espanha ter se tornado centro de migra&#231;&#227;o de latino-americanos na Europa despertou a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de a doen&#231;a de Chagas se tornar uma causa importante de miocardiopatia nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2012</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo de ponto final</td>
                <td>232</td>
                <td>48 &#177; 12</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim (sobreviventes e &#243;bitos)</td>
                <td>Empregando Doppler tissular, foram identificados fatores de risco de &#243;bito, classe funcional III e IV, aumento do Tei de VD, aumento do &#237;ndice de volume atrial E, intera&#231;&#227;o fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE e &#237;ndice E/E' e protetores a raz&#227;o E/E' e a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">Vasconcelos e Junqueira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="2">2012</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Brasil</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td rowspan="2">15 controles e 13 chag&#225;sicos</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">controles = 40-46</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td rowspan="2">As depress&#245;es simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica com balan&#231;o preservado se associaram &#224; variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ao aumento do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos pacientes chag&#225;sicos com miocardiopatia, indicando essas depress&#245;es que podem preceder e serem independentemente mais graves que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre essa depress&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>chag&#225;sicos = 35-49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Del Castillo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2012</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Prospectivo transversal</td>
                <td>20</td>
                <td>54,8 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Empregando a t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking,</italic> foi poss&#237;vel comprovar redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>twisting</italic> e da tor&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, portanto diferenciando-a da hipertrofia ventricular.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Melo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
								</td>
                <td>2010</td>
                <td>Brasil</td>
                <td>Transversal</td>
                <td>150</td>
                <td>G1:51,02 &#177; 1,256 G2: 54,88 &#177; 0,8787</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td>Evidenciou-se que ambos os grupos tinham atividade inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada, por&#233;m n&#227;o existiram ind&#237;cios de maior<italic>status</italic> pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico entre os pacientes chag&#225;sicos</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Legenda: ANP: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DTI: Doppler tissue imaging (imagem por Doppler tecidual); FC: Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; O2: oxig&#234;nio; Tei: &#205;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; VAE: Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: Ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o temporal, houve predomin&#226;ncia marcante das publica&#231;&#245;es nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, sendo localizadas apenas duas publica&#231;&#245;es da pen&#250;ltima d&#233;cada (1990-1999)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Outro ponto relevante a ser considerado &#233; a absoluta hegemonia de trabalhos realizados no Brasil (77% dos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. Dentre os cinco trabalhos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses, tr&#234;s foram realizados na Am&#233;rica Latina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27</xref> e dois na Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito ao emprego de grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que em 18 (58%) artigos os autores assumiram o desenho de compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"> 33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"> 43</xref>. &#201; interessante tamb&#233;m assinalar o predom&#237;nio de pacientes adultos sujeitos dos estudos selecionados, tendo apenas um trabalho inclu&#237;do chag&#225;sicos na adolesc&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Quanto aos temas abordados, 10 artigos contemplaram fatores progn&#243;sticos de mortalidade e de risco de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a empregando ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, cinco estudos analisaram a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"> 29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, isoladamente ou integrando conjuntos de fatores progn&#243;sticos, sete avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica ventricular com Doppler tissular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> 40</xref>, cinco abordaram concentra&#231;&#245;es do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"> 37</xref>, uma pesquisa analisou o valor progn&#243;stico da concentra&#231;&#227;o de troponina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, um trabalho avaliou dissincronia ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, dois estudos abordaram disautonomia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, dois estudos empregaram ecocardiografia bidimensional com avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<italic>strain, strain rate</italic> e <italic>twisting</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> e um estudo concentrou-se nos fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos em chag&#225;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A predomin&#226;ncia de publica&#231;&#245;es nos &#250;ltimos dez anos pode estar relacionada ao fato de, em d&#233;cadas passadas, o progn&#243;stico para doen&#231;a de Chagas depender quase que exclusivamente de preditores cl&#237;nicos de mortalidade, que podiam ser avaliados exclusivamente no seguimento desses pacientes. Significa dizer que o processo preventivo estava restrito ao n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio, quando o tratamento visava apenas &#224; melhoria da qualidade de vida, pois todo o espectro da miocardiopatia estava instalado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Com o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico dos aparelhos de ultrassonografia, que permitem realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames mais detalhados, capazes de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a fisiopatologia e o progn&#243;stico da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica e estabelecer a correla&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, os estudos puderam ser mais abrangentes.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; quase hegemonia de estudos realizados na Am&#233;rica do Sul, notadamente no Brasil, uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; o pa&#237;s se constituir em verdadeiro celeiro de centros especializados e de pesquisadores, que, ao longo de d&#233;cadas, t&#234;m se dedicado &#224; pesquisa sobre doen&#231;a de Chagas, principalmente no concernente aos fatores que, associados ou n&#227;o, podem estar envolvidos com pior progn&#243;stico ou aumento da mortalidade. Dentre estes est&#227;o Rassi Jr e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, Nunes e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"> 30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, Marin-Neto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, Barbosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, Barbosa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o aumento de publica&#231;&#245;es na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada foi a propaga&#231;&#227;o do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> para al&#233;m dos limites das Am&#233;ricas do Sul e Central. A imigra&#231;&#227;o de latino-americanos fez com que fossem diagnosticados pacientes na forma indeterminada, doadores de sangue, especialmente na Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, despertando preocupa&#231;&#227;o dada a frequ&#234;ncia com que a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica passou a se constituir em causa importante de diagn&#243;stico em servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, n&#227;o habituados ao manejo desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Essa preocupa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; verificada em outros pa&#237;ses, especialmente com o objetivo de propiciar preven&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os estudos com compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> 31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"> 35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> tiveram por objetivo avaliar aspectos cl&#237;nicos e hemodin&#226;micos, evolutivos da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, enquanto que aqueles dedicados &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais relacionadas ao progn&#243;stico e &#224; mortalidade n&#227;o empregaram essa metodologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"> 36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o do predom&#237;nio de publica&#231;&#245;es para investiga&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em idade adulta (entre terceira e quarta d&#233;cadas de vida), quando comparadas &#224;quelas envolvendo adolescentes, parece se justificar pela fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a. Na fase cr&#244;nica, a sintomatologia de acometimento de &#243;rg&#227;os mais frequentemente se manifesta decorridos 10 a 30 anos da primeira infesta&#231;&#227;o. Da&#237; decorre ser mais rara a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica em adolescentes, para os quais &#233; a fase aguda a mais frequente nos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. &#201; pertinente ressaltar tamb&#233;m que, nos casos de transmiss&#227;o vertical da doen&#231;a, crian&#231;as e adolescentes podem apresentar sinais de acometimento card&#237;aco precoce, por&#233;m estes casos t&#234;m sido motivo de subnotifica&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando a escassez de casos tamb&#233;m na adolesc&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m do acometimento de adultos jovens, a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica constitui-se um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica por ser uma das principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e apresentar alta taxa de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Esse fato, que persiste um s&#233;culo depois da primeira descri&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, tem motivado diversos estudos sobre fatores progn&#243;sticos de mortalidade e de risco de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, dentre os quais 10 integram essa revis&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> 27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"> 37</xref>. Todos esses estudos reconhecem a import&#226;ncia de identificar a etiologia chag&#225;sica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dado seu papel destruidor e avassalador decorrente da miocardite incessante, acarretada pela fibrose extensa mioc&#225;rdica, bem como respons&#225;vel pelas arritmias ventriculares complexas, que podem explicar pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos quando comparados a doentes com miocardiopatia dilatada prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ratificando a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no contexto da doen&#231;a de Chagas, outro trabalho, comparando 224 pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica a 63 com miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, mostrou que apenas a identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia chag&#225;sica conferiu mau progn&#243;stico aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, independentemente de dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, outros estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o comprometimento ventricular direito pode ser &#250;til para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (&#237;ndice de Tei), avaliado atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma, adiciona informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica significante e permite an&#225;lise das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, &#250;til e eficaz, em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Outro &#237;ndice empregado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), capaz de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mais seguras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Assim, as caracter&#237;sticas morfofuncionais do ventr&#237;culo direito foram tamb&#233;m alvo de estudo, incluindo 74 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, com comprova&#231;&#227;o de que tais altera&#231;&#245;es se associam ao envolvimento significante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, contribuindo para pior progn&#243;stico dos chag&#225;sicos, e tamb&#233;m atuando como determinante independente da redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Dentre as altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas, a presen&#231;a de aneurisma apical, redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares tamb&#233;m atuaram como preditores de mau progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, associado ao aumento do volume atrial esquerdo, independentemente dos dados cl&#237;nicos e dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. As anormalidades de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global normal mostraram-se preditor da deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em chag&#225;sicos com ECG normal e sem sintomas ou sinais f&#237;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de diversos &#237;ndices mutuamente relacionados demonstra seu potencial na determina&#231;&#227;o de fatores progn&#243;sticos de mortalidade e de risco de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, tal como foi enfatizado no trabalho de Rassi Jr e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, no qual foram descritos seis fatores de risco e atribu&#237;da pontua&#231;&#227;o para compor um escore simples e validado. Deve-se ressaltar que tal escore foi gradativamente acrescido por outros fatores identificados por ecocardiografia e por Doppler tissular. O Doppler tissular em anel mitral, modalidade ecocardiogr&#225;fica consagrada de avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica ventricular, evidenciou anormalidades precoces da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, possibilitando, dessa forma, um planejamento cardiol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio, no que concerne &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de medidas precoces de preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Mostrou-se tamb&#233;m eficiente em predizer a capacidade funcional sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito, correlacionada ao pico do volume de oxig&#234;nio, independentemente da influ&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero e idade ou de outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Adicionalmente, a raz&#227;o E/E' apresentou alto valor progn&#243;stico de mortalidade para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda discreta ou moderada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Constitui-se o Doppler tissular em um modo f&#225;cil e reprodut&#237;vel de avalia&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, que deve ser cada vez mais difundido, devido a se mostrar superior &#224; ecocardiografia convencional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de anormalidade contr&#225;til global, especialmente em pacientes na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas e com ECG normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos buscaram a determina&#231;&#227;o de marcadores progn&#243;sticos da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em chag&#225;sicos. Dentre eles, o BNP, neuro-horm&#244;nio de origem espec&#237;fica card&#237;aca, foi tema de cinco estudos, com o objetivo de relacionar sua concentra&#231;&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"> 29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, apresentando resultados discordantes.</p>
        <p>Talvani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, correlacionando a concentra&#231;&#227;o do BNP aos &#237;ndices da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, comprovaram que, por ser um m&#233;todo simples, r&#225;pido, relativamente barato, deve ser empregado para o diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nestes pacientes, para identifica&#231;&#227;o do aumento de risco de arritmias graves, morte s&#250;bita e redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de vida. Adicionalmente, recomendaram a ado&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte menor que 60 pg/mL para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com baixo risco de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica grave, para os quais a ecocardiografia n&#227;o seria necess&#225;ria. Estudo realizado em 2005, entretanto, apesar de confirmar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de BNP e comprometimento card&#237;aco em chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o a confirmou quando considerou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Essa pesquisa comprovou que indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentavam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP semelhantes aos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, ou seja, n&#227;o contribuiria para o diagn&#243;stico dessa forma cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos posteriores, entretanto, enriqueceram o valor da determina&#231;&#227;o do BNP em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, assim como se contrapuseram a esses resultados. Demonstraram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da press&#227;o atrial direita, em conjunto com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP, ajuda a estratificar o risco do surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares, facilitando o diagn&#243;stico da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Alguns estudos contrapuseram-se aos achados de Melo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, ao identificarem forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#227;o de BNP e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, bem como na validade do BNP para identificar pacientes na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. As diferen&#231;as entre os achados podem ser atribu&#237;das ao aumento da sensibilidade e da especificidade do teste para determina&#231;&#227;o do BNP, verificado a partir de 2006, em resposta &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o em larga escala, em diversos pa&#237;ses.</p>
        <p>Considerando a doen&#231;a de Chagas no contexto das doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, outro biomarcador de dano do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco foi avaliado em chag&#225;sicos - a troponina I. Em chag&#225;sicos, o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o da troponina I foi identificado nas formas cr&#244;nica e indeterminada, possibilitando detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e, consequentemente, preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para este dano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Os estudos mais recentes t&#234;m buscado marcadores progn&#243;sticos do grau de dano mioc&#225;rdico e, consequentemente, risco de morte, baseados em processos fisiol&#243;gicos. Nesse contexto, um estudo abordou a dissincronia ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>, enquanto que outro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> buscou atualizar a disautonomia card&#237;aca, cuja import&#226;ncia em chag&#225;sicos j&#225; havia sido ressaltada em 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; dissincronia em miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, uma coorte empregando ecocardiografia identificou alta preval&#234;ncia intraventricular e moderada, interventricular, bem como considerou que, apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia, esse fen&#244;meno pode n&#227;o afetar o progn&#243;stico porque independe da altera&#231;&#227;o do QRS. A import&#226;ncia dessa constata&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a dissincronia, sendo uma altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar secund&#225;ria &#224; presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de fibrose associadas ao processo inflamat&#243;rio difuso cr&#244;nico, n&#227;o se comporta como fator de risco. No entanto os autores deixam em aberto o valor da dissincronia e sugerem estudos com maior amostra para que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pior progn&#243;stico possa ser enriquecida com outros fatores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 1998, Marin-Neto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, partindo da premissa de que a forma digestiva da doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; caracterizada por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, essencial para o desenvolvimento do megaes&#244;fago e do megacol&#243;n, admitiram que essa disfun&#231;&#227;o poderia estar envolvida nas altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Empregando angiografia marcada com Tc<sup>(99m)</sup>, foi avaliada a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, demonstrando que pacientes com a forma digestiva apresentavam acentuado dano card&#237;aco parassimp&#225;tico e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda diagnosticada. No entanto, a disautonomia card&#237;aca estava ausente nas formas indeterminadas, mesmo em presen&#231;a de envolvimento ventricular direito similar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A import&#226;ncia desse estudo foi pioneiramente demonstrar a possibilidade de a presen&#231;a de envolvimento ventricular direito grave poder se constituir na &#250;nica disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos assintom&#225;ticos e sem qualquer outro sinal cl&#237;nico de comprometimento card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quatorze anos depois, per&#237;odo em que a ecocardiografia foi aprimorada pelo desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico dos aparelhos e dos programas (<italic>software</italic>), permitindo avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce dos dist&#250;rbios morfofuncionais, a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica assintom&#225;tica voltou a ser investigada, agora com maior detalhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, caracterizada por depress&#227;o pronunciada da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com balan&#231;o vagossimp&#225;tico preservado, foi constatada independentemente da posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica do paciente. A associa&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com a normalidade da maioria das vari&#225;veis ventriculares ecocardiogr&#225;ficas sugere que a disautonomia deve ser um fen&#244;meno prim&#225;rio, que pode preceder as altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas ventriculares. Dessa feita, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o pode se constituir em precursor da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, novas ferramentas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas t&#234;m sido empregadas para permitir diagn&#243;stico mais precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es ventriculares em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, posto que, embora a ecocardiografia seja considerada adequada para an&#225;lise da contratilidade ventricular e da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional, ela n&#227;o permite avaliar a deforma&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A ecocardiografia bidimensional X-<italic>strain</italic> &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, que possibilita diferenciar a deforma&#231;&#227;o passiva da ativa das paredes da cavidade ventricular, pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e tangencial. Del Castillo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, empregando X-<italic>strain</italic> e a determina&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain rate</italic>, demonstraram a presen&#231;a de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da porcentagem de deforma&#231;&#227;o e da taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o da parede &#237;nfero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, principalmente nas por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e apical, regi&#227;o em que incidem as altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da contratilidade, observadas na forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        <p>Esse estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> foi ampliado com o uso da t&#233;cnica <italic>speckle traking</italic>, a qual permite a determina&#231;&#227;o da rota&#231;&#227;o basal e apical do mioc&#225;rdio, bem como do <italic>twisting</italic>, ou seja, da diferen&#231;a angular resultante da rota&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o apical no sentido hor&#225;rio e da basal, no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio, durante a s&#237;stole ventricular. Esses novos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram empregados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes chag&#225;sicos comparados &#224;queles com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Ao identificar redu&#231;&#227;o do<italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, do <italic>strain</italic>radial, do <italic>twisting</italic> e da rota&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, e aumento destes par&#226;metros na hipertrofia ventricular, os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> recomendaram o emprego de tal modalidade como ferramenta de diferencia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da busca de novas metodologias para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tem-se investigado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre atividade inflamat&#243;ria e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, na tentativa de melhor caracterizar a doen&#231;a para que se possa evoluir no cuidado a esses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. Tais pesquisas s&#227;o relevantes para a elucida&#231;&#227;o dos danos da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, contribuindo para que n&#227;o mais esteja inclu&#237;da no grupo de doen&#231;as negligenciadas, j&#225; que, decorridos 100 anos de sua descoberta, ainda &#233; um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica ainda conduz os indiv&#237;duos &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como via final da doen&#231;a, incapacitando-os para o trabalho e para a vida, aumentando os gastos p&#250;blicos, notadamente com invalidez para a vida produtiva, cardioestimula&#231;&#227;o (marca-passos, cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis e ressincronizadores card&#237;acos), terap&#234;utica medicamentosa e transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias apresentadas nessa revis&#227;o permitem afirmar que a possibilidade do diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico precoce da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica tem aumentado ao longo do tempo, permitindo antever a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade de tais pacientes. Ao comprovar que o comprometimento ventricular, n&#227;o apenas esquerdo como se tem enfatizado, mas tamb&#233;m direito, ocorre desde a fase indeterminada da doen&#231;a, quando a sintomatologia &#233; discreta e n&#227;o inviabiliza as atividades de vida di&#225;ria dos pacientes, abrem-se novos horizontes que podem se traduzir no prolongamento da vida com qualidade. Os novos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para detalhamento do comprometimento ventricular, associados ao emprego de escores progn&#243;sticos de risco de morte, no futuro, tender&#227;o a ser incorporados &#224; rotina cardiol&#243;gica, facilitando o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica ainda inicial.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira J&#250;nior CB, Markman Filho B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Markman Filho B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Clodoval de Barros Pereira Jr. pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
