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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">j67fpNM4qBZBcNW9ZdjvnXQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Teaching Basic Life Support to Students of Public and Private High Schools</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Lira dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de S&#225; Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Elson Gama de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Maria Gon&#231;alves Fernandes.</bold> Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Medicina - Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code: 57072-900, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil. E-mail:<email>jmgfernandes2004@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>593</fpage>
      <lpage>601</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite being recommended as a compulsory part of the school curriculum, the teaching of basic life support (BLS) has yet to be implemented in high schools in most countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare prior knowledge and degree of immediate and delayed learning between students of one public and one private high school after these students received BLS training.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty students from each school initially answered a questionnaire on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and use of the automated external defibrillator (AED). They then received theoretical-practical BLS training, after which they were given two theory assessments: one immediately after the course and the other six months later.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The overall success rates in the prior, immediate, and delayed assessments were significantly different between groups, with better performance shown overall by private school students than by public school students: 42% &#177; 14% vs. 30.2% &#177; 12.2%, p = 0.001; 86% &#177; 7.8% vs. 62.4% &#177; 19.6%, p &lt; 0.001; and 65% &#177; 12.4% vs. 45.6% &#177; 16%, p &lt; 0.001, respectively. The total odds ratio of the questions showed that the private school students performed the best on all three assessments, respectively: 1.66 (CI95% 1.26-2.18), p &lt; 0.001; 3.56 (CI95% 2.57-4.93), p &lt; 0.001; and 2.21 (CI95% 1.69-2.89), p &lt; 0.001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Before training, most students had insufficient knowledge about CPR and AED; after BLS training a significant immediate and delayed improvement in learning was observed in students, especially in private school students.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Basic Life Support</kwd>
        <kwd>High School Students</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although the potential beneficial effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been well established, less than one in three victims of out-of-hospital witnessed cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) receive lifesaving help from a bystander<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In Brazil, it is estimated that approximately 200,000 CPAs occur annually, with half of the cases occurring out-of-hospital environment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In 2004, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommended that American schools establish a goal to train all teachers and students in CPR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, in agreement with the guidelines of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), which a year earlier strongly recommended the inclusion of Basic Life Support (BLS) in the school curriculum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Since then, many U.S. states and some European countries have included the teaching of BLS into the curriculum of high-school students and use of automated external defibrillator (AED)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, as did Norway, which since the beginning of the sixties has established the compulsorily teaching of CPR to schoolchildren<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Schools are ideal laboratories to teach the population about basic techniques that comprise BLS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, considering that adolescents are usually able to perform chest compressions with the same efficacy as adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and are usually present at the scene of a medical emergency, such as homes, malls, airports, stadiums etc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; in Brazil, approximately 8.4 million students are enrolled in high school and of these, 86% study in public schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, there is no current legislation that guarantees compulsory BLS training in schools or studies comparing the performance of students in CPR between public and private schools. On the other hand, to produce indicators of education and assist education managers in the evaluation of quality, equity and efficiency of teaching and learning, it is necessary to measure and compare the performance and the skills developed by the students<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prior knowledge and the degree of immediate and delayed learning among high-school juniors attending one public and one private high school, after training in BLS and use the automated external defibrillator (AED).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The present is a longitudinal, prospective study, carried out in one public and one private school, both in the city of Macei&#243;, state of Alagoas, Brazil. These schools were chosen because they had a significant number of participants in the National High School Exams (ENEM) of 2009 and rank among the best in their respective categories. Inclusion criteria were: to be enrolled in the junior year of high school in the selected school; to be chosen by the school coordinator to participate in the project and sign, along with parents or tutors, the free and informed consent form. Exclusion criteria were: students who had had training in CPR and those who could not attend all activities.</p>
      <p>The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 15 multiple-choice questions on general knowledge of basic life support distributed as follows: three questions related to the identification of a CPA; four questions regarding the correct sequence of CPR maneuvers; two questions related to compression/ventilation; three questions related to the management of the AED and three questions related to knowledge about CPR and sudden death. Each correct answer was worth 1 point and, therefore, 15 points (the maximum possible score) corresponded to a success rate of 100%.</p>
      <p>First, the students answered the questionnaire. After that, they received theoretical and practical training lasting 180 minutes, given by two medical students according to the following sequence: theoretical background of BLS, chain of survival, correct CPR performance with emphasis on chest compressions, AED use and correct positioning of the victim after recovery in accordance with the international scientific consensus of 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. On the same day, and immediately after the theoretical-practical session, the students were reassessed through the same questionnaire. Six months after the course was administered and without previous knowledge of the students regarding the scheduling, the medical students returned to the schools and reapplied the same questionnaire. The same material was used in both schools for practical activities: two adult CPR training manikins (CPR-80CA - Simulacare); disposable masks for mouth-to-mouth breathing and an automated external defibrillator for training (AED Trainer - Cmos Drake). The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Alagoas, under N. 005604/2011-54.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Methods</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were expressed as percentages and mean &#177; standard deviation (for normal distribution) or median with 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles (for non-normal distribution), tested for normality using D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus test and analyzed with Student's <italic>t</italic>test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney test.</p>
        <p>To identify possible differences in learning among students from the same school, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures (followed by Tukey's test) or Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed data were used. The total odds ratio (OR) and the OR of each question with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated to compare the differences in prior knowledge and learning between students of the two schools. Statistical significance was considered as a p value &lt; 0.05 or when the 95%CI of the odds ratio excluded the value 1.</p>
        <p>Sample size was calculated at 19 students for each school, considering a significance level of 0.05 (two-tailed) and a statistical power of 85% to detect a 20% difference in learning, based on the results of the ENEM 2009, which showed a mean difference between the two schools of 24% with an estimated standard deviation of 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Considering the risk of nonparticipation, the number of students in each school was increased.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the eighty-seven volunteers who initiated the activities, thirty students from each school (seven males in each group) answered all three questionnaires. Eighteen and nine students from the public and private schools, respectively, refused to participate in the second or third evaluation. The mean age in the public school was slightly older than in the private school: 16.8 &#177; 0.70 years vs. 16.5 &#177; 0.68 (p = 0.04). Both schools showed no significant differences regarding gender (p = 1.0).</p>
      <p>The rates of correct answers of public school students in the prior, immediate and at six months after training were, respectively, 30.2% &#177; 12.2% (95% CI: 25.7% to 34.8%); 62.4% &#177; 19.6% (95% CI: 55.1% to 69.8%) and 45.6% &#177; 16% (95% CI: 39.6% to 51.5%). When compared, these rates were significantly different (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). On the other hand, the rates of correct answers of private school students in the prior, immediate and at six months after training were, respectively, 42% &#177; 14% (95% CI: 36.5% to 47%); 86% &#177; 7.8% (95% CI: 82.6% to 88.5%) and 65% &#177; 12.4% (95% CI: 60.2% to 69.5%). When compared, these rates were also significantly different (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Means of correct answers with 95% confidence intervals in the prior, immediate and late evaluations among public school students</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Means of correct answers with 95% confidence intervals in the prior, immediate and late evaluations among private school students</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After, the questions related to the identification of CPA, the correct sequence of CPR maneuvers, the compression/ventilation ratio and AED management were grouped and analyzed, they showed a significant overall increase in knowledge after training with satisfactory late retention of learning among students from both schools (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rates of correct answers given by Public School students to grouped questions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Grouped Questions</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prior Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Immediate Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Delayed Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p (ANOVA / Kruskal- Wallis)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CPA - Identification (%)</td>
              <td>31 &#177; 23</td>
              <td>59 &#177; 27</td>
              <td>40 &#177; 28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CPR - Maneuvers (%)</td>
              <td>19 &#177; 19</td>
              <td>47 &#177; 21</td>
              <td>47 &#177; 32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Compression/Ventilation ratio (%)</td>
              <td>25 &#177; 34</td>
              <td>100 (50 - 100)</td>
              <td>48 &#177; 31</td>
              <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AED - Management (%)</td>
              <td>34 &#177; 28</td>
              <td>67 &#177; 28</td>
              <td>62 &#177; 29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and 25-75th interquartile range.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &gt; 0.05 vs. Prior Evaluation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t01">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &gt; 0.05 vs. Immediate evaluation. CPA: Cardiopulmonary arrest; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; AED: Automated external defibrillator.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rates of correct answers given by Private School students to grouped questions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Grouped questions</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prior Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Immediate Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Delayed Evaluation</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p (ANOVA / Kruskal- Wallis)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CPA - Identification (%)</td>
              <td>28.8 &#177; 23</td>
              <td>80 &#177; 24</td>
              <td>46 &#177; 30</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CPR - Maneuvers (%)</td>
              <td>38 &#177; 27</td>
              <td>100 (67 - 100)</td>
              <td>67 (33 - 100)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Compression/Ventilation ratio (%)</td>
              <td>50 (0 - 50)</td>
              <td>100 (100 -100)</td>
              <td>100 (50 - 100)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AED - Management (%)</td>
              <td>43 &#177; 32</td>
              <td>84 &#177; 19</td>
              <td>69 &#177; 17</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and 25-75th interquartile range.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &gt; 0.05 vs. immediate evaluation. CPA: Cardiopulmonary arrest; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; AED: Automated external defibrillator.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Public School vs. Private School</title>
        <p>The rates of correct answers among the public school students were significantly lower than those of private schools in the three assessments, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the odds ratios for the fifteen questions in the three moments between students of the two schools. In the prior evaluation, the private school students showed higher numbers of correct answers in most questions, although only one of them showed statistical significance; after the training, this trend persisted and the private school students were significantly better in 7 and 8 of the fifteen questions, respectively, at the immediate and delayed evaluations.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of means of correct answers with 95% confidence intervals in the prior, immediate and late evaluations among students from public and private schools</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratio (OR) between the private and public schools with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the fifteen questions in the prior, immediate and delayed evaluations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Questions</bold>
                </th>
                <th style="border-bottom:hidden">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Prior Evaluation</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Immediate Evaluation</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Delayed Evaluation</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.66 (1.26 to 2.18)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.56 (2.57 to 4.93)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.0001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.21 (1.69 to 2.89)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.10 (0.71 to 6.22)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.28</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00 (0.36 to 2.75)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.76 (1.04 to 13.7)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.64 (0.53 to 5.12)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.57</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.64 (0.53 to 5.12)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.57</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00 (0.34 to 2.93)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.35 (0.10 to 1.16)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.14</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>8.11 (1.61 to 40.8)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.010</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00 (0.36 to 2.76)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.14 (0.02 to 1.23)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.10</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.30 (0.31 to 5.40)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.0</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7.86 (1.96 to 31.7)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.36 (0.63 to 8.92)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.33</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>36.0 (8.10 to 160)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.0001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.50 (1.11 to 11.0)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.51 (0.83 to 7.64)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.17</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>50.1 (5.97 to 420)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.0001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>53.6 (3.00 to 957)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.06 (0.97 to 9.66)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.09</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.07 (0.18 to 24.2)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.38 (0.13 to 1.09)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.29 (0.80 to 6.50)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.19</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7.00 (1.38 to 35.5)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4.03 (1.37 to 11.9)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.16 (0.40 to 3.35)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.67 (0.92 to 7.70)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.11</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.96 (0.70 to 5.48)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.33 (0.81 to 6.73)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.19</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>10.5 (1.23 to 90.7)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.03</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5.23 (1.66 to 16.5)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.31 (0.47 to 3.60)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.80</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7.25 (0.82 to 64.5)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.10</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>12.3 (2.46 to 60.9)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">12</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.86 (0.29 to 2.55)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.00</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.96 (0.70 to 5.48)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.30</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.55 (0.18 to 1.62)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">13</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>18.3 (3.67 to 91.2)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7.00 (1.38 to 35.5)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4.30 (1.41 to 13.1)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">14</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1.71 (0.62 to 4.77)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.44</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4.46 (0.47 to 42.5)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.35</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.67 (0.84 to 8.46)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">15</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.19 (0.72 to 6.70)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.27</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>23.0 (1.26 to 420)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.005</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>10.4 (0.53 to 201)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When the grouped questions were compared, the private school students showed, in the immediate evaluation, significantly higher number of correct answers related to the recognition of the CPA, the correct CPR sequence and AED management (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>); at the late evaluation, this superiority was markedly repeated for the questions concerning CPR maneuvers and compression/ventilation ratio; however, there were significant only for the latter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rates of correct answers of grouped questions given by students from public and private schools at the immediate evaluation</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rates of correct answers of grouped questions given by students from public and private schools six months after training.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Both schools, after the training, obtained rate increases that exceeded 100% of correct answers when compared to baseline knowledge in the immediate evaluation (p &lt; 0.001). After six months of training, such increase was still statistically significant compared to baseline knowledge: 53% for the public school and 55% for the private school (p &lt; 0.001), demonstrating satisfactory increase and retention of knowledge by the students (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed that students in the junior year of high school from public and private high schools showed high rates of learning immediately after receiving the course on basic life support, as well as a satisfactory level of proficiency when evaluated six months after the training, especially the private school students, which had a significantly higher performance in the three evaluations in relation to the public school students.</p>
      <p>Studies comparing BLS teaching among students of public and private high schools are scarce. Parnell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> assessed the knowledge and attitudes regarding resuscitation of high school students in New Zealand and found slightly higher rates of knowledge among private school students when compared to public school students, although both had low awareness of CPR principles. This was, however, a cross-sectional study in which a single questionnaire was applied to a mixed population of students trained and not previously trained in CPR.</p>
      <p>Mir&#243; et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, in a longitudinal study, assessing the influence of several factors associated with learning in students from high schools in Barcelona, Spain, observed satisfactory levels of immediately learning and after one year of training in CPR, respectively, 58% and 42%, with significantly better results for students from private schools. However, in this study, approximately 44% of the students had already participated in first-aid courses or were unable to inform that and, after a multivariate analysis, they found no independent association between private school teaching with performance and knowledge retention.</p>
      <p>There is substantial evidence that retention of BLS knowledge and skills for its application rapidly decline after the initial training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Several authors have studied this issue, but there is no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal time interval between trainings, which can vary according to the characteristics of the instructors, participants and their proportions, quality of theoretical and practical training and the evaluation results at the end of course<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Basic skills, such as asking for help, chest compression and ventilation, decrease three to six months after the training; however, these data are based on heterogeneous studies regarding the course's duration and design, characteristics of instructors and participants and frequency of participants' involvement in real resuscitations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Berden et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, evaluating a group of nurses in noncardiac units, concluded that training every six months was enough to maintain satisfactory CPR skills. Woollard et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, training laymen from a UK airport, observed that the interval in CPR and AED training should not exceed seven months. Moreover, Riegel et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, studying lay volunteers, observed a satisfactory degree of retention in CPR and AED, even after 17 months of initial training.</p>
      <p>In this study, in relation to general knowledge about CPR, it was observed that the percentage of correct responses in the immediate and late evaluations were significantly higher in the private school group in relation to the public school one; however, in relation to the AED management, public school students showed no significant differences when compared to the private school students in the late evaluation, or significant decrease in learning when assessed six months after the training. Apparently, the learning process with the AED is easier and the skills persist for a longer period than the CPR maneuvers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>This inequality of results unfavorable to the public school may be justified by a number of factors, such as lack of attention or motivation, less access to information, less qualified teachers, lower income, lower maternal education and availability of quality laboratories<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and is in agreement with the assessments of the Brazilian Education Development Index (IDEB) and ENEM results, which have successively shown throughout the country a superior performance of private schools students when compared to public school ones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. According to the indicators produced by the National System of Basic Education Assessment (SAEB), 96% of students in the senior year of high school with difficulties in reading and interpreting texts of different literary genres are enrolled in public schools, while 76 % of students with reading skills of more complex argumentative texts study in private schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>The insistence in incorporating the teaching of CPR in the school curriculum is based on the fact that children and adolescents trained in CPR are likely to discuss the training with siblings, friends and other family members, raising awareness about BLS and the demand for traditional training courses, which will result in the increase in the number of adults trained in CPR in the community<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The sooner they are trained, the better is the retention rate in formal courses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, and even elementary school students already have sufficient cognitive skills to correctly apply the AED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, there are potential barriers for the introduction of a training program in schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, particularly those involving cost and time availability in the curriculum; additionally, many students and lay people are not willing to provide care due to fear of infection, shock, legal consequences and risk of harming the victim<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Moreover, the use of AEDs is hindered by the availability of trained staff and lack of familiarity and responsibility with the device<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In the U.S., in 2000, a Federal Law was passed in order to reduce such barriers against the placement and use of AEDs in public areas. Since that time, these devices are already available in many public places such as airports, malls, gyms and public offices<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation requiring the installation of AEDs in public and private environments.</p>
      <p>Some studies that compared the standard theoretical-practical training in BLS with theoretical courses only using videos showed conflicting results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Thus, we chose to use in this study a theoretical-practical approach, performed by medical students who showed to be qualified, motivated, willing to devote time to scientific projects, and who had already successfully participated in several studies on the teaching of CPR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study did not use a practical test as an evaluation tool. Although the written test should not replace the practical test on an individual assessment, it can be a viable alternative as a tool to estimate and compare the efficacy of psychomotor skills, especially in collective training programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The theoretical evaluation used in this study, although based on multiple-choice questions prepared by the AHA, has not been validated in previous studies. And finally, the fact that students showed a satisfactory acquisition of knowledge during the course does not necessarily indicate a good performance of psychomotor skills during CPR in the real world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that identified and directly compared the stages of prior, immediate and delayed knowledge after the theoretical and practical instruction on CPR and AED, among high school students from public and private schools. We observed that students from both schools had inadequate prior knowledge about BLS, but after theoretical and practical training, the students, particularly those from the private school, showed considerable increase in this knowledge with satisfactory persistence of such information, even after six months of training. However, considering the importance of the subject, the universal presence of schools in adolescents' lives and the inevitable decline in the levels of learning, we suggest a definitive incorporation of the BLS teaching as a compulsory subject in the curriculum of public and private high schools in the country.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes JMG, Leite ALS, Auto BSD, Rivera IR, Mendon&#231;a MA; Acquisition of data: Leite ALS, Auto BSD; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes JMG, Leite ALS, Auto BSD, Lima JEG; Statistical analysis: Fernandes JMG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes JMG, Rivera IR, Mendon&#231;a MA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank Professors Roohelmann Pontes Silva, from Escola Estadual Moreira e Silva and Ernesto Stadler and Jo&#227;o Thomaz Neto, from Col&#233;gio Contato Macei&#243;, for supporting this project, as well as the students of the participating schools for their commitment to establish new knowledge. We are also grateful to Professor Maria Aparecida Silva and Dr. Fabiana Yulita for the correction and review of the manuscript.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Ensino de Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida para Alunos de Escolas P&#250;blica e Privada do Ensino M&#233;dio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Lira dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de S&#225; Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Elson Gama de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes - Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Maria Gon&#231;alves Fernandes.  </bold>Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Medicina - Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP: 57072-900, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil. E-mail:<email>jmgfernandes2004@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora recomendado como parte obrigat&#243;ria do curr&#237;culo escolar, o ensino de suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV) ainda n&#227;o foi implementado no ensino m&#233;dio na maioria dos pa&#237;ses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar o conhecimento pr&#233;vio e o grau de aprendizado imediato e tardio entre alunos do ensino m&#233;dio de uma escola p&#250;blica e outra privada, ap&#243;s capacita&#231;&#227;o em SBV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, trinta alunos de cada escola responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) e o uso do desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA); em seguida, receberam treinamento te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico de SBV e foram reavaliados imediatamente e seis meses ap&#243;s o curso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As taxas de acertos dos alunos de ambas as escolas nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e tardia apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes e melhor desempenho da escola privada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escola p&#250;blica nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente, 42% &#177; 14% vs. 30,2% &#177; 12,2%, p = 0,001; 86% &#177; 7,8% vs. 62,4% &#177; 19,6%, p &lt; 0,001 e 65% &#177; 12,4% vs. 45,6% &#177; 16%, p &lt; 0,001. A raz&#227;o de chance do total das quest&#245;es mostrou um melhor rendimento da escola privada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; p&#250;blica nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente: 1,66 (IC95% 1,26-2,18), p &lt; 0,001; 3,56 (IC95% 2,57-4,93), p &lt; 0,001 e 2,21(1,69-2,89), p &lt; 0,001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Antes do treinamento, a maioria dos estudantes tinha um conhecimento insuficiente sobre RCP e DEA; ap&#243;s o curso de SBV, observou-se uma melhora significativa tanto imediata como tardia no aprendizado dos estudantes, notadamente para os alunos da escola privada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes do Ensino M&#233;dio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar do efeito potencial ben&#233;fico da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) j&#225; estar bem estabelecido, menos de uma em cada tr&#234;s v&#237;timas de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) fora de ambiente hospitalar, testemunhada, recebe ajuda de salvamento de um espectador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No Brasil, estima-se que anualmente ocorra em torno de 200.000 PCR, sendo metade dos casos em ambiente extra-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Em 2004, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) recomendou que as escolas americanas estabelecessem uma meta para treinar todos os professores e estudantes em RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> em conson&#226;ncia com as orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>International Liaison committee on Resuscitation</italic>(ILCOR), que um ano antes recomendou enfaticamente a inclus&#227;o do Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida (SBV) no curr&#237;culo escolar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Desde essa &#233;poca, muitos estados americanos e alguns pa&#237;ses europeus v&#234;m implementando na grade acad&#234;mica dos alunos do n&#237;vel m&#233;dio o treinamento em PCR e o uso do desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, a exemplo da Noruega, que desde o in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de sessenta vem promovendo de forma compuls&#243;ria o ensino de SBV &#224;s crian&#231;as na idade escolar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>As escolas s&#227;o laborat&#243;rios ideais para inserir &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o o conhecimento das t&#233;cnicas b&#225;sicas que comp&#245;em o SBV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, adolescentes normalmente s&#227;o capazes de realizar compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica com a mesma efic&#225;cia do que os adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e est&#227;o habitualmente presentes no cen&#225;rio de uma emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, como resid&#234;ncias,<italic>shoppings</italic>, aeroportos, est&#225;dios etc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; no Brasil, cerca de 8,4 milh&#245;es de estudantes est&#227;o matriculados no ensino m&#233;dio, destes, 86% estudando em escolas das redes p&#250;blicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o existe uma legisla&#231;&#227;o que assegure o treinamento compuls&#243;rio em SBV nas escolas, nem estudos comparando o desempenho em RCP entre alunos das redes p&#250;blicas e privadas. Por outro lado, para produzir indicadores de ensino e auxiliar os gestores em educa&#231;&#227;o a avaliar a qualidade, equidade e efici&#234;ncia do ensino e da aprendizagem, &#233; necess&#225;rio medir e comparar o desempenho e as habilidades desenvolvidas pelos alunos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o conhecimento pr&#233;vio e o grau de aprendizado imediato e tardio, entre estudantes do segundo ano do ensino m&#233;dio de uma escola da rede p&#250;blica e outra da rede privada, ap&#243;s capacita&#231;&#227;o em SBV e o uso do DEA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, desenvolvido em uma escola da rede p&#250;blica estadual e em uma escola da rede privada, ambas na cidade de Macei&#243;-AL, escolhidas por apresentarem um n&#250;mero expressivo de participantes na prova do Exame Nacional do Ensino M&#233;dio (ENEM) de 2009 e por estarem entre as melhores classificadas em sua categoria. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: estar matriculado no segundo ano do ensino m&#233;dio da escola selecionada; ser escolhido pela coordena&#231;&#227;o da escola para participar do projeto e assinar, junto com os pais ou o seu representante, o termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: estudantes que j&#225; tinham treinamento em RCP e aqueles que n&#227;o poderiam comparecer a todas as atividades realizadas. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um question&#225;rio com 15 quest&#245;es de m&#250;ltipla escolha sobre conhecimentos gerais de suporte b&#225;sico de vida assim distribu&#237;das: tr&#234;s quest&#245;es relacionadas ao reconhecimento de uma PCR; quatro quest&#245;es referentes &#224; sequ&#234;ncia correta das manobras de RCP; duas quest&#245;es referentes &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o compress&#227;o/ventila&#231;&#227;o; tr&#234;s quest&#245;es relacionadas ao manejo do DEA e tr&#234;s quest&#245;es relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre morte s&#250;bita e RCP. Cada resposta correta valia 1 ponto, sendo, portanto, 15 pontos (a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel) correspondentesa uma taxa de acerto de 100%.</p>
        <p>Em um primeiro momento, os estudantes responderam ao question&#225;rio. Em uma segunda etapa, receberam treinamento te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico de 180 minutos por dois acad&#234;micos de Medicina na seguinte sequ&#234;ncia: fundamentos te&#243;ricos do SBV, cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia, execu&#231;&#227;o correta da RCP com &#234;nfase nas compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DEA e posi&#231;&#227;o correta da v&#237;tima ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o, em concord&#226;ncia com os consensos cient&#237;ficos internacionais de 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No mesmo dia, e logo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da sess&#227;o te&#243;rica-pr&#225;tica, os estudantes foram reavaliados com o mesmo question&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s seis meses do curso administrado e sem que os estudantes estivessem cientes da programa&#231;&#227;o, os acad&#234;micos de Medicina retornaram &#224;s escolas e aplicaram o mesmo question&#225;rio. Foi utilizado o mesmo material em ambas as escolas para as atividades pr&#225;ticas: dois manequins simuladores adultos de reanima&#231;&#227;o (RCP-80CA - Simulacare); m&#225;scaras descart&#225;veis para respira&#231;&#227;o boca a boca e um desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico para treinamento (DEA Trainer - Cmos Drake). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Alagoas N&#186; 005604/2011-54.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em percentagens e m&#233;dias &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana com os percentis 25 e 75 (para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal), testadas quanto &#224; sua normalidade pelo teste D'Agostino-Pearson <italic>omnibus</italic> e analisadas com o teste<italic>t</italic> de Student ou pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Para identificar as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as de aprendizados entre os estudantes da mesma escola, foram utilizados a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas (seguida do teste de Tukey) ou o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A raz&#227;o de chances total e de cada quest&#227;o com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC<sub>95%</sub>) foi calculada para comparar as diferen&#231;as de conhecimento pr&#233;vio e de aprendizado entre os alunos das duas escolas. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada com o valor de p menor que 0,05 ou quando IC<sub>95%</sub> da raz&#227;o de chance exclu&#237;sse o valor 1. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado em 19 estudantes para cada escola, assumindo um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (bicaudal) e um poder estat&#237;stico de 85% de detectar uma diferen&#231;a de aprendizado de 20%, baseado nos resultados do Exame Nacional do Ensino M&#233;dio (ENEM) de 2009, que mostrou uma diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias entre as duas escolas de 24% com um desvio-padr&#227;o estimado em 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Considerando o risco de absten&#231;&#227;o, o n&#250;mero de alunos em cada escola foi aumentado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos oitenta e sete volunt&#225;rios que iniciaram as atividades, trinta alunos de cada uma das escolas (sete homens em cada grupo) responderam aos tr&#234;s question&#225;rios. Dezoito e nove alunos das escolas p&#250;blica e privada, respectivamente, recusaram-se a participar da segunda ou terceira avalia&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia de idade na escola p&#250;blica foi ligeiramente superior ao da escola privada 16,8 &#177; 0,70 anos<italic>vs</italic>. 16,5 &#177; 0,68 anos (p = 0,04). As duas escolas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (p = 1,0).</p>
        <p>As taxas de acertos dos alunos da escola p&#250;blica nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e aos seis meses p&#243;s-capacita&#231;&#227;o foram, respectivamente, 30,2% &#177; 12,2% (IC<sub>95%  </sub>25,7% a 34,8%); 62,4% &#177; 19,6% (IC<sub>95%  </sub>55,1% a 69,8%) e 45,6% &#177; 16% (IC<sub>95%</sub> 39,6% a 51,5%). Quando comparadas, essas taxas foram significativamente diferentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, as taxas de acertos dos alunos da escola privada nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e aos seis meses p&#243;s-capacita&#231;&#227;o foram, respectivamente, 42% &#177; 14% (IC<sub>95%</sub> 36,5% a 47%); 86% &#177; 7,8% (IC<sub>95%</sub> 82,6% a 88,5%) e 65% &#177; 12,4% (IC<sub>95%</sub> 60,2% a 69,5%). Quando comparadas, essas taxas foram tamb&#233;m significativamente diferentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dias de acertos com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e tardia entre os alunos da escola p&#250;blica</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dias de acertos com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e tardia entre os alunos da escola privada</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Quando agrupadas e analisadas as quest&#245;es referentes ao reconhecimento da PCR, &#224; sequ&#234;ncia correta das manobras de RCP, &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o compress&#227;o/ventila&#231;&#227;o e ao manejo do DEA, observou-se em geral um aumento significativo do conhecimento ap&#243;s o treinamento, com reten&#231;&#227;o tardia satisfat&#243;ria do aprendizado entre os alunos de ambas as escolas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabelas 1</xref> e<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de acertos dos alunos da Escola P&#250;blica para as quest&#245;es agrupadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Quest&#245;es Agrupadas</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;via</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Imediata</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Tardia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p (ANOVA / Kruskal- Wallis)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PCR - Reconhecimento (%)</td>
                <td>31 &#177; 23</td>
                <td>59 &#177; 27</td>
                <td>40 &#177; 28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">RCP - Manobras (%)</td>
                <td>19 &#177; 19</td>
                <td>47 &#177; 21</td>
                <td>47 &#177; 32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o Compress&#227;o/Ventila&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td>25 &#177; 34</td>
                <td>100 (50 - 100)</td>
                <td>48 &#177; 31</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DEA - Manejo (%)</td>
                <td>34 &#177; 28</td>
                <td>67 &#177; 28</td>
                <td>62 &#177; 29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t04">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalos interquartis 25-75.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &gt; 0,05 vs. Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &gt; 0,05 vs. Avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata. PCR: Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; RCP: Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar; DEA: De sfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de acertos dos alunos da Escola Privada para quest&#245;es agrupadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Quest&#245;es Agrupadas</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;via</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Imediata</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Tardia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p (ANOVA / Kruskal- Wallis)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PCR - Reconhecimento (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>28,8 &#177; 23</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>80 &#177; 24</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>46 &#177; 30</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">RCP - Manobras (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>38 &#177; 27</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>100 (67 - 100)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>67 (33 - 100)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o Compress&#227;o/Ventila&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>50 (0 - 50)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>100 (100 -100)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>100 (50 - 100)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DEA - Manejo (%)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>43 &#177; 32</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>84 &#177; 19</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>69 &#177; 17</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalos interquartis 25-75.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &gt; 0,05 vs. Avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata. PCR: Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; RCP: Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar; DEA: Desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Escola P&#250;blica vs. Escola Privada</title>
          <p>As taxas de acertos dos alunos da escola p&#250;blica foram significantemente inferiores aos da escola privada nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es, conforme observado na<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as raz&#245;es de chances para as quinze quest&#245;es nos tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o entre os alunos das duas escolas. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, os alunos da escola privada apresentaram uma superioridade de acerto na maioria das quest&#245;es, embora em apenas uma delas houvesse signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica; ap&#243;s o treinamento, essa tend&#234;ncia persistiu e os alunos da rede privada foram significantemente melhores em 7 e 8 das quinze quest&#245;es, respectivamente, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es imediata e tardia.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de acertos com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e tardia entre alunos das escolas p&#250;blica e privada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Raz&#227;o de chances (RC) entre as escolas privada e p&#250;blica com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), para as quinze quest&#245;es nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;via, imediata e tardia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Quest&#245;es</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Imediata</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Tardia</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RC (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RC (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>RC (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tfoot>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>1,66 (1,26 a 2,18)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>3,56 (2,57 a 4,93)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,0001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>2,21 (1,69 a 2,89)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tfoot>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td>2,10 (0,71 a 6,22)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,28</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00 (0,36 a 2,75)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>3,76 (1,04 a 13,7)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td>1,64 (0,53 a 5,12)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,57</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,64 (0,53 a 5,12)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,57</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00 (0,34 a 2,93)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td>0,35 (0,10 a 1,16)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,14</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>8,11 (1,61 a 40,8)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,010</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00 (0,36 a 2,76)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td>0,14 (0,02 a 1,23)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,10</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,30 (0,31 a 5,40)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,0</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>7,86 (1,96 a 31,7)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td>2,36 (0,63 a 8,92)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,33</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>36,0 (8,10 a 160)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,0001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>3,50 (1,11 a 11,0)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td>2,51 (0,83 a 7,64)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,17</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>50,1 (5,97 a 420)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,0001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>53,6 (3,00 a 957)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td>3,06 (0,97 a 9,66)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,09</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>2,07 (0,18 a 24,2)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,38 (0,13 a 1,09)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td>2,29 (0,80 a 6,50)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,19</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>7,00 (1,38 a 35,5)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>4,03 (1,37 a 11,9)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td>1,16 (0,40 a 3,35)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>2,67 (0,92 a 7,70)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,11</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,96 (0,70 a 5,48)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td>2,33 (0,81 a 6,73)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,19</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>10,5 (1,23 a 90,7)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,03</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>5,23 (1,66 a 16,5)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">11</td>
                  <td>1,31 (0,47 a 3,60)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,80</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>7,25 (0,82 a 64,5)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,10</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>12,3 (2,46 a 60,9)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                  <td>0,86 (0,29 a 2,55)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,00</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>1,96 (0,70 a 5,48)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,30</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,55 (0,18 a 1,62)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">13</td>
                  <td>18,3 (3,67 a 91,2)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>7,00 (1,38 a 35,5)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>4,30 (1,41 a 13,1)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">14</td>
                  <td>1,71 (0,62 a 4,77)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,44</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>4,46 (0,47 a 42,5)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,35</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>2,67 (0,84 a 8,46)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">15</td>
                  <td>2,19 (0,72 a 6,70)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,27</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>23,0 (1,26 a 420)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,005</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>10,4 (0,53 a 201)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>0,12</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quando comparadas as quest&#245;es agrupadas, os alunos da escola privada foram, na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata, significantemente superiores nas quest&#245;es referentes ao reconhecimento da PCR, a sequ&#234;ncia correta das manobras de RCP e no manejo do DEA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>); na avalia&#231;&#227;o tardia, esta superioridade repetiu-se marcadamente para os quesitos referentes &#224;s manobras de RCP e rela&#231;&#227;o compress&#227;o/ventila&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas para estas &#250;ltimas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de acertos das quest&#245;es agrupadas respondidas pelos alunos das escolas p&#250;blica e privada na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de acertos das quest&#245;es agrupadas respondidas pelos alunos das escolas p&#250;blica e privada seis meses ap&#243;s o treinamento</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0593-40071-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Ambas as escolas, ap&#243;s a capacita&#231;&#227;o, obtiveram aumentos das taxas de acertos superiores a 100% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento basal na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata (p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s seis meses da capacita&#231;&#227;o, tal aumento ainda foi estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conhecimento basal: 53% para a escola p&#250;blica e 55% para a escola privada (p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando amplia&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;rias dos conhecimentos por parte dos alunos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que os alunos do segundo ano do n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de escolas das redes p&#250;blica e privada apresentaram taxas elevadas de aprendizado imediatamente ap&#243;s receberem o curso de suporte b&#225;sico de vida, assim como um grau satisfat&#243;rio de profici&#234;ncia quando avaliados seis meses ap&#243;s a capacita&#231;&#227;o, com destaque para os alunos da escola privada que apresentaram um desempenho significantemente superior nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos alunos da escola p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>Estudos comparando o ensino de SBV entre alunos de escolas p&#250;blica e privada do ensino m&#233;dio s&#227;o limitados, Parnell e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, avaliando o conhecimento e as atitudes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de estudantes do n&#237;vel m&#233;dio na Nova Zel&#226;ndia, observaram taxas de conhecimento ligeiramente superiores a favor dos alunos da rede privada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos alunos da escola p&#250;blica, embora ambos apresentassem um baixo conhecimento dos princ&#237;pios da RCP. Tratou-se, todavia, de um estudo transversal em que foi aplicado um &#250;nico question&#225;rio para uma popula&#231;&#227;o mista de alunos treinados e n&#227;o treinados previamente em RCP. Mir&#243; e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, em um estudo longitudinal, avaliando a influ&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios fatores associados &#224; aprendizagem de alunos de escolas secund&#225;rias em Barcelona, Espanha, constataram graus satisfat&#243;rios de aprendizado imediato e ap&#243;s um ano da capacita&#231;&#227;o em RCP, respectivamente, 58% e 42%, com resultados significantemente melhores para os alunos da escola privada. No entanto, nesse estudo, cerca de 44% dos estudantes j&#225; tinham participado de cursos de primeiros socorros ou n&#227;o souberam informar e, ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise multivariada, eles n&#227;o constataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o ensino da rede privada com o desempenho e manuten&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado.</p>
        <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias substanciais de que a reten&#231;&#227;o dos conhecimentos sobre SBV e as habilidades para a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o declinam rapidamente ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m estudado esse tema, por&#233;m n&#227;o existe um consenso na literatura quanto ao intervalo de tempo ideal entre os treinamentos, que pode variar de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas dos instrutores, dos participantes e suas propor&#231;&#245;es, qualidade do treinamento te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico e o resultado da avalia&#231;&#227;o ao final do curso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. As habilidades b&#225;sicas, como pedir ajuda, compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica e ventila&#231;&#227;o, decaem de tr&#234;s a seis meses ap&#243;s a capacita&#231;&#227;o; todavia, estes dados s&#227;o baseados em estudos heterog&#234;neos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o e formato do curso, caracter&#237;sticas dos instrutores e participantes e frequ&#234;ncia de envolvimento dos participantes em ressuscita&#231;&#245;es reais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Berden e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, avaliando um grupo de enfermeiras de unidades n&#227;o cardiol&#243;gicas, conclu&#237;ram que o treinamento a cada seis meses de intervalo era suficiente para manter uma satisfat&#243;ria habilidade em RCP. Woollard e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, capacitando indiv&#237;duos leigos de um aeroporto do Reino Unido, observaram que o intervalo de treinamento em RCP e DEA n&#227;o deveria ser superior a sete meses. Por outro lado, Riegel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, estudando volunt&#225;rios leigos, observaram um grau satisfat&#243;rio de reten&#231;&#227;o em RCP e DEA, mesmo ap&#243;s 17 meses do treinamento inicial.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos conhecimentos gerais sobre RCP, observou-se que os percentuais de acertos na avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata e tardia foram significantemente superiores no grupo da escola privada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo da escola p&#250;blica, no entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao manejo do DEA, os alunos da escola p&#250;blica n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significantes quando comparado aos alunos da escola privada na avalia&#231;&#227;o tardia, nem deteriora&#231;&#227;o significativa do aprendizado quando avaliados seis meses ap&#243;s o treinamento. Aparentemente, o processo de aprendizado com o DEA &#233; mais f&#225;cil e as habilidades permancem por mais tempo do que as manobras de RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Essa desigualdade de resultados contr&#225;ria &#224; escola p&#250;blica pode ser justificada por uma soma de fatores, tais como falta de aten&#231;&#227;o ou motiva&#231;&#227;o, menor acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o, professores menos qualificados, baixa renda, menor escolaridade da m&#227;e e indisponibilidade de laborat&#243;rios de qualidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, e est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com as avalia&#231;&#245;es do &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento da Educa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira (IDEB) e dos resultados do ENEM, que sucessivamente t&#234;m mostrado em todo pa&#237;s um desempenho superior dos alunos da rede particular de ensino em rela&#231;&#227;o aos alunos da rede p&#250;blica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Segundo os indicadores produzidos pelo Sistema Nacional de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Educa&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica (SAEB), 96% dos estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino m&#233;dio com dificuldades em leitura e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de textos de g&#234;neros variados est&#227;o matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas, enquanto que 76% dos estudantes com habilidades de leitura de textos argumentativos mais complexos estudam na rede privada de ensino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>A insist&#234;ncia de incorporar o ensino de RCP no curr&#237;culo escolar baseia-se no fato de que crian&#231;as e adolescentes instru&#237;dos em RCP s&#227;o propensos a discutir o treinamento com irm&#227;os, amigos e outros membros da fam&#237;lia, aumentando a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o SBV e a demanda por cursos de forma&#231;&#227;o tradicionais, findando com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de adultos treinados em RCP na comunidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Quanto mais cedo eles s&#227;o treinados melhor &#233; a taxa de reten&#231;&#227;o nos cursos subsequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, e mesmo alunos do ensino fundamental j&#225; possuem habilidades cognitivas suficientes para aplicar corretamente o DEA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. No entanto, existem barreiras potenciais &#224; introdu&#231;&#227;o de um programa de treinamento nas escolas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, particularmente envolvendo custos e tempo na grade curricular; ademais, muitos estudantes e leigos n&#227;o est&#227;o dispostos a prestar cuidados devido ao medo de infec&#231;&#227;o, choque, consequ&#234;ncias legais e risco de fazer mal &#224; v&#237;tima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Por outro lado, a implanta&#231;&#227;o do DEA &#233; dificultada pela disponibilidade de pessoal treinado e falta de familiaridade e responsabilidade com o dispositivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Nos EUA, no ano 2000, foi assinada uma lei federal com o intuito de reduzir tais barreiras &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o e o uso do DEA nos espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos. Desde essa &#233;poca, esses dispositivos j&#225; est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em muitos lugares p&#250;blicos como aeroportos,<italic>shoppings</italic>, academias e reparti&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No Brasil, n&#227;o h&#225; uma legisla&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica que obrigue a instala&#231;&#227;o de DEA em ambientes p&#250;blicos e privados.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos que compararam o treinamento padr&#227;o te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico em SBV com cursos apenas te&#243;ricos com v&#237;deos mostraram resultados discordantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Dessa forma, optou-se, neste estudo, por um treinamento te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico liderado por estudantes de medicina que se t&#234;m mostrado qualificados, motivados, dispostos a dedicar tempo a projetos cient&#237;ficos, al&#233;m de j&#225; terem participados com sucesso em v&#225;rios estudos no ensino da RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo n&#227;o utilizou uma prova pr&#225;tica como instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Embora a prova escrita n&#227;o deva substituir a prova pr&#225;tica na avalia&#231;&#227;o individual, ela pode ser uma alternativa vi&#225;vel como um instrumento para estimar e comparar a efic&#225;cia das habilidades psicomotoras, especialmente nos programas de treinamento coletivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica utilizada neste estudo, embora baseada nas quest&#245;es de m&#250;ltipla escolha, elaboradas pela AHA, n&#227;o foi validada em estudos anteriores. E, finalmente, o fato de os alunos terem apresentado uma satisfat&#243;ria aquisi&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento durante o curso n&#227;o necessariamente indica que ter&#227;o um bom desempenho das habilidades psicomotoras durante uma RCP no mundo real<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Do nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que identificou e comparou diretamente o est&#225;gio de conhecimento pr&#233;vio, imediato e aos seis meses ap&#243;s o ensino te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico sobre RCP e DEA, entre alunos do ensino m&#233;dio de escolas p&#250;blica e privada. Constatamos que os alunos de ambas as escolas apresentaram conhecimento pr&#233;vio inadequado sobre SBV, mas que, ap&#243;s capacita&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tica os estudantes, particularmente da escola privada, apresentaram aumento consider&#225;vel deste conhecimento com persist&#234;ncia satisfat&#243;ria dessas informa&#231;&#245;es, mesmo ap&#243;s seis meses do treinamento. No entanto, considerando a import&#226;ncia do tema, a presen&#231;a universal das escolas na vida dos adolescentes e em face do decl&#237;nio inevit&#225;vel dos n&#237;veis de aprendizado, sugere-se a incorpora&#231;&#227;o definitiva do ensino de SBV como mat&#233;ria compuls&#243;ria na grade curricular do ensino m&#233;dio das escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas em todo pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes JMG, Leite ALS, Auto BSD, Rivera IR, Mendon&#231;a MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leite ALS, Auto BSD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes JMG, Leite ALS, Auto BSD, Lima JEG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fernandes JMG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes JMG, Rivera IR, Mendon&#231;a MA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos aos Professores Roohelmann Pontes Silva, da Escola Estadual Moreira e Silva, e Ernesto Stadler e Jo&#227;o Thomaz Neto, do Col&#233;gio Contato Macei&#243;, pelo apoio a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste projeto, bem como aos alunos das escolas participantes pelo compromisso em estabelecer novos conhecimentos. Somos tamb&#233;m gratos a Professora Maria Aparecida Silva e Dra. Fabiana Yulita pela corre&#231;&#227;o e revis&#227;o do texto.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
