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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4kcnc9sZyLjjTFKWFxLxrPK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140049</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Tai Chi Chuan for Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Coronary Arterial Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nery</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanini</surname>
            <given-names>Maurice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Nery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Fontanive</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Comel</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil  </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx); Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.350, sala 2061. Zip Code 90035-007, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>588</fpage>
      <lpage>592</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Several studies have shown that Tai Chi Chuan can improve cardiac function in patients with heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We performed a search for studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Data were extracted in a standardized manner by three independent investigators, who were responsible for assessing the methodological quality of the manuscripts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The initial search found 201 studies that, after review of titles and abstracts, resulted in a selection of 12 manuscripts. They were fully analyzed and of these, nine were excluded. As a final result, three randomized controlled trials remained. The studies analyzed in this systematic review included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of coronary artery disease, all were clinically stable and able to exercise. The three experiments had a control group that practiced structured exercise training or received counseling for exercise. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 12 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Preliminary evidence suggests that Tai Chi Chuan can be an unconventional form of cardiac rehabilitation, being an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. However, the methodological quality of the included articles and the small sample sizes clearly indicate that new randomized controlled trials are needed in this regard.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Tai Ji</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases, in particular coronary arterial disease (CAD), are one of the major causes of morbidity/mortality and are responsible for a significant share of costs associated with hospitalizations in the Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (National Health System) and pharmacological management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In this context, nonpharmacological approaches such as lifestyle modifications and regular practice of physical exercise have been investigated with the aim of offering patients better treatment and decreasing the overall cost for the Brazilian healthcare system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Patients who undergo exercise-based therapy are likely to exhibit an improvement in several aspects of cardiopulmonary function, which optimizes the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the ischemic myocardium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some oriental exercises deserve special attention because they are accessible, inexpensive, and can be performed within the community<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Of the various techniques available, we highlight Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), an ancient Chinese martial art that includes low to moderate intensity traditional aerobic exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. This practice essentially involves learning a sequence of movements that can vary according to different styles. Most preliminary exercises include circular displacements with circular and spiral body movements. The sequence is nothing more than a basis for detailed work on the body and mind<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In China, TCC has been used for centuries as an exercise for people of various age groups; it is very popular among the elderly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Individuals practice TCC primarily to develop mind-body interaction, breathing and movement control, eye-hand coordination, and a peaceful state of mind. With the aging of the world population and increasing healthcare costs, the interest toward TCC has increased, and it is now used for the management of chronic diseases of various etiologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature on studies that examine TCC as a modality for cardiac rehabilitation and raise questions for future research on the use of TCC in CAD patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>Randomized clinical trials (RCT) published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese that reported on TCC training in patients aged &gt; 18 years with confirmed CAD were included. It was necessary to include a control group that practiced any type of structured physical exercise (aerobic, resistance, or a combination of both) and/or received counseling for physical exercise.</p>
        <p>Structured physical exercise was defined as an intervention wherein patients were engaged in a planned program with individualized exercises under the supervision of qualified professionals. Counseling for physical exercise was defined as an intervention wherein the patients, although not involved or partially involved in supervised physical training, received formal instructions to perform regular exercise with or without individualized prescription.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Studies that examined cardiovascular outcomes in healthy individuals, RCTs conducted in patients with stroke, duplicated publications or substudies of the included studies, and studies with a follow-up duration of &lt; 8 weeks were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy and study selection</title>
        <p>We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane CENTRAL) without data restriction. In addition, we assessed the references cited in the included studies. The literature search was conducted in July 2012, and the review of articles was performed in triplicate by independent investigators. The search strategy via MEDLINE included the following terms: ["Ischemic heart disease"(Mesh) OR "Ischemia, Myocardial" OR "Ischemias, Myocardial" OR "Myocardial Ischemias" OR "Ischemic Heart Disease" OR "Heart Disease, Ischemic" OR "Disease, Ischemic Heart" OR "Diseases, Ischemic Heart" OR "Heart Diseases, Ischemic" OR "Ischemic Heart Diseases"] OR ["Coronary disease"(Mesh) OR "Coronary Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary" OR "Diseases, Coronary" OR "Coronary Heart Disease" OR "Coronary Heart Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary Heart" OR "Diseases, Coronary Heart" OR "Heart Disease, Coronary" OR "Heart Diseases, Coronary"] AND ["Tai ji"(Mesh) OR "Tai-ji" OR "Tai Chi" OR "Chi, Tai" OR "Tai Ji Quan" OR "Ji Quan, Tai" OR "Quan, Tai Ji" OR "Taiji" OR "Taijiquan" OR "T'ai Chi" OR "Tai Chi Chuan"].</p>
        <p>First, a reference database was created and duplicates were excluded. Subsequently, three independent investigators (CAS, LFF, and JNF) reviewed the titles and abstracts. Abstracts that did not meet the eligibility criteria were excluded, and the full text of Abstracts that did not provide sufficient information about inclusion and exclusion criteria was reviewed. In a second stage, the same reviewers assessed and selected the full texts, blinded to each other's review. Differences among the reviewers were solved by consensus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction and quality assessment</title>
        <p>The three reviewers used the same standardized forms to independently perform data extraction. We collected data referring to the studies' methodological characteristics, interventions, and outcomes (maximum or peak oxygen consumption, arterial pressure, and heart rate); the differences were solved by consensus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of the risk of bias</title>
        <p>The quality of the studies in terms of randomization was assessed independently as follows: blinding of the patients and evaluators of outcomes regarding allocation, analysis of intention-to-treat, and report of losses or exclusions. The authors' description of the analysis of intention-to-treat was assumed as a criterion for assurance that both baseline and final evaluations used the same number of patients, excluding those who were lost or eliminated from the study. Studies that did not describe an analysis of intention-to-treat, those that did not describe the total number of patients at the end of the study, and those in which the number of patients at the beginning and end was not the same were considered to not meet this criterion. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Criteria for the evaluation of the methodological quality adapted from the Cochrane handbook</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Study</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>The study mentions randomization in the text</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Generation of the sequence of randomization</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Blinding of allocation</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Blinding of the participants and personal evaluations</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Blinding of the evaluation of results</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>The evaluation of results of incomplete data</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Selected publications</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Channer et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sato et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Liu et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>A, adequate; NC, not clear; I, inadequate</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of the studies</title>
        <p>Our search resulted in 201 abstracts with language restrictions (English, Portuguese, and Spanish). After the titles and abstracts were reviewed, a total of 12 articles met the eligibility criteria and were completely analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Of these 12 articles, nine were excluded: three that did not mention the use of randomization in patient allocation, two in which the control group did not receive guidance with regard to physical exercise, one that was a systematic review, one that was a report of preliminary data, and two that did not provide the full text of the article (one only had the abstract, and we could not buy it or contact the authors). Therefore, three studies were included in this systematic review. The latter included samples of patients diagnosed with ischemic disease who were clinically stable and able to exercise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The follow-up duration varied between 2 and 12 months.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study selection flowchart.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0588-40049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Studies that compared Tai Chi Chuan to structured physical training or counseling for physical activity in patients with ischemic cardiac disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Study</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total number of individuals (men/women)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Main diagnosis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Intervention/control</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Duration (months)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean Delta in the Tai Chi Chuan group</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Channer et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">126 (90/36)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">56 (39 - 80)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Tai Chi Chuan, aerobic exercise, Health and relaxation education group</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">2</td>
                <td align="center">Heart rate: +2 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Systolic arterial pressure: &#8722;3 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Diastolic arterial pressure: &#8722;2 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Sato et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">20 (13/7)</td>
                <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">68 &#177; 4</td>
                <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Coronary arterial disease</td>
                <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Tai Chi Chuan Usual care group with physical activity counseling</td>
                <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">12</td>
                <td align="center">Peak oxygen consumption: +0,1 L.min<sup>-</sup>'</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Heart rate: &#8722;4 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Systolic arterial pressure: &#8722;6 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Baroreflex sensitivity: +2,2 ms/mmHg;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> variability in heart rate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low frequency: -16ms<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">High frequency: +18ms<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Liu et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">30 (18/12)</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">ND</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">Post-event or heart surgery</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">Tai Chi Chuan Cardiac rehabilitation group</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Chair stand: +3 repetitions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sit and stand test: +3 repetitions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Step test: +29 repetitions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8-foot up-and-go: -1s</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">One-leg stand: +29s</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>NA: not available.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of bias</title>
        <p>Of the studies included in the systematic review, 100% were randomized. None of them described the blinding of allocation, blinding of patients and researchers, or blinding of the evaluators of outcomes in detail. None of the studies made explicit use of the intention-to-treat principle in their statistical analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of interventions</title>
        <p>In the first clinical trial, Channer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>randomized patients with acute myocardial infarction into a group that practiced TCC, a group that practiced conventional aerobic exercise, and a control group that was given health and relaxation advice. After 2 months, the TCC and aerobic exercise groups exhibited a decreased systolic arterial pressure. Patients in the TCC group, in addition to a decrease in resting heart rate after exercise, exhibited greater adherence to the training sessions. There was no comparison between groups.</p>
        <p>In the study by Sato et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, the randomized subjects in the TCC group exhibited a significant increase in baroreflex sensitivity after 12 months of follow-up, whereas those in the control group did not. The results were adjusted for age, gender, ejection fraction, and body mass index. Changes in the parameters of heart rate variability did not exhibit differences between the groups.</p>
        <p>The third RCT included in this review assessed outcomes related to the patients' functional capacity. After 3 months of follow-up, the participants in the TCC group exhibited an increase in the chair stand test score and one-leg stand test time and were faster than individuals in the control group in the 8-foot up-and-go test. In addition, the TCC group exhibited increased flexibility and an increased number of repetitions in the step test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Summary of the evidence</title>
        <p>The results of this systematic review suggest that the use of TCC as an exercise and cardiac rehabilitation strategy can have beneficial effects in CAD patients. However, evidence from the western literature is limited, and the studies lack methodological rigor as well as more relevant outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Positive aspects</title>
        <p>This systematic review had some strengths. First, it was a focused review. Second, it was based on a comprehensive and systematic bibliographic search. Third, it employed methodology that used explicit and reproducible eligibility criteria. Lastly, it was conducted in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of researchers (physicians, physiotherapists, and physical exercise counselors).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This systematic review also has some limitations. Because most of the results reported were positive, the possibility of publication bias cannot be ruled out. Moreover, we observed that these RCTs were methodologically limited by a certain degree of measurement bias because there was no reference to blinding (patients, therapists, and evaluators) or confidentiality regarding blinding of allocation. Finally, our search was restricted to studies published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is possible that articles on TCC as a form of CAD rehabilitation have been published in Mandarin or in other languages.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This review analyzed the literature on the beneficial use of TCC, a nonconventional therapy, for the rehabilitation of patients with CAD through a systematic search of various electronic databases. However, the methodological quality of the included articles and the small size of the samples indicate a clear need for new randomized clinical trials on this subject. It is worth noting that, because of the small number of studies published in this area of knowledge and the limited variety of outcomes, it was not possible to conduct a systematic review with a meta-analysis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Nery RM, Stein R; Acquisition of data: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC, Belli KC, Silveira AD; Statistical analysis: Nery RM, Zanini M, Belli KC; Obtaining financing: Nery RM; Writing of the manuscript: Nery RM, Zanini M, Belli KC, Silveira AD, Santos AC, Stein R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC, Belli KC, Silveira AD, Santos AC, Stein R.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FIPE - HCPA - CNPq.</p>
        <p>Ricardo Stein is Level 2 CNPq investigator.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association  </bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Rosane Maria Nery from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="pt" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Tai Chi Chuan como Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nery</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanini</surname>
            <given-names>Maurice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Nery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Fontanive</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Comel</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belli</surname>
            <given-names>Karlyse Claudino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil  </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem-Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx); Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.350, sala 2061. CEP 90035-007, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m mostrado que o Tai Chi Chuan pode melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria de pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura para avaliar os efeitos do Tai Chi Chuan na reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados. Foram feitas buscas por estudos publicados em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol. Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de forma padronizada, por tr&#234;s investigadores independentes, que foram respons&#225;veis pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos manuscritos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A busca inicial detectou 201 estudos que, ap&#243;s revis&#227;o de t&#237;tulos e resumos, resultou na sele&#231;&#227;o de 12 manuscritos. Os mesmos foram analisados na &#237;ntegra e, destes, nove foram exclu&#237;dos. Ao final, restaram tr&#234;s ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foram compostos por amostra de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico comprovado de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, todos est&#225;veis clinicamente e capazes de se exercitar. Os tr&#234;s experimentos contaram com a presen&#231;a de um grupo controle praticante de qualquer categoria de treinamento f&#237;sico estruturado ou receberam aconselhamento para exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O tempo de acompanhamento variou de 2 a 12 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncias preliminares sugerem que o Tai Chi Chuan possa ser uma forma n&#227;o convencional de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, podendo ser terap&#234;utica adjuvante no tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. No entanto, a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos inclu&#237;dos e as amostras de tamanho reduzido indicam claramente serem necess&#225;rios novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre o tema.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Tai Ji</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em particular a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (DAC), representam uma das maiores causas de morbimortalidade, sendo respons&#225;veis por uma parcela significativa dos gastos com interna&#231;&#245;es no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e manejo farmacol&#243;gico, quando comparadas &#224;s demais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Nesse cen&#225;rio, abordagens n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas v&#234;m sendo pesquisadas, como modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular, tendo como objetivo oferecer ao paciente um tratamento melhor e, como consequ&#234;ncia, a redu&#231;&#227;o no custo para o sistema de sa&#250;de do Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Pacientes submetidos a terapias baseadas em exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico podem apresentar melhora em diferentes aspectos de sua fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, otimizando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a oferta e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio para um mioc&#225;rdio j&#225; isqu&#234;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Alguns exerc&#237;cios orientais merecem aten&#231;&#227;o especial por serem acess&#237;veis e de baixo custo, al&#233;m de apropriados para execu&#231;&#227;o na comunidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Dentre as v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas dispon&#237;veis desponta o Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), antiga arte marcial chinesa que consiste em um tradicional exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de baixa a moderada intensidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A pr&#225;tica comp&#245;e-se essencialmente da aprendizagem de um encadeamento de movimentos, que pode variar segundo os diferentes estilos. Os exerc&#237;cios preliminares s&#227;o, em grande parte, compostos de deslocamentos circulares, e os movimentos do corpo s&#227;o executados em c&#237;rculo ou em espiral. O encadeamento n&#227;o &#233; mais do que o suporte de um trabalho de profundidade sobre o corpo e a mente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Na China, o TCC &#233; usado h&#225; s&#233;culos como um exerc&#237;cio para pessoas de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, sendo muito popular entre o s idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Em especial, as pessoas praticam TCC para desenvolver a intera&#231;&#227;o mente-corpo, a regula&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o e dos movimentos, a coordena&#231;&#227;o &#243;culo-manual, e de um estado de esp&#237;rito pac&#237;fico. Com o aumento do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e das despesas com sa&#250;de, cresceu o interesse pelo TCC, e ele passou a ser utilizado para manejo de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas de diferentes etiologias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura em busca de estudos que abordam o TCC como uma modalidade de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, levantando questionamentos para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso do TCC para pacientes com DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados (ECR), em ingl&#234;s, espanhol ou portugu&#234;s, que utilizaram o treinamento com TCC, em pacientes com DAC comprovada e que tinham mais de 18 anos. Foi necess&#225;ria a presen&#231;a de um grupo controle praticante de qualquer categoria de treinamento f&#237;sico estruturado (aer&#243;bico, de resist&#234;ncia, ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos) e/ou aconselhamento para exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
          <p>Treinamento f&#237;sico estruturado foi definido como uma interven&#231;&#227;o em que os pacientes estavam engajados em um programa planejado, com exerc&#237;cios individualizados e supervisionado por profissionais habilitados. Aconselhamento para exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi definido como uma interven&#231;&#227;o em que os pacientes n&#227;o envolvidos em treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado ou o foram parcialmente, mas receberam instru&#231;&#245;es formais para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio regular, com ou sem uma prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos que examinaram desfechos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; ECR realizados em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral; publica&#231;&#245;es duplicadas ou subestudos de estudos inclu&#237;dos; e estudos com menos de 8 semanas de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>As bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados (Cochrane CENTRAL) foram pesquisadas sem restri&#231;&#227;o de data. Al&#233;m disso, foram avaliadas as refer&#234;ncias citadas nos estudos publicados inclu&#237;dos na busca. A busca na literatura foi realizada em julho de 2012 e a revis&#227;o dos artigos se deu de forma independente e em triplicata. A estrat&#233;gia de busca da literatura via MEDLINE compreendeu os seguintes termos: ("Ischemic heart disease"[Mesh] OR "Ischemia, Myocardial" OR "Ischemias, Myocardial" OR "Myocardial Ischemias" OR "Ischemic Heart Disease" OR "Heart Disease, Ischemic" OR "Disease, Ischemic Heart" OR "Diseases, Ischemic Heart" OR "Heart Diseases, Ischemic" OR "Ischemic Heart Diseases") OR ("Coronary disease"[Mesh] OR "Coronary Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary" OR "Diseases, Coronary" OR "Coronary Heart Disease" OR "Coronary Heart Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary Heart" OR "Diseases, Coronary Heart" OR "Heart Disease, Coronary" OR "Heart Diseases, Coronary") AND ("Tai ji"[Mesh] OR "Tai-ji" OR "Tai Chi" OR "Chi, Tai" OR "Tai Ji Quan" OR "Ji Quan, Tai" OR "Quan, Tai Ji" OR "Taiji" OR "Taijiquan" OR "T'ai Chi" OR "Tai Chi Chuan")</p>
          <p>Primeiramente, criou-se o banco de refer&#234;ncias e exclu&#237;ram-se as duplicatas. Ap&#243;s, tr&#234;s pesquisadores (CAS, LFF e JNF) revisaram os t&#237;tulos e resumos de forma independente. Foram exclu&#237;dos os resumos que n&#227;o contemplavam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Os resumos que n&#227;o forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram mantidos para revis&#227;o do texto completo. Em uma segunda fase, os mesmos revisores avaliaram e selecionaram os textos completos, cegos um &#224; revis&#227;o do outro. As diferen&#231;as entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
          <p>Os tr&#234;s revisores utilizaram os mesmos formul&#225;rios padronizados para conduzir a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados de forma independente. Coletamos dados referentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas dos estudos, interven&#231;&#245;es e desfechos (consumo de oxig&#234;nio m&#225;ximo ou pico, press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); as diferen&#231;as foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Foi avaliada de forma independente a qualidade dos estudos relativa a randomiza&#231;&#227;o; cegamento do paciente e dos avaliadores dos desfechos quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o; an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar; e relato de perdas ou exclus&#245;es. Assumiu-se a descri&#231;&#227;o dos autores sobre a an&#225;lise com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, como crit&#233;rio de confiabilidade de que o mesmo n&#250;mero de pacientes utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal foi utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o final, excluindo-se os pacientes que foram perdidos ou retirados do estudo. Consideramos como n&#227;o atendendo esse item os estudos que n&#227;o descreveram uma an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, que n&#227;o descreveram no manuscrito o n&#250;mero total de pacientes no final do estudo ou em que o n&#250;mero de pacientes no final do estudo era diferente do in&#237;cio do estudo. A qualidade metodol&#243;gica de cada ensaio foi avaliada usando o Cochrane Handbook<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica adaptados de Cochrane Handbook</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>O estudo cita no texto que houve randomiza&#231;&#227;o?</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Gera&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Cegamento dos participantes e avalia&#231;&#245;es pessoais</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Cegamento da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados de dados incompletos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Publica&#231;&#245;es selecionadas</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Channer e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sato e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Liu e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">NC</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>A: adequado; NC: n&#227;o est&#225; claro; I: inadequado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Nossa busca resultou em 201 resumos com restri&#231;&#227;o de linguagem (ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol). Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o de t&#237;tulos e resumos, um total de 12 artigos seguiu os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foi analisado na &#237;ntegra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Destes 12 artigos, foram exclu&#237;dos nove: tr&#234;s por n&#227;o mencionarem o uso de randomiza&#231;&#227;o para a aloca&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos, dois devido ao grupo controle n&#227;o ter recebido orienta&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico; um por ser uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica; um por ser apenas relato de dados preliminares; e dois por n&#227;o terem dispon&#237;vel o artigo completo (um tem apenas o resumo publicado e outro n&#227;o foi conseguido via compra ou contato com os autores). Assim, foram inclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s experimentos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos apresentaram amostras de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica, clinicamente est&#225;veis e capazes de se exercitar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). O tempo de acompanhamento variou de 2 a 12 meses.</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxo da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0588-40049-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estudos que compararam Tai Chi Chuan com treinamento f&#237;sico estruturado ou aconselhamento para atividade f&#237;sica em pacientes cardi&#243;patas isqu&#233;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>N total (homens/mulheres)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico principal</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o/controle</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o (meses)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Delta varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio no grupo Tai Chi Chuan</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Channer e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">126 (90/36)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">56 (39 - 80)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Tal Chi Chuan, exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;blco Grupo de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e relaxamento</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: +2 bpm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica: -3 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica: -2 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Sato e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">20 (13/7)</td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">68 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Tal Chi Chuan Grupo de cuidados usuais com aconselhamento de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td rowspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Consumo de oxig&#234;nio depico: +0,1 L.min<sup>-</sup>'</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: -4 bpm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica:-6 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sensibilidade barorreflexa:+2,2 ms/mmHg;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Variabilidade da frequ&#234;nciacard&#237;aca:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Baixa frequ&#234;ncia: -16ms<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Alta frequ&#234;ncia: +18ms<sup>2</sup>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Liu e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">30 (18/12)</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">ND</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">P&#243;s-evento ou cirurgia card&#237;aca.</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">Tai Chi Chuan Grupo em reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Suporte na cadeira: +3 repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Teste de sentar e levantar: +3 repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Teste do degrau: +29 repeti&#231;&#245;es</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><italic>8-Foot Up-and-Go:</italic> -1s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><italic>One-Leg Stand:</italic> +29s</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 100% apresentaram randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Nenhum estudo descreveu detalhadamente a oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o; o cegamento de pacientes e pesquisadores; e nem o cegamento dos avaliadores dos desfechos. Nenhum dos estudos deixou expl&#237;cito que utilizou o princ&#237;pio de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>No primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico publicado, Channer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> randomizaram pacientes ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio para realizar TCC associado ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico convencional ou grupo controle com educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e relaxamento. Ap&#243;s 2 meses, tanto o grupo TCC quanto o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Os pacientes do grupo TCC, al&#233;m de uma redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso ap&#243;s o treinamento, apresentou maior ades&#227;o &#224;s sess&#245;es. N&#227;o foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos.</p>
          <p>No estudo de Sato e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, ap&#243;s 12 meses de segmento, os sujeitos randomizados para o grupo TCC demonstraram aumento significativo na sensibilidade barorreflexa, enquanto que, no grupo controle, n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa desse par&#226;metro. O resultado foi ajustado para idade, g&#234;nero, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. As mudan&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>O terceiro ECR inclu&#237;do nesta revis&#227;o avaliou desfechos relacionados a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica dos pacientes. Ap&#243;s 3 meses de acompanhamento, os participantes do grupo TCC apresentaram aumento no escore do teste <italic>Chair Stand</italic>, do tempo no <italic>One-Leg Stand</italic> e se tornaram mais r&#225;pidos que os controles no   <italic>8-Foot Up-and-Go</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo TCC apresentou aumento na flexibilidade e no n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es no teste de degrau<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sum&#225;rio das evid&#234;ncias</title>
          <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, observou-se que os estudos dispon&#237;veis sugerem que o emprego do TCC como exerc&#237;cio e estrat&#233;gia de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos para os pacientes com DAC. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias provenientes da literatura ocidental s&#227;o limitadas, e os estudos carecem de rigor metodol&#243;gico, assim como de desfechos de maior relev&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pontos fortes</title>
          <p>1) A quest&#227;o de revis&#227;o focada; 2) Pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica abrangente e sistem&#225;tica; 3) Metodologia que utilizou crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade expl&#237;citos e reprodut&#237;veis; 4) Colabora&#231;&#227;o de equipe multidisciplinar de pesquisadores (m&#233;dicos, fisioterapeutas e educadores f&#237;sicos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A qualidade dos estudos variou significativamente. Como os resultados relatados s&#227;o majoritariamente positivos, a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser descartada. Al&#233;m disso, observamos que esses ECR foram metodologicamente limitados por algum grau de vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que n&#227;o houve refer&#234;ncia ao cegamento (pacientes, terapeutas e avaliadores), assim como quanto &#224; confidencialidade da oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, nossa busca se limitou a estudos publicados em l&#237;ngua inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa. &#201; poss&#237;vel que artigos sobre o TCC como forma de reabilita&#231;&#227;o na DAC tenham sido publicados em mandarim ou em outras l&#237;nguas, que n&#227;o as tr&#234;s supracitadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o analisou a literatura, sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Tai Chi Chuan na reabilita&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, por meio de pesquisa sistem&#225;tica em diferentes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas, sugerindo que essa terapia n&#227;o convencional pode trazer bons resultados. No entanto, a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos inclu&#237;dos e as amostras de tamanho reduzido indicam claramente serem necess&#225;rios novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre tal tema. &#201; importante frisar que, devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero de estudos publicados nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento e &#224; pouca variedade de desfechos estudados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nery RM, Stein R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC, Belli KC, Silveira AD; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nery RM, Zanini M, Belli KC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nery RM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nery RM, Zanini M, Belli KC, Silveira AD, Santos AC, Stein R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nery RM, Zanini M, Ferrari JN, Silva CA, Farias LF, Comel JC, Belli KC, Silveira AD, Santos AC, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FIPE - HCPA - CNPq. Ricardo Stein &#233; investigador n&#237;vel 2 do CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rosane Maria Nery pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
