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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FCVmVH3vJprMfXhbrbvrqfD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140066</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140066</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Baroreflex Sensitivity and its Association with Arrhythmic Events in Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Astrid Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Denise Tessariol Hachul,</bold> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205, Morumbi. Postal Code: 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>dhachul@cardiol.br</email>; <email>dhachul@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>579</fpage>
      <lpage>587</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sudden death is the leading cause of death in Chagas disease (CD), even in patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF), suggesting that destabilizing factors of the arrhythmogenic substrate (autonomic modulation) contribute to its occurrence.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in patients with undetermined CD (GI), arrhythmogenic CD with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (GII) and CD with spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia (STV) (GIII), to evaluate its association with the occurrence and complexity of arrhythmias.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Forty-two patients with CD underwent ECG and continuous and noninvasive BP monitoring (TASK force monitor). The following were determined: BRS (phenylephrine method); heart rate variability (HRV) on 24-h Holter; and EF (echocardiogram).  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>GIII had lower BRS (6.09 ms/mm Hg) as compared to GII (11.84) and GI (15.23). The difference was significant between GI and GIII (p = 0.01). Correlating BRS with the density of ventricular extrasystoles (VE), low VE density (&lt;10/h) was associated with preserved BRS. Only 59% of the patients with high VE density (&gt; 10/h) had preserved BRS (p = 0.003). Patients with depressed BRS had higher VE density (p = 0.01), regardless of the EF. The BRS was the only variable related to the occurrence of SVT (p = 0.028).  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The BRS is preserved in undetermined CD. The BRS impairment increases as disease progresses, being more severe in patients with more complex ventricular arrhythmias. The degree of autonomic dysfunction did not correlate with EF, but with the density and complexity of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden</kwd>
        <kwd>Baroreflex / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Analysis of Variance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The arrhythmogenic form of chronic Chagas heart disease has a high ventricular arrhythmia density, which not only causes symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, but is a frequent cause of sudden death (SD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. It is worth noting the scarcity of symptoms and the normal cardiac size in contrast to the anatomicopathological changes found<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Determining the mechanism of SD in Chagas disease remains a challenge. However, evidence has shown that, because it is a fibrosing pathology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, the appearance of unidirectional block and slow conduction zones is common, which is the ideal scenario for reentrant ventricular arrhythmias, which can be confirmed during programmed ventricular stimulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Of the factors that contribute to the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, in addition to myocardial structural abnormalities, ventricular extrasystoles (VE), which initiate the reentrant process, stand out. However, not every patient with ventricular arrhythmia dies suddenly. Probably the model is only complete when functional factors appear, favoring the occurrence of arrhythmias (heart baroreflex control and autonomic dysfunction supposed to play an important role in the genesis of sudden death)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The following tools of cardiovascular autonomic evaluation have been used: analysis of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), which quantifies the incremental capacity of vagal activity; and heart rate variability (HRV), which assesses the tonic vagal activity on the heart. The BRS has been consolidated as an independent marker of mortality risk in ischemic patients, being used as a clinical and prognostic tool in a variety of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Special attention should be given to the asymptomatic subgroup, which, despite the lack of triggering factors or of structural myocardial changes, corresponds to a significant number of cases of SD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>The autonomic dysfunction of Chagas disease can be detected prior to ventricular dysfunction, at all phases of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Thus, the detailed study of the autonomic function in several forms of Chagas disease is mainly aimed at determining possible elements that can identify individuals at risk for developing complex arrhythmias and/or SD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objective</title>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to determine BRS in patients with the following forms of Chagas disease: undetermined (Group I); arrhythmogenic with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) (Group II); arrhythmogenic with spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) (Group III). In addition, it was aimed at assessing the association between ventricular arrhythmia severity and the impairment degree of BRS.</p>
      <p>The secondary objective was to assess the HRV by using 24-hour Holter monitoring, and, by using Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the dimensions of cardiac left cavities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Case series and methods</title>
      <p>This study selected 42 individuals with positive serology for Chagas disease, confirmed by the presence of at least two serologic reactions (indirect hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence or immunoenzymatic assay - ELISA), mainly originated from the outpatient clinic of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-FMUSP) (Clinical Unit of Arrhythmia and Unit of Cardiomyopathies). The research protocol was approved by the Scientific Committee of the InCor-FMUSP and the Committee on Ethics and Research (CAPPesq) of the InCor-FMUSP.</p>
      <p>The individuals were divided into three groups: Group I (GI), individuals with the undetermined form of Chagas disease; Group II (GII), patients with Chagas disease and complex ventricular arrhythmia, including NSVT; Group III (GIII), patients with Chagas disease and complex ventricular arrhythmia and at least one spontaneous SVT recording, after preliminary cardiological evaluation with 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring and exercise testing. The undetermined form of the disease was defined according to the already established criteria: asymptomatic individuals with at least two positive serological tests for Chagas disease and normal results of electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and esophageal and colon contrast-medium tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The ventricular arrhythmia recordings for inclusion in G II and GIII came from previous tracings of 24-hour Holter and 12-lead electrocardiogram performed at emergency rooms or triggered during exercise testing.</p>
      <p>Group I comprised 16 individuals [11 (68.75%) females and 5 (31.25%) males]. Group II comprised 19 patients [14 females (73.68%) and 5 males (26.32%)] as follows: 17 with NSVT recorded on 24-hour Holter and 2 recorded during exercise testing. Group III comprised 7 patients [4 (57.14%) females and 3 (42.86%) males] as follows: 5 with SVT recorded on 12-lead electrocardiogram and 2 recorded on 24-hour Holter.</p>
      <p>All GI patients were asymptomatic, while 84.2% of GII and 43% of GIII patients had symptoms, the most frequent being palpitations, dyspnea and chest pain. Syncope was reported by two GII individuals. Of the 7 GIII individuals, 3 had unstable SVT, requiring electrical cardioversion.</p>
      <p>The medicines, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin and aldosterone antagonists, were suspended for at least three half-lives before the procedure, and the patients were instructed to have a light caffeine-free breakfast, in addition to avoid alcoholic beverage in the 24 hours preceding the exam.</p>
      <p>Noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring was performed with the Task Force&#174; Monitor system (CNSysteSD Medizintechnik GmbH, version 2.2.12.0, Austria)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The parameters assessed were HRV, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) and BRS, blood pressure (BP) being measured via digital photoplethysmography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and electrocardiogram acquired by using three adhesive electrodes attached to the chest, to analyze the intervals between R waves (R-R intervals). A digital cuff with continuous pressure was positioned around the middle phalanx of the right third and fourth fingers, and another, on the left forearm. The oscillometric measures of BP were transformed into absolute values for each consecutive beat. The acquired signs were shown on screen, and, by the end of the procedure, they were printed or stored in a file under a format of easy conversion.</p>
      <p>After a rest period, consecutive, continuous 15-minute recordings of SBP and HR were obtained for spontaneous BRS analysis, which was performed according to the sequence methodology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. That methodology involves a computer program and is based on the identification, on the time domain, of the spontaneous occurrence of sequences of at least three consecutive heartbeats, in which there is a progressive increase of SBP and consequent R-R interval prolongation or a progressive decrease of SBP and consequent R-R interval shortening. To be considered by the program, the modifications in SBP and R-R interval should be equal to or greater than 1 mm Hg and 5 ms, respectively. Linear regression was applied to all sequences, and the mean of the values obtained in all sequences was calculated for each patient, representing the measure of spontaneous BRS (in ms/mm Hg). Those values were automatically provided by the Task Force &#174; Monitor system.</p>
      <p>After spontaneous BRS recording, the volunteers had their BP and HR continuously monitored, as previously described. Then, phenylephrine was infused rapidly (30 seconds) and intravenously, at the dose of 2-4 mcg/kg, in at least three bolus, at 10-minute intervals, to increase SBP by 15 to 40 mm Hg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. If SBP did not increase as expected (&gt; 15 mm Hg), a new infusion was performed with 25-50 increments up to the maximum dose of 10 mcg/kg.</p>
      <p>Consecutive SBP values and corresponding changes in R-R intervals (with beat delay) were plotted, resulting in the slope of a line of linear regression. The measures chosen for analysis were those with a strong linear correlation coefficient (coefficient r &#8805; 0.7). The BRS measure considered (expressed as ms/mm Hg) was equivalent to the calculated mean of the values obtained in the infusions with the greatest reproducibility for each patient (semiautomatic method).</p>
      <p>The following dimensions of the left cardiac cavities were assessed on echocardiography and expressed in millimeters (mm): end-systolic left ventricular diameter (ESLVD); end-diastolic left ventricular diameter (EDLVD); and left atrial diameter (LAD). Ejection fraction (EF) was calculated by using the Teichholz method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Statistical analysis</title>
      <p>Data were organized in tables, graphs and charts of descriptive measures. For inferential statistical analysis, the following tests were performed: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, aimed at analyzing the normality of the BRS variable; and Levene's test to assess the equality of the variances for the three groups. The means of the groups were compared by use of analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple comparisons used Tukey test (equal variances) or Games-Howell test (unequal variances). Pair analysis was performed with Student <italic>t</italic> test.</p>
      <p>The correlation between continuous variables was performed with Pearson linear correlation coefficient <italic>&#174;</italic>, and the association between categorical variables, by use of chi-square test or maximal likelihood ratio. The odds ratio (OR) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) for SVT and probable factors influencing its appearance were calculated. Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed, and the final adjusted model was obtained with a 5% significance level. Analyses with p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>The SPSS software, version 14.0, was used for data processing.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Group I comprised 16 individuals, GII, 19 patients, and GIII, 7 patients. No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding sex distribution. The mean ages in the groups were as follows: GI, 49.5 years; GII, 50.26 years; and GIII, 41.86 years.<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical data of the sample studied (n = 42)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Gl</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Gll</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Gll</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>P</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td>49.50 &#177; 6.70</td>
              <td>50.26 &#177; 7.65</td>
              <td>41.86 &#177; 7.66</td>
              <td>0. 037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td>25.70 &#177; 3.09</td>
              <td>26.50 &#177; 4.09</td>
              <td>23.67 &#177; 5.55</td>
              <td>0. 293</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Race (B/NB)</td>
              <td>(16/00)</td>
              <td>(18/01)</td>
              <td>(7/00)</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td>115.94 &#177; 14.74</td>
              <td>117.26 &#177; 14.74</td>
              <td>117.14 &#177; 7.55</td>
              <td>0. 943</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td>75.00 &#177; 8.16</td>
              <td>76.58 &#177; 8.17</td>
              <td>71.43 &#177; 12.15</td>
              <td>0. 431</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">HR (beats/min)</td>
              <td>70.99 &#177; 6.29</td>
              <td>68.53 &#177; 9.31</td>
              <td>58.43 &#177; 7.20</td>
              <td>0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">NYHAFC I</td>
              <td>100%</td>
              <td>94.7%</td>
              <td>85.7%</td>
              <td>0.286</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mean VE/24 h</td>
              <td>6.8</td>
              <td>255.39</td>
              <td>49.5</td>
              <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td>68.63 &#177; 8.29</td>
              <td>59.37 &#177; 13.08</td>
              <td>44.86 &#177; 14.98</td>
              <td>&lt; 0. 0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">EDLVD (mm)</td>
              <td>48.13 &#177; 4.09</td>
              <td>52.95 &#177; 6.74</td>
              <td>59.29 &#177; 7.45</td>
              <td>0. 001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">ESLVD (mm)</td>
              <td>30.50 &#177; 3.46</td>
              <td>36.79 &#177; 8.46</td>
              <td>44.86 &#177; 8.74</td>
              <td>&lt; 0. 0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LAD (mm)</td>
              <td>33.94 &#177; 3.15</td>
              <td>36.21 &#177; 5.77</td>
              <td>36.14 &#177; 5.46</td>
              <td>0.357</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Amiodarone (200 mg/d)</td>
              <td>0 (0%)</td>
              <td>3 (15.8%)</td>
              <td>3 (42.9%)</td>
              <td>0. 016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Amiodarone (400 mg/d)</td>
              <td>0 (0%)</td>
              <td>0 (0%)</td>
              <td>3 (42.9%)</td>
              <td>0. 002</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Values shown as mean &#177; SD; GI: group I; GII: group II; GIII: group III; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class (%); ESLVD: end-systolic left ventricular diameter; EDLVD: end-diastolic left ventricular diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction (%); LAD: left atrial diameter.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Statistically significant differences were observed between GI and GIII regarding EDLVD (p = 0.001), and between the three groups regarding ESLVD.</p>
      <p>Regarding LVEF, statistical difference was observed between GI and GIII (p = 0.000), and between GII and GIII (p = 0.02).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>24-hour Holter</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref> shows the distribution and density of VE observed on 24-hour Holter monitoring. The greatest ventricular ectopia density was found in GII.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of ventricular extrasystoles (VE) in the groups studied.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0579-40066-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures of spontaneous BRS</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the characteristics of the groups studied regarding spontaneous BRS.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of the groups studied regarding spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (ms/mm Hg)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th colspan="9">
                  <bold>Descriptive measures</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean &#177; SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Minimum</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Maximum</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GI</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>13</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>13.38 &#177; 5.08</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>6.34</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>23.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GII</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>18</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>12.95 &#177; 4.29</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5.93</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>21.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GIII</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>9.54 &#177; 3.63</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.25</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>12.21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Note: values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; GI: group I; GII: group II; GIII: group III.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>p = 0.265</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures of induced baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>Statistically significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the assessment of BRS in response to phenylephrine (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Measures of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in the groups studied (ms/mm Hg)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th colspan="9">
                  <bold>Descriptive measures</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean &#177; SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Minimum</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Maximum</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GI</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>16</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>15.23 &#177; 7.61</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>6.12</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>30.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GII</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>19</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>11.84 &#177; 6.62</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3.08</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>27.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">GIII</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>6.09 &#177; 3.38</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.78</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>10.84</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Note: values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; GI: group I; GII: group II; GIII: group III.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>p = 0,01</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>After comparing the groups, statistically significant difference was observed between GI and GIII (p = 0.01), but no difference was observed between GI and GII. Pearson's correlation coefficient <italic>r</italic> was used to assess the correlation between the variables. Correlating BRS and density of ventricular ectopias, a higher density of ventricular ectopias (p = 0.01) was observed in the subgroup with moderately depressed BRS (3.0 - 6.0 ms/mm Hg). A positive association between low ventricular ectopia density and preserved BRS was also observed (p = 0.003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between the measure of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and density
                     of ventricular arrhythmias. Note: BRS: baroreflex sensitivity; LV ectopia &gt;10/h: left ventricular ectopia greater than 10 per hour; LV ectopia &gt; 10/h: left ventricular ectopia smaller than 10 per hour.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0579-40066-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The variables BRS, LVEF, EDLVD and VE/h were tested in the logistic regression model. After multivariate analysis, BRS was the only variable related to SVT appearance (p = 0.028).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Sudden death is the major cause of death in Chagas disease, present in 55% to 65% of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. It is worth noting that many of such SD affect patients with normal or close-to-normal left ventricular function. The risk of SD is known not to be the same for all patients with Chagas disease. Participation of the autonomic nervous system, mainly decreased parasympathetic activity, has been evidenced as a contributing factor in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias and SD in ischemic heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Early identification of patients with chronic Chagas heart disease at risk of developing potentially lethal arrhythmic events is extremely important<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, and autonomic function determination could be used as a noninvasive method for risk stratification in that population.</p>
      <p>In this study, the three groups of patients did not differ regarding most of the clinical characteristics evaluated. However, the mean age of GIII patients (41.86 years) was lower than those of GI and GII patients (49.50 and 50.26 years, respectively). Vagal activity is known to decrease with age in healthy individuals. In our case series, GIII patients, although younger and probably with a shorter exposure to disease, showed a more impaired parasympathetic activity, in addition to higher arrhythmia complexity, which is in accordance with the findings of the ATRAMI study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. That study encompassed 1284 patients with recent myocardial infarction, whose HRV had been quantified as standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals (SDNN) and BRS measurement with the phenylephrine method. The BRS measurement had no prognostic value in the subgroup of patients older than 65 years; however, it showed a strong statistical power in the younger subgroup. Thus, advanced age was an exclusion criterion in our population.</p>
      <p>Our observations reveal a way to identify worse disease progression, since GIII patients had more severe clinical manifestations, although they were younger, most in functional class I and with relatively preserved ventricular function. Our data revealed that, although most patients studied had preserved EF, the means were lower in GIII as compared with those in GI and GII, the same occurring with EDLVD. The clinical progression of the disease is dynamic, involving both autonomic function deterioration and progressive structural myocardial impairment. It is still unknown to what extent those two factors develop concomitantly or in an independent way. Further more detailed studies assessing the interdependence between structural and autonomic injuries are required.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Phenylephrine-induced baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>In our study, phenylephrine-induced BRS was significantly reduced in the subgroup of patients with more complex arrhythmia (GIII), such as spontaneous SVT. It is worth noting that those changes in baroreflex were mainly shown in patients with NYHA functional class I. Over the past two decades, cardiac BRS has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk marker. The first clinical evidence has been identified in a study performed with 78 patients after myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>, whose BRS was assessed in a 24-month follow-up. All 7 patients dead during follow-up had an extremely decreased BRS. However, that method has been consolidated as an independent marker of mortality risk in ischemic patients only after the multicenter ATRAMI study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Since then, it has been largely used for risk stratification in several populations, such as those with hypertension, diabetes and dilated cardiomyopathies.</p>
        <p>In chronic Chagas heart disease, the autonomic nervous system involvement, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, has been well demonstrated from the histopathological and functional viewpoints. However, only a few studies have used BRS as a marker of the autonomic function in that population, and, to our knowledge, it has not been used to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events. Autonomic dysfunction is more exuberant in the cardiodigestive and digestive forms of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. However, in the undetermined form of Chagas disease, the autonomic function assessment has conflicting results, which have varied from the single sympathetic or mainly parasympathetic involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, to no impairment at all. Junqueira J&#250;nior et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, in 1985, demonstrated that BRS was significantly lower in 14 chagasic patients as compared with a control group (healthy); however, when only patients with the undetermined and digestive forms of the disease were studied, BRS was normal. In 2004, Villar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, studying 31 asymptomatic chagasic patients, one group with electrocardiographic changes and the other with no changes, concluded that cardiovagal dysfunction can be early documented by measuring BRS, even in those with no electrocardiographic changes. In addition, they showed that cardiac autonomic assessment could be useful to identify subclinical disease.</p>
        <p>In 1998, Marin Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, assessing 31 chagasic patients at the initial phase of the disease, studied cardiac autonomic control and biventricular function by using radionuclide angiography, Valsalva maneuver, tilt testing and BRS. Their results showed that cardiac autonomic dysfunction is prominent in patients with the digestive form, but not in those with the undetermined form of the disease. In our case series, patients with the undetermined form showed preserved BRS measures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity</title>
        <p>Our results showed greater impairment of spontaneous BRS in GIII patients. Despite being only a tendency, such difference should be valued. Considering GI, GII and GIII and based on spontaneous BRS determination, autonomic impairment increases as disease progresses.</p>
        <p>In addition to being simple and easily obtained, an advantage of the method is that it is based on standardized, automated and computerized measures, which almost eliminate the intra- and interobserver variations. The sequence methodology used to determine spontaneous BRS was applied in this study. According to Parlow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the method reflects primarily the baroreflex control of cardiac vagal activity (because most sequences are smaller than six beats) and was proposed as a reliable alternative to determine BRS in healthy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> and in hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. However, despite the strong linear association, the agreement between spectral measures and phenylephrine in estimating BRS is weak. The baroreflex response to the sinus node is believed to be different under the influence of different methodologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Although provocation with vasoactive drugs has been considered the gold-standard method to assess BRS, the use of those drugs can cause mechanical changes in the arterial wall, where baroreceptors are located, and result in a more intense and less physiological stimulus of reflex HR adaptation in face of a BP change<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. By using the vasoactive drug, relatively greater BP changes are observed, and can alter not only the linear portion of the stimulus-response curve, but can also reach the portions where baroreceptor activity approaches saturation, and where the BRS is lower<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Another contributing factor is the fact that BP changes in spontaneous measurements have smaller amplitudes, and, thus, the method cannot assess the baroreflex function in its entire extension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Thus, both techniques are considered non-exclusionary, but complementary, in assessing baroreflex function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The correlations</title>
        <p>Previewing the occurrence of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in individuals with preserved ventricular function is a great challenge in chagasic cardiomyopathy, because of the high risk of SD in that population. The high density of ventricular ectopias and the presence of NSVT are known predictive criteria of cardiovascular risk in ischemic patients. However, in chagasic patients with relatively preserved ventricular function, its significance remains controversial.</p>
        <p>Rassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> have recently published a score to stratify the mortality risk of chagasic patients. In that cohort, the authors have found, after uni- and multivariate analyses, six clinical variables that predict poor prognosis, such as NSVT. In addition, they have reported that the combination of NSVT with left ventricular dysfunction was associated with a 15-time greater risk of death in the patients studied.</p>
        <p>Our data revealed a direct correlation between the autonomic dysfunction degree and the density of ventricular ectopias on 24-hour Holter monitoring. In addition, 100% of the patients with preserved BRS (&gt; 6.0 ms/mm Hg) had density of ventricular ectopias smaller than 10 per hour, being then considered at lower risk for events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. An inverse correlation between the SDNN index and the density of ventricular ectopias was also observed.</p>
        <p>When assessing different noninvasive methods of risk stratification for a certain cardiovascular condition, data regarding ischemic cardiopathy are usually extrapolated from the literature. However, the pathophysiological peculiarities of chagasic cardiomyopathy are not necessarily comparable to those of coronary arterial disease or dilated disease of other etiologies.</p>
        <p>Up to now, there is no method that alone can definitively predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and of SD in the most varied clinical situations, in the different populations studied. In addition, the cardiovascular risk has not evolved in a linear way, changing with disease progression and/or the treatment used. Therefore, the combination of various tests available is the best way to increase the risk stratification accuracy, and, consequently, to optimize the treatment and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Baroreflex sensitivity is preserved in the undetermined form of Chagas disease. The BRS impairment is progressive and accompanies the disease evolution, being more intense in patients with more complex ventricular arrhythmias. The degree of autonomic dysfunction did not correlate with ventricular function, but with the density and complexity of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical implications</title>
        <p>We believe that BRS analysis, a simple low-cost methodology, can be clinically used to identify, among chagasic patients with the arrhythmogenic form and preserved ventricular function, those at higher risk to develop potentially malignant arrhythmias, and, thus, to guide earlier interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitation</title>
        <p>Because of the small sample size, prospective studies, involving a greater number of patients, should be conducted to confirm the results.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Ianni B, Melo SL, Santos Neto F, Sosa E, Hachul DT; Acquisition of data: Santos AM, Ianni B, Santos Neto F, Hachul DT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Melo SL, Pisani C, Hachul DT; Statistical analysis: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Pisani C, Hachul DT; Writing of the manuscript: Santos AM, Santos Neto F, Hachul DT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Ianni B, Melo SL, Pisani C, Santos Neto F, Sosa E, Hachul DT.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Astrid Rocha Meireles Santos, from FMUSP-Incor.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">A Sensibilidade do Barorreflexo e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Astrid Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC - FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise Tessariol Hachul,</bold> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205, Morumbi. CEP 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>dhachul@cardiol.br</email>; <email>dhachul@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Morte s&#250;bita &#233; a principal causa de morte na doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), mesmo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) preservada, sugerindo que fatores desestabilizadores do substrato arritmog&#234;nico (modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica) contribuam para a sua ocorr&#234;ncia.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) em pacientes com DC na forma indeterminada (GI), arritmog&#234;nica com TVNS (GII) e com TVS (GIII) a fim de avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia e complexidade da arritmia.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e dois pacientes chag&#225;sicos foram submetidos &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ECG e PA cont&#237;nua e n&#227;o invasiva (TASK force monitor). Foi determinada a SBR (m&#233;todo da fenilefrina), a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) ao Holter 24 h. e FE (ecocardiograma).  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O GIII apresentou menor SBR (6,09 ms/mmHg) quando comparado aos GII (11,84) e GI (15,23). A diferen&#231;a foi significativa entre os GI e GIII (p = 0,01). Correlacionando SBR com densidade de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), observou-se que a baixa densidade de EV (&lt; 10/h.) associou-se com SBR preservada. Nos pacientes com alta densidade de EV (&gt; 10/h.), somente 59% tinham SBR preservada (p = 0,003). Os pacientes com SBR deprimida apresentavam maior densidade de EV (p = 0,01), independente da FE. A SBR foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de TVS (p = 0,028).  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A SBR est&#225; preservada na forma indeterminada da DC. O comprometimento da SBR &#233; progressivo e acompanha a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, sendo mais intenso nos pacientes com arritmias ventriculares mais complexas. O grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o se correlacionou com a FE, mas sim com a densidade e complexidade da arritmia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Barorreflexo / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica tem na sua forma arritmog&#234;nica, alta densidade de arritmia ventricular, que n&#227;o s&#243; provoca sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, mas &#233; causa frequente de morte s&#250;bita (MS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. &#201; surpreendente a escassez de sintomas e a normalidade da &#225;rea card&#237;aca contrastando com as les&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas encontradas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Determinar o mecanismo da MS na doen&#231;a de Chagas permanece um desafio. Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias demonstram que, por ser uma patologia com car&#225;ter fibrosante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, &#233; comum o aparecimento de bloqueio unidirecional e zonas de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta, sendo este o cen&#225;rio ideal para o aparecimento de arritmias ventriculares reentrantes, que podem ser comprovadas durante estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dentre os fatores que interagem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas, al&#233;m das anormalidades estruturais mioc&#225;rdicas, destacam-se as extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), que iniciam o processo reentrante. Entretanto, nem todo paciente portador de arritmia ventricular morre subitamente. O modelo provavelmente s&#243; se completa quando fatores funcionais aparecem, favorecendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias (controle barorreflexo do cora&#231;&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica que se sup&#245;e tenham importante papel na g&#234;nese da morte s&#250;bita)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Diversas ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular t&#234;m sido empregadas como a an&#225;lise da sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR), que quantifica a capacidade de incremento da atividade vagal, e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), que avalia a atividade vagal t&#244;nica sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. A SBR consolidou-se como marcador independente de risco de mortalidade em pacientes isqu&#234;micos, sendo, desde ent&#227;o, empregado como ferramenta cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica em uma variedade de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O subgrupo que merece especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; o dos assintom&#225;ticos, os quais, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de fatores deflagradores ou de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas estruturais, correspondem a uma parcela significativa de casos de MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da doen&#231;a de Chagas pode ser detectada antes da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, em todas as fases da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Assim, o estudo pormenorizado da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nas diversas formas da doen&#231;a de Chagas tem como principal finalidade identificar poss&#237;veis elementos que possam precocemente indicar quais os indiv&#237;duos em risco de desenvolver arritmias complexas e ou MS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo</title>
        <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi determinar a sensibilidade do barorreflexo em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, nas formas indeterminada <bold>(Grupo I)</bold>, arritmog&#234;nica com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada <bold>(Grupo II)</bold>, com taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea <bold>(Grupo III)  </bold>e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a severidade da arritmia ventricular e o grau de comprometimento da sensibilidade do barorreflexo.</p>
        <p>O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi realizar a an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) pelo Holter 24 horas e aferir, por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) e as dimens&#245;es das cavidades esquerdas do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases|methods">
        <title>Casu&#237;stica e M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados 42 indiv&#237;duos com sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas, confirmada pela presen&#231;a de, pelo menos, duas rea&#231;&#245;es sorol&#243;gicas (hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta, imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta ou ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico - ELISA), procedentes na sua maioria do ambulat&#243;rio do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia e Unidade de Miocardiopatias). O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-FMUSP) e pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa para an&#225;lise de Projeto de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do InCor-FMUSP.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Grupo I (GI), indiv&#237;duos portadores da forma indeterminada da Doen&#231;a de Chagas; Grupo II (GII), pacientes chag&#225;sicos com arritmia ventricular complexa, inclusive taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS); Grupo III (GIII), pacientes chag&#225;sicos com arritmia ventricular complexa e pelo menos um registro de taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS) espont&#226;nea, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica preliminar com eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiograma, Holter de 24 horas e teste ergom&#233;trico. A forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a foi definida segundo crit&#233;rios j&#225; estabelecidos: indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, com no m&#237;nimo dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos para doen&#231;a de Chagas e com eletrocardiograma, estudo radiol&#243;gico de t&#243;rax e exames contrastados de es&#244;fago e c&#243;lon normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Os registros da arritmia ventricular para inclus&#227;o nos grupos II e III eram provenientes de tra&#231;ados pr&#233;vios de Holter 24 h., eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizados em salas de emerg&#234;ncia ou desencadeados no teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
        <p>O grupo I constituiu-se de 16 indiv&#237;duos, 11 (68,75 %) do sexo feminino e cinco (31,25 %) do sexo masculino. O grupo II incluiu 19 pacientes: 17 com registro de TVNS ao Holter de 24 horas e dois com registro no teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo 14 do sexo feminino (73,68 %) e cinco do sexo masculino (26,32 %). O grupo III incluiu sete pacientes, dos quais cinco apresentavam registro de TVS no eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e dois no Holter de 24 horas. Desses, quatro (57,14 %) eram do sexo feminino e tr&#234;s (42,86 %) do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>Observamos que 100% dos pacientes do grupo I eram assintom&#225;ticos, enquanto 84,2% do grupo II e 43% do grupo III apresentavam sintomas, sendo os mais frequentes: palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica. O sintoma s&#237;ncope foi referido por dois indiv&#237;duos do grupo II. Dos sete indiv&#237;duos que foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo III, tr&#234;s haviam apresentado TVS inst&#225;vel, que necessitou de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>Os medicamentos, como betabloqueador, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, digoxina e antagonistas da aldosterona, foram suspensos por, no m&#237;nimo, tr&#234;s meias-vidas antes do procedimento e os pacientes eram orientados a fazer leve desjejum, sem cafe&#237;na, al&#233;m de absterem-se de bebida alco&#243;lica por 24 horas.</p>
        <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular n&#227;o invasiva foi realizada pelo sistema Task   <italic>Force &#174; Monitor (CNSystems Medizintechnik GmbH</italic>, vers&#227;o 2.2.12.0, &#193;ustria)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Os valores num&#233;ricos fornecidos foram referentes aos par&#226;metros de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAs) e diast&#243;lica (PAd) e de sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR), sendo a press&#227;o arterial medida pela t&#233;cnica de fotopletismografia digital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e o eletrocardiograma adquirido por meio de tr&#234;s eletrodos adesivos tor&#225;cicos, para an&#225;lise dos intervalos entre as ondas R. Um manguito digital de press&#227;o cont&#237;nua era posicionado circundando a falange m&#233;dia do terceiro e quarto quirod&#225;ctilo direito e outro, ao n&#237;vel do antebra&#231;o esquerdo. As medidas oscilom&#233;tricas da press&#227;o arterial foram transformadas em valores absolutos para cada batimento consecutivo. Os diversos sinais adquiridos eram dispostos na tela, e, ao final do procedimento, impressos ou armazenados em arquivo com formato de f&#225;cil convers&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de repouso, eram obtidos 15 minutos consecutivos de registros cont&#237;nuos de medidas PAs e FC para an&#225;lise da SBR espont&#226;neo. A an&#225;lise da SBR espont&#226;nea foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo da sequ&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, que se baseia na identifica&#231;&#227;o por programa de computador, no dom&#237;nio do tempo, da ocorr&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea de sequ&#234;ncias de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos, nos quais existiu um aumento progressivo da PAs com consequente prolongamento do intervalo RR ou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da PAs com consequente encurtamento do intervalo RR. Para serem consideradas pelo programa, as modifica&#231;&#245;es da PAs e do intervalo RR devem ser maiores ou iguais a 1 mmHg e 5 ms, respectivamente. A todas as sequ&#234;ncias &#233; aplicada uma regress&#227;o linear e uma m&#233;dia dos valores obtidos em todas as sequ&#234;ncias &#233; calculada para cada paciente, o que representa a medida da SBR espont&#226;nea (em ms/mmHg). Esses valores eram fornecidos automaticamente pelo sistema Task <italic>Force &#174; Monitor.</italic> </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o registro da SBR espont&#226;nea, os volunt&#225;rios eram mantidos sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e da FC, conforme descrito anteriormente. Ent&#227;o, era feita, por via endovenosa, a infus&#227;o r&#225;pida (em 30 segundos) da fenilefrina na dose de 2 a 4 mcg/Kg, em pelo menos tr&#234;s <italic>bolus</italic> -com intervalos de no m&#237;nimo 10 min. - a fim de provocar aumento na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 15 a 40 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Caso a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica n&#227;o aumentasse conforme o esperado (&gt; 15 mmHg), nova infus&#227;o era feita com incrementos de 25-50, at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima de 10 mcg/kg.</p>
        <p>Consecutivos valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e correspondentes mudan&#231;as nos intervalos RR (com retardo de um batimento) foram plotados, tendo como resultado a inclina&#231;&#227;o de uma reta de regress&#227;o linear. As medidas escolhidas para an&#225;lise eram aquelas que apresentavam forte coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear (coeficiente r &gt; ou igual a 0,7). A medida da sensibilidade do barorreflexo considerada (expressa em ms/mmHg) equivaleu &#224; m&#233;dia calculada dos valores obtidos nas infus&#245;es com maior reprodutibilidade para cada paciente (m&#233;todo semiautom&#225;tico).</p>
        <p>Por meio da ecocardiografia, foram aferidas as dimens&#245;es das cavidades esquerdas do cora&#231;&#227;o, todas expressas em mil&#237;metros (mm): di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram organizados em tabelas, gr&#225;ficos e quadros de medidas descritivas. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica inferencial, primeiramente foi realizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, com o objetivo de analisar a normalidade da vari&#225;vel SBR, e o teste de Levene, para verificar a igualdade das vari&#226;ncias dos tr&#234;s grupos. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos grupos foi feita por meio do teste ANOVA e as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo teste de Tukey (vari&#226;ncias iguais) ou o de Games-Howell (vari&#226;ncias desiguais). J&#225; a an&#225;lise de pares foi realizada por meio do teste t de Student.</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson <italic>&#174;</italic> e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, pelo teste x<sup>2</sup> ou de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a. Calcularam-se as <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR), seus intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC 95%) para TVS e prov&#225;veis fatores influenciadores de seu aparecimento. Foi aplicada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O modelo final ajustado foi obtido utilizando-se um m&#233;todo   <italic>backword</italic> para um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes an&#225;lises com <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram processados no <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 14.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O Grupo I foi constitu&#237;do por 16 indiv&#237;duos; o Grupo II por 19 pacientes e o Grupo III incluiu sete pacientes. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo. O Grupo I apresentou uma m&#233;dia de 49,5 anos, o Grupo II de 50,26 anos e o Grupo III de 41,86 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos est&#227;o representadas na<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos da amostra estudada (n = 42)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GII</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>GII</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td>49,50 &#177; 6,70</td>
                <td>50,26 &#177; 7,65</td>
                <td>41,86 &#177; 7,66</td>
                <td>0, 037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IMC (kglm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td>25,70 &#177; 3,09</td>
                <td>26,50 &#177; 4,09</td>
                <td>23,67 &#177; 5,55</td>
                <td>0, 293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a (B/NB)</td>
                <td>(16/00)</td>
                <td>(18/01)</td>
                <td>(7/00)</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td>115,94 &#177; 14,74</td>
                <td>117,26 &#177; 14,74</td>
                <td>117,14 &#177; 7,55</td>
                <td>0, 943</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td>75,00 &#177; 8,16</td>
                <td>76,58 &#177; 8,17</td>
                <td>71,43 &#177; 12,15</td>
                <td>0, 431</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FC (beats/min)</td>
                <td>70,99 &#177; 6,29</td>
                <td>68,53 &#177; 9,31</td>
                <td>58,43 &#177; 7,20</td>
                <td>0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CF I (NYHA)</td>
                <td>100%</td>
                <td>94,7%</td>
                <td>85,7%</td>
                <td>0,286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia EV/24 h.</td>
                <td>6,8</td>
                <td>255,39</td>
                <td>49,5</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td>68,63 &#177; 8,29</td>
                <td>59,37 &#177; 13,08</td>
                <td>44,86 &#177; 14,98</td>
                <td>&lt; 0, 0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td>48,13 &#177; 4,09</td>
                <td>52,95 &#177; 6,74</td>
                <td>59,29 &#177; 7,45</td>
                <td>0, 001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td>30,50 &#177; 3,46</td>
                <td>36,79 &#177; 8,46</td>
                <td>44,86 &#177; 8,74</td>
                <td>&lt; 0, 0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DAE (mm)</td>
                <td>33,94 &#177; 3,15</td>
                <td>36,21 &#177; 5,77</td>
                <td>36,14 &#177; 5,46</td>
                <td>0,357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Amiodarona (200 mg/d)</td>
                <td>0 (0%)</td>
                <td>3 (15,8%)</td>
                <td>3 (42,9%)</td>
                <td>0, 016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Amiodarona (400 mg/d)</td>
                <td>0 (0%)</td>
                <td>0 (0%)</td>
                <td>3 (42,9%)</td>
                <td>0, 002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Valores: M&#233;dia &#177; DP; GI: grupoI; GII: grupoII; GIII: GrupoIII; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CF(NYHA): classe funcional- New York Heart Association (%); DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE; DDVE, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%); DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os GI e GIII quanto ao di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) (p = 0,001) e entre os tr&#234;s grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE), foi observada a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quando comparados os grupos I e III (p = 0, 000) e os grupos II e III (p = 0,02).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Holter de 24 h</title>
          <p>O<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o e densidade das extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) observadas na an&#225;lise do Holter de 24 horas. A maior densidade de ectopias ventriculares foi encontrada no Grupo II.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) nos grupos estudados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0579-40066-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da sensibilidade do barorreflexo espont&#226;neo</title>
          <p>A<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos estudados quanto &#224;s medidas da SBR espont&#226;nea.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudados quanto &#224; medida da sensibilidade do barorreflexo espont&#226;neo (ms/mmHg)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th colspan="9">
                    <bold>Medidas descritivas</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#237;nimo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GI</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>13,38 &#177; 5,08</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>6,34</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>23,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GII</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>18</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>12,95 &#177; 4,29</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>5,93</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>21,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GIII</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>9,54 &#177; 3,63</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>3,25</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>12,21</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Nota: valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; GI: Grupo I; GII: Grupo II, GIII: Grupo III.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da sensibilidade do barorreflexo induzido</title>
          <p>Observou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos no que diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) em resposta &#224; fenilefrina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medidas da sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) nos grupos estudados (ms/mm Hg)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th colspan="9">
                    <bold>Medidas descritivas</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#237;nimo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GI</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>16</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>15,23 &#177; 7,61</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>6,12</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>30,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GII</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>19</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>11,84 &#177; 6,62</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>3,08</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>27,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">GIII</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>6,09 &#177; 3,38</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>2,78</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>10,84</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Nota: valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; GI: Grupo I; GII: Grupo II, GIII: Grupo III.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>p = 0,01</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ap&#243;s compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, observou-se diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os GI e GIII (p = 0,01). Por&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os GI e GII. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o <italic>r de Pearson</italic> para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis. Quando correlacionamos a SBR e a densidade de ectopias ventriculares, observamos que no subgrupo com medida de sensibilidade do barorreflexo moderadamente deprimida (3,0 - 6,0 ms/mmHg) houve maior densidade de ectopias ventriculares (p = 0,01). Observamos tamb&#233;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre baixa densidade de ectopia ventricular e SBR preservada (p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre medida da sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) e densidade de arritmias ventriculares.</title>
              <p>Nota: SBR: Sensibilidade barorreflexa; Ectopia VE &gt; 10/h.: ectopia ventricular maior que 10 por hora; Ectopia VE &lt; 10/h.: ectopia ventricular menor que 10 por hora.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0579-40066-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis SBR, FEVE, DDVE e EV/h. foram testadas no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, demonstrou-se que a SBR foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel relacionada ao aparecimento da TVS (p = 0,028).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A morte s&#250;bita &#233; a principal causa de morte na doen&#231;a de Chagas, correspondendo de 55 a 65% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. &#201; interessante observar que boa parcela destas mortes s&#250;bitas ocorre em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal ou pr&#243;xima do normal. Sabemos que o risco de morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o &#233; o mesmo para todo o chag&#225;sico. Evid&#234;ncias demonstram a participa&#231;&#227;o do SNA, principalmente a depress&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica, como fator contribuinte na g&#234;nese de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Consideramos que a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dos pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica em risco para o desenvolvimento de eventos arr&#237;tmicos potencialmente letais &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e a determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica poderia ser empregada como um dos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados apresentados neste estudo demonstram que os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes n&#227;o diferiam quanto &#224; maioria das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas avaliadas, no entanto, intrigantemente, observamos que a m&#233;dia de idade do GIII (41,86 anos) foi menor que a do GI (49,50 anos) e do GII (50,26 anos). &#201; conhecido que, com o aumento da idade, a atividade vagal diminui em indiv&#237;duos normais. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, os pacientes do grupo III, embora mais jovens e talvez com menor tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a, apresentaram atividade parassimp&#225;tica mais comprometida e tamb&#233;m maior complexidade da arritmia, Corroborando nossos achados com a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ATRAMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, que englobou 1284 pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, nos quais a VFC foi quantificada por meio do SDNN e a medida da SBR pelo m&#233;todo da fenilefrina. A medida da SBR n&#227;o teve valor progn&#243;stico no subgrupo com idade superior a 65 anos, no entanto, teve um forte poder estat&#237;stico no subgrupo de pacientes mais jovens. Por isso, a idade avan&#231;ada foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nossas observa&#231;&#245;es revelam uma forma de identificar pior evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, j&#225; que os pacientes do grupo III apresentavam manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave, embora fossem mais jovens, classe funcional I na maioria e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relativamente preservada. Nossos dados revelaram que, apesar da FE estar preservada na grande maioria dos pacientes estudados, as m&#233;dias foram menores no GIII quando comparadas ao GI e GII, o mesmo ocorrendo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DDVE. Certamente, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a &#233; din&#226;mica e envolve tanto a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, quanto o comprometimento progressivo estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio. &#201; desconhecido o quanto esses dois fatores desenvolvem-se em concomit&#226;ncia ou de forma independente. Para melhor esclarecimento, estudos que avaliam mais detalhadamente a interdepend&#234;ncia entre o grau de inj&#250;ria estrutural e auton&#244;mica necessitam ser realizados.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensibilidade do barorreflexo induzida por fenilefrina</title>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, a sensibilidade do barorreflexo induzido por fenilefrina apresentou-se significativamente reduzida no subgrupo de pacientes com arritmia de maior complexidade, no caso, taquicardia ventricular sustentada espont&#226;nea (GIII). Ressaltamos que essas altera&#231;&#245;es do barorreflexo foram demonstradas nos pacientes, na sua grande maioria, em classe funcional I da NYHA. Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, a sensibilidade barorreflexa card&#237;aca vem sendo reconhecida como marcador de risco cardiovascular. As primeiras evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas surgiram de um estudo realizado em 78 pacientes ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, que foram avaliados quanto &#224; SBR e seguidos por 24 meses. Dos sete &#243;bitos que ocorreram no per&#237;odo de seguimento, todos tinham SBR bastante deprimido. Entretanto, somente ap&#243;s o estudo multic&#234;ntrico ATRAMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, o m&#233;todo consolidou-se como marcador independente de risco de mortalidade em pacientes isqu&#234;micos. Desde ent&#227;o, tem sido largamente empregado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es, tais como hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos e em miocardiopatias dilatadas.</p>
          <p>Na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, o envolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, tanto simp&#225;tico como parassimp&#225;tico, j&#225; foi bem demonstrado histopatol&#243;gica e funcionalmente. Por&#233;m, apenas alguns estudos empregaram a SBR como marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o se tem conhecimento da sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Sabe-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#233; mais exuberante nas formas cardiodigestiva e digestiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. J&#225; na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a, o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica tem resultados conflitantes e variam desde somente acometimento simp&#225;tico, mas, sobretudo parassimp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, at&#233; nenhum comprometimento. Junqueira J&#250;nior e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, em 1985, demonstraram que a SBR era significantemente mais baixa em 14 pacientes chag&#225;sicos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (normais), mas, quando apenas pacientes com as formas indeterminada e digestiva da doen&#231;a foram estudados, a SBR foi normal. J&#225; em 2004, Villar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, estudando 31 pacientes chag&#225;sicos assintom&#225;ticos, sendo um grupo com altera&#231;&#245;es ao eletrocardiograma e o outro sem altera&#231;&#245;es, conclu&#237;ram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovagal pode ser documentada precocemente pela medida da SBR, mesmo naqueles sem altera&#231;&#227;o do ECG. Demonstraram assim que a avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>Marin Neto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, em 1998, em um estudo com 31 pacientes chag&#225;sicos em fase inicial da doen&#231;a, estudou o controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco e a fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular por meio da angiografia por radionucl&#237;deo, manobra de Valsalva, <italic>Tilt Test</italic> e SBR. Seus resultados demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; proeminente em pacientes com a forma digestiva, mas n&#227;o na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, pacientes com a forma indeterminada apresentaram medida da SBR preservada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensibilidade do barorreflexo espont&#226;nea</title>
          <p>Nossos dados revelaram um maior comprometimento da SBR espont&#226;nea nos pacientes do grupo GIII. Apesar de ser apenas uma tend&#234;ncia, acreditamos que tal diferen&#231;a deva ser valorizada. Ainda, considerando-se os grupos I, II e III, podemos considerar, a partir da determina&#231;&#227;o da SBR espont&#226;nea, que uma progress&#227;o do comprometimento auton&#244;mico acompanha a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
          <p>Como vantagem do m&#233;todo, podemos citar que este adv&#233;m de medidas padronizadas, autom&#225;ticas e computadorizadas, o que praticamente elimina as varia&#231;&#245;es de aferi&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservador, al&#233;m de ser um m&#233;todo simples e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. O m&#233;todo da sequ&#234;ncia utilizado para a determina&#231;&#227;o da SBR espont&#226;nea foi a metodologia aplicada nesse estudo. Segundo Parlow e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, o m&#233;todo reflete primariamente o controle barorreflexo da atividade card&#237;aca vagal, porque a maioria das sequencias tem extens&#227;o menor do que seis batimentos, tendo sido proposto como uma alternativa confi&#225;vel para determinar a SBR em normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> e em pacientes hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Entretanto, apesar de uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o linear, a concord&#226;ncia entre medidas espectrais e fenilefrina na estima&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do barorreflexo &#233; fraca. Acredita-se que a resposta barorreflexa sobre o n&#243; sinusal seja diferente sob a influ&#234;ncia das distintas metodologias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Embora provoca&#231;&#227;o por drogas vasoativas esteja consagrada como m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da SBR, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o destas drogas pode provocar altera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas da parede da art&#233;ria onde se localizam os barorreceptores e resultar em um est&#237;mulo mais intenso e menos fisiol&#243;gico da adapta&#231;&#227;o reflexa da FC frente a uma mudan&#231;a da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Com o uso da droga vasoativa, altera&#231;&#245;es relativamente maiores de PA s&#227;o observadas, podendo alterar n&#227;o somente a por&#231;&#227;o linear da curva est&#237;mulo-resposta, mas tamb&#233;m atingir as por&#231;&#245;es onde a atividade do barorreceptor se aproxima da satura&#231;&#227;o, momento em que SBR &#233; menor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Outro fator contribuinte &#233; o fato de que as mudan&#231;as de PA nas medidas espont&#226;neas s&#227;o de amplitudes menores, fazendo com que o m&#233;todo n&#227;o consiga avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa em toda a sua extens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Por este motivo, as duas t&#233;cnicas s&#227;o consideradas n&#227;o excludentes, mas complementares na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>As Correla&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A previs&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares sustentadas em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada &#233; um grande desafio na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, devido ao elevado risco de morte s&#250;bita nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. A alta densidade de ectopias ventriculares e a presen&#231;a da taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada s&#227;o sabidamente crit&#233;rios preditores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes isqu&#234;micos, entretanto, em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relativamente preservada, seu significado permanece controverso.</p>
          <p>Recentemente Rassi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> publicaram um escore para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade para pacientes chag&#225;sicos. Nessa coorte, os autores encontraram, ap&#243;s an&#225;lises uni e multivariada, seis vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas preditoras de mau progn&#243;stico, entre elas a taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Ainda verificaram que a combina&#231;&#227;o de TVNS com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda associou-se a um risco 15 vezes maior de morte nos pacientes estudados.</p>
          <p>Nossos dados revelaram correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e densidade de ectopias ventriculares ao Holter de 24 h. Observamos que 100% dos pacientes com a SBR preservada (&gt; 6,0 ms/mmHg) apresentavam densidade de ectopias ventriculares inferior a 10 por hora, sendo desta forma considerado sob menor risco de eventos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Tamb&#233;m observamos correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o &#237;ndice SDNN e a densidade das ectopias ventriculares.</p>
          <p>Quando se avalia os diversos m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasivos para uma determinada condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, geralmente se extrapolam dados da literatura referentes &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Mas as peculiaridades fisiopatol&#243;gicas da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica n&#227;o s&#227;o necessariamente equipar&#225;veis &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou dilatada de outras etiologias.</p>
          <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo que, isoladamente, seja capaz de predizer de forma definitiva o risco de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita nas mais variadas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, nas diversas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Al&#233;m disso, o risco cardiovascular n&#227;o evolui de forma linear e muda com a progress&#227;o de uma doen&#231;a e/ou tratamento empregado. Por isso, a combina&#231;&#227;o dos v&#225;rios testes dispon&#237;veis &#233; a melhor forma de aumentar a acur&#225;cia da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e, consequentemente, otimizar o tratamento e o custo efetividade das interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A sensibilidade do barorreflexo est&#225; preservada na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas. O comprometimento da SBR &#233; progressivo e acompanha a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, sendo mais intenso nos pacientes com arritmias ventriculares mais complexas. O grau disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o se correlacionou com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mas com a densidade e complexidade das arritmias ventriculares espont&#226;neas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Acreditamos que a aplica&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da SBR, uma metodologia simples e de baixo custo, poderia ser utilizada clinicamente para identificar, entre os pacientes chag&#225;sicos com a forma arritmog&#234;nica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, aqueles com maior risco para o desenvolvimento de arritmias potencialmente malignas e assim orientar interven&#231;&#245;es mais precoces.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero da amostra, acreditamos que estudos prospectivos, envolvendo maior n&#250;mero de pacientes, devam ser realizados para confirmar tais resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Ianni B, Melo SL, Santos Neto F, Sosa E, Hachul DT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos AM, Ianni B, Santos Neto F, Hachul DT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Melo SL, Pisani C, Hachul DT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Pisani C, Hachul DT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos AM, Santos Neto F, Hachul DT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos AM, Scanavacca MI, Darrieux F, Ianni B, Melo SL, Pisani C, Santos Neto F, Sosa E, Hachul DT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Astrid Rocha Meireles Santos pela FMUSP-Incor.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
