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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">q4hmMTV55BtrY566PwWbTzD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Femoral versus Radial Access in Primary Angioplasty. Analysis of the ACCEPT Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Beraldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Vieira Athanazio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Labrunie</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carleial Feij&#243; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">9</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Votuporanga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Votuporanga; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa; Belo Horizonte - MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Hospital Angelina Caron</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospital Angelina Caron; Campina Grande do Sul - PR</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Cariri</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barbalha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Cariri; Barbalha - CE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unidades de Hemodin&#226;mica e Interven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Rede D'Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidades de Hemodin&#226;mica e Interven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Rede D'Or / S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Beraldo de Andrad,</bold> Avenida Vicente Ferreira, 828. Postal Code 17515-900, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>pedroberaldo@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>pedroberaldo@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Andrade PB, Berwanger O, Piva e Mattos LA; Acquisition of data: Andrade PB, Andrade MVA, Barbosa RA, Labrunie A, Hernandes ME, Marino RL, Precoma DB, S&#225; FCF, Berwanger O, Piva e Mattos LA; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Berwanger O; Writing of the manuscript: Andrade PB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>566</fpage>
      <lpage>570</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The radial access provides a lower risk of bleeding and vascular complications related to the puncture site in comparison to the femoral access. Recent studies have suggested a reduction in mortality associated with the radial access in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients undergoing primary angioplasty according to the type of arterial access route.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>From August 2010 to December 2011, 588 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention during acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were assessed; they were recruited from 47 centers participating in the ACCEPT registry. Patients were grouped and compared according to the arterial access used for the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age was 61.8 years; 75% were males and 24% had diabetes mellitus. There was no difference between groups as regards the procedure success rate, as well as regards the occurrence of death, reinfarction, or stroke at six months of follow-up. Severe bleeding was reported in 1.1% of the sample analyzed, with no statistical difference related to the access used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The femoral and radial accesses are equally safe and effective for the performance of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The low rate of cardiovascular events and of hemorrhagic complications reflects the quality of the participating centers and the operators expertise with the use of both techniques.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous coronary interventions</kwd>
        <kwd>Femoral artery / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Radial artery / surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The growing interest for the radial access as a strategy for the reduction of hemorrhagic complications in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) confirms the impact of severe bleeding as a determinant of a poorer prognosis in invasively stratified patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Bleeding events related to the arterial access are the most frequent among patients undergoing coronary procedures and are independently associated with increased one-year mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Recent reviews of guidelines dedicated to this subject suggest the option of the radial access as preferable to the femoral access, as long as employed by operators both experienced and familiar with the technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary PCI - commonly treated with aggressive adjunctive antithrombotic drug therapy, comprise the clinical group for which the benefits from the radial technique are more expressive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, many of the centers involved in randomized trials comparing the access routes in this scenario are known to adopt the radial technique as the first option in their procedures, thus representing a potential selection bias of these analyses.</p>
      <p>The Acute Coronary Syndrome Clinical Practice Registry (ACCEPT) is a nationwide Brazilian case series that aims to provide a panorama of the demographic profile and of the occurrence of severe clinical endpoints in patients with ACS. The objective of the present analysis is to compare the six-month follow-up occurrence of severe adverse cardiovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic events among patients included in this registry and undergoing primary PCI, according to the arterial access used in the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The ACCEPT rationale, methodology, organization and registry committees have already been described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In sum, it is a prospective, voluntary, multicenter study conceived and managed by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (<italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> - SBC), logistically structured in the first semester of 2010, with patient data collection starting from August 2010. For this purpose, 47 investigation centers were gathered in order to reach the largest possible territorial area representing all the Brazilian federative regions, including public hospital care centers (Single Health System), health maintenance organizations, or private health care centers. These centers were selected using two criteria: by inviting qualified institutions and by actively searching for new centers, using the SBC's website to offer the opportunity to participate. The inclusion criteria were the presence of a research ethics committee (REC), ability to follow up the patients for up to one year, and presence of patients fitting the clinical scope of this registry.</p>
      <p>All centers were given training on the protocol and the electronic system, whether in the classroom or by telephone, supported by the coordination team. Quality control of the study data was measured by different strategies, such as the use of an electronic form dedicated to the collection of clinical variables, central control of the variables collected, attendance monitoring in the five centers with the largest number of patients recruited, and random raffle of 20% of the centers for attendance monitoring. The protocol was approved by the REC of <italic>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>and, subsequently, each participating center had its local approval. All patients gave written informed consent to participate, and the clinical study was carried out according to the principles of the current review of the Declaration of Helsinki, the Guidelines of Good Clinical Practices, and Resolution 196/96.</p>
      <p>In the present analysis, we assessed patients with ST-segment elevation AMI undergoing primary PCI, grouped according to the arterial access used, whether femoral or radial. The clinical endpoints analyzed were cardiovascular mortality, reinfarction, stroke, and severe bleeding. The occurrence of the clinical endpoints mentioned was checked after hospital admission and at 180 days. In compliance with the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , severe bleeding was defined as that of type 3, subdivided into (3a) - bleeding plus hemoglobin drop &#8805; 3 and &lt; 5 g/dL, or red blood cell transfusion; (3b) - bleeding with hemoglobin drop &#8805; 5 g/dL, or cardiac tamponade, or bleeding requiring surgical intervention for control; (3c) - intracranial hemorrhage or subcategories confirmed by autopsy, imaging studies or lumbar puncture, or intraocular bleed compromising vision. Also, type 5 subdivided into (5a) - probable fatal bleeding, and (5b), definite fatal bleeding.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables with skewed and normal distribution were described as median and mean &#177; standard deviation, respectively. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Proportions were compared between two independent groups using Fisher's exact test. Means were compared using Student's t test for independent samples. Medians were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. The SAS 9.3 program (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) was used for the statistical analysis of data. P values are two-tailed and p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>This registry is proprietary of SBC, using its own financial resources dedicated to this purpose. The <italic>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (IEP/Hcor) was hired to operationalize the performance of this registry, under coordination of SBC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We analyzed 2608 patients enrolled until December 2011, corresponding to phase I of the project; their dedicated electronic file was fully filled up (at admission, 30 and 180 days), and 640 had undergone primary PCI. A total of 8.1% of patients (52 cases) were lost to follow-up at six months, thus the final analysis was restricted to 588 patients, 410 of whom were allocated to the femoral group and 178 to the radial group. Their baseline clinical characteristics and demographics are shown in<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline clinical characteristics and demographics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Overall (n=588)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Femoral (n=410)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Radial (n=178)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age, mean &#177; standard deviation</td>
              <td>61.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td>63.1 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td>58.9 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td>442 (75.2)</td>
              <td>300 (73.2)</td>
              <td>142 (79.8)</td>
              <td>0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
              <td>146 (24.8)</td>
              <td>110 (26.8)</td>
              <td>36 (20.2)</td>
              <td>0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systemic hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td>395 (67.2)</td>
              <td>279 (68.0)</td>
              <td>116 (65.2)</td>
              <td>0.505</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td>142 (24.1)</td>
              <td>97 (23.7)</td>
              <td>45 (25.3)</td>
              <td>0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td>278 (47.3)</td>
              <td>203 (49.5)</td>
              <td>75 (42.1)</td>
              <td>0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td>187 (31.8)</td>
              <td>132 (32.2)</td>
              <td>55 (30.9)</td>
              <td>0.773</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Smoking habit, n (%)</td>
              <td>185 (31.5)</td>
              <td>115 (28.0)</td>
              <td>70 (39.3)</td>
              <td>0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous acute myocardial infarction (%)</td>
              <td>121 (20.6)</td>
              <td>91 (22.2)</td>
              <td>30 (16.9)</td>
              <td>0.150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td>47 (7.9)</td>
              <td>27 (6.6)</td>
              <td>20 (11.2)</td>
              <td>0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney failure, n (%)</td>
              <td>17 (2.9)</td>
              <td>15 (3.7)</td>
              <td>2 (1.1)</td>
              <td>0.111</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean age was 61.8 years, 75% were males, 24% had diabetes mellitus, and 20% had history of previous AMI. There was a predominance of patients with one-vessel coronary atherosclerotic disease, and the angiographic success rate of primary PCI was achieved in 96.6% of cases by means of broad utilization of coronary endoprostheses, most of which were non-drug eluting stents (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Double antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, and anticoagulation therapy with enoxaparin were the most frequently used antithrombotic . Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors were prescribed for approximately 20% of procedures, predominantly in the group in which the radial access was used.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the procedures and in-hospital antithrombotic therapy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Overall (n = 588)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Femoral (n = 410)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Radial (n = 178)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Procedural success rate, n (%)</td>
              <td>568 (96.6)</td>
              <td>397 (96.8)</td>
              <td>171 (96.1)</td>
              <td>0.627</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Stent implantation, n (%)</td>
              <td>562 (98.9)</td>
              <td>395 (99.5)</td>
              <td>167 (97.7)</td>
              <td>0.192</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Drug-eluting stent, n (%)</td>
              <td>126 (21.4)</td>
              <td>116 (28.3)</td>
              <td>10 (5.6)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Non-drug-eluting stent, n (%)</td>
              <td>436 (74.1)</td>
              <td>279 (68.0)</td>
              <td>157 (88.2)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">One-vessel, n (%)</td>
              <td>275 (48.5)</td>
              <td>197 (49.1)</td>
              <td>78 (47.0)</td>
              <td>0.369</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Two-vessel, n (%)</td>
              <td>172 (30.3)</td>
              <td>131 (32.7)</td>
              <td>41 (24.7)</td>
              <td>0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Multivessel, n (%)</td>
              <td>111 (19.6)</td>
              <td>69 (17.2)</td>
              <td>42 (25.3)</td>
              <td>0.066</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%)</td>
              <td>578 (98.3)</td>
              <td>405 (98.8)</td>
              <td>173 (97.2)</td>
              <td>0.179</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
              <td>561 (95.4)</td>
              <td>395 (96.3)</td>
              <td>166 (93.3)</td>
              <td>0.131</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Prasugrel, n (%)</td>
              <td>4 (0.7)</td>
              <td>4 (100.0)</td>
              <td>0 (0.0)</td>
              <td>0.320</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Ticagrelor, n (%)</td>
              <td>7 (1.2)</td>
              <td>1 (0.2)</td>
              <td>6 (3.4)</td>
              <td>0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, n (%)</td>
              <td>105 (17.9)</td>
              <td>61 (14.9)</td>
              <td>44 (24.7)</td>
              <td>0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Unfractioned heparin, n (%)</td>
              <td>101 (17.2)</td>
              <td>83 (20.2)</td>
              <td>18 (10.1)</td>
              <td>0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Enoxaparin, n (%)</td>
              <td>377 (64.1)</td>
              <td>261 (63.7)</td>
              <td>116 (65.2)</td>
              <td>0.779</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Fondaparinux, n (%)</td>
              <td>31 (5.3)</td>
              <td>6 (1.5)</td>
              <td>25 (14.0)</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The rate of adverse cardiac ischemic events at six months of follow-up was low, and the occurrence of a new AMI was the most frequent complication (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Graph 1</xref>). Severe bleeding was reported in 1.1% of the sample analyzed, with no statistical difference regarding the access route used.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Graph 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical endpoints (%) at six months of follow-up.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0566-40063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In 2009, a meta-analysis of 23 randomized studies showed that the radial access provides a higher than 70% reduction in the prevalence of severe bleeding when compared to the femoral access, especially among patients undergoing primary or rescue PCI, with a potential impact on the reduction of ischemic events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Two years later, a similar investigation hypothesis was formulated by the Radial versus Femoral Access for Coronary Intervention (RIVAL) study, which compared 7021 patients diagnosed with ACS, of whom 1958 had ST-segment elevation, and found a reduction by 61% in mortality with the use of the radial technique (1.3% versus 3.2%, p = 0.006) in this subgroup of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>With methodology and statistical power to compare the access routes in the setting of ST-segment elevation ACS, the multicenter study Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (RIFLE-STEACS) analyzed 1001 patients, and showed a significant clinical benefit with the use of the radial access translated into lower rates of cardiovascular mortality, stroke, AMI, target-vessel revascularization, and severe bleeding (13.6% versus 21.0%, p = 0.003)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The individual analysis of the components of the primary endpoint showed a significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality and severe bleeding among patients randomized for the radial access, with a considerable reduction of vascular complications in the puncture site as regards the severe bleeding event. A recent meta-analysis involving 12 studies on primary PCI, including the results of the previously mentioned RIVAL and RIFLE-STEACS, and counting with 5055 patients, showed a reduction by 45% in the death risk and by 49% in the risk of severe bleeding with the use of the radial in relation to the femoral technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The role of the learning curve in the proficiency and acquisition of better results with the radial access is recognized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In the RIVAL study, centers characterized by having a high volume of procedures using the radial access (&gt; 146 transradial PCI/operator/year) benefited from the cross-rate between the techniques, severe vascular complications, and the primary endpoint comprising death, AMI or stroke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Thus, an important limitation of these publications lies on the concentration of centers having operators experienced in the use of the radial technique, a situation that is evidenced by the low cross-rate between the access routes and the procedure duration in the case series. On the other hand, the improvement of the femoral technique, by means of the reduction of endovascular device diameter, early removal of the arterial introducer, preference for the femoral puncture technique, sometimes guided by fluoroscopy or ultrasound, and the option for antithrombotic agents with a better safety profile, also translates into a lower incidence of complications. In fact, a Brazilian case series of 205 consecutive patients with AMI undergoing the invasive drug strategy with tenecteplase showed an incidence of only 1.5% of severe vascular hemorrhagic complications after femoral puncture<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the ACCEPT registry, the rate of ischemic and hemorrhagic events was low using both access routes, but in agreement with that of other studies published with a similar population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. We can assume that, once national reference centers with a broad experience in the use of interventional techniques are included, the differences in the success and complication rates will be attenuated in the final assessment. However, the registry has limitations. The voluntary inclusion of patients by center, in a non-consecutive fashion, and the non-systematic adjudication of events are restrictions to the unequivocal acceptance of its results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The femoral and radial access routes are equally safe and effective for the performance of primary percutaneous coronary interventions. The low rate of cardiovascular events and of hemorrhagic complications reflects the quality of the centers participating in the ACCEPT registry and the operators expertise with the use of both techniques.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Radial versus femoral randomized investigation in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) study.</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Via de Acesso Femoral <italic>versus</italic> Radial na Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria. An&#225;lise do Registro ACCEPT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Beraldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Vieira Athanazio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Labrunie</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carleial Feij&#243; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Piva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">8</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">9</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Votuporanga; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa; Belo Horizonte - MG</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospital Angelina Caron; Campina Grande do Sul - PR</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Cariri; Barbalha - CE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; S&#227;o Paulo - SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidades de Hemodin&#226;mica e Interven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Rede D'Or / S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Beraldo de Andrade,</bold> Avenida Vicente Ferreira, 828. CEP 17515-900, Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>pedroberaldo@cardiol.br</email>; <email>pedroberaldo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O acesso radial promove menor risco de sangramento e complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares relacionadas ao s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o quando comparado ao acesso femoral. Estudos recentes sugerem redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade favor&#225;vel ao primeiro em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos em pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria conforme a via de acesso arterial.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de agosto de 2010 a dezembro de 2011, foram avaliados 588 pacientes que realizaram interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria na vig&#234;ncia de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, inclu&#237;dos em 47 centros participantes do registro ACCEPT. Os pacientes foram agrupados e comparados de acordo com a via de acesso arterial utilizada para a efetiva&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61,8 anos, sendo 75% pertencentes ao sexo masculino e 24% portadores de diabetes melito. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na taxa de sucesso do procedimento, bem como na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, reinfarto ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico aos seis meses de seguimento. Sangramento grave foi relatado em 1,1% da amostra analisada, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica conforme a via de acesso utilizada.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As vias de acesso femoral e radial s&#227;o igualmente seguras e eficazes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. A baixa taxa de eventos cardiovasculares, bem como de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, reflete a qualidade dos centros participantes e a experi&#234;ncia dos operadores com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ambas as t&#233;cnicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria femoral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria radial / cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O interesse crescente pelo acesso radial como estrat&#233;gia para redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) reafirma o impacto do sangramento grave como determinante de pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) estratificados de forma invasiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Sangramentos relacionados &#224; via de acesso arterial preponderam entre pacientes submetidos a procedimentos coron&#225;rios e associam-se de forma independente a aumento de mortalidade em um ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Revis&#245;es recentes de diretrizes dedicadas ao tema contemplam com ineditismo a op&#231;&#227;o pelo acesso radial como prefer&#237;vel ao femoral, desde que empregado por operadores experientes e familiarizados com a t&#233;cnica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento de ST submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, comumente tratados com farmacoterapia antitromb&#243;tica adjunta agressiva, representam o grupo cl&#237;nico onde os benef&#237;cios advindos da t&#233;cnica radial se mostram mais expressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Entretanto, boa parte dos centros envolvidos nos ensaios randomizados comparativos entre as vias de acesso nesse cen&#225;rio sabidamente adota a t&#233;cnica radial como primeira op&#231;&#227;o em seus procedimentos, configurando um potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o destas an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>O Registro da Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica em S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda (ACCEPT) &#233; uma casu&#237;stica nacional, com amplitude federativa, que almeja tra&#231;ar um panorama do perfil demogr&#225;fico e da ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos graves de pacientes acometidos por uma SCA. O objetivo da presente an&#225;lise &#233; comparar, dentre os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste registro e submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos graves aos seis meses de seguimento conforme a via de acesso arterial utilizada no procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Met&#243;dos</title>
        <p>O racional, metodologia, organiza&#231;&#227;o e comit&#234;s do registro ACCEPT j&#225; foram previamente detalhados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em resumo, trata-se de pesquisa prospectiva, volunt&#225;ria, multic&#234;ntrica, idealizada e gerenciada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), estruturada logisticamente no primeiro semestre de 2010, e com in&#237;cio da coleta de pacientes a partir de agosto do mesmo ano. Para esta finalidade, foram reunidos 47 centros investigadores, buscando atender a maior amplitude territorial poss&#237;vel, representando todas as regi&#245;es federativas brasileiras, incluindo centros hospitalares com assist&#234;ncia p&#250;blica (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de), operadoras de sa&#250;de ou privados. Estes foram selecionados por meio de dois crit&#233;rios: convite a institui&#231;&#245;es j&#225; capacitadas e a busca ativa de novos centros, por meio de exposi&#231;&#227;o desta oportunidade de participa&#231;&#227;o no portal eletr&#244;nico da SBC. As exig&#234;ncias para participa&#231;&#227;o resumiam-se &#224; evid&#234;ncia de comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa (CEP) dispon&#237;vel e capacidade de seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes por at&#233; um ano, al&#233;m da exist&#234;ncia de pacientes que atendessem o escopo cl&#237;nico deste registro.</p>
        <p>Todos os centros receberam treinamento do protocolo e do sistema eletr&#244;nico, presencial ou por telefone, respaldados pela equipe de coordena&#231;&#227;o. O controle de qualidade dos dados do estudo foi aferido por meio de variadas estrat&#233;gias, como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ficha eletr&#244;nica dedicada para coleta das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, checagem centralizada das vari&#225;veis coletadas, monitoria presencial dos cinco centros com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes recrutados e sorteio aleat&#243;rio de 20% dos centros para monitoria presencial. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo CEP do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo e, na sequ&#234;ncia, cada centro participante teve sua aprova&#231;&#227;o local. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e o estudo cl&#237;nico foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da revis&#227;o atual da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, das Diretrizes de Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas e da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96.</p>
        <p>Nesta an&#225;lise, avaliamos pacientes na vig&#234;ncia de um IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST, submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, agrupados conforme a via de acesso arterial utilizada, femoral ou radial. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos analisados foram mortalidade cardiovascular, reinfarto, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e sangramento grave. A confer&#234;ncia da ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos mencionados foi efetivada ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar e aos 180 dias. Em conformidade com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Bleeding Academic Research Consortium</italic> (BARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, sangramento grave foi definido como do tipo 3, subdividido em (3a), sangramento com queda de hemoglobina &#8805; 3 e &lt; 5 g/dL, ou transfus&#227;o de concentrado de hem&#225;cias; (3b), sangramento com queda de hemoglobina &#8805; 5 g/dL, ou tamponamento card&#237;aco, ou sangramento que requeira interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, ou sangramento que requeira uso de drogas vasoativas intravenosas; (3c), hemorragia intracraniana, ou subcategorias confirmadas por aut&#243;psia, exame de imagem, ou pun&#231;&#227;o lombar, ou sangramento intraocular com comprometimento da vis&#227;o. E ainda do tipo 5, subdividido em (5a) sangramento fatal prov&#225;vel e (5b) sangramento fatal definitivo.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica e normal foram descritas com mediana e m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, respectivamente. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas com frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Propor&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas entre dois grupos independentes utilizando-se teste exato de Fisher. M&#233;dias foram comparadas segundo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Medianas foram comparadas segundo teste de Mann-Whitney. O programa SAS 9.3 (<italic>Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC</italic>) foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados. Valores de <italic>p</italic> apresentados s&#227;o do tipo bicaudal e p &lt; 0,05 considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        <p>Este registro &#233; de propriedade da SBC, utilizando recursos financeiros pr&#243;prios e dedicados a esta finalidade para a sua execu&#231;&#227;o. O Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (IEP/HCor) foi contratado para operacionalizar a execu&#231;&#227;o deste registro, sob a coordena&#231;&#227;o da SBC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Analisamos 2.608 pacientes arrolados at&#233; dezembro de 2011, correspondentes &#224; fase I do projeto, com preenchimento completo do cadastro eletr&#244;nico dedicado (admiss&#227;o, 30 e 180 dias), dos quais 640 foram submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria. Com uma perda de seguimento aos seis meses de 8,1% (52 casos), a an&#225;lise final restringiu-se a 588 pacientes, 410 alocados no grupo femoral e 178 no grupo radial, cujas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais est&#227;o expressas na<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Geral (n = 588)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Femoral (n = 410)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Radial (n = 178)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
                <td>61,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td>63,1 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td>58,9 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td>442 (75,2)</td>
                <td>300 (73,2)</td>
                <td>142 (79,8)</td>
                <td>0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td>146 (24,8)</td>
                <td>110 (26,8)</td>
                <td>36 (20,2)</td>
                <td>0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td>395 (67,2)</td>
                <td>279 (68,0)</td>
                <td>116 (65,2)</td>
                <td>0,505</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                <td>142 (24,1)</td>
                <td>97 (23,7)</td>
                <td>45 (25,3)</td>
                <td>0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td>278 (47,3)</td>
                <td>203 (49,5)</td>
                <td>75 (42,1)</td>
                <td>0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td>187 (31,8)</td>
                <td>132 (32,2)</td>
                <td>55 (30,9)</td>
                <td>0,773</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td>185 (31,5)</td>
                <td>115 (28,0)</td>
                <td>70 (39,3)</td>
                <td>0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td>121 (20,6)</td>
                <td>91 (22,2)</td>
                <td>30 (16,9)</td>
                <td>0,150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td>47 (7,9)</td>
                <td>27 (6,6)</td>
                <td>20 (11,2)</td>
                <td>0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td>17 (2,9)</td>
                <td>15 (3,7)</td>
                <td>2 (1,1)</td>
                <td>0,111</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61,8 anos, 75% pertenciam ao sexo masculino, 24% eram portadores de diabetes melito e 20% possu&#237;am hist&#243;ria pregressa de IAM. Houve um predom&#237;nio de pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana uniarterial, sendo o sucesso angiogr&#225;fico da ICP prim&#225;ria alcan&#231;ado em 96,6% dos casos, com ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o de endopr&#243;teses coron&#225;rias para sua efetiva&#231;&#227;o, prevalecendo os   <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina constituiu a farmacoterapia antitromb&#243;tica predominante. Inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb-IIIa foram prescritos em cerca de 20% dos procedimentos, com maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo que utilizou a via de acesso radial.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos e terapia antitromb&#243;tica intra-hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Geral (n = 588)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Femoral (n = 410)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Radial (n = 178)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sucesso do procedimento, n (%)</td>
                <td>568 (96,6)</td>
                <td>397 (96,8)</td>
                <td>171 (96,1)</td>
                <td>0,627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Implante de <italic>stent,  </italic>n (%)</td>
                <td>562 (98,9)</td>
                <td>395 (99,5)</td>
                <td>167 (97,7)</td>
                <td>0,192</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"><italic>Stent  </italic>farmacol&#243;gico, n (%)</td>
                <td>126 (21,4)</td>
                <td>116 (28,3)</td>
                <td>10 (5,6)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"><italic>Stent  </italic>n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, n (%)</td>
                <td>436 (74,1)</td>
                <td>279 (68,0)</td>
                <td>157 (88,2)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Uniarteriais, n (%)</td>
                <td>275 (48,5)</td>
                <td>197 (49,1)</td>
                <td>78 (47,0)</td>
                <td>0,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Biarteriais, n (%)</td>
                <td>172 (30,3)</td>
                <td>131 (32,7)</td>
                <td>41 (24,7)</td>
                <td>0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Multiarteriais, n (%)</td>
                <td>111 (19,6)</td>
                <td>69 (17,2)</td>
                <td>42 (25,3)</td>
                <td>0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, n (%)</td>
                <td>578 (98,3)</td>
                <td>405 (98,8)</td>
                <td>173 (97,2)</td>
                <td>0,179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                <td>561 (95,4)</td>
                <td>395 (96,3)</td>
                <td>166 (93,3)</td>
                <td>0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Prasugrel, n (%)</td>
                <td>4 (0,7)</td>
                <td>4 (100,0)</td>
                <td>0 (0,0)</td>
                <td>0,320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Ticagrelor, n (%)</td>
                <td>7 (1,2)</td>
                <td>1 (0,2)</td>
                <td>6 (3,4)</td>
                <td>0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb-IIIa, n (%)</td>
                <td>105 (17,9)</td>
                <td>61 (14,9)</td>
                <td>44 (24,7)</td>
                <td>0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Heparina n&#227;o fracionada, n (%)</td>
                <td>101 (17,2)</td>
                <td>83 (20,2)</td>
                <td>18 (10,1)</td>
                <td>0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Enoxaparina, n (%)</td>
                <td>377 (64,1)</td>
                <td>261 (63,7)</td>
                <td>116 (65,2)</td>
                <td>0,779</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fondaparinux, n (%)</td>
                <td>31 (5,3)</td>
                <td>6 (1,5)</td>
                <td>25 (14,0)</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A taxa de eventos card&#237;acos adversos isqu&#234;micos aos seis meses de seguimento foi baixa, sendo a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente a ocorr&#234;ncia de um novo IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Sangramento grave foi relatado em 1,1% da amostra analisada, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica conforme a via de acesso utilizada.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos (%) aos seis meses de seguimento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0566-40063-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 2009, metan&#225;lise de 23 ensaios randomizados demonstrou que o acesso radial promove redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 70% na preval&#234;ncia de sangramento grave quando comparado ao femoral, notadamente entre pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria ou de resgate, com potencial impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Ap&#243;s dois anos, similar hip&#243;tese de investiga&#231;&#227;o foi gerada pelo estudo <italic>Radial versus Femoral Access for Coronary Intervention</italic>(RIVAL), que comparou 7.021 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA, dos quais 1.958 com supradesnivelamento de ST, com redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de 61% favor&#225;vel &#224; t&#233;cnica radial (1,3% <italic>versus</italic> 3,2%, p = 0,006) nesse subgrupo de pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com metodologia e poder estat&#237;stico para comparar as vias de acesso no cen&#225;rio da SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST, o estudo multic&#234;ntrico <italic>Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome</italic>(RIFLE-STEACS), contando com 1.001 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, apontou um benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico significativo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso radial, atrav&#233;s de menor taxa de mortalidade cardiovascular, AVE, IAM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo ou sangramento grave (13,6%   <italic>versus</italic> 21,0%, p = 0,003)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A an&#225;lise individual dos componentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de mortalidade cardiovascular e sangramento grave entre os pacientes randomizados para o acesso radial, sendo o &#250;ltimo evento favorecido por expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares no s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o. Recente metan&#225;lise envolvendo 12 estudos em ICP prim&#225;ria, j&#225; inclusos os resultados dos citados RIVAL e RIFLE-STEACS e contabilizando 5.055 pacientes, atestou redu&#231;&#227;o de 45% no risco de morte e de 49% no risco de sangramento grave beneficiando a t&#233;cnica radial em detrimento &#224; femoral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; reconhecido o papel da curva de aprendizagem na profici&#234;ncia e obten&#231;&#227;o de melhores resultados com o acesso radial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. No estudo RIVAL, centros caracterizados como de alto volume em procedimentos realizados pelo acesso radial (&gt; 146 ICP transradial / operador / ano) obtiveram benef&#237;cio na taxa de cruzamento entre as t&#233;cnicas, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares graves e no desfecho prim&#225;rio composto por morte, IAM ou AVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Assim, uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o dessas publica&#231;&#245;es reside na concentra&#231;&#227;o de centros dotados de operadores experientes com o emprego da t&#233;cnica radial, situa&#231;&#227;o esta evidenciada pela baixa taxa de cruzamento entre as vias de acesso e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos nas casu&#237;sticas. Em contrapartida, o refinamento da t&#233;cnica femoral, mediante a redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro dos dispositivos endovasculares, remo&#231;&#227;o precoce do introdutor arterial, primazia pela t&#233;cnica de pun&#231;&#227;o femoral, por vezes guiada por fluoroscopia ou ultrassom, e op&#231;&#227;o por agentes antitromb&#243;ticos com melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a, tamb&#233;m se traduz em menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. De fato, casu&#237;stica nacional com 205 pacientes consecutivos com IAM submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva com tenecteplase demonstrou uma incid&#234;ncia de apenas 1,5% de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas vasculares graves ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o femoral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>No registro ACCEPT, a taxa de eventos isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos foi baixa com o emprego de ambas as vias de acesso, mas similar a outros estudos publicados com popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Presume-se que, uma vez inclusos centros nacionais de refer&#234;ncia, com ampla experi&#234;ncia na aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas, as diferen&#231;as nas taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es se atenuar&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o final. Por&#233;m, o registro apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. A inclus&#227;o volunt&#225;ria de pacientes por centro, de forma n&#227;o consecutiva, e a n&#227;o adjudica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de eventos constituem-se em restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; aceita&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca de seus resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>As vias de acesso femoral e radial s&#227;o igualmente seguras e eficazes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. A baixa taxa de eventos cardiovasculares, bem como de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, reflete a qualidade dos centros participantes do registro ACCEPT e a experi&#234;ncia dos operadores com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ambas as t&#233;cnicas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Andrade PB, Berwanger O, Piva e Mattos LA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Andrade PB, Andrade MVA, Barbosa RA, Labrunie A, Hernandes ME, Marino RL, Precoma DB, S&#225; FCF, Berwanger O, Piva e Mattos LA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Berwanger O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Andrade PB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
