<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Mb8KYrVL3VvC3V3RCrzyWph</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140072</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality by Heart Failure and Ischemic Heart Disease in Brazil from 1996 to 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaui</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nagib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Eduardo Nagib Gaui, Rua Real Grandeza, 139, sala 903, Botafogo. Postal Code 22281-033, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>engaui@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>557</fpage>
      <lpage>565</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Circulatory system diseases are the first cause of death in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the evolution of mortality caused by heart failure, by ischemic heart diseases and by ill-defined causes, as well as their possible relations, in Brazil and in the geoeconomic regions of the country (North, Northeast, Center-West, South and Southeast), from 1996 to 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Data were obtained from DATASUS and death declaration records with codes I20 and I24 for acute ischemic diseases, I25 for chronic ischemic diseases, and I50 for heart failure, and codes in chapter XIII for ill-defined causes, according to geoeconomic regions of Brazil, from 1996 to 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mortality rates due to heart failure declined in Brazil and its regions, except for the North and the Northeast. Mortality rates due to acute ischemic heart diseases increased in the North and Northeast regions, especially from 2005 on; they remained stable in the Center-West region; and decreased in the South and in the Southeast. Mortality due to chronic ischemic heart diseases decreased in Brazil and in the Center-West, South and Southeast regions, and had little variation in the North and in the Northeast. The highest mortality rates due to ill-defined causes occurred in the Northeast until 2005.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Mortality due to heart failure is decreasing in Brazil and in all of its geoeconomic regions. The temporal evolution of mortality caused by ischemic heart diseases was similar to that of heart failure. The decreasing number of deaths due to ill-defined causes may represent the improvement in the quality of information about mortality in Brazil. The evolution of acute ischemic heart diseases ranged according to regions, being possibly confused with the differential evolution of ill-defined causes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Circulatory System Diseases (CSD) are the main causes of death in Brazil. In 2011, CSDs were responsible for 28.6% of the 1,170,498 deaths that occurred in the country. Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and Heart Failure (HF) were responsible for 39.1% of the deaths caused by CSD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the past decades, especially in the South and Southeast regions, it has been possible to observe decreasing mortality due to CSD in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The same behavior has been observed in Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In 2008, in the United States, 32.8% of all 2,471,984 deaths were caused by CSD, whose mortality rate was of 244.8 per 100,000 inhabitants; however, from 1998 to 2008, these rates presented a 30.6% decrease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Mortality rates due to IHD in Brazil have presented decreasing tendency in the past decades. The analysis of a temporal series from 1981 to 2001 showed declining mortality rates due to IHD in the South and Southeast regions, being stable in the Center-West region and increasing in the Northeast<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Mortality rates due to IHD in Brazil and in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo (RMSP), in a more recent period (from 1990 to 2009), revealed the maintenance of the progressive decline observed earlier, in all of the analyzed age groups and in both sexes. The decreasing mortality rates caused by IHD were higher in RMSP than in Brazil as a whole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This behavior was also observed in CSD, including the IHD, in the States of Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, where mortality rates declined from 1980 to 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>National data about the behavior of mortality due to HF are scarce. Most publications about the magnitude of HF as a cause of death in Brazil derive from cohort studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and from analyses concerning hospital mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. According to death records in Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, specific mortality rates due to HF in these States, both for men and women, declined in all ages, except for individuals aged 80 years old or more<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Goldacre et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, in England, analyzed the population of Oxford, from 1979 to 2003, and concluded that mortality rates due to HF and IHD had similar declining rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Murdoch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> studied HF in Scotland, from 1979 to 1992, and besides the observation of declining mortality, they also noticed that 30 to 40% of deaths attributed to IHD may have been related to HF, which demonstrates the correlation of these two conditions.</p>
      <p>Mortality statistics is the most useful way to analyze the health status of a population and to plan the necessary health promotion actions. The quality of information about causes of death, therefore, is essential. One of the indicators used to assess the quality of these data is the proportion of deaths attributed to Ill-Defined Causes (IDC). This indicator not only qualifies information, but it also points to the proper analysis of mortality. In Brazil, in 2003, IDC was codified as a basic cause of death in 13.3% of all deaths, and the highest percentages were in the North and the Northeast regions, with 25.9% and 21.1%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of mortality caused by HF, IHD and IDC and their possible relations, in Brazil and according to its geographic regions, from 1996 to 2011.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The death declarations (DD) records of each Brazilian state, from 1996 to 2011, were obtained from the website of the Unified Health System Information System (DATASUS) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htm#dados">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htm#dados</ext-link>, which was accessed in November, 2013. Afterwards, records from DDs of the five regions in Brazil were obtained by the sum of States that compose each region.</p>
      <p>Populations in census years were also obtained in the DATASUS website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0206&amp;VObj=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?ibge/cnv/pop">http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0206&amp;VObj=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?ibge/cnv/pop</ext-link>, which was accessed in November, 2013, by age groups (younger than 1 year old, from 1 to 4 years old, from 5 to 9, from 10 to 14, from 15 to 19, and after that, with 10 year intervals, up to the age of 80). However, the census estimates provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) were not used due to the change of methods adopted after 2007, which caused abrupt and unlikely inflexions in all age groups. These inflexions could lead to disturbances in mortality rate estimates. The populations of inter-census years were obtained by the estimates in each age group, with the arithmetic progression method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Computed DD records used the mortality classification of the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (CID-10), in order to codify causes of death. We selected records with codes I20 to I24 for acute IHD, I25 for chronic IHD, I50 for HF and codes in chapter XIII for IDC. The considered cause of death was the one codified as the basic cause of death, according to rules in CID-10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The annual mortality rates in Brazil and its geographic regions were calculated, caused by acute IHD, chronic IHD, HF and IDC, per 100 thousand inhabitants, with crude and direct standardized methods, according to the referred age groups. The pattern was the age distribution of the Brazilian population in 2000. These rates were distributed in graphs of annual temporal series for each selected group of causes of death in Brazil and its regions.</p>
      <p>The statistical software Stata, version 12<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, was used to calculate mortality rates and to elaborate the graphs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Crude mortality rates caused by HF declined in Brazil and in almost all of its regions, except for the Northeast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). When we observe the standardized rates, this decline is more evident, even in the Northeast, and differences between geographic regions decrease, especially in more recent periods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). In Brazil, the reduced mortality from the first to the last year of the temporal series was of 32.1% in crude rates, and 54.0% in standardized rates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The highest crude mortality rates due to HF for the whole period were observed in the South and in the Southeast. However, after considering age distribution, the Center-West presented the highest rates for almost the entire period, and the South was very close (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Crude mortality due to heart failure (HF), per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011. (B) Standardized mortality due to heart failure, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011 &#8211; direct standardization method, according to age groups of DATASUS (pattern: Brazil 2000). (C) Crude mortality due to acute ischemic heart diseases (IHD), per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011. (D) Standardized mortality due to acute ischemic heart diseases, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011 &#8211; direct standardization method, according to age groups of DATASUS (pattern: Brazil 2000). (E) Crude mortality due to chronic ischemic heart diseases, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011. (F) Standardized mortality due to chronic ischemic heart diseases, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011 &#8211; direct standardization method, according to age groups of DATASUS (pattern: Brazil 2000). (G) Crude mortality due to ill-defined causes, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011. (H) Standardized mortality due to ill-defined causes, per 100 thousand, in Brazilian regions, from 1996 to 2011 &#8211; direct standardization method, according to age groups of DATASUS (pattern: Brazil 2000).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0557-40072-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - Brazil, 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>21.2</td>
              <td>23.5</td>
              <td>38.5</td>
              <td>42.0</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>87.5</td>
              <td>85.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>19.7</td>
              <td>21.2</td>
              <td>38.0</td>
              <td>40.5</td>
              <td>8.0</td>
              <td>8.6</td>
              <td>83.1</td>
              <td>88.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>19.5</td>
              <td>20.5</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>39.9</td>
              <td>8.1</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>86.3</td>
              <td>89.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>17.7</td>
              <td>18.2</td>
              <td>37.6</td>
              <td>38.4</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>8.6</td>
              <td>85.1</td>
              <td>86.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>37.8</td>
              <td>37.8</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>79.9</td>
              <td>79.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>15.5</td>
              <td>37.9</td>
              <td>36.8</td>
              <td>8.3</td>
              <td>8.0</td>
              <td>79.0</td>
              <td>76.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>15.7</td>
              <td>14.7</td>
              <td>38.5</td>
              <td>36.3</td>
              <td>8.3</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>77.1</td>
              <td>73.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>15.4</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>39.0</td>
              <td>35.9</td>
              <td>8.2</td>
              <td>7.5</td>
              <td>75.8</td>
              <td>70.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>15.5</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>40.2</td>
              <td>36.0</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>71.2</td>
              <td>64.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>14.7</td>
              <td>12.7</td>
              <td>39.0</td>
              <td>34.1</td>
              <td>8.1</td>
              <td>7.0</td>
              <td>57.9</td>
              <td>51.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>15.3</td>
              <td>12.9</td>
              <td>41.2</td>
              <td>35.2</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>7.2</td>
              <td>46.9</td>
              <td>40.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>15.2</td>
              <td>12.4</td>
              <td>41.9</td>
              <td>35.0</td>
              <td>8.2</td>
              <td>6.8</td>
              <td>43.5</td>
              <td>37.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>14.8</td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>43.0</td>
              <td>35.1</td>
              <td>8.3</td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>42.4</td>
              <td>35.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>11.3</td>
              <td>43.0</td>
              <td>34.4</td>
              <td>8.1</td>
              <td>6.4</td>
              <td>41.9</td>
              <td>34.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>14.4</td>
              <td>11.0</td>
              <td>44.2</td>
              <td>34.6</td>
              <td>8.2</td>
              <td>6.3</td>
              <td>41.7</td>
              <td>33.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>14.4</td>
              <td>10.8</td>
              <td>45.2</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>6.4</td>
              <td>40.6</td>
              <td>32.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>, referring to crude mortality rates caused by acute IHD, it is possible to observe an increasing tendency in the North, Northeast and Center-West regions. From the first to the last year of the series, there was an increase of 77.6% in the North; 124.0% in the Northeast; and 52.4% in the Center-West (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref> to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>).There was a discrete declining tendency in the South and in the Southeast. In the composition of regions, rates in Brazil presented increasing tendency from 2005 on.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - North region, 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>10.5</td>
              <td>17.4</td>
              <td>13.4</td>
              <td>21.7</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>2.9</td>
              <td>82.6</td>
              <td>122.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>9.9</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>21.6</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>2.9</td>
              <td>84.0</td>
              <td>121.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>10.1</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>13.8</td>
              <td>21.4</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>2.4</td>
              <td>87.5</td>
              <td>124.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>10.1</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>22.3</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>2.2</td>
              <td>88.7</td>
              <td>124.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>9.2</td>
              <td>13.9</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>22.0</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>88.3</td>
              <td>121.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>10.1</td>
              <td>14.8</td>
              <td>15.0</td>
              <td>21.8</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>87.1</td>
              <td>118.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>8.8</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>14.9</td>
              <td>21.1</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>80.6</td>
              <td>106.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>9.1</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>22.1</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>81.1</td>
              <td>105.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>8.3</td>
              <td>11.3</td>
              <td>17.1</td>
              <td>23.1</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>80.0</td>
              <td>102.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>8.9</td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>17.0</td>
              <td>22.4</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>67.5</td>
              <td>85.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>18.1</td>
              <td>23.3</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>2.4</td>
              <td>57.2</td>
              <td>70.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>9.0</td>
              <td>11.5</td>
              <td>20.2</td>
              <td>25.5</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>48.4</td>
              <td>59.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>10.6</td>
              <td>21.3</td>
              <td>26.4</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>2.2</td>
              <td>50.8</td>
              <td>61.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>8.2</td>
              <td>10.1</td>
              <td>22.7</td>
              <td>27.6</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>50.9</td>
              <td>60.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>10.2</td>
              <td>22.8</td>
              <td>27.4</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>2.2</td>
              <td>48.7</td>
              <td>57.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>9.0</td>
              <td>10.8</td>
              <td>23.8</td>
              <td>28.2</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>46.2</td>
              <td>53.7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - Northeast Region, 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>13.6</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>19.2</td>
              <td>21.3</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>3.2</td>
              <td>148.1</td>
              <td>154.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>13.4</td>
              <td>14.0</td>
              <td>20.5</td>
              <td>22.3</td>
              <td>2.9</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>142.1</td>
              <td>145.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>13.8</td>
              <td>14.2</td>
              <td>21.3</td>
              <td>22.7</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>3.1</td>
              <td>144.8</td>
              <td>145.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>13.2</td>
              <td>13.2</td>
              <td>20.7</td>
              <td>21.6</td>
              <td>3.1</td>
              <td>3.2</td>
              <td>143.1</td>
              <td>141.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>13.2</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>22.0</td>
              <td>22.6</td>
              <td>3.5</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>135.8</td>
              <td>132.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>13.2</td>
              <td>12.7</td>
              <td>24.2</td>
              <td>24.2</td>
              <td>3.6</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>135.8</td>
              <td>129.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>12.8</td>
              <td>25.4</td>
              <td>24.8</td>
              <td>3.6</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>136.6</td>
              <td>127.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>13.6</td>
              <td>12.4</td>
              <td>26.4</td>
              <td>25.2</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>3.1</td>
              <td>132.7</td>
              <td>121.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>13.8</td>
              <td>12.3</td>
              <td>28.3</td>
              <td>26.4</td>
              <td>3.6</td>
              <td>3.2</td>
              <td>121.7</td>
              <td>109.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>11.3</td>
              <td>30.4</td>
              <td>27.7</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>86.8</td>
              <td>76.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>14.4</td>
              <td>12.2</td>
              <td>34.9</td>
              <td>31.1</td>
              <td>4.3</td>
              <td>3.7</td>
              <td>47.6</td>
              <td>41.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>11.7</td>
              <td>37.3</td>
              <td>32.5</td>
              <td>4.2</td>
              <td>3.5</td>
              <td>41.1</td>
              <td>35.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>13.5</td>
              <td>11.0</td>
              <td>39.2</td>
              <td>33.2</td>
              <td>4.5</td>
              <td>3.8</td>
              <td>41.5</td>
              <td>34.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>10.4</td>
              <td>39.7</td>
              <td>33.5</td>
              <td>4.2</td>
              <td>3.4</td>
              <td>41.3</td>
              <td>34.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>12.2</td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>40.2</td>
              <td>33.1</td>
              <td>4.7</td>
              <td>3.8</td>
              <td>41.8</td>
              <td>34.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>12.8</td>
              <td>9.8</td>
              <td>43.0</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>4.8</td>
              <td>3.8</td>
              <td>43.4</td>
              <td>34.6</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - Center-West region 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>19.4</td>
              <td>29.0</td>
              <td>24.6</td>
              <td>34.3</td>
              <td>5.8</td>
              <td>8.9</td>
              <td>50.9</td>
              <td>70.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>20.8</td>
              <td>29.8</td>
              <td>24.5</td>
              <td>33.2</td>
              <td>5.5</td>
              <td>8.1</td>
              <td>50.3</td>
              <td>67.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>19.4</td>
              <td>27.2</td>
              <td>25.9</td>
              <td>33.8</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
              <td>7.4</td>
              <td>51.1</td>
              <td>66.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>16.8</td>
              <td>23.1</td>
              <td>25.6</td>
              <td>32.8</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
              <td>7.1</td>
              <td>48.4</td>
              <td>60.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>15.7</td>
              <td>20.7</td>
              <td>27.6</td>
              <td>34.3</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>39.6</td>
              <td>49.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>15.6</td>
              <td>19.8</td>
              <td>28.4</td>
              <td>34.1</td>
              <td>5.9</td>
              <td>7.4</td>
              <td>36.8</td>
              <td>44.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>19.3</td>
              <td>30.2</td>
              <td>35.1</td>
              <td>6.3</td>
              <td>7.7</td>
              <td>31.7</td>
              <td>37.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>15.3</td>
              <td>17.9</td>
              <td>30.8</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>27.2</td>
              <td>30.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>15.2</td>
              <td>17.3</td>
              <td>32.4</td>
              <td>35.3</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>8.7</td>
              <td>28.8</td>
              <td>31.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>13.8</td>
              <td>15.2</td>
              <td>30.9</td>
              <td>32.9</td>
              <td>6.9</td>
              <td>7.5</td>
              <td>24.9</td>
              <td>26.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>14.7</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>32.2</td>
              <td>33.2</td>
              <td>7.3</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>23.5</td>
              <td>24.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>13.8</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>32.1</td>
              <td>32.4</td>
              <td>6.6</td>
              <td>6.8</td>
              <td>20.7</td>
              <td>21.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>14.6</td>
              <td>14.9</td>
              <td>32.9</td>
              <td>32.5</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>20.2</td>
              <td>20.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>34.3</td>
              <td>33.1</td>
              <td>6.1</td>
              <td>6.0</td>
              <td>19.2</td>
              <td>18.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>13.6</td>
              <td>13.3</td>
              <td>36.7</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>5.9</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>20.7</td>
              <td>19.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>12.2</td>
              <td>11.7</td>
              <td>37.5</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>6.1</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>23.0</td>
              <td>21.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Mortality rates due to acute IHD, when standardized by age, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>, increased in the North and Northeast regions, especially from 2005 on. These rates remained stable in the Center-West region. In the South and Southeast regions, rates declined throughout the period. In Brazil, these rates declined throughout the period - and a bit less from 2005 on. From the first to the last year, there was a decrease of 34.2% in the Southeast region (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>), 35.2% in the South (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>), while, in Brazil, it was of 17.3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - Southeast Region, 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>26.3</td>
              <td>27.5</td>
              <td>53.1</td>
              <td>54.0</td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>12.5</td>
              <td>64.3</td>
              <td>65.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>23.6</td>
              <td>24.0</td>
              <td>51.5</td>
              <td>51.0</td>
              <td>11.2</td>
              <td>11.4</td>
              <td>61.7</td>
              <td>61.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>22.8</td>
              <td>22.5</td>
              <td>50.6</td>
              <td>48.9</td>
              <td>10.9</td>
              <td>10.8</td>
              <td>66.2</td>
              <td>64.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>20.5</td>
              <td>19.7</td>
              <td>49.5</td>
              <td>46.8</td>
              <td>11.6</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>66.6</td>
              <td>63.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>18.5</td>
              <td>17.4</td>
              <td>48.5</td>
              <td>44.9</td>
              <td>11.4</td>
              <td>10.7</td>
              <td>62.5</td>
              <td>58.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>17.4</td>
              <td>15.7</td>
              <td>48.3</td>
              <td>43.3</td>
              <td>11.2</td>
              <td>10.1</td>
              <td>61.3</td>
              <td>56.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>48.6</td>
              <td>42.3</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>9.6</td>
              <td>58.1</td>
              <td>51.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>16.5</td>
              <td>13.9</td>
              <td>49.2</td>
              <td>41.6</td>
              <td>11.2</td>
              <td>9.4</td>
              <td>57.3</td>
              <td>49.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>13.6</td>
              <td>49.8</td>
              <td>41.0</td>
              <td>11.4</td>
              <td>9.3</td>
              <td>54.6</td>
              <td>46.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>12.7</td>
              <td>47.0</td>
              <td>37.6</td>
              <td>11.0</td>
              <td>8.7</td>
              <td>50.5</td>
              <td>41.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>16.3</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>49.0</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>8.6</td>
              <td>52.3</td>
              <td>42.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>16.1</td>
              <td>12.1</td>
              <td>48.5</td>
              <td>37.0</td>
              <td>10.6</td>
              <td>8.0</td>
              <td>51.0</td>
              <td>40.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>15.6</td>
              <td>11.4</td>
              <td>49.5</td>
              <td>36.9</td>
              <td>10.7</td>
              <td>7.9</td>
              <td>48.7</td>
              <td>37.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>15.6</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>48.8</td>
              <td>35.7</td>
              <td>10.4</td>
              <td>7.5</td>
              <td>47.4</td>
              <td>36.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>16.0</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>50.9</td>
              <td>36.4</td>
              <td>10.4</td>
              <td>7.3</td>
              <td>47.3</td>
              <td>35.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>15.6</td>
              <td>10.7</td>
              <td>50.7</td>
              <td>35.5</td>
              <td>11.1</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>44.3</td>
              <td>32.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and standardized mortality<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref> per 100 thousand, due to selected causes - South Region, 1996-2011</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Year</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Heart failure</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Acute ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Chronic ischemic heart diseases</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ill-defined causes</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Crude</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Standardized</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1996</td>
              <td>27.2</td>
              <td>29.7</td>
              <td>51.9</td>
              <td>53.9</td>
              <td>14.0</td>
              <td>15.1</td>
              <td>56.8</td>
              <td>60.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1997</td>
              <td>24.6</td>
              <td>25.9</td>
              <td>50.9</td>
              <td>51.4</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>13.5</td>
              <td>46.6</td>
              <td>48.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1998</td>
              <td>25.6</td>
              <td>26.2</td>
              <td>53.5</td>
              <td>52.6</td>
              <td>14.4</td>
              <td>14.6</td>
              <td>48.4</td>
              <td>49.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">1999</td>
              <td>22.7</td>
              <td>22.6</td>
              <td>52.9</td>
              <td>50.8</td>
              <td>14.3</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>42.8</td>
              <td>42.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2000</td>
              <td>21.9</td>
              <td>21.2</td>
              <td>53.7</td>
              <td>50.4</td>
              <td>14.0</td>
              <td>13.4</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>37.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2001</td>
              <td>20.5</td>
              <td>19.2</td>
              <td>50.6</td>
              <td>46.0</td>
              <td>13.5</td>
              <td>12.5</td>
              <td>37.5</td>
              <td>35.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2002</td>
              <td>20.4</td>
              <td>18.4</td>
              <td>50.5</td>
              <td>44.5</td>
              <td>14.1</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>38.3</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2003</td>
              <td>19.4</td>
              <td>16.9</td>
              <td>49.9</td>
              <td>42.6</td>
              <td>13.3</td>
              <td>11.5</td>
              <td>40.7</td>
              <td>35.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2004</td>
              <td>19.3</td>
              <td>16.3</td>
              <td>51.2</td>
              <td>42.5</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>11.4</td>
              <td>38.7</td>
              <td>33.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2005</td>
              <td>18.1</td>
              <td>14.8</td>
              <td>48.3</td>
              <td>39.0</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>10.5</td>
              <td>35.2</td>
              <td>29.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2006</td>
              <td>18.3</td>
              <td>14.5</td>
              <td>48.0</td>
              <td>37.8</td>
              <td>13.3</td>
              <td>10.4</td>
              <td>35.6</td>
              <td>29.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2007</td>
              <td>18.7</td>
              <td>14.4</td>
              <td>48.9</td>
              <td>37.5</td>
              <td>13.9</td>
              <td>10.6</td>
              <td>35.0</td>
              <td>27.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2008</td>
              <td>18.4</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>48.8</td>
              <td>36.6</td>
              <td>12.7</td>
              <td>9.4</td>
              <td>32.3</td>
              <td>25.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2009</td>
              <td>18.0</td>
              <td>13.1</td>
              <td>48.3</td>
              <td>35.3</td>
              <td>13.6</td>
              <td>9.9</td>
              <td>33.3</td>
              <td>25.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2010</td>
              <td>18.3</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>48.6</td>
              <td>34.7</td>
              <td>13.4</td>
              <td>9.5</td>
              <td>31.9</td>
              <td>23.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">2011</td>
              <td>18.4</td>
              <td>12.8</td>
              <td>50.0</td>
              <td>34.9</td>
              <td>13.0</td>
              <td>9.0</td>
              <td>30.4</td>
              <td>22.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Source of data: deaths - SUS Information System (DATASUS); population - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (count of 1996, census of 2000 and 2010 and linear estimation).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t06">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Direct standardization method, according to age groups in DATASUS - Standard: Brazil, year 2000.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Crude mortality rates due to chronic IHD, which can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1E</xref>, were stable in Brazil and in most regions, except for the Northeast, which had a 3.0 rate per 100 thousand inhabitants in 1996, and 4.8 in 2011, which represented a 60% increase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure F</xref>, it is possible to observe that standardized mortality rates due to chronic IHD decreased in Brazil and in the Center-West, South and Southeast regions, with little variation in the North and Northeast regions. In Brazil, in 1996, the rate was of 9.5 per 100 thousand inhabitants, while, in 2011, it was 32.6% lower (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Mortality rates due to IDC, presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1G</xref>, declined in all regions. In the North and Northeast regions, this decline was more present from 2004 on. In these regions, from the first to the last year of the period, declines were of 71 and 44%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The highest mortality rates due to IDC, both crude and standardized, occurred in the Northeast until 2004. From that point on, the North and the Southeast regions were leaders in these rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1G</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1H</xref>).</p>
      <p>Mortality rates due to HF declined in Brazil throughout the analyzed period. Despite the different rates between geographic regions in the country, all of them presented declining numbers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1B</xref>). The highest crude rates occurred in the South and the Southeast regions, probably because the population in these States is older in relation to the others. That would also explain the decreasing differences observed between regions and the increasing rates in the Center-West region, when these are standardized by age. In the last years of the analyzed series (2011), the differences between standardized rates, which revealed the effect of differences in age, were the lowest in the period.</p>
      <p>The decreasing mortality rates due to HF in this study were in accordance with other results published in the few studies about the subject that were conducted in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"> 17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, in which mortality due to HF was also analyzed in DDs.</p>
      <p>The same has been observed in other countries. Najafi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> analyzed mortality due to HF in Australia, from 1997 to 2003, and found declining rates. They conclude that this fact is related to changes in diagnosis or in the codification of causes of death, thus reflecting changes in HF epidemiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In the United States, mortality due to HF was also declining. From 1993 to 2003, the number of deaths due to HF increased 20.5%, and even so, the mortality rate decreased in 2.0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Laribi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> studied mortality rates due to HF in seven countries of Europe, and concluded that these numbers reduced 40% in the period between 1987 and 2008. The mean age of death due to HF increased, both for men and women. The authors still consider that these results may be related to improvements in the treatment in the past 20 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Fonarow et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> assessed the impact of the main treatments tested in several clinical trials, which are recommended by the guidelines of the two largest American societies of cardiology, would have on mortality by HF. Six recommended therapeutic prescriptions estimated that the potential increase of lives saved a year could range between 9.6 and 31.5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Holland, even with the increasing prescription of drugs to treat HF, no improvement was observed in the prognosis of the first year after hospital discharge after hospitalizations due to HF, when comparing the periods of 1998-2002 and 2003-2007. However, the prescription of renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors and beta blockers was not higher than 60% in the second period of this series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, mortality caused by acute IHD presented different behaviors, depending on the region. As with HF, the highest rates were concentrated in the South and in the Southeast, and the lowest ones, in the North and in the Northeast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1D</xref>). Rates in the South and in the Southeast presented decreasing tendency, especially when standardized; the ones in the North and Northeast region tended to increase throughout the period, mostly after 2005. In 2011, the mortality strength of acute IHD, despite the differences of age structure, was practically the same in all regions, except for the North. However, since the growth tendency remained in this region, soon enough the mortality strength of acute IHD in the North will reach the same levels of the other regions.</p>
      <p>It is possible to speculate that the decreasing differences are not explained by changes in patterns of deaths caused by acute IHD between the regions, but instead, by changes in the way DDs are filled out. And that is because, in the middle of the studied period, around 2005, the number of ill-defined or undetermined causes of death in DDs decreased notably in the North and Northeast regions. Therefore, it is possible that most declarations that previously contained ill-defined causes changed into acute IHD as the cause of death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1G</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1H</xref>).</p>
      <p>As in acute IHD, the South and the Southeast regions also had the highest mortality rates due to chronic IHD, and the North and the Northeast, the lowest ones (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1F</xref>). However, in this group of IHD, the decrease observed in strength mortality in the South and in the Southeast, after the exclusion of age differences, can make regional differences minimum in the future.</p>
      <p>Mortality rates due to acute and chronic IHD in Brazil, as a whole, are a weighed composition of regional rates. Therefore, if the latter are heterogeneous, the global rate of the country does not sum up what happened in any part of the territory throughout the period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1D</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The regional differences concerning the mortality behavior due to IHD in Brazil reported here have been published before. A temporal series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> from 1981 to 2001 demonstrated the declining mortality rates due to IHD in the South and Southeast regions, being stable in the Center-West region and higher in the Northeast region. The authors, Souza et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>related the declining tendency of circulatory diseases to the probable improvement in the control of risk factors, such as smoking, dyslipidemias, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension. The control of these factors, the primary and secondary prevention, would be more adequate in more developed regions, and it could explain the observed regional differences<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a series from 1990 to 2009, it was also possible to observe declining mortality rates due to IHD. The mortality due to this condition in RMSP was higher than the numbers in Brazil, however, it also presented a stronger decreasing tendency than in the country, both among men (36.2% vs. 23,5%) and women (44.5% vs. 29.5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Soares et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> analyzed mortality due to all causes and caused by CSD, IHD and Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVDs), from 1980 to 2006, in Rio de Janeiro, in Rio Grande do Sul and in S&#227;o Paulo, and found decreasing mortality rates due to all groups of causes. The decreasing mortality due to all causes was mostly attributed to the relevant decline in mortality by CSD. The authors speculated that these results may be a result of the slower decrease of mortality due to infectious diseases and of the improved life conditions of the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a more recent publication, these authors reinforce the validity of this hypothesis by studying the evolution of socioeconomic indicators and cardiovascular mortality in the same three Brazilian states. There was a strong correlation between the decreasing child mortality rates, the increasing Gross Domestic Product (GPD) <italic>per capita</italic>and the increasing schooling with the reduced mortality due to CSD, IHD and CVDs in adults of the studied series of 1980 to 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>One of the indicators of quality concerning the death records is the proportion of causes of death codified as ill-defined ones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In Brazil, the proportion of deaths due to IDC was around 20%, from 1970 to 1986. After 1987, this proportion declined progressively, reaching 15%, in 2996, and being still unsatisfactory in 2003, with 13.3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>A study about death reclassification due to IDC in DDs, in the late 1990s, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, found that the CSD were the most likely causes of death. Proportional mortality due to CSD was higher in reclassified ill-defined causes, according to information obtained by the Authorization Forms for Hospital Admission<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Therefore, it is possible that the increasing levels of death rates due to acute IHD, which is an important component of CSD, has occurred together with the decline in death rates due to IDC, observed in the North and in the Northeast.</p>
      <p>In this study, we observed a decreasing tendency in mortality caused by IDC in all of the Brazilian regions, however, with major variation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1G</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1H</xref>). The Northeast and North regions, in this order, presented the highest rates throughout the years, however, the decline of these rates was more present after 2004, especially in the Northeast. However, the Southeast region, which presents more economic progress and has the largest population contingent, still has high levels of mortality caused by IDC in the last years of the series.</p>
      <p>We can speculate that the temporal evolution of mortality rates due to chronic IHD and HF are similar in the South, Southeast, and Center-West regions. At the same time, in the North and the Northeast, deaths caused by IDC and acute and chronic IHD and HF competed, which made it difficult to assess the evolution of each of the groups of defined causes and their relations. Therefore, it was possible to observe in the region of Oxford, in England, from 1979 to 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, that the decreasing mortality rates due to acute and chronic IHD was not followed by the increasing mortality due to HF - this could only be observed in the South of Brazil in the studied period. In the other regions, flows and high levels of deaths due to IDC disturb the analysis of the combined evolution of IHD and HF.</p>
      <p>This main limiting factor for this study was the quality of information about cause of death, which depended on the diagnosis of the causes and the proper filling out of the DD; the use of the basic cause of death to analyze mortality can also be a limiting factor. For some conditions, such as HF, mortality can be underestimated, when we do not use the multiple cause analysis, which contemplates all causes mentioned in the DD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Mortality caused by heart failure has been declining in Brazil consistently for all major geoeconomic regions. Mortality due to acute ischemic heart disease declined in the South and the Southeast regions, but remained stable in the Center-West and increased in the North and Northeast regions. The behavior of mortality due to chronic ischemic heart diseases was similar with that of heart failure. The decline observed in deaths due to ill-defined causes may represent an improvement in the quality of information about mortality in Brazil. For the proper planning of public health policies that aim at decreasing the mortality due to circulatory system diseases, the observed regional differences must be considered.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Author contributions</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gaui EN, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eduardo Nagib Gaui, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria Executiva. Datasus. Informa&#231;&#245;es de Sa&#250;de. Estat&#237;sticas vitais. [Acesso em 2013 nov 20] Dispon&#237;vel em: http://www.datasus.gov.br</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
            <collab>Secretaria Executiva</collab>
            <collab>Datasus</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="pt">Informa&#231;&#245;es de Sa&#250;de. Estat&#237;sticas vitais</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Acesso em 2013 nov 20</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.datasus.gov.br">http://www.datasus.gov.br</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Mansur AP, Favarato D. Mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil e na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo: atualiza&#231;&#227;o 2011. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(2):755-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil e na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo: atualiza&#231;&#227;o 2011</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>755</fpage>
          <lpage>761</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Helis E, Augustincic L, Steiner S, Chen L, Turton P, Fodor JG. Time trends in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the "old" and "new" European Union countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011;18(3):347-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Helis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Augustincic</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steiner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fodor</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Time trends in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the "old" and "new" European Union countries</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>347</fpage>
          <lpage>359</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics- 2012 update: a report from American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):e2-e220.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borden</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart disease and stroke statistics- 2012 update: a report from American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>e2</fpage>
          <lpage>e220</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Souza MF, Alencar AP, Malta DC, Moura L, Mansur AP. An&#225;lise de s&#233;ries temporais da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(6):735-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alencar</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">An&#225;lise de s&#233;ries temporais da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e cerebrovasculares, nas cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil, no per&#237;odo de 1981 a 2001</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>735</fpage>
          <lpage>740</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Soares GP, Brum JD, Oliveira GM, Klein CH, Silva NA. Mortalidade por todas as causas e por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil, 1980 a 2006. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;28(4):258-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brum</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade por todas as causas e por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil, 1980 a 2006</article-title>
          <source>Rev Panam Salud Publica</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>258</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Rassi S, Barreto CP, Porto CC, Pereira CR, Cala&#231;a BW, Rassi DC. Sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(4):309-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cala&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>313</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Latado AL, Passos LC, Braga JC, Santos A, Guedes R, Moura SS, et al. Preditores de letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(2):185-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latado</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Preditores de letalidade hospitalar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>185</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Albanesi Filho FM. Indicadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular no estado do Rio de Janeiro com relevo para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Rev SOCERJ. 2004;17(4):264-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albanesi</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Indicadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular no estado do Rio de Janeiro com relevo para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>Rev SOCERJ</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>264</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Gaui EN, Klein CH, Oliveira GM. Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: an&#225;lise ampliada e tend&#234;ncia temporal em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(1):55-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaui</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: an&#225;lise ampliada e tend&#234;ncia temporal em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Goldacre MJ, Mant D, Duncan M, Griffith M. Mortality from heart failure in an English population, 1979-2003: study of death certification. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(9):782-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldacre</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mant</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffith</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality from heart failure in an English population, 1979-2003: study of death certification</article-title>
          <source>J Epidemiol Community Health</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>782</fpage>
          <lpage>784</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Murdoch DR, Love MP, Robb TA, McDonagh TA, Davie AP, Ford I, et al. Importance of heart failure as a cause of death: changing contribution to overall mortality and coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland 1979-1992. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(12):1829-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murdoch</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Love</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robb</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davie</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Importance of heart failure as a cause of death: changing contribution to overall mortality and coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland 1979-1992</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1829</fpage>
          <lpage>1835</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Santo AH. Causas mal definidas de morte e &#243;bitos sem assist&#234;ncia. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2008;54(1):23-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santo</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Causas mal definidas de morte e &#243;bitos sem assist&#234;ncia</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Laurenti R, Mello Jorge MH, Lebr&#227;o ML, Gotlieb SLD. Estat&#237;sticas de Sa&#250;de. S&#227;o Paulo: EPU; 2005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laurenti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mello Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lebr&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotlieb</surname>
              <given-names>SLD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="pt">Estat&#237;sticas de Sa&#250;de</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>EPU</publisher-name>
          <year>2005</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS). Classifica&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica internacional de doen&#231;as e problemas relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de. S&#227;o Paulo: EDUSP; 1997.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="pt">Classifica&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica internacional de doen&#231;as e problemas relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>EDUSP</publisher-name>
          <year>1997</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Stata 8.2 statistics/data analysis, Special Edition. Statacorp 4905 Lakeway Drive College Station, Texas, USA; 2005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source xml:lang="en">Stata 8.2 statistics/data analysis</source>
          <edition>Special Edition</edition>
          <publisher-name>Statacorp 4905 Lakeway Drive College Station</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>Texas, USA</publisher-loc>
          <year>2005</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Latado AL, Passos LC, Guedes R, Santos AB, Andrade M, Moura S. Tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85: 327-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Latado</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <fpage>327</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Gaui EN, Klein CH, Oliveira GM. Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como causa b&#225;sica ou contribuinte de &#243;bito em tr&#234;s estados brasileiros, de 1999 a 2004. Rev SOCERJ. 2008;21(3):129-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaui</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como causa b&#225;sica ou contribuinte de &#243;bito em tr&#234;s estados brasileiros, de 1999 a 2004</article-title>
          <source>Rev SOCERJ</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>137</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Najafi F, Dobson AJ, Jamrozik K. Is mortality from heart failure increasing in Austr&#225;lia? An analysis of official data on mortality for 1997-2003. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84(9):722-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Najafi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobson</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jamrozik</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Is mortality from heart failure increasing in Austr&#225;lia? An analysis of official data on mortality for 1997-2003</article-title>
          <source>Bull World Health Organ</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>722</fpage>
          <lpage>728</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update: a report from American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006;113(6):e85-159.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thom</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haase</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosamond</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manolio</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update: a report from American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>e85</fpage>
          <lpage>159</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Laribi S, Aouba A, Nikolaou M, Lassus J, Cohen-Solal A, Plaisance P, et al. Trends in death attributed to heart failure over the past two decades in Europe. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(3):234-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laribi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aouba</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nikolaou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lassus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plaisance</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Trends in death attributed to heart failure over the past two decades in Europe</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED, Spertus JA, Heindenreich PA. Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality. Am Heart J. 2011;161(6):1024-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heindenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1024</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. de Peuter OR, Lip GY, Souverein PC, Klungel OH, de Boer A, B&#252;ller HR, et al. Time-trends in treatment and cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure: a pharmacosurveillance study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(5):489-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Peuter</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souverein</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klungel</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Boer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Time-trends in treatment and cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure: a pharmacosurveillance study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>495</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Soares GP, Brum JD, Oliveira GM, Klein CH, Souza e Silva NA. Evolu&#231;&#227;o de indicadores socioecon&#244;micos e da mortalidade cardiovascular em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(2):147-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brum</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Evolu&#231;&#227;o de indicadores socioecon&#244;micos e da mortalidade cardiovascular em tr&#234;s estados do Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Teixeira CS, Klein CH, Block KV. Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de causas prov&#225;veis de &#243;bitos de causa mal definida, com base nas Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2006;22(6):1315-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Block</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de causas prov&#225;veis de &#243;bitos de causa mal definida, com base nas Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1315</fpage>
          <lpage>1324</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Santo AH. Potencial epidemiol&#243;gico da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das causas m&#250;ltiplas de morte por meio de suas men&#231;&#245;es nas declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito, Brasil, 2003. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2007;22(3):178-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santo</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Potencial epidemiol&#243;gico da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das causas m&#250;ltiplas de morte por meio de suas men&#231;&#245;es nas declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito, Brasil, 2003</article-title>
          <source>Rev Panam Salud Publica</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Engelfriet PM, Hoogenveen RT, Boshuizen HC, van Baal PH. To die with or from heart failure: a difference that counts. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(4):377-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Engelfriet</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoogenveen</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boshuizen</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Baal</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">To die with or from heart failure: a difference that counts</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil de 1996 a 2011</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaui</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nagib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02">Rua Real Grandeza, 139, sala 903, Botafogo. CEP 22281-033, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>engaui@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o a primeira causa de morte no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e por causas mal definidas, bem como suas poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es, no Brasil e por regi&#245;es geoecon&#244;micas do pa&#237;s (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste), de 1996 a 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram obtidos do DATASUS e analisados os registros dos documentos de &#243;bito com os c&#243;digos I20 a I24 para doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas agudas, I25 para doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas cr&#244;nicas, e I50 para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os c&#243;digos do cap&#237;tulo XIII para causas mal definidas, de acordo com as regi&#245;es geoecon&#244;micas do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As taxas de mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentaram decl&#237;nio no Brasil e nas regi&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o do Norte e Nordeste. As taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas elevaram-se nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, especialmente a partir de 2005; mantiveram-se est&#225;veis na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste; e diminu&#237;ram no Sul e Sudeste. A mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas teve queda no Brasil e nas Regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste, e variaram pouco no Norte e Nordeste. As taxas mais elevadas de mortalidade por causas mal definidas ocorreram no Nordeste at&#233; 2005.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; decrescendo no Brasil em todas suas grandes regi&#245;es geoecon&#244;micas. A evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas apresentou semelhan&#231;a com a da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O decr&#233;scimo observado nos &#243;bitos por causas mal definidas pode representar melhora da qualidade na informa&#231;&#227;o sobre mortalidade no Brasil. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas variou nas regi&#245;es, sendo possivelmente confundida com a evolu&#231;&#227;o diferencial da causas mal definidas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio (DAC) s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no Brasil. Em 2011, a DAC foi respons&#225;vel por 28,6% das 1.170.498 mortes ocorridas no pa&#237;s. As Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) foram respons&#225;veis por 39,1% das mortes por DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, em especial nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, tem-se observado queda da mortalidade por DAC no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse mesmo comportamento tamb&#233;m foi observado na Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em 2008, nos Estados Unidos, 32,8% de todas as 2.471.984 mortes foram por DAC, cuja taxa de mortalidade foi de 244,8 por 100 mil habitantes; que apesar de ainda serem elevadas, apresentaram queda de 30,6% de 1998 a 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por DIC no Brasil t&#234;m apresentado tend&#234;ncia de queda nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. An&#225;lise de uma s&#233;rie temporal de 1981 a 2001 mostrou decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por DIC nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e aumento no Nordeste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. As taxas de mortalidade por DIC, no Brasil e na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo (RMSP), em per&#237;odo mais recente (de 1990 a 2009), revelaram manuten&#231;&#227;o da tend&#234;ncia da queda progressiva observada antes, em todas as faixas et&#225;rias estudadas e em ambos os sexos. A queda nas taxas de mortalidade por DIC foi maior na RMSP do que no Brasil como um todo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse comportamento foi observado tamb&#233;m nas DAC, inclusive DIC, nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, onde as taxas de mortalidade apresentaram queda desde a d&#233;cada de 1980 at&#233; 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dados nacionais sobre o comportamento da mortalidade por IC s&#227;o escassos. A maior parte das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre a magnitude da IC como causa de &#243;bito no Brasil &#233; derivada de estudos de coorte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e sobre mortalidade hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Segundo registros de &#243;bitos do Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, as taxas espec&#237;ficas de mortalidade por IC nesses Estados, tanto em homens como mulheres, declinaram em todas as idades, exceto para os indiv&#237;duos com 80 anos ou mais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Goldacre e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, na Inglaterra, ao analisarem a popula&#231;&#227;o de Oxford, de 1979 a 2003, conclu&#237;ram que as taxas de mortalidade por IC e DIC tiveram quedas muito similares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Murdoch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, estudando IC na Esc&#243;cia, de 1979 a 1992, al&#233;m de observarem queda na mortalidade, verificaram que 30 a 40% das mortes atribu&#237;das &#224; DIC podem ter sido relacionadas &#224; IC, demostrando correla&#231;&#227;o dessas duas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>As estat&#237;sticas de mortalidade constituem a forma mais usada para conhecer o estado de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o e para o planejamento da a&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para a promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. A qualidade das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as causas de morte, assim, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel. Um dos indicadores utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dessas informa&#231;&#245;es &#233; a propor&#231;&#227;o de mortes atribu&#237;das a Causas Mal Definidas (CMD). Esse indicador, al&#233;m de qualificar a informa&#231;&#227;o, orienta a correta an&#225;lise da mortalidade. No Brasil, em 2003, a CMD foi codificada como causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito em 13,3% de todos os &#243;bitos, sendo que os maiores percentuais ocorreram nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, com 25,9 e 21,2% respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por IC, DIC e CMD e suas poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es, no Brasil e segundo as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, de 1996 a 2011.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os bancos dos registros de Declara&#231;&#245;es de &#211;bitos (DO) de cada um dos Estados do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011, foram obtidos no s&#237;tio do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htm#dados">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/sim/dados/cid10_indice.htm#dados</ext-link>, acessado em novembro de 2013). Posteriormente, os registros das DO das cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil foram obtidos pela soma dos Estados componentes de cada regi&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As popula&#231;&#245;es dos anos censit&#225;rios tamb&#233;m foram obtidas no s&#237;tio do DATASUS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0206&amp;VObj=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?ibge/cnv/pop">http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=0206&amp;VObj=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?ibge/cnv/pop</ext-link>, acessado em novembro de 2013), por grupos et&#225;rios (de menos de 1 ano, de 1 a 4, de 5 a 9, de 10 a 14, de 15 a 19 e a partir da&#237; em intervalos de 10 anos, at&#233; os 80 anos). Entretanto, n&#227;o foram utilizadas as estimativas censit&#225;rias fornecidas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE), devido &#224; mudan&#231;a de m&#233;todo adotada a partir de 2007, que causou inflex&#245;es abruptas e improv&#225;veis em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. Essas inflex&#245;es poderiam causar perturba&#231;&#245;es na estimativa de taxas de mortalidade por mero artefato. As popula&#231;&#245;es dos anos intercensit&#225;rios foram obtidas por estimativas em cada grupo et&#225;rio, pelo m&#233;todo de progress&#227;o aritm&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os registros informatizados de DO utilizaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade da 10&#170; Revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica Internacional de Doen&#231;as e Problemas Relacionados &#224; Sa&#250;de da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (CID-10), para codificar as causas de &#243;bito. Selecionamos os registros com os c&#243;digos I20 a I24 para DIC aguda, I25 para DIC cr&#244;nica, I50 para IC e os c&#243;digos do cap&#237;tulo XIII para CMD. A causa de &#243;bito considerada foi aquela codificada como causa b&#225;sica de morte, segundo as regras da CID-10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade anuais no Brasil e nas regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, por DIC aguda, DIC cr&#244;nica, IC e CMD, por 100 mil habitantes, brutas e padronizadas pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios referidos, utilizando como padr&#227;o a distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em 2000. Essas taxas foram dispostas em gr&#225;ficos de s&#233;ries temporais anuais para cada grupo de causas selecionado de &#243;bito no Brasil e nas regi&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Empregou-se o pacote estat&#237;stico Stata vers&#227;o 12<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> para o c&#225;lculo das taxas de mortalidade e para elabora&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade brutas por IC se mostraram em decl&#237;nio no Brasil e em quase todas as regi&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o do Nordeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Quando observamos as taxas padronizadas, essa queda fica mais evidente, inclusive no Nordeste, e as diferen&#231;as entre as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas se atenuam especialmente nos per&#237;odos mais recentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>). No Brasil, a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade do primeiro ao &#250;ltimo ano da s&#233;rie temporal foi de 32,1% nas brutas e de 54,0% nas padronizadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>). As taxas de mortalidade brutas por IC mais elevadas durante todo o per&#237;odo foram observadas no Sul e no Sudeste. Entretanto, ao se considerar a distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria, o Centro-Oeste apresentou as taxas mais elevadas durante quase todo o per&#237;odo, com o Sul muito pr&#243;ximo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Mortalidade bruta por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011. (B) Mortalidade padronizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011 &#8211; padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios do DATASUS (padr&#227;o: Brasil 2000). (C) Mortalidade bruta por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) agudas, por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011. (D) Mortalidade padronizada por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas, por 100 mil nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011 &#8211; padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios do DATASUS (padr&#227;o: Brasil 2000). (E) Mortalidade bruta por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas, por 100 mil nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011. (F) Mortalidade padronizada por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas, por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011 &#8211; padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios do DATASUS (padr&#227;o: Brasil 2000). (G) Mortalidade bruta por causas mal definidas, por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011. (H) Mortalidade padronizada por causas mal definidas, por 100 mil, nas regi&#245;es do Brasil, de 1996 a 2011 &#8211; padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios do DATASUS (padr&#227;o: Brasil 2000). 30</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0557-40072-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionaas - Brasil, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>21,2</td>
                <td>23,5</td>
                <td>38,5</td>
                <td>42,0</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>87,5</td>
                <td>85,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>19,7</td>
                <td>21,2</td>
                <td>38,0</td>
                <td>40,5</td>
                <td>8,0</td>
                <td>8,6</td>
                <td>83,1</td>
                <td>88,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>19,5</td>
                <td>20,5</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>39,9</td>
                <td>8,1</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>86,3</td>
                <td>89,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>17,7</td>
                <td>18,2</td>
                <td>37,6</td>
                <td>38,4</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>8,6</td>
                <td>85,1</td>
                <td>86,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>37,8</td>
                <td>37,8</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>79,9</td>
                <td>79,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>15,5</td>
                <td>37,9</td>
                <td>36,8</td>
                <td>8,3</td>
                <td>8,0</td>
                <td>79,0</td>
                <td>76,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>15,7</td>
                <td>14,7</td>
                <td>38,5</td>
                <td>36,3</td>
                <td>8,3</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>77,1</td>
                <td>73,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>15,4</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>39,0</td>
                <td>35,9</td>
                <td>8,2</td>
                <td>7,5</td>
                <td>75,8</td>
                <td>70,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>15,5</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>40,2</td>
                <td>36,0</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>71,2</td>
                <td>64,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>14,7</td>
                <td>12,7</td>
                <td>39,0</td>
                <td>34,1</td>
                <td>8,1</td>
                <td>7,0</td>
                <td>57,9</td>
                <td>51,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>15,3</td>
                <td>12,9</td>
                <td>41,2</td>
                <td>35,2</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>7,2</td>
                <td>46,9</td>
                <td>40,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>15,2</td>
                <td>12,4</td>
                <td>41,9</td>
                <td>35,0</td>
                <td>8,2</td>
                <td>6,8</td>
                <td>43,5</td>
                <td>37,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>14,8</td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>43,0</td>
                <td>35,1</td>
                <td>8,3</td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>42,4</td>
                <td>35,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>11,3</td>
                <td>43,0</td>
                <td>34,4</td>
                <td>8,1</td>
                <td>6,4</td>
                <td>41,9</td>
                <td>34,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>14,4</td>
                <td>11,0</td>
                <td>44,2</td>
                <td>34,6</td>
                <td>8,2</td>
                <td>6,3</td>
                <td>41,7</td>
                <td>33,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>14,4</td>
                <td>10,8</td>
                <td>45,2</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>6,4</td>
                <td>40,6</td>
                <td>32,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1C</xref>, referente &#224;s taxas brutas de mortalidade por DIC aguda, observa-se tend&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o nas Regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Do primeiro ao &#250;ltimo ano da s&#233;rie, o aumento foi de 77,6% no Norte, 124,0% no Nordeste e 52,4% no Centro-Oeste (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabelas 2</xref> a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">4</xref>). Houve discreta tend&#234;ncia de queda no Sul e no Sudeste. Na composi&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es, as taxas do Brasil apresentaram tend&#234;ncia de aumento a partir de 2005.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionadas - Regi&#227;o Norte, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>10,5</td>
                <td>17,4</td>
                <td>13,4</td>
                <td>21,7</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>2,9</td>
                <td>82,6</td>
                <td>122,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>9,9</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>21,6</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>2,9</td>
                <td>84,0</td>
                <td>121,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>10,1</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>13,8</td>
                <td>21,4</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>2,4</td>
                <td>87,5</td>
                <td>124,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>10,1</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>22,3</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>2,2</td>
                <td>88,7</td>
                <td>124,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>9,2</td>
                <td>13,9</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>22,0</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
                <td>88,3</td>
                <td>121,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>10,1</td>
                <td>14,8</td>
                <td>15,0</td>
                <td>21,8</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>87,1</td>
                <td>118,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>8,8</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>14,9</td>
                <td>21,1</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>80,6</td>
                <td>106,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>9,1</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>22,1</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>81,1</td>
                <td>105,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>8,3</td>
                <td>11,3</td>
                <td>17,1</td>
                <td>23,1</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>80,0</td>
                <td>102,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>8,9</td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>17,0</td>
                <td>22,4</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
                <td>67,5</td>
                <td>85,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>18,1</td>
                <td>23,3</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>2,4</td>
                <td>57,2</td>
                <td>70,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>9,0</td>
                <td>11,5</td>
                <td>20,2</td>
                <td>25,5</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
                <td>48,4</td>
                <td>59,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>10,6</td>
                <td>21,3</td>
                <td>26,4</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>2,2</td>
                <td>50,8</td>
                <td>61,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>8,2</td>
                <td>10,1</td>
                <td>22,7</td>
                <td>27,6</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>50,9</td>
                <td>60,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>10,2</td>
                <td>22,8</td>
                <td>27,4</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>2,2</td>
                <td>48,7</td>
                <td>57,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>9,0</td>
                <td>10,8</td>
                <td>23,8</td>
                <td>28,2</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>46,2</td>
                <td>53,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t09">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionadas - Regi&#227;o Nordeste, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>13,6</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>19,2</td>
                <td>21,3</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>3,2</td>
                <td>148,1</td>
                <td>154,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>13,4</td>
                <td>14,0</td>
                <td>20,5</td>
                <td>22,3</td>
                <td>2,9</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>142,1</td>
                <td>145,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>13,8</td>
                <td>14,2</td>
                <td>21,3</td>
                <td>22,7</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>3,1</td>
                <td>144,8</td>
                <td>145,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>13,2</td>
                <td>13,2</td>
                <td>20,7</td>
                <td>21,6</td>
                <td>3,1</td>
                <td>3,2</td>
                <td>143,1</td>
                <td>141,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>13,2</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>22,0</td>
                <td>22,6</td>
                <td>3,5</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>135,8</td>
                <td>132,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>13,2</td>
                <td>12,7</td>
                <td>24,2</td>
                <td>24,2</td>
                <td>3,6</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>135,8</td>
                <td>129,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>12,8</td>
                <td>25,4</td>
                <td>24,8</td>
                <td>3,6</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>136,6</td>
                <td>127,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>13,6</td>
                <td>12,4</td>
                <td>26,4</td>
                <td>25,2</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>3,1</td>
                <td>132,7</td>
                <td>121,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>13,8</td>
                <td>12,3</td>
                <td>28,3</td>
                <td>26,4</td>
                <td>3,6</td>
                <td>3,2</td>
                <td>121,7</td>
                <td>109,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>11,3</td>
                <td>30,4</td>
                <td>27,7</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>86,8</td>
                <td>76,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>14,4</td>
                <td>12,2</td>
                <td>34,9</td>
                <td>31,1</td>
                <td>4,3</td>
                <td>3,7</td>
                <td>47,6</td>
                <td>41,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>11,7</td>
                <td>37,3</td>
                <td>32,5</td>
                <td>4,2</td>
                <td>3,5</td>
                <td>41,1</td>
                <td>35,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>13,5</td>
                <td>11,0</td>
                <td>39,2</td>
                <td>33,2</td>
                <td>4,5</td>
                <td>3,8</td>
                <td>41,5</td>
                <td>34,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>10,4</td>
                <td>39,7</td>
                <td>33,5</td>
                <td>4,2</td>
                <td>3,4</td>
                <td>41,3</td>
                <td>34,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>12,2</td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>40,2</td>
                <td>33,1</td>
                <td>4,7</td>
                <td>3,8</td>
                <td>41,8</td>
                <td>34,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>12,8</td>
                <td>9,8</td>
                <td>43,0</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>3,8</td>
                <td>43,4</td>
                <td>34,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t10">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionadas - Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>19,4</td>
                <td>29,0</td>
                <td>24,6</td>
                <td>34,3</td>
                <td>5,8</td>
                <td>8,9</td>
                <td>50,9</td>
                <td>70,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>20,8</td>
                <td>29,8</td>
                <td>24,5</td>
                <td>33,2</td>
                <td>5,5</td>
                <td>8,1</td>
                <td>50,3</td>
                <td>67,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>19,4</td>
                <td>27,2</td>
                <td>25,9</td>
                <td>33,8</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>7,4</td>
                <td>51,1</td>
                <td>66,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>16,8</td>
                <td>23,1</td>
                <td>25,6</td>
                <td>32,8</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>7,1</td>
                <td>48,4</td>
                <td>60,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>15,7</td>
                <td>20,7</td>
                <td>27,6</td>
                <td>34,3</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>39,6</td>
                <td>49,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>15,6</td>
                <td>19,8</td>
                <td>28,4</td>
                <td>34,1</td>
                <td>5,9</td>
                <td>7,4</td>
                <td>36,8</td>
                <td>44,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>19,3</td>
                <td>30,2</td>
                <td>35,1</td>
                <td>6,3</td>
                <td>7,7</td>
                <td>31,7</td>
                <td>37,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>15,3</td>
                <td>17,9</td>
                <td>30,8</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>27,2</td>
                <td>30,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>15,2</td>
                <td>17,3</td>
                <td>32,4</td>
                <td>35,3</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>8,7</td>
                <td>28,8</td>
                <td>31,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>13,8</td>
                <td>15,2</td>
                <td>30,9</td>
                <td>32,9</td>
                <td>6,9</td>
                <td>7,5</td>
                <td>24,9</td>
                <td>26,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>14,7</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>32,2</td>
                <td>33,2</td>
                <td>7,3</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>23,5</td>
                <td>24,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>13,8</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>32,1</td>
                <td>32,4</td>
                <td>6,6</td>
                <td>6,8</td>
                <td>20,7</td>
                <td>21,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>14,6</td>
                <td>14,9</td>
                <td>32,9</td>
                <td>32,5</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>20,2</td>
                <td>20,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>34,3</td>
                <td>33,1</td>
                <td>6,1</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
                <td>19,2</td>
                <td>18,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>13,6</td>
                <td>13,3</td>
                <td>36,7</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>5,9</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>20,7</td>
                <td>19,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>12,2</td>
                <td>11,7</td>
                <td>37,5</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>6,1</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>23,0</td>
                <td>21,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por DIC aguda, quando padronizadas por idade, como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1D</xref>, cresceram nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, especialmente a partir de 2005. Essas taxas se mantiveram est&#225;veis na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste. Nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, as taxas apresentaram queda ao longo do per&#237;odo. No Brasil, essas taxas decresceram ao longo do per&#237;odo &#8722; e de forma menos acentuada a partir de 2005. Do primeiro para o &#250;ltimo ano, houve decr&#233;scimo de 34,2% na Regi&#227;o Sudeste (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>), de 35,2% na Sul (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>), enquanto que, no Brasil, foi de 17,3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t11">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionadas - Regi&#227;o Sudeste, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>26,3</td>
                <td>27,5</td>
                <td>53,1</td>
                <td>54,0</td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>12,5</td>
                <td>64,3</td>
                <td>65,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>23,6</td>
                <td>24,0</td>
                <td>51,5</td>
                <td>51,0</td>
                <td>11,2</td>
                <td>11,4</td>
                <td>61,7</td>
                <td>61,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>22,8</td>
                <td>22,5</td>
                <td>50,6</td>
                <td>48,9</td>
                <td>10,9</td>
                <td>10,8</td>
                <td>66,2</td>
                <td>64,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>20,5</td>
                <td>19,7</td>
                <td>49,5</td>
                <td>46,8</td>
                <td>11,6</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>66,6</td>
                <td>63,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>18,5</td>
                <td>17,4</td>
                <td>48,5</td>
                <td>44,9</td>
                <td>11,4</td>
                <td>10,7</td>
                <td>62,5</td>
                <td>58,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>17,4</td>
                <td>15,7</td>
                <td>48,3</td>
                <td>43,3</td>
                <td>11,2</td>
                <td>10,1</td>
                <td>61,3</td>
                <td>56,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>48,6</td>
                <td>42,3</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>9,6</td>
                <td>58,1</td>
                <td>51,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>16,5</td>
                <td>13,9</td>
                <td>49,2</td>
                <td>41,6</td>
                <td>11,2</td>
                <td>9,4</td>
                <td>57,3</td>
                <td>49,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>13,6</td>
                <td>49,8</td>
                <td>41,0</td>
                <td>11,4</td>
                <td>9,3</td>
                <td>54,6</td>
                <td>46,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>12,7</td>
                <td>47,0</td>
                <td>37,6</td>
                <td>11,0</td>
                <td>8,7</td>
                <td>50,5</td>
                <td>41,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>16,3</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>49,0</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>8,6</td>
                <td>52,3</td>
                <td>42,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>16,1</td>
                <td>12,1</td>
                <td>48,5</td>
                <td>37,0</td>
                <td>10,6</td>
                <td>8,0</td>
                <td>51,0</td>
                <td>40,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>15,6</td>
                <td>11,4</td>
                <td>49,5</td>
                <td>36,9</td>
                <td>10,7</td>
                <td>7,9</td>
                <td>48,7</td>
                <td>37,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>15,6</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>48,8</td>
                <td>35,7</td>
                <td>10,4</td>
                <td>7,5</td>
                <td>47,4</td>
                <td>36,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>16,0</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>50,9</td>
                <td>36,4</td>
                <td>10,4</td>
                <td>7,3</td>
                <td>47,3</td>
                <td>35,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>15,6</td>
                <td>10,7</td>
                <td>50,7</td>
                <td>35,5</td>
                <td>11,1</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>44,3</td>
                <td>32,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade bruta e padronizada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t12">*</xref> por 100 mil, por causas selecionadas - Regi&#227;o Sul, 1996-2011</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o agudas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Causas mal definidas</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Bruta</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Padronizada</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1996</td>
                <td>27,2</td>
                <td>29,7</td>
                <td>51,9</td>
                <td>53,9</td>
                <td>14,0</td>
                <td>15,1</td>
                <td>56,8</td>
                <td>60,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1997</td>
                <td>24,6</td>
                <td>25,9</td>
                <td>50,9</td>
                <td>51,4</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>13,5</td>
                <td>46,6</td>
                <td>48,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1998</td>
                <td>25,6</td>
                <td>26,2</td>
                <td>53,5</td>
                <td>52,6</td>
                <td>14,4</td>
                <td>14,6</td>
                <td>48,4</td>
                <td>49,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">1999</td>
                <td>22,7</td>
                <td>22,6</td>
                <td>52,9</td>
                <td>50,8</td>
                <td>14,3</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>42,8</td>
                <td>42,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2000</td>
                <td>21,9</td>
                <td>21,2</td>
                <td>53,7</td>
                <td>50,4</td>
                <td>14,0</td>
                <td>13,4</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>37,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2001</td>
                <td>20,5</td>
                <td>19,2</td>
                <td>50,6</td>
                <td>46,0</td>
                <td>13,5</td>
                <td>12,5</td>
                <td>37,5</td>
                <td>35,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2002</td>
                <td>20,4</td>
                <td>18,4</td>
                <td>50,5</td>
                <td>44,5</td>
                <td>14,1</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>38,3</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2003</td>
                <td>19,4</td>
                <td>16,9</td>
                <td>49,9</td>
                <td>42,6</td>
                <td>13,3</td>
                <td>11,5</td>
                <td>40,7</td>
                <td>35,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2004</td>
                <td>19,3</td>
                <td>16,3</td>
                <td>51,2</td>
                <td>42,5</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>11,4</td>
                <td>38,7</td>
                <td>33,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2005</td>
                <td>18,1</td>
                <td>14,8</td>
                <td>48,3</td>
                <td>39,0</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>10,5</td>
                <td>35,2</td>
                <td>29,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2006</td>
                <td>18,3</td>
                <td>14,5</td>
                <td>48,0</td>
                <td>37,8</td>
                <td>13,3</td>
                <td>10,4</td>
                <td>35,6</td>
                <td>29,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2007</td>
                <td>18,7</td>
                <td>14,4</td>
                <td>48,9</td>
                <td>37,5</td>
                <td>13,9</td>
                <td>10,6</td>
                <td>35,0</td>
                <td>27,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2008</td>
                <td>18,4</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>48,8</td>
                <td>36,6</td>
                <td>12,7</td>
                <td>9,4</td>
                <td>32,3</td>
                <td>25,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2009</td>
                <td>18,0</td>
                <td>13,1</td>
                <td>48,3</td>
                <td>35,3</td>
                <td>13,6</td>
                <td>9,9</td>
                <td>33,3</td>
                <td>25,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2010</td>
                <td>18,3</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>48,6</td>
                <td>34,7</td>
                <td>13,4</td>
                <td>9,5</td>
                <td>31,9</td>
                <td>23,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">2011</td>
                <td>18,4</td>
                <td>12,8</td>
                <td>50,0</td>
                <td>34,9</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>9,0</td>
                <td>30,4</td>
                <td>22,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Fonte dos dados: &#243;bitos - Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o do SUS (DATASUS); popula&#231;&#227;o - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (contagem de 1996 e censos de 2000 e 2010 e estimativas lineares).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo direto, segundo grupos et&#225;rios pelo DATASUS - Padr&#227;o: Brasil, ano 2000.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As taxas brutas de mortalidade por DIC cr&#244;nica, que podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1E</xref>, apresentaram-se est&#225;veis no Brasil e na maioria das regi&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o do Nordeste, que teve taxa de 3,0 por 100 mil habitantes em 1996 e de 4,8 em 2011, o que representou um aumento de 60% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1F</xref>, pode-se perceber que as taxas de mortalidade por DIC cr&#244;nica padronizadas tiveram queda no Brasil e nas Regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste, e pouca varia&#231;&#227;o nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste. No Brasil, em 1996, a taxa foi de 9,5 por 100 mil habitantes, enquanto que, em 2011, foi 32,6% menor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por CMD, apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1G</xref>, tiveram queda em todas as regi&#245;es. Nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, essa queda foi mais acentuada a partir de 2004. Nessas regi&#245;es, do primeiro ao &#250;ltimo ano do per&#237;odo, as quedas foram de 71 e 44%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>As maiores taxas de mortalidade por CMD, tanto brutas quanto padronizadas, ocorreram no Nordeste at&#233; 2004. A partir da&#237;, o Norte e o Sudoeste passaram a liderar tais taxas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1G</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1H</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por IC decresceram no Brasil ao longo do per&#237;odo estudado. Em que pesem as diferen&#231;as das taxas entre as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do pa&#237;s, em todas houve decr&#233;scimo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1B</xref>). As maiores taxas brutas ocorreram nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, provavelmente por esses Estados possu&#237;rem popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa do que os demais. Isso tamb&#233;m explica a atenua&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as observadas entre as regi&#245;es e a eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas da Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste, quando estas s&#227;o padronizadas pela idade. No &#250;ltimo ano da s&#233;rie estudada (2011), as diferen&#231;as entre as taxas padronizadas, que revelaram o efeito das diferen&#231;as de idade, j&#225; foram as menores no per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>O decr&#233;scimo das taxas de mortalidade por IC, neste estudo, esteve de acordo com outros resultados publicados nos poucos estudos acerca do tema j&#225; realizados no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, nos quais a mortalidade por IC tamb&#233;m foi analisada nos DO.</p>
        <p>O mesmo tem se observado em outros pa&#237;ses. Najafi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, analisando a mortalidade por IC na Austr&#225;lia, de 1997 a 2003, encontraram decl&#237;nio nessas taxas, concluindo que esse fato, mais do que um artefato, est&#225; relacionado com altera&#231;&#245;es no diagn&#243;stico ou na codifica&#231;&#227;o da causa da morte, refletindo mudan&#231;as na epidemiologia da IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Nos Estados Unidos, a mortalidade por IC tamb&#233;m vem decrescendo. De 1993 a 2003, a quantidade de mortes por IC aumentou 20,5% e, ainda assim, a taxa de mortalidade decresceu em 2,0%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Laribi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, ao estudarem as taxas de mortalidade por IC em sete pa&#237;ses da Europa, conclu&#237;ram que estas tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% no per&#237;odo compreendido entre 1987 e 2008, e que houve aumento na m&#233;dia de idade na morte por IC, tanto entre homens como entre mulheres. Os autores levantam ainda a hip&#243;tese de que esses resultados podem estar relacionados a melhorias no tratamento nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Fonarow e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram o impacto que teriam na mortalidade por IC os principais tratamentos testados em diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos e recomendados pelas diretrizes das duas maiores sociedades americanas de cardiologia. Seis prescri&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas recomendadas estimaram que o aumento potencial de vidas salvas por ano poderia variar entre 9,6 e 31,5%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na Holanda, mesmo com aumento da prescri&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos para o tratamento da IC, n&#227;o se observou melhora do progn&#243;stico no primeiro ano ap&#243;s alta hospitalar de interna&#231;&#245;es por IC, quando comparados os per&#237;odos 1998-2002 e 2003-2007. Contudo, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e betabloqueadores n&#227;o ultrapassou 60% no segundo per&#237;odo dessa s&#233;rie<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a mortalidade por DIC aguda apresentou comportamentos distintos, dependendo da regi&#227;o. Assim como na IC, as maiores taxas se concentraram no Sul e Sudeste e as menores no Norte e Nordeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1D</xref>). As taxas do Sul e Sudeste apresentaram tend&#234;ncia de queda, mais proeminente quando padronizadas; as das Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste tenderam a aumentar ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo, o que se acentuou a partir de 2005. Em 2011, a for&#231;a de mortalidade da DIC aguda, ressalvadas as diferen&#231;as de estrutura et&#225;ria, j&#225; foi praticamente id&#234;ntica em todas as regi&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o do Norte. Entretanto, mantida a tend&#234;ncia de crescimento nessa regi&#227;o, em breve a for&#231;a de mortalidade por DIC aguda no Norte alcan&#231;ar&#225; os mesmos n&#237;veis das demais regi&#245;es.</p>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel especular que a atenua&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as n&#227;o seja explicada por mudan&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho morte por DIC aguda entre as regi&#245;es, mas por altera&#231;&#245;es no preenchimento das DO. Isso porque, no meio do per&#237;odo estudado, por volta de 2005, reduziram-se, de forma not&#225;vel, as DO em que a causa de &#243;bito era mal definida ou indeterminada nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que boa parte das declara&#231;&#245;es que anteriormente eram de causa mal definida passassem a registrar a DIC aguda como causa de &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1G</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1H</xref>).</p>
        <p>Do mesmo modo que na DIC aguda, o Sul e o Sudeste tiveram as maiores taxas de mortalidade por DIC cr&#244;nica e o Norte e Nordeste as menores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1F</xref>). Por&#233;m, nesse grupo de DIC, &#233; o decr&#233;scimo observado na for&#231;a de mortalidade no Sul e Sudeste, j&#225; exclu&#237;do o efeito das diferen&#231;as et&#225;rias, que pode fazer que, no futuro, as diferen&#231;as regionais sejam m&#237;nimas.</p>
        <p>As taxas de mortalidade por DIC aguda e cr&#244;nica no Brasil, como um todo, s&#227;o uma composi&#231;&#227;o ponderada das taxas regionais. Assim, se essas &#250;ltimas s&#227;o heterog&#234;neas, a taxa global do pa&#237;s n&#227;o descreve de forma resumida o que ocorreu em qualquer parte do territ&#243;rio, durante o per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1C</xref> e   <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1D</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as regionais do comportamento da mortalidade por DIC no Brasil aqui relatadas j&#225; foram motivo de publica&#231;&#245;es mais remotas. S&#233;rie temporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> de 1981 a 2001 j&#225; demonstrou o decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por DIC nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e aumento no Nordeste. Os autores, Souza e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, relacionaram as tend&#234;ncias desse decl&#237;nio das doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias ao prov&#225;vel melhor controle de fatores de risco, como tabagismo, dislipidemias, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. O controle desses fatores, as preven&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;ria e as secund&#225;ria seriam mais adequados nas regi&#245;es mais desenvolvidas e explicariam as diferen&#231;as regionais encontradas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Numa s&#233;rie de 1990 a 2009 tamb&#233;m se observou queda nas taxas de mortalidade por DIC. A mortalidade por essa condi&#231;&#227;o na RMSP foi maior do que no Brasil, por&#233;m tamb&#233;m apresentou tend&#234;ncia de queda mais acentuada do que no pa&#237;s, tanto entre os homens (36,2% vs. 23,5%), quanto entre as mulheres (44,5% vs. 29,5%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Soares e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, analisando a mortalidade por todas as causas e por DAC, DIC e Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares (DCBV), de 1980 a 2006, no Rio de Janeiro, no Rio Grande do Sul e em S&#227;o Paulo, encontraram queda da mortalidade por todos os grupos de causas. Grande parte da queda na mortalidade por todas as causas foi atribu&#237;da ao relevante decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por DAC. Os autores especularam que os resultados encontrados podem ser em raz&#227;o da queda mais remota da mortalidade por doen&#231;as infecciosas e pela melhoria das condi&#231;&#245;es de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o mais recente, esses mesmos autores refor&#231;am a validade dessa hip&#243;tese quando, ao estudarem a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos indicadores socioecon&#244;micos e a mortalidade cardiovascular nos mesmos tr&#234;s Estados brasileiros, demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a queda da mortalidade infantil, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB)   <italic>per capita</italic> e o aumento da escolaridade com a redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por DAC, DIC e DCBV em adultos na s&#233;rie estudada de 1980 a 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Um dos indicadores de qualidade dos registros de &#243;bitos &#233; a propor&#231;&#227;o de causas de morte codificadas como mal definidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. No Brasil, a propor&#231;&#227;o de mortes por CMD manteve-se em torno de 20% entre 1979 e 1986. A partir de 1987, ocorreu decl&#237;nio progressivo dessa propor&#231;&#227;o, chegando a 15%, em 1996, e atingindo o n&#237;vel ainda insatisfat&#243;rio de 13,3%, em 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudo de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos por CMD nas DO, no final da d&#233;cada de 1990, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, encontrou que as DAC foram as causas mais prov&#225;veis de &#243;bito. A mortalidade proporcional por DAC foi maior nos &#243;bitos de causa mal definida reclassificados, de acordo com informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas das Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o aumento das taxas de &#243;bito por DIC aguda, componente importante das DAC, tenha ocorrido em paralelo ao decl&#237;nio das taxas de &#243;bito por CMD, observado no Norte e Nordeste.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, observamos tend&#234;ncia da queda na mortalidade por CMD em todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, por&#233;m com grandes varia&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1G</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">1H</xref>) As Regi&#245;es Nordeste e Norte, nessa ordem, s&#227;o as que apresentaram as maiores taxas ao longo dos anos, por&#233;m o decr&#233;scimo dessas taxas se acentuou marcadamente a partir de 2004, especialmente no Nordeste. Entretanto, a Regi&#227;o Sudeste, a de maior desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico e que agrega o maior contingente populacional, ainda mant&#233;m n&#237;veis elevados de mortalidade por CMD nos &#250;ltimos anos da s&#233;rie.</p>
        <p>Podemos especular que a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das taxas de mortalidade por DIC cr&#244;nica e por IC se assemelharam nas Regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Enquanto que, no Norte e Nordeste, ocorreu competi&#231;&#227;o pelos &#243;bitos das CMD com as DIC agudas, cr&#244;nicas e IC, dificultando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada um dos grupos de causas definidas e suas rela&#231;&#245;es. Dessa maneira, o que foi observado na regi&#227;o de Oxford, na Inglaterra, de 1979 a 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, com o decl&#237;nio da mortalidade por DIC, aguda e cr&#244;nica, n&#227;o se acompanhou da eleva&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade por IC &#8722; isso s&#243; p&#244;de ser verificado na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil no per&#237;odo estudado. Nas demais regi&#245;es, as flutua&#231;&#245;es e os altos n&#237;veis de &#243;bitos por CMD perturbam a an&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o conjunta de DIC e IC.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como principais limitantes a qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a causa de morte, que dependeu do diagn&#243;stico da causa e do correto preenchimento do DO. O uso da causa b&#225;sica de morte para a an&#225;lise da mortalidade tamb&#233;m pode ser um fator limitante. Em algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, como a IC, a mortalidade pode estar subestimada, quando n&#227;o empregamos a an&#225;lise de causas m&#250;ltiplas, que contempla todas as causas mencionadas no DO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem decrescido no Brasil e de forma consistente em todas suas grandes regi&#245;es geoecon&#244;micas. A mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o aguda apresentou queda nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, manteve-se est&#225;vel no Centro-Oeste e aumentou nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste. O comportamento da mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nicas apresentou semelhan&#231;a com o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O decr&#233;scimo observado nos &#243;bitos por causas mal definidas pode representar melhora da qualidade na informa&#231;&#227;o sobre mortalidade no Brasil. Para o correto planejamento das pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que visem &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, devem ser levadas em conta as diferen&#231;as regionais observadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gaui EN, Oliveira GMM, Klein CH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Eduardo Nagib Gaui pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
