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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">P7zTpLpzwjFv4cccTsntCBk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140051</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Infarct Size as Predictor of Systolic Functional Recovery after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cogni</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanati</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho"</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff,</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zornoff LAM; Acquisition of data: Fusco DR, Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Zanati SG, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fusco DR, Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Zanati SG, Paiva SAR; Obtaining financing: Zornoff LAM; Statistical analysis: Zornoff LAM; Writing of the manuscript: Zornoff LAM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>549</fpage>
      <lpage>556</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The effects of modern therapy on functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the predictors of systolic functional recovery after anterior wall AMI in patients undergoing modern therapy (reperfusion, aggressive platelet antiaggregant therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 94 consecutive patients with AMI with ST-segment elevation were enrolled. Echocardiograms were performed during the in-hospital phase and after 6 months. Systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction value &lt; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the initial echocardiogram, 64% of patients had systolic dysfunction. Patients with ventricular dysfunction had greater infarct size, assessed by the measurement of total and isoenzyme MB creatine kinase enzymes, than patients without dysfunction. Additionally, 24.5% of patients that initially had systolic dysfunction showed recovery within 6 months after AMI. Patients who recovered ventricular function had smaller infarct sizes, but larger values of ejection fraction and E-wave deceleration time than patients without recovery. At the multivariate analysis, it can be observed that infarct size was the only independent predictor of functional recovery after 6 months of AMI when adjusted for age, gender, ejection fraction and E-wave deceleration time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> In spite of aggressive treatment, systolic ventricular dysfunction remains a frequent event after the anterior wall myocardial infarction. Additionally, 25% of patients show functional recovery. Finally, infarct size was the only significant predictor of functional recovery after six months of acute myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Recovery of function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Many factors determine the outcome of patients after an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Among these prognostic factors, heart failure is highlighted due to left ventricular dysfunction. In fact, cardiac dysfunction after AMI increases the risk of death by three to four-fold<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies report that signs and symptoms of heart failure after infarction occur in approximately 25% of patients with AMI. Additionally, large clinical trials report that approximately 40% of AMI cases are accompanied by left ventricular systolic dysfunction, suggesting that functional deterioration is a common event after AMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>An important aspect to be considered, however, is that a considerable percentage of patients with systolic dysfunction in the acute phase of myocardial infarction show functional recovery over time. However, the current prevalence and risk factors for prediction of functional recovery are not completely understood.</p>
      <p>Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of systolic functional recovery after AMI in patients undergoing modern therapy after anterior myocardial infarction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>The present was a prospective, observational study carried out in the coronary care unit of our institution. Consecutive patients of both genders that had the first episode of anterior AMI from December 2008 to December 2010 were included in the study.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of anterior AMI was established by a history of chest pain lasting more than 20 minutes and the presence of ST-segment elevation in at least two contiguous precordial leads (V1-V4) or the presence of new complete left bundle branch block at the electrocardiogram. Exclusion criteria were: congenital heart disease, significant primary valve disease, atrial fibrillation, inadequate condition for the completion of first echocardiogram during hospitalization, inadequate echocardiographic window, cancer, autoimmune disease, chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance &#8804; 30 mL/min), liver failure and chronic immunosuppressive therapy.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution and patients were enrolled after signing the free and informed consent form. During hospitalization, patients were evaluated daily and submitted to the first echocardiogram; the time of follow-up after hospital discharge was 6 months and at 6 months, patients underwent clinical reassessment and a new echocardiogram.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical variables</title>
        <p>Data related to the clinical profile of patients were obtained from patient history and physical examination on admission. Blood samples were obtained according to the routine of the Coronary Care Unit. Electrolytes, renal function and blood count were measured on admission and measurement of blood glucose and lipids was performed on samples obtained after a 12-hour fast. The levels of total (CPK) and isoenzyme MB creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) were assessed at admission and every 6 hours until levels started to decrease. Two measurements of troponin I were performed (on admission and 90 minutes after patient arrival).</p>
        <p>Clinical variables were obtained: age, gender, ethnicity, symptoms at admission, duration of chest pain (between the onset of pain and the first assessment in the emergency room), prior coronary revascularization, heart rate, systemic blood pressure and signs of pulmonary and systemic congestion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>The following cardiovascular risk factors were investigated: systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity and family history of coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Patients that reported a previous diagnosis of SAH and that had at least one measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mmHg, or routinely used antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive. Patients that reported a previous diagnosis of DM and were receiving regular treatment, or patients that had two fasting glucose levels &#8805; 126 mg/dL or a casual plasma glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL associated with classic symptoms of DM were considered as diabetics. Dyslipidemia was considered in patients on regular use of lipid-lowering medication or the presence of serum Low Density Lipoprotein levels (LDL-C) &#8805; 160 mg/dL and/or serum levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) &#8804; 40 mg/dL (men) or &#8804; 50 mg/dL (women) and/or serum triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Patients that smoked daily, regardless of the number of cigarettes, were considered smokers. Patients with first-degree relatives with premature coronary artery disease (men &lt; 55 years and women &lt; 65 years) were considered as having a positive family history for CAD. Finally, obesity was diagnosed by the presence of Body Mass Index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and central obesity by the presence of waist circumference &gt; 102 cm for men and &gt; 88 cm for women. Weight and height were measured on a Welmy Brazil scale, with a maximum capacity of 200 kg and fixed stadiometer. The waist circumference was measured with an inelastic tape in the mid-distance between the iliac crest and the last rib.</p>
        <p>Weight, height and waist circumference were measured in the morning, after fasting, 48 hours after admission with patients wearing the standard hospital gown<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Regarding the treatment of AMI, reperfusion strategy and the following drugs prescribed during the in-hospital phase were evaluated: acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), Clopidogrel, heparin (unfractionated or low-molecular weight), Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor (IGP IIb/IIIa) inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, nitrates, intravenous positive inotropic agents, diuretics, digitalis, statins, spironolactone and warfarin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>The post-AMI clinical complications that occurred in the in-hospital phase were defined as follows: post-AMI ischemia as the occurrence of chest pain during appropriate drug therapy and/or acute ischemic alterations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) after the second day of evolution after AMI; arrhythmia with occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation; heart failure as clinical or radiological pulmonary congestion that required intravenous diuretic treatment, presence of hypotension as SBP &lt; 90 mmHg for a period &gt; 30 minutes in euvolemic patients with no signs of tissue hypoperfusion; cardiogenic shock, as SBP &lt; 90 mmHg for a period &gt; 30 min and signs of peripheral hypoperfusion (cold extremities, oliguria, sweating, pallor, restlessness or drowsiness) associated with pulmonary congestion and pericarditis, as occurrences of characteristic chest discomfort and associated with pericardial friction or the presence of diffuse ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Morphological and functional evaluation of the left ventricle (LV) was performed by echocardiography. The examinations were performed by three echocardiographists blinded to patients' clinical characteristics and treatment. Echocardiograms were performed during the in-hospital phase and 6 months after the AMI by the same examiner. In our service, the interobserver variability is &lt; 5% for one-dimensional measurements and &lt; 10% for two-dimensional measurements and Doppler-derived time variables; intraobserver variability is &lt;5% for all variables.</p>
        <p>Examinations were performed in a Philips HDI-5000 equipment according to standard technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction &lt; 50% assessed by Simpson's method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Recovery of left ventricular systolic function was defined as an increase in LV ejection fraction &gt; 50% in those patients with dysfunction detected between the first and second echocardiograms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are shown as mean and standard deviation or median and 25% and 75% percentiles in case of non-normal distribution. Proportional variables were analyzed by chi-square test or the Fisher exact test for comparison between groups. Continuous variables were tested for normality; continuous variables with normal distribution were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test, while non-normal continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney test.</p>
        <p>Existing associations between the variables and functional recovery after AMI were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. The occurrence of functional recovery was included as the dependent variable. Variables that showed statistically significant differences in the univariate analysis, plus age and gender, were included as independent variables. The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve was used to determine the best infarct size cutoff. The SigmaStat statistical package for Windows 3.5 (Systat Software Inc. - San Jose, CA - USA) was used or statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the observation period, 94 patients with anterior AMI were evaluated. However, eight patients died before the second echocardiogram and three patients were lost to follow-up. Thus, our final sample consisted of 83 patients. Of these, 73% were males, mean age of 58 &#177; 12 years.</p>
      <p>In the initial echocardiogram, 64% of the patients had systolic dysfunction. As expected, patients with ventricular dysfunction had larger infarct sizes, assessed by CPK and CPK-MB enzymes, than patients without dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). No differences were found for the other analyzed variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, demographic and treatment data of 83 patients with anterior-wall acute myocardial Infarction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ventricular dysfunction</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes (n = 53)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No (n = 30)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">57.9 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.632</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.777</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">50.9 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">73.3 (22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">24.5 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.545</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">80.0 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 (23.6-28.9)</td>
              <td align="center">28.9 (24.8-32.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">94.1 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">98.1 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">4421 (1.453-7.658)</td>
              <td align="center">1.491 (683-4.116)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">445.0 (180.8-734.5)</td>
              <td align="center">178.5 (111.0-324.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Primary angio, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">69.8 (37)</td>
              <td align="center">66.7 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.960</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reperfusion, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">84.9 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">86.7 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ASA, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (53)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clopidogrel, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (53)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARB, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">92.5 (49)</td>
              <td align="center">93.3 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">94.3 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Spironolactone, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">13.3 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.386</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t01">
            <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CPK-MB: creatine phosphokinase-MB fraction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ARB: angiotensin-II receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (including 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding baseline echocardiographic data, patients with ventricular dysfunction had higher LV diameters, associated with lower ejection fractions. There were no other differences between patients with or without dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic data of 83 patients with anterior-wall acute myocardial Infarction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Ventricular dysfunction</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes (n = 53)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No (n = 30)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">41.2 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.776</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">48.7 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVESD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PW (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.64-0.92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 (0.71-0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.624</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVRT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (100-124)</td>
              <td align="center">114 (104-128)</td>
              <td align="center">0.943</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">215.3 &#177; 64.5</td>
              <td align="center">228.8 &#177; 60.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.360</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">76.4 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 13.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.621</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EF</td>
              <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t02">
            <p>LA: left atrium; LVEDD: left ventricular-end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular-end systolic diameter; PW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; EDT: E-wave deceleration time; HR: heart rate; EF: ejection fraction. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (including 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding functional recovery, 24.5% of patients with initial systolic dysfunction showed recovery within 6 months after AMI. Patients that recovered ventricular function had smaller infarct sizes than patients without recovery. There were no differences in relation to other clinical variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, demographic and treatment data of patients with ventricular dysfunction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Functional recovery</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes (n = 13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No (n = 40)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">63.4 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td align="center">56.2 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.061</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">69.2 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">77.5 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">0.712</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SAH, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">38.5 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">55.0 (22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.473</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">15.4 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">27.5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.480</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">84.6 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">72.5 (29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.480</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">92.4 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">94.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.483</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1.351 (841-4.167)</td>
              <td align="center">5.587 (2.125-8.269)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">168 (80-273)</td>
              <td align="center">579 (254-807)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Primary angio, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">69.2 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reperfusion, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">76.9 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">87.5 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ASA, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clopidogrel, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARB, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACEI, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">84.6 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">95.0 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.249</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Spironolactone, % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">27.5 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t03">
            <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CPK-MB: creatine phosphokinase-MB fraction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ARB: angiotensin-II receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (including 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup>percentiles).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the echocardiographic data, patients that had functional recovery showed higher EDT and ejection fraction than those without recovery. No differences were found for other variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Initial echocardiographic data of patients with ventricular dysfunction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Functional recovery</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Yes (n = 13)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>No (n = 40)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>AE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">39.9 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">41.6 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">51.4 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.737</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVESD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">34.7 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">36.0 &#177; 5.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PW (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 (10.0-11.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10.7 (9.4-11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.827</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 (0.64-0.86)</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.62-0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.844</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVRT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (109-126)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (98-125)</td>
              <td align="center">0.443</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">250.9 &#177; 77.6</td>
              <td align="center">203.5 &#177; 55.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EF</td>
              <td align="center">0.44 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t04">
            <p>LA: left atrium; LVEDD: left ventricular-end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular-end systolic diameter; PW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; EDT E-wave deceleration time; HR: heart rate; EF: ejection fraction. Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (including 25th and 75th percentiles).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Multivariate analysis showed that infarct size was the only independent predictor of functional recovery 6 months after AMI, when adjusted for age, gender, ejection fraction, and EDT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). The ROC curve was used to determine the best cutoff for infarct size as assessed by the MB isoform, which determines LV function recovery, with the following result for the area under the curve: 0.814; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.698 to 0.929, p &lt;0.001, with a cutoff of 521U/L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression for predicting left ventricular function recovery 6 months after AMI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Patient characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>95%CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender</td>
              <td align="center">1.719</td>
              <td align="center">0.236-12.509</td>
              <td align="center">0.593</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.062</td>
              <td align="center">0.986-1.144</td>
              <td align="center">0.114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.137</td>
              <td align="center">0.895-1.445</td>
              <td align="center">0.294</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EDT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">1.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.982-1.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.845</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.995</td>
              <td align="center">0.990-0.999</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t05">
            <p>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; EF: ejection fraction; EDT: E-wave deceleration time; CPK-MB: creatine phosphokinase-MB fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ROC curve of the infarct size measured by peak CK-MB isoform, which determines left ventricular function recovery. Area under the curve: 0.814, 95% confidence interval: 0.698 to 0.929, p value &lt; 0.001, and cutoff of 521U / L.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0549-40051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of systolic functional recovery after AMI in patients undergoing modern therapy after anterior myocardial infarction. Our data suggest that systolic ventricular dysfunction remains a frequent event after AMI, with approximately 25% of patients showing functional recovery. Additionally, infarct size was the only significant predictor of functional recovery 6 months after the acute coronary event.</p>
      <p>The first information from our study to be considered is that systolic dysfunction was a common event. In fact, approximately 65% of patients had ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, some factors are worth mentioning.</p>
      <p>Firstly, we observed that our patients received the recommended treatment for patients with AMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Thus, more than 85% of patients were submitted to reperfusion therapy - most by primary angioplasty - 100% of patients received dual antiplatelet therapy and over 90% received beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. However, we concluded that in most of our patients, this aggressive treatment was not capable of preventing the occurrence of ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Another fact to be considered refers to the fact that the definition of systolic dysfunction is controversial, with different values of ejection fraction (&#8804; 35%, &lt;40% or &lt;45%) being considered in clinical trials. Our study determined that only patients with ejection fraction &gt; 50% were considered as having completely normal systolic function, in agreement with a recent guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. This might have contributed to the high prevalence of dysfunction in our analysis.</p>
      <p>To better understand functional recovery after AMI, one must consider the potential mechanisms of dysfunction after infarction. After the ischemic injury, the main physiopathological mechanisms that explain ventricular dysfunction include: loss of contractile capacity dependent on the affected amount of muscle, hearts affected by other comorbidities, mechanical complications, stunned myocardium and cardiac remodeling process<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, of the aforementioned mechanisms, the stunned myocardium is the one that best explains functional recovery over time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Corroborating this hypothesis, we consider that currently, a significant number of patients with AMI are submitted to reperfusion therapy, which increases the likelihood of stunned myocardium and functional recovery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Therefore, our study assumes that the stunned myocardium plays a crucial role in functional recovery after coronary occlusion. However, questions remain about the impact of more contemporary therapy on functional improvement and what the predictors of functional recovery are.</p>
      <p>In the most recent study, which assessed patients from the HEART study, more than 50% of patients showed functional improvement after reperfusion and 24% had complete recovery within 2 weeks. It is important to emphasize that in this study, 65% of patients underwent thrombolytic therapy, whereas only 15% were submitted to primary angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In our study, more than 65% of patients underwent primary angioplasty. However, our rate of complete functional recovery was similar to that observed in the HEART study. Thus, one can infer that our more aggressive treatment strategy had little additional impact on functional recovery of patients with AMI.</p>
      <p>Finally, our study, in agreement with a previous one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, suggests that infarct size is the only predictor of functional recovery, therefore being superior to functional variables. Additionally, our study suggests that CPK-MB levels &lt; 521U/L, a simple method for assessing infarct size, could be incorporated into clinical practice to predict functional recovery in patients after anterior wall AMI with ST elevation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, our study indicates that, despite aggressive treatment, systolic ventricular dysfunction remains a frequent event after AMI with ST-segment elevation. Additionally, 25% of patients show functional recovery. Finally, infarct size is the only significant predictor of functional recovery 6 months after the acute coronary event.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group>
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tamanho do Infarto como Preditor de Recupera&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cogni</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanati</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff</bold>, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</label>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zornoff LAM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fusco DR, Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Zanati SG, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fusco DR, Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Zanati SG, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Zornoff LAM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Zornoff LAM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zornoff LAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Azevedo PS; Paiva SAR; Zornoff LAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Os efeitos da terap&#234;utica moderna na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar os fatores preditores da recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior em pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia moderna (reperfus&#227;o, antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria agressiva, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e betabloqueadores).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 94 pacientes consecutivos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Ecocardiogramas foram realizados na fase intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s 6 meses. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi definida pela presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de valor &lt; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> No ecocardiograma inicial, 64% dos pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentaram tamanhos maiores de infarto, avaliados pelas enzimas creatinofosfoquinase total e isoenzima MB, que os pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, 24,5% dos pacientes inicialmente com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de 6 meses ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os pacientes que recuperaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentaram menores tamanhos de infarto, mas maiores valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E que pacientes sem recupera&#231;&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, observa-se que o tamanho de infarto foi o &#250;nico fator preditor independente de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s 6 meses de infarto, quando ajustado pela idade, sexo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Apesar do tratamento agressivo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica continua a ser um evento frequente ap&#243;s o infarto de parede anterior. Adicionalmente, 25% dos pacientes apresentam recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Finalmente, o tamanho do infarto foi o &#250;nico fator preditor de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s seis meses do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Recupera&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), existem diversos fatores que determinar&#227;o a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Entre esses fatores progn&#243;sticos, destaca-se a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em decorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. De fato, a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o IAM aumenta o risco de morte entre tr&#234;s a quatro vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos reportam que sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto ocorrem em aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes vitimados pelo IAM. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos reportam que, aproximadamente, 40% dos casos de IAM s&#227;o acompanhados por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, sugerindo que piora funcional &#233; evento comum ap&#243;s o infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Aspecto importante a ser considerado, no entanto, &#233; que consider&#225;vel porcentagem dos pacientes que apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na fase aguda do infarto apresentar&#225; recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional com o passar do tempo. No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia atual e os fatores de predi&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos.</p>
        <p>Assim, este estudo teve com objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores preditores da recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s o IAM, em pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia moderna ap&#243;s o infarto de parede anterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo, observacional, realizado na Unidade Coronariana de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o . Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos, de ambos os sexos, com o primeiro epis&#243;dio de IAM de parede anterior no per&#237;odo compreendido entre dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010. O diagn&#243;stico de IAM de parede anterior foi estabelecido pela hist&#243;ria de dor precordial com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 20 minutos, e pela presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas (V1-V4) ou pela presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo novo ao eletrocardiograma. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, valvopatia prim&#225;ria significativa, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, condi&#231;&#227;o inadequada para realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro ecocardiograma durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada, neoplasia, doen&#231;a autoimune, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (<italic>clearence</italic> de creatinina &#8804; 30 mL/min), insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e terapia cr&#244;nica com imunossupressores. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, e os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram avaliados diariamente e submetidos ao primeiro ecocardiograma; o tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar foi de 6 meses, sendo que, no 6&#186; m&#234;s, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a novo ecocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Dados relativos ao perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foram obtidos a partir da anamnese e do exame f&#237;sico da admiss&#227;o. Amostras sangu&#237;neas foram obtidas conforme a rotina da Unidade Coronariana. Eletr&#243;litos, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hemograma foram dosados na admiss&#227;o, e a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicemia e lip&#237;deos foi realizada em amostra obtida ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. Os n&#237;veis de Creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) total e da Isoenzima MB (CKMB) foram avaliados na admiss&#227;o do paciente e a cada 6 horas, at&#233; que seus n&#237;veis entrassem em decl&#237;nio. Foram realizadas duas dosagens de troponina I (na admiss&#227;o e 90 minutos ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas obtidas foram: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, sintomas referidos na admiss&#227;o, tempo de dor precordial (compreendido entre o in&#237;cio da dor e o momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia), hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana pr&#233;via, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e presen&#231;a de sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os fatores de risco cardiovascular investigados foram Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), Diabetes Melito (DM), dislipidemia, tabagismo, obesidade e antecedentes familiares de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Foram considerados hipertensos os pacientes que referiam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS e que apresentavam pelo menos uma medida da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg, e/ou da Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou que faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva de rotina. Foram definidos como diab&#233;ticos os pacientes que referiam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DM e que estavam em tratamento regular, ou aqueles pacientes que apresentavam duas glicemias de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou uma glicemia casual &#8805; 200 mg/dL associada a sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de DM. Dislipidemia foi considerada no paciente em uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante ou pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LDL-c) &#8805; 160 mg/dL e/ou n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL-c) &#8804; 40 mg/dL (homens) ou &#8804; 50 mg/dL (mulheres) e/ou n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides &#8805; 150 mg/dL. Os pacientes que tinham o h&#225;bito de fumar diariamente, independente do n&#250;mero de cigarros, foram definidos como tabagistas. Os pacientes com familiares de primeiro grau com doen&#231;a coronariana prematura (homens &lt; 55 anos e mulheres &lt; 65 anos) foram considerados com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para coronariopatia. Por fim, obesidade foi diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e obesidade central pela presen&#231;a de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal maior que 102 cm para homens e maior que 88 cm para mulheres. Peso e altura foram mensurados em balan&#231;a Welmy Brasil, com capacidade m&#225;xima de 200 kg e estadi&#244;metro fixo. A medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi realizada com fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o el&#225;stica na dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia entre a por&#231;&#227;o superior da crista il&#237;aca e a face inferior da &#250;ltima costela. Peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foram aferidos pela manh&#227;, em jejum, 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o e com roupa hospitalar padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento do IAM, foram avaliados a estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o e os seguintes medicamentos prescritos na fase intra-hospitalar: &#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), clopidogrel, heparinas (n&#227;o fracionadas ou de baixo peso molecular), Inibidores dos Receptores das Glicoprote&#237;nas IIb/IIIa (IGP IIb/IIIa), Inibidores da Enzima Conversora da Angiotensina (IECA), betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, nitratos, inotr&#243;picos positivos endovenosos, diur&#233;ticos, digital, estatinas, espironolactona e varfarina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas p&#243;s-IAM ocorridas na fase intra-hospitalar foram definidas da seguinte forma: isquemia p&#243;s-IAM como ocorr&#234;ncia de precordialgia em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento medicamentoso adequado e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas no Eletrocardiograma (ECG) a partir do segundo dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-IAM; arritmia com ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como congest&#227;o pulmonar cl&#237;nica ou radiol&#243;gica que necessitasse de diur&#233;tico endovenoso para tratamento; hipotens&#227;o arterial como presen&#231;a de PAS &lt; 90 mmHg por per&#237;odo &gt; 30 minutos no paciente euvol&#234;mico sem sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual; choque cardiog&#234;nico, como PAS &lt; 90 mmHg por per&#237;odo &gt; 30 minutos e sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica (extremidades frias, olig&#250;ria, sudorese, palidez, agita&#231;&#227;o psicomotora ou sonol&#234;ncia), associado &#224; congest&#227;o pulmonar e &#224; pericardite, como ocorr&#234;ncias de desconforto precordial caracter&#237;stico, e associado a atrito peric&#225;rdico ou &#224; presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST difuso ao eletrocardiograma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) foi realizada por meio do ecocardiograma. Os exames foram realizados por tr&#234;s ecocardiografistas, que n&#227;o tinham conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e do tratamento institu&#237;do. Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados na fase intra-hospitalar e 6 meses ap&#243;s IAM pelo mesmo examinador. Em nosso servi&#231;o, a variabilidade interobservador &#233; &lt; 5% para as medidas unidimensionais e &lt; 10% para as medidas bidimensionais e vari&#225;veis de tempo derivadas do Doppler; a variabilidade intraobservador &#233; &lt; 5% para todas as vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados em equipamento Philips HDI-5000 conforme t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi definida pela presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, de valor &lt; 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica foi definida como aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE para valores acima de 50%, naqueles pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o detectada entre o primeiro e o segundo ecocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis 25% e 75%, no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis proporcionais foram analisadas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou pelo teste de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade; vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, enquanto vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normais foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es existentes entre as vari&#225;veis e a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional, ap&#243;s o IAM, foram analisadas por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Inclu&#237;mos, como vari&#225;vel dependente, a ocorr&#234;ncia de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Como vari&#225;veis independentes, foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes na an&#225;lise univariada, acrescida da idade e sexo. Para determinar o melhor ponto de corte do tamanho de infarto, foi utilizada a curva ROC (sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>, Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor). Foi utilizado o pacote estat&#237;stico SigmaStat for Windows 3.5 (Systat Software Inc. - San Jose, CA - USA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, foram avaliados 94 pacientes com IAM de parede anterior. No entanto, oito pacientes foram a &#243;bito antes do segundo ecocardiograma e tr&#234;s pacientes perderam o seguimento. Assim, nossa amostra final foi composta por 83 pacientes. Destes, 73% eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 58 &#177;12 anos.</p>
        <p>No ecocardiograma inicial, 64% dos pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Conforme esperado, os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentaram maiores tamanhos de infarto, avaliados pelas enzimas CPK e CPK-MB, que os pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e tratamento dos 83 pacientes com infarto de parede anterior</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sim (n = 53)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o (n = 30)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57,9 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">50,9 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">73,3 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (23,6-28,9)</td>
                <td align="center">28,9 (24,8-32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">94,1 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">98,1 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4421 (1.453-7.658)</td>
                <td align="center">1.491 (683-4.116)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">445,0 (180,8-734,5)</td>
                <td align="center">178,5 (111,0-324,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angio prim&#225;ria, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">69,8 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,960</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reperfus&#227;o, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">84,9 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">86,7 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">92,5 (49)</td>
                <td align="center">93,3 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">94,3 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t06">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; CPK: creatinofosfoquinase; CPK-MB: creatinofosfoquinase-MB; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina II; Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (incluindo os percentis 25 e 75%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais, os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentaram maiores di&#226;metros do VE, associados com menores fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve outras diferen&#231;as entre os pacientes com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos 83 pacientes com infarto de parede anterior</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Sim (n = 53)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#227;o (n = 30)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">41,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">48,7 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,64-0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,71-0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRIV (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (100-124)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">114 (104-128)</td>
                <td align="center">0,943</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">215,3 &#177; 64,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">228,8 &#177; 60,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">76,4 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t07">
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TRIV tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Dados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (incluindo os percentis 25 e 75%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional, 24,5% dos pacientes inicialmente com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de 6 meses ap&#243;s o IAM. Os pacientes que recuperaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentaram menores tamanhos de infarto que pacientes sem recupera&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e tratamento dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sim (n = 13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#227;o (n = 40)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,4 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">56,2 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">69,2 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">38,5 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">15,4 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">27,5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">84,6 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">72,5 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">92,4 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">94,6 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,483</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1.351 (841-4.167)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">5.587 (2.125-8.269)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (80-273)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">579 (254-807)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angio 1&#225;ria, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">69,2 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reperfus&#227;o, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">76,9 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">87,5 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">100 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">100 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">84,6 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">95,0 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">95 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">27,5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t08">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; CPK: creatinofosfoquinase; CPK-MB: creatinofosfoquinase-MB; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina II. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (incluindo os percentis 25 e 75%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, os pacientes que apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional apresentaram maiores valores de TDE e de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o que aqueles sem recupera&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sim (n = 13)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#227;o (n = 40)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">39,9 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,6 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">51,4 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">34,7 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">36,0 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (10,0-11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (9,4-11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 (0,64-0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,62-0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRIV (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (109-126)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (98-125)</td>
                <td align="center">0,443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">250,9 &#177; 77,6</td>
                <td align="center">203,5 &#177; 55,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t09">
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (incluindo os percentis 25 e 75%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que o tamanho do infarto foi o &#250;nico fator preditor independente de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s 6 meses do infarto, quando ajustado para idade, sexo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e TDE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Para determinar o melhor ponto de corte do tamanho do infarto, avaliado pela isoforma MB, que determina a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, foi utilizada a curva ROC, com o seguinte resultado de &#225;rea sob a curva: 0,814; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95%: 0,698-0,929; p &lt;0,001; e com ponto de corte de 521U/l (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predi&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ap&#243;s 6 meses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">1,719</td>
                <td align="center">0,236-12,509</td>
                <td align="center">0,593</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,062</td>
                <td align="center">0,986-1,144</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,137</td>
                <td align="center">0,895-1,445</td>
                <td align="center">0,294</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TDE (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">1,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,982-1,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CPK-MB (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">0,990-0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t10">
              <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; CPK-MB: creatinofosfoquinase-MB.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva ROC do tamanho de infarto avaliado pelo pico da isoforma MB, que determina a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. &#193;rea sob a curva: 0,814; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,698-0,929; valor de p &lt; 0,001; e com ponto de corte de 521U/l.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0549-40051-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo teve com objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores preditores da recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s o IAM em pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia moderna ap&#243;s o infarto de parede anterior. Nossos dados sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica permanece como um evento frequente ap&#243;s o infarto, sendo que aproximadamente 25% dos pacientes apresentam recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Adicionalmente, o tamanho do infarto foi o &#250;nico fator preditor de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s 6 meses do evento coronariano agudo.</p>
        <p>O primeiro dado de nosso estudo a ser considerado &#233; que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi evento comum. De fato, aproximadamente 65% dos pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nesse sentido, alguns fatores merecem observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em primeiro lugar, pudemos observar que nossos pacientes receberam o tratamento recomendado para portadores de IAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Assim, mais de 85% dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o &#8722; a maioria por angioplastia prim&#225;ria, 100% dos pacientes receberam dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e mais de 90% receberam betabloqueadores e IECA. No entanto, conclu&#237;mos que, na maioria dos nossos pacientes, esse tratamento agressivo n&#227;o foi capaz de prevenir o aparecimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Outro dado a ser considerado referiu-se ao fato de que a defini&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; controversa, com diferentes valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&#8804; 35%, &lt; 40% ou &lt; 45%) sendo considerados nos estudos cl&#237;nicos. Nosso estudo considerou que somente pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maiores que 50% fossem tomados como com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica completamente normal, em concord&#226;ncia com recente diretriz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Esse fato poderia contribuir para a alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o em nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Para o melhor entendimento da recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional seguindo-se o IAM, devemos considerar os potenciais mecanismos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto. Ap&#243;s a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, os principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que explicam a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular incluem: a perda da capacidade contr&#225;til dependente da quantidade de m&#250;sculo comprometido, cora&#231;&#245;es j&#225; comprometidos por diversas comorbidades, complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, o mioc&#225;rdio atordoado e o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, dos mecanismos citados, o mioc&#225;rdio atordoado &#233; quem melhor explica a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional no decorrer do tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Corroborando essa hip&#243;tese, consideramos que, atualmente, parte significante dos pacientes vitimados por infarto &#233; submetida &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o, o que aumenta a probabilidade da ocorr&#234;ncia do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado e de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Portanto, nosso estudo parte do pressuposto de que o mioc&#225;rdio atordoado desempenha papel crucial na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. No entanto, permanecem d&#250;vidas sobre o impacto da terap&#234;utica mais contempor&#226;nea na melhora funcional e quais seriam os fatores preditores de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
        <p>No trabalho mais atual, que analisou pacientes do estudo HEART, mais de 50% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora funcional ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o, e 24% apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o completa no intervalo de 2 semanas. Importante enfatizar que, nesse estudo, 65% dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica, enquanto apenas 15% foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Em nosso estudo, mais de 65% dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria. No entanto, nosso &#237;ndice de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional completa foi semelhante ao do estudo HEART. Assim, podemos inferir que nossa estrat&#233;gia mais agressiva de tratamento teve pouco impacto adicional na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional de pacientes com IAM.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, nosso trabalho, em concord&#226;ncia com trabalho anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, sugere que o tamanho do infarto foi o &#250;nico preditor de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional, sendo superior, portanto, a vari&#225;veis funcionais. Adicionalmente, nosso trabalho sugere que valores de CPK-MB &lt; 521U/l, m&#233;todo simples de avalia&#231;&#227;o de tamanho de infarto, poderiam ser incorporados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com o intuito de prever a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em pacientes ap&#243;s o IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST de parede anterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo indica que, apesar do tratamento agressivo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica permanece um evento frequente ap&#243;s o infarto com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Adicionalmente, um quarto dos pacientes apresenta recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. Finalmente, o tamanho do infarto foi o &#250;nico fator preditor de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional ap&#243;s 6 meses do evento coronariano agudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
