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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QMHSbyqD9jmKBXydJVbBcYL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">Sabc.20140064</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140064</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Applicability of Two International Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery in a Reference Center in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garofallo</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bordim</surname>
            <given-names>Odemir</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology, Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera L&#250;cia Portal,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. Postal Code 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>veraportal.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Garofallo SB, Portal VL; Acquisition of data: Garofallo SB, Machado DP, Rodrigues CG, Bordim Jr. O; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garofallo SB, Kalil RAK, Portal VL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <fpage>539</fpage>
      <lpage>548</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The applicability of international risk scores in heart surgery (HS) is not well defined in centers outside of North America and Europe.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the capacity of the Parsonnet Bernstein 2000 (BP) and EuroSCORE (ES) in predicting in-hospital mortality (IHM) in patients undergoing HS at a reference hospital in Brazil and to identify risk predictors (RP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort study of 1,065 patients, with 60.3% patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 32.7%, valve surgery and 7.0%, CABG combined with valve surgery. Additive and logistic scores models, the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve (AUC) and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the RP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Overall mortality was 7.8%. The baseline characteristics of the patients were significantly different in relation to BP and ES. AUCs of the logistic and additive BP were 0.72 (95% CI, from 0.66 to 0.78 p = 0.74), and of ES they were 0.73 (95% CI; 0.67 to 0.79 p = 0.80). The calculation of the SMR in BP was 1.59 (95% CI; 1.27 to 1.99) and in ES, 1.43 (95% CI; 1.14 to 1.79). Seven RP of IHM were identified: age, serum creatinine &gt; 2.26 mg/dL, active endocarditis, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure &gt; 60 mmHg, one or more previous HS, CABG combined with valve surgery and diabetes mellitus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Local scores, based on the real situation of local populations, must be developed for better assessment of risk in cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thoracic surgery / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Information services</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Currently, there are more than 20 models of risk scores in cardiac surgery<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Among the best known are the Parsonnet score, STS risk score, Higgins score, Northern New England score (NNE score), Ambler score, Bernstein-Parsonnet 2000 score and EuroSCORE. The Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 (BP) and EuroSCORE (ES) are differentiated, as they can be used for bypass surgery, valve surgery, or both, plus the capacity to be applied at the bedside. The Parsonnet score was developed in 1989 and is notable for having been a pioneer in systematic risk stratification in cardiac surgery and applicable to different populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 corresponds to the revised and simplified Parsonnet score, based on a database of 10,703 patients in New Jersey, in the United States, between 1994 and 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The <italic>EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic>) is currently one of the most commonly used scores. It was developed from data on 19,030 patients in Europe, in 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In 2011, the EuroSCORE was revised based on data from approximately 32,000 patients and called EuroSCORE II. Although it was already possible to use it through its official website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.euroscore.org">www.euroscore.org</ext-link>), the article containing its validation was not available at the time of our article's review.</p>
      <p>Both scores are shown in the additive and logistic models. The additive model is more easily applicable. However, the logistic model is more discriminating in high-risk patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. One should consider, when evaluating a risk score, its capacity to accurately estimate the in-hospital mortality, in addition to the discriminatory power<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, data show that postoperative mortality in cardiac surgery is still high<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This can be explained in part by the socioeconomic inequalities of our population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and because the few tertiary centers performing large volumes of cardiac surgeries per year are located in the richest regions of the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Given the different characteristics of the population and the scarcity of national scores, we aimed to test the applicability of BP and ES in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in southern Brazil and to identify risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective cohort of patients older than 18 years of age, treated at the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC) from January 2007 to July 2008, submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, valve surgery or CABG combined with valve surgery was assessed. Patients with pathologies of the aorta exclusively, congenital heart disease and heart transplants were excluded. The sample consisted of 1,065 patients.</p>
      <p>IC/FUC is a reference tertiary care center in cardiology in southern Brazil, where approximately 2,000 heart surgeries are performed each year, including congenital heart surgery, transplants, pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillator implants, as well as aortic surgery, among others.</p>
      <p>Medical records were reviewed manually by the authors. Almost all of the variables in the assessed risk scores were in the charts, which included the standardized preoperative evaluation form, always filled out by the same medical team. Data from anesthetic records and information on postoperative intensive care unit admission were also extracted.</p>
      <p>However, information on the specific degree of severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the degree of sequelae after a neurological event were rarely available. The definition of COPD used in the BP score was the same used in the ES, as there is no available definition of this variable in the BP. Patients were considered as having severe COPD only when FEV1 &lt; 50% of the predicted at the spirometry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Neurological dysfunction was considered as any prior neurological event (cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or transient ischemic attack [TIA]). Congestive heart failure was considered present in patients with functional class III or IV according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA).</p>
      <p>Data were recorded on a specific form and typed in by the authors in Microsoft Office Excel database.</p>
      <p>One hundred and fifty-three patients had no preoperative assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and 22 had no serum creatinine level measurements. The amount of missing data, which accounted for 14% of the data, was statistically included using SPSS version 19.0 by multiple imputation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>The assessed outcome was in-hospital mortality (IHM), defined as death from any cause, both during surgery and in the postoperative period, before discharge.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The difference between proportions of independent samples was calculated to compare prevalence in the sample and in the scores' populations. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare risk factors in relation to clinical outcomes. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to calculate the magnitude of the effect. The level of significance was set at &#945; = 0.05. SPSS software version 19.0 and PEPI 4.0 were used for the statistical analyses.</p>
        <p>Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to the sample to identify independent mortality predictors of the scores. The variables assessed in two scores that showed higher prevalence than 2% in the sample were included, as suggested by Parsonnet et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, such as age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, previous heart surgery, more than one previous heart surgery, aortic valve replacement, mitral valve replacement, valve surgery combined with CABG, pulmonary hypertension, active endocarditis, serum creatinine, ejection fraction, left main coronary lesion, carotid artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and neurological disease.</p>
        <p>The scores were applied to the sample in their additive and logistic forms, according to the algorithms of the original articles. In the BP score, the sample was divided into deciles and mortality was assessed in each decile so it would be possible to compare it with the ES, as the latter is presented as risk groups (low, medium and high risk). In the BP, a score of 0-3 was considered low risk, 3.1 to 17.5, medium risk, and &#8805; 17.5, high risk. In the ES, a score of 0-2 was considered low risk, 3-5, medium risk, and &#8805; 6, high risk.</p>
        <p>The score accuracy was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, which compares the observed and expected mortality rates in same-size deciles. The difference between observed and expected mortality rates was also assessed by the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), which is obtained dividing the observed mortality by the expected one and confidence intervals, calculated as suggested by Breslow &amp; Day<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The H-L test is considered the most adequate to evaluate the differences between the observed and expected mortalities; however, we also chose to use the SMR, as it is possible to apply it to risk groups.</p>
        <p>The ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic)</italic> curve evaluated the discriminatory power of the scores and the areas under the ROC curve (AUC) - C statistics - of both models; they were compared using STATA 9.2 software in their additive and logistic forms. The software was also used for chart preparation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Considerations</title>
        <p>The study was submitted to the analysis and approval by the Research Ethics Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia do RS, according to resolution of the National Health Council.</p>
        <p>The researchers undertake to comply with the rules of Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council, referenced in IV.1-g ("the guarantee of confidentiality that guarantees the privacy of subjects regarding confidential data involved in the research").</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The mean age was 61.4 years (&#177; 11.8 years), 38% were women, 60.3% of patients underwent CABG, 32.7%, valve surgery, and 7.0%, CABG combined with valve surgery.</p>
      <p>The sample overall mortality rate was 7.8%. Patients undergoing CABG had a mortality rate of 5.9%. In valve surgery (aortic and/or mitral and/or tricuspid), mortality was 8.6% and in CABG associated with valve surgery, 20.0%. Mean mortality in the original BP and ES were 5.3% and 4.7%, respectively. The mean BP score in the sample was 14.69 (minimum zero and maximum 84.5) and in the ES, 4.52 (minimum zero and maximum 16).</p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics of patients were significantly different from those of the BP and ES populations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref> and<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>). In relation to BP, our sample had a predominance of the female gender and higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, morbid obesity, left main coronary artery lesion and previous heart surgery. Aortic, mitral and tricuspid valve surgery were also more frequent. The number of patients with preoperative intra-aortic balloon was significantly lower in our population. Regarding the ES, the female gender also predominated in our sample. We observed a higher prevalence of COPD, neurological dysfunction, previous heart surgery, unstable angina and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of risk factors in the sample and in the Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Risk factor</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in sample (%) (n = 1,065)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in BP (%) (n = 10,703)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td>38.7</td>
              <td>31.3</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">70-75</td>
              <td>14.7</td>
              <td>18.0</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">76-79</td>
              <td>6.7</td>
              <td>13.7</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&gt; 80</td>
              <td>4.7</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td>23.6</td>
              <td>29.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">&gt; 50%</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">30-49%</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>38.2</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&lt; 30%</td>
              <td>4.8</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td>73.1</td>
              <td>63.1</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Congestive heart failure</td>
              <td>19.4</td>
              <td>18.9</td>
              <td>0.720</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Morbid obesity</td>
              <td>19.6</td>
              <td>8.9</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Severe COPD</td>
              <td>0.1</td>
              <td>2.5</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous heart surgery</td>
              <td>10.0</td>
              <td>7.0</td>
              <td>0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Two or more previous heart surgeries</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>0.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic valve replacement</td>
              <td>18.8</td>
              <td>12.1</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Mitral valve replacement</td>
              <td>13.4</td>
              <td>7.1</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CABG with valvular surgery</td>
              <td>7.0</td>
              <td>8.5</td>
              <td>0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LMC lesion</td>
              <td>23.8</td>
              <td>16.9</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Preoperative IAB</td>
              <td>0.6</td>
              <td>8.7</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LMC: Left main coronary; IAB: Intra-aortic balloon; BP: Bernstein Parsonnet 2000; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of risk factors in the sample and in the Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Exceptional situations</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in sample (%) (n = 1,065)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in BP (%) (n = 10,703)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td>0.8</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Active Endocarditis</td>
              <td>1.0</td>
              <td>0.4</td>
              <td>0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Treated Endocarditis</td>
              <td>0.8</td>
              <td>0.8</td>
              <td>0.915</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV aneurysm surgery</td>
              <td>0.8</td>
              <td>0.5</td>
              <td>0.194</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Tricuspid valve surgery</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
              <td>0.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pace-maker dependence</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>1.5</td>
              <td>0.604</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">VT/VF</td>
              <td>0.5</td>
              <td>3.3</td>
              <td>0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Asthma</td>
              <td>7.9</td>
              <td>2.5</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Preoperative OTI</td>
              <td>0.5</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>10.7</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Cirrhosis</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>0.2</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Dialysis</td>
              <td>0.5</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>0.151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Acute or chronic renal failure</td>
              <td>5.1</td>
              <td>4.6</td>
              <td>0.457</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm</td>
              <td>0.8</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>0.128</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Carotid disease (bilateral or unilateral occlusion)</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>2.6</td>
              <td>0.612</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td>6.9</td>
              <td>9.1</td>
              <td>0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous transfusion reaction</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>0.2</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Severe neurological disease (paraplegia, hemiparesis, muscular dystrophy)</td>
              <td>7.6</td>
              <td>8.4</td>
              <td>0.364</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Unsuccessful PTCA</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Drug abuse</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AMI &lt; 48 h</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>5.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Acute VSD</td>
              <td>0.1</td>
              <td>--</td>
              <td>--</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>0.3</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>PTCA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; BP: Bernstein Parsonnet 2000; VSD: Ventricular septal defect (no cases in the sample); AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; Preoperative OTI: Preoperative orotracheal intubation; VT/ VF: Ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation; LV: Left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of risk factors in the sample and in the EuroSCORE population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in sample (%) (n =1.065)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Prevalence in <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> (%) (n = 19.030)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">Age (for each 5 years &gt; 60 years)</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
              <td>40.8</td>
              <td>33.2</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">60-64</td>
              <td>16.7</td>
              <td>17.8</td>
              <td>0.314</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">65-69</td>
              <td>16.6</td>
              <td>20.7</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td align="left">70-74</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>17.9</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&gt; 75</td>
              <td>13.3</td>
              <td>9.6</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td>38.7</td>
              <td>27.8</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td>7.9</td>
              <td>3.9</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Extra-cardiac arteriopathy</td>
              <td>9.0</td>
              <td>11.3</td>
              <td>0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Neurological dysfunction</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous heart surgery</td>
              <td>11.9</td>
              <td>7.3</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine &gt;2.26 mg/dL</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>0.344</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Active endocarditis</td>
              <td>1.0</td>
              <td>1.1</td>
              <td>0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Critical preoperative status</td>
              <td>2.7</td>
              <td>4.1</td>
              <td>0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Unstable Angina</td>
              <td>17.1</td>
              <td>8.0</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVEF= 30-50%</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>25.6</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 30%</td>
              <td>4.8</td>
              <td>5.8</td>
              <td>0.168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">AMI &lt; 90 days</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>9.7</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Pulmonary hypertension (sPAP &gt; 60 mmHg)</td>
              <td>5.2</td>
              <td>2.0</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Emergency heart surgery</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>4.9</td>
              <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Another heart surgery associated or not to CABG CABG</td>
              <td>39.7</td>
              <td>36.4</td>
              <td>0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Surgery involving thoracic aorta</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>2.4</td>
              <td>0.834</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">VSD post-AMI</td>
              <td>0.1</td>
              <td>0.2</td>
              <td>0.467</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>AUCs of the additive and logistic BP were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66-0.78), and AUCs of additive and logistic ES were 0.73 (95%CI: 0.67-0.78). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the AUCs of additive (p = 0.74) and logistic (p = 0.80) models of the two risk scores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of areas under the ROC curve of logistic Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 and EuroSCORE - STATA 9.2 software. AUC of the logistic Bernstein Parsonnet 2000, 0.73 (95%CI: 0.66 to 0.78) and logistic EuroSCORE, 0.73 (95%CI: 0.67-0.78). Chi-square = 0.06, p (x<sup>2</sup>) = 0.79.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0539-40064-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of areas under the ROC curve of additive Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 and EuroSCORE - STATA 9.2 software. AUC of additive Bernstein Parsonnet 2000, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.66 to 0.78) and additive EuroSCORE, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.67-0.78). Chi-square = 0.10, p (x<sup>2</sup>) = 0.74.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0539-40064-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test showed poor score calibration: x<sup>2</sup> = 87.61 (8 gl), p &lt; 0.001 in BP and x<sup>2</sup> = 24.20 (8 gl), p = 0.01 in the ES. The calculation of the overall SMR showed that the scores tend to underestimate mortality in the sample, whereas in the additive and logistic BP SMR was 1.59 (95% CI: 1.27 to 1.99). In the additive and logistic ES, the SMR was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.79) -<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 4</xref> and<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Observed and expected mortality in the additive and logistic Bernstein Parsonnet 2000 in risk groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Expected mortality</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Observed mortality</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>SMR</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">BP</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>Estimate</th>
              <th>LL</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>UL</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="11">Additive</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">0 a 3</td>
              <td>157</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>1</td>
              <td>0.7</td>
              <td>3</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
              <td>2.7</td>
              <td>0.5</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>8.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">3.1 a 17.5</td>
              <td>596</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>10</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>28</td>
              <td>4.7</td>
              <td>2.7</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>4.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&gt; 17.5</td>
              <td>311</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>41</td>
              <td>13.21</td>
              <td>52</td>
              <td>16.7</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td>1.064</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>52</td>
              <td>4.</td>
              <td>83</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="11">Logistic BP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#8804; 0.0137</td>
              <td>399</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>12</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
              <td>3.2</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>5.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">0.0138 a 0.0304</td>
              <td>335</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>7</td>
              <td>2.0</td>
              <td>19</td>
              <td>5.7</td>
              <td>2.8</td>
              <td>1.7</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&gt; 0.0304</td>
              <td>338</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>42</td>
              <td>12.6</td>
              <td>52</td>
              <td>15.8</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td>1.064</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>52</td>
              <td>4.9</td>
              <td>83</td>
              <td>7.8</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>1.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LL: Lower limit; UL: Upper limit; SMR: Standardized Mortality Rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Observed and expected mortality in the additive and logistic EuroSCORE in risk groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Expected Mortality</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Observed Mortality</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>SMR</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">EuroSCORE</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>Estimate</th>
              <th>LL</th>
              <th>UL</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="9">Additive</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">0 a 2</td>
              <td>303</td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>7</td>
              <td>2.3</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
              <td>0.7</td>
              <td>3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">3 a 5</td>
              <td>395</td>
              <td>11</td>
              <td>2.8</td>
              <td>24</td>
              <td>6.1</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>3.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#8805; 6</td>
              <td>365</td>
              <td>42</td>
              <td>11.5</td>
              <td>51</td>
              <td>14.0</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td>1.063</td>
              <td>57</td>
              <td>5.4</td>
              <td>82</td>
              <td>7.7</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>1.1</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>
                  <italic>Logistic</italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#8804; 0,02</td>
              <td>354</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>1.3</td>
              <td>10</td>
              <td>2.8</td>
              <td>2.1</td>
              <td>1.0</td>
              <td>3.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">0,021 a 0,05</td>
              <td>358</td>
              <td>11</td>
              <td>3.5</td>
              <td>22</td>
              <td>6.1</td>
              <td>2.0</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>3.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#8805; 0,06</td>
              <td>351</td>
              <td>41</td>
              <td>11.8</td>
              <td>50</td>
              <td>14.2</td>
              <td>1.2</td>
              <td>0.9</td>
              <td>1.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td>1063</td>
              <td>57</td>
              <td>5.4</td>
              <td>82</td>
              <td>7.7</td>
              <td>1.4</td>
              <td>1.1</td>
              <td>1.8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LL: Lower limit; UL: Upper limit; SMR: Standardized Mortality Rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the multivariate logistic regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 6</xref>), the following showed to be independent risk predictors for in-hospital mortality: diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.34 to 3.88), CABG combined with valve surgery (OR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.18 to 4.80), age between 76 and 79 years (OR = 2.49; 95%CI: 1.12 to 5.54), previous heart surgery (OR = 2.68; 95%CI: 1.40 to 5.12), two or more previous heart surgeries (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.16 to 9.63), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP)&gt; 60 mmHg (OR = 3.44; 95%CI: 1.60 to 7.39), age &gt; 80 years (OR = 3.61; 95%CI: 1.54 to 8.45), active endocarditis (OR = 4.388; 95%CI: 1.00 to 19.17) and serum creatinine &gt; 2.26 mg/dL (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 1.28 to 17.34).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Independent predictors for in-hospital mortality in the sample according to logistic regression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold><italic>Odds ratio</italic> (95%CI)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td>2.28 (1.34-3.88)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">CABG combined with valvular surgery</td>
              <td>2.38 (1.18-4.80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age 76-79 years</td>
              <td>2.49 (1.12-5.54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Previous cardiac surgery</td>
              <td>2.68 (1.40-5.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Two or more previous cardiac surgeries</td>
              <td>3.34 (1.16-9.63)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 60 mmHg</td>
              <td>3.44 (1.60-7.39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Age &gt; 80 years</td>
              <td>3.61 (1.54-8.45)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Active endocarditis</td>
              <td>4.38 (1.00-19.17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine &gt; 2.26 mg/dL</td>
              <td>4.71 (1.28-17.34)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our sample, a North-American score (Bernstein Parsonnet 2000) and a European one (EuroSCORE) showed good discriminatory power, but underestimated the in-hospital mortality. This result contradicts what has been observed when applying BP and ES in developed countries. In a systematic review of the applicability of the ES in cardiac surgery, six studies from Japan, Belgium, France, Turkey and the UK were included, involving 16,000 patients. The additive ES was applied and it was observed that in patients with ES &lt; 6, mortality was overestimated, while in patients with ES &gt; 10, it was underestimated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. When validating the ES in Australia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , in 8,331 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the expected overall mortality rate for this population was 5.31% for the additive model and 8.76% for the logistic model, while the observed mortality was 3, 20%. In Germany<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , in 26,501 patients undergoing isolated CABG, the expected mortality at the logistic ES was 5.2%, while the observed one was 2.6%.</p>
      <p>The BP score has been previously compared with ES. In 2006, a prospective study carried out in Tel Aviv by Berman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> compared the additive forms of the two scores in a sample of 1,639 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The mortality rate in this population was 4.83%. The patients were divided into five risk groups. In the BP: 0 to 10; 10.5 to 20; 20.5 to 30; 30.5 to 40 and &gt; 40. In the ES: 0 to 2; 3 to 5; 6 to 8; 9 to 11 and &gt; 12. There were no significant differences between the observed and expected mortalities in both scores. The AUC was 0.83 in BP and 0.73 in ES. In 2004, the work by Syed et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> compared the initial BP score with ES using retrospective data from only 194 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a single center in Saudi Arabia. The AUC was 0.685 in BP and 0.766 in ES.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are few records on the profile of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The available data are recorded by the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System, which does not include clinical data. In 2006, Ribeiro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> performed a review of available data in Datasus related to 115,021 cardiac surgeries performed between 2000 and 2003. Prevalence of isolated CABG was 57.1%, and of valve replacement, 33.7%. Overall mortality was 8.0% in this sample, of which 7.0% in patients submitted to CABG, 8.9% in those undergoing valve replacement and 16.5% in those submitted to complex cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis showed higher mortality among older patients, women, those submitted to valve and/or complex surgeries and patients admitted to hospitals with fewer surgeries. In hospitals that performed 1-130 surgeries a year, mortality was 9.7%, while in those that performed more than 341 surgeries a year, mortality was 5.8%. Previous studies had already shown an inverse association between the number of procedures performed a year and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Compared to the United States, Brazil performs almost six times fewer surgeries per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Another review of Datasus data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> showed that in the years 2005, 2006 and 2007, 63,529 isolated CABG surgeries were performed in 191 hospitals. The recorded in-hospital mortality was 6.22%. The regions with higher number of procedures, which are also the wealthiest ones and the ones that have the highest number of referral centers, tend to have lower mortality. For instance, whereas in the southern region 15,985 procedures were performed with a mortality of 6.52%, in the northern region, 1,354 procedures were carried out, with a mortality rate of 7.24%.</p>
      <p>We believe it is very important to study the variables that involve surgery in Brazil, considering that the postoperative mortality is even higher when compared to Europe and the United States. The overall mortality rate in the sample was 7.8%, close to the observed mortality in SUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> , whereas in the BP population, it was 5.3%, and in the ES, 4.7%.</p>
      <p>We could attribute this difference to the higher prevalence of rheumatic fever as the pathogenesis of valve disease, in addition to Chagas disease, which require complex surgical procedures and often more than one surgery.</p>
      <p>Grinberg et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , in 2011, prompted by the Brazilian reality, which is different from that of Europe and the United States, proposed that the approach of the patient with valvular disease follow a strategy called "valvulopathy resolution script" (RESOLVA). In this script, which consists of four stages, the application of an international risk score is only one of the elements that assist in decision-making. The score result should be evaluated together with the conceptual benefit of the procedure given by scientific knowledge, with the autonomy of the team and patient in decision-making and discussion of two ethical principles (negligence and malpractice).</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Guaragna et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , in 2010, created a local risk score for patients undergoing valve surgery, eliminating the use of international scores. Advanced age, surgical priority, female gender, ejection fraction &lt; 45%, concomitant CABG, pulmonary hypertension, NYHA functional class III or IV, creatinine (1.5 to 2.49 and &gt; 2.5 mg/dL or dialysis) were identified as risk predictors.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Mej&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , in 2013, developed a score based on data from patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a single referral center for cardiac surgery. Patients with indication for valve surgery and CABG were included. The score comprised ten variables: age &gt; 70 years, female gender, valve surgery combined with CABG, acute myocardial infarction &lt; 90 days, reoperation, surgical treatment of the aortic valve, tricuspid valve surgery, creatinine &gt; 2 mg / dL, EF &lt; 30% and events. This local score was compared with the ES and the BP, and its performance was similar to theirs, with good discriminatory power (AUC of 0.79   <italic>versus</italic> 0.81 and 0.82, respectively).</p>
      <p>Although some studies have tested the applicability of the ES in valvular surgery, in a meta-analysis of 12 studies with 26,621 patients, Parolari et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> observed that this score had low discriminatory power in this type of surgery, as it overestimates mortality. Once again it should be noted that the mortality rate in valvular surgery in these studies was around 4.5%, whereas in our sample it was 8.6% and in the population studied by Guaragna et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , 11.8%.</p>
      <p>Patients with pulmonary hypertension (sPAP &gt; 60 mmHg) - a condition associated with valvular diseases - were more prevalent than in the initial ES population (5.2%   <italic>versus</italic> 2.0%) and had higher risk of in-hospital mortality (OR = 3.44; 95%CI: 1.60 to 7.39). Another limitation of risk scores studied in patients with valvular disease is the fact that specific surgical procedures were not evaluated, e.g., combined aortic and mitral valve surgeries.</p>
      <p>Our institution treats patients coming from public health centers, with significant socioeconomic problems, which lead to medication misuse, poor health status and advanced stage of disease at surgery. This may explain in part the higher prevalence of combined CABG and valve surgery procedure with high mortality in our sample (20%), which showed to be an independent risk factor in the multivariate analysis. A study carried out in Spain by Pons et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> in 1994 showed that postoperative in-hospital mortality in public hospitals was higher than that of private hospitals (11.7% <italic>versus</italic> 6.7%, respectively).</p>
      <p>Another aspect to consider is that the higher difference between the expected and observed mortalities occurred in patients at moderate risk, both in the additive BP and ES. One might consider that score applicability was compromised in our sample by evaluating different populations, both due to the profile of patients, as well as the socioeconomic aspects and the higher prevalence of valvular surgery.</p>
      <p>It is important to consider that the small number of patients who used intra-aortic balloon (IAB) preoperatively also indicates the possible under-utilization of this resource in more severe patients, contributing to increased mortality. Another relevant fact is that the logistic regression showed DM as an independent risk factor for mortality in our sample, and that this diagnosis was not scored in ES. However, the new ES model that is being proposed has included this variable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study has limitations that should be considered. At the time of the manuscript writing, EuroSCORE I was still used, which has been currently updated and replaced by EuroSCORE II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Mortality in 30 days or long-term survival was not assessed. Another limitation is that our sample consisted of a very heterogeneous population, which may have allowed biases in the results. Moreover, our study has limitations inherent to retrospective studies, with 14% of missing data. However, some risk models described in the literature were developed from pre-existing databases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Some variables evaluated subjectively, such as the degree of COPD, degree of neurological damage and heart failure, had their definitions adapted similarly to what was performed in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>When comparing the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score (STS) with the ES in an institution in Sweden, the definition of recent acute myocardial infarction was 21 days and not 90 days, as proposed by ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Even with this adjustment, the ES had significantly better discriminatory power than the STS (AUC 0.84 <italic>versus</italic> 0.71). In the initial Parsonnet study, COPD was considered a risk factor that was difficult to obtain and was removed from the score model, even though it was associated with postoperative mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. For the same reason, emergency surgery and chronic heart failure were removed from the ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The use of the Berstein Parsonnet 2000 and EuroSCORE underestimated the intra-hospital mortality, showing them to be inappropriate in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing cardiac surgery at our institution. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in our sample were: age, serum creatinine &gt; 2.26 mg/dL, active endocarditis, pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 60 mmHg, one or more previous heart surgeries, CABG combined with valve surgery and diabetes mellitus. Our study reinforces the need for the development of local scores, based on the reality of the populations, for better risk assessment in cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Silvia Bueno Garofallo, from Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luhrs</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Early mortality in coronary bypass surgery: the EuroSCORE versus The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk algorithm</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1235</fpage>
          <lpage>1239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <subj-group>
        <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
      </subj-group>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplicabilidade de Dois Escores de Risco Internacionais em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca em Centro de Refer&#234;ncia Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garofallo</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bordim Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Odemir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera L&#250;cia Portal,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. CEP 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>veraportal.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A aplicabilidade de escores de risco (ER) internacionais em cirurgia card&#237;aca (CC) ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida em centros fora da Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a capacidade do <italic>Berstein Parsonnet 2000</italic> (BP) e do   <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> (ES) em predizer mortalidade intra-hospitalar (MIH) em pacientes submetidos a CC em hospital de refer&#234;ncia do Brasil e identificar os preditores de risco (PR).  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte retrospectiva de 1.065 pacientes. Foram inclu&#237;dos dados de cirurgias realizadas entre janeiro de 2007 e julho de 2008, quando 60,3% dos pacientes realizaram CRM, 32,7%, cirurgia valvar, e 7,0%, CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar. Foram calculados os modelos aditivos e log&#237;sticos dos escores, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) e a raz&#227;o de mortalidade padronizada (RMP). Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizada para identificar os PR.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A MIH da amostra foi de 7,8%. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes da amostra foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BP e ao ES. As AUCs do BP aditivo e log&#237;stico foram 0,72 (IC95%; 0,66-0,78 p = 0,74) e as do ES foram 0,73 (IC95% 0,67-0,79 p = 0,80). O c&#225;lculo da RMP no BP foi 1,59 (IC95%; 1,27-1,99) e no ES foi 1,43 (IC95%; 1,14-1,79). Sete PR de MIH foram identificados: idade, creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,26 mg/dL, endocardite ativa, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar &gt; 60 mmHg, uma ou mais CC, CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar e diabetes melito.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Ambos os ER mostraram-se inadequados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de pacientes submetidos a CC, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de se desenvolverem ER baseados na realidade local.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de informa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Atualmente, h&#225; mais de 20 modelos de escores de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Entre os mais conhecidos est&#227;o: <italic>Parsonnet score, STS risk score, Higgins score, Northern New England score (NNE score), Ambler score, 2000 Bernstein-Parsonnet score, EuroSCORE.</italic> O <italic>2000 Bernstein Parsonnet</italic> (BP) e o <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> (ES) se diferenciam porque podem ser utilizados para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia valvar ou ambas, al&#233;m da possibilidade de serem aplicados &#224; beira do leito. O <italic>Parsonnet score</italic> foi desenvolvido em 1989 e destaca-se por ter sido o pioneiro na estratifica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca e aplic&#225;vel a diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O <italic>Berstein Parsonnet 2000</italic> corresponde ao <italic>Parsonnet score</italic> revisado e simplificado, baseado em um banco de dados de 10.703 pacientes de Nova Jersey, nos Estados Unidos, entre 1994 e 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O <italic>EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic>) &#233; um dos escores mais difundidos atualmente. Foi desenvolvido a partir de dados de 19.030 pacientes da Europa, em 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em 2011, o   <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> foi revisado com base em dados de aproximadamente 32.000 pacientes e denominado <italic>EuroSCORE II.</italic> Embora j&#225; fosse poss&#237;vel utiliz&#225;-lo atrav&#233;s do <italic>site</italic> oficial (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.euroscore.org">www.euroscore.org</ext-link>), o artigo com sua valida&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel at&#233; o momento da revis&#227;o de nosso artigo.</p>
        <p>Ambos os escores s&#227;o apresentados nos modelos aditivo e log&#237;stico. O modelo aditivo &#233; mais facilmente aplic&#225;vel. Entretanto, o modelo log&#237;stico &#233; o mais discriminativo nos pacientes de alto risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Deve-se considerar, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco, al&#233;m do poder discriminat&#243;rio, a sua capacidade de estimar adequadamente a mortalidade intra-hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, dados revelam que a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em cirurgia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Isso pode ser explicado, em parte, pelas disparidades socioecon&#244;micas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e porque os poucos centros terci&#225;rios que realizam grande volume de cirurgias card&#237;acas por ano est&#227;o localizados nas regi&#245;es mais ricas do pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista as diferentes caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e a car&#234;ncia de escores nacionais, pretendemos testar a aplicabilidade do BP e do ES em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca no sul do Brasil e identificar fatores de risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi feita coorte retrospectiva de pacientes acima de 18 anos de idade atendidos no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2007 a julho de 2008, submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), cirurgia valvar ou CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com patologias exclusivamente da aorta, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e transplantes card&#237;acos. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 1.065 pacientes.</p>
        <p>O IC/FUC &#233; um centro de atendimento terci&#225;rio em cardiologia, refer&#234;ncia no sul do Brasil, onde s&#227;o realizadas cerca de 2.000 cirurgias card&#237;acas por ano, incluindo cirurgias cong&#234;nitas, transplantes, implantes de marca-passos e de cardiodesfibriladores, e cirurgias da aorta, entre outras.</p>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram revisados manualmente pelos autores. Quase todas as vari&#225;veis dos escores de risco estudados encontravam-se nos prontu&#225;rios, onde consta a ficha padronizada de avalia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, preenchida sempre pela mesma equipe m&#233;dica. Tamb&#233;m foram extra&#237;dos dados das fichas anest&#233;sicas e da ficha de admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, informa&#231;&#245;es do grau espec&#237;fico de severidade da doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e do grau de sequela ap&#243;s evento neurol&#243;gico raramente estavam dispon&#237;veis. A defini&#231;&#227;o de DPOC utilizada para o escore BP foi a mesma do ES, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; defini&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel dessa vari&#225;vel no BP. Foram considerados portadores de DPOC grave apenas os pacientes com VEF1 &lt; 50% do previsto na espirometria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica foi considerada qualquer evento neurol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio (acidente vascular cerebral [AVC] ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio [AIT]). Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva foi considerada presente nos pacientes que estavam em classe funcional III ou IV conforme a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).</p>
        <p>Os dados foram registrados em formul&#225;rio espec&#237;fico e digitados pelos autores em banco de dados Microsoft Office Excel.</p>
        <p>Cento e cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes n&#227;o tinham a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e 22 n&#227;o tinham a dosagem s&#233;rica de creatinina. O valor dos dados faltantes (<italic>missing values</italic>), que representaram 14% dos dados, foi inclu&#237;do, estatisticamente, pelo programa SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0, por imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>O desfecho avaliado foi mortalidade intra-hospitalar definida como &#243;bito por qualquer causa, tanto no transoperat&#243;rio quanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, antes da alta hospitalar.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as preval&#234;ncias na amostra e nas popula&#231;&#245;es dos escores foi calculada a diferen&#231;a entre propor&#231;&#245;es de amostras independentes. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para a magnitude do efeito foi calculada a raz&#227;o de <italic>odds</italic> (OR: <italic>odds ratio</italic>) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi &#945; = 0,05. Foram utilizados os <italic>softwares</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0 e PEPI 4.0.</p>
          <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram aplicados na amostra para identificar os preditores independentes de mortalidade dos escores. Entraram as vari&#225;veis avaliadas nos dois escores que tinham preval&#234;ncia maior que 2% na amostra, conforme sugerido por Parsonnet e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, como idade, sexo, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, mais de uma cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, troca valvar a&#243;rtica, troca valvar mitral, cirurgia valvar combinada com CRM, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, endocardite ativa, creatinina s&#233;rica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica.</p>
          <p>Os escores foram aplicados na amostra na sua forma aditiva e log&#237;stica, conforme os algoritmos dos artigos originais. No escore BP, a amostra foi dividida em decis e avaliada a mortalidade em cada decil para que fosse poss&#237;vel fazer a compara&#231;&#227;o com o ES, j&#225; que este &#233; apresentado em faixas de risco (baixo, m&#233;dio e alto risco). No escore BP, pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 3 foi considerada baixo risco, de 3,1 a 17,5, m&#233;dio risco, e &#8805;17,5, alto risco. No ES, pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 2 foi considerada baixo risco, 3 a 5, m&#233;dio risco, e &#8805;6, alto risco.</p>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia do escore foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, pelo qual comparam-se as mortalidades observadas e esperadas em decis de mesmo tamanho. A diferen&#231;a entre as mortalidades observadas e esperadas tamb&#233;m foi avaliada pela raz&#227;o de mortalidade padronizada (RMP), que &#233; a divis&#227;o da mortalidade observada pela esperada) e os intervalos de confian&#231;a calculados conforme sugerido por Breslow &amp; Day<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. O H-L &#233; o teste mais aceito para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre as mortalidades observadas e esperadas, todavia optamos por tamb&#233;m utilizar a RMP pelo fato de ser poss&#237;vel aplic&#225;-la nas faixas de risco.</p>
          <p>A curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic curve</italic>) avaliou o poder discriminat&#243;rio dos escores e as &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC (AUC) - estat&#237;stica C - de ambos os modelos; nas suas formas aditivas e log&#237;sticas, foram comparadas pelo programa STATA 9.2. Este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m foi utilizado para elabora&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O estudo foi submetido a an&#225;lise e aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia do RS, conforme resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
          <p>Os pesquisadores comprometem-se a cumprir as normas da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, relacionado em IV.1-g ("a garantia do sigilo que assegure a privacidade dos sujeitos quanto aos dados confidenciais envolvidos na pesquisa").</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 61,4 anos (&#177;11,8 anos), 38% eram mulheres, 60,3% dos pacientes realizaram CRM, 32,7%, cirurgia valvar, e 7,0%, CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade geral da amostra foi de 7,8%. Pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada tiveram mortalidade de 5,9%. Na cirurgia valvar (a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral e/ou tric&#250;spide), a mortalidade foi de 8,6% e na CRM associada com cirurgia valvar foi de 20,0%. As m&#233;dias de mortalidade no BP e no ES originais foram de 5,3% e de 4,7%, respectivamente. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do BP na amostra foi 14,69 (m&#237;nima zero e m&#225;xima 84,5) e do ES foi 4,52 (m&#237;nima zero e m&#225;xima 16).</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s das popula&#231;&#245;es do BP e do ES (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">2</xref> e<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">3</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BP, em nossa amostra houve predomin&#226;ncia do g&#234;nero feminino e maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, asma, obesidade m&#243;rbida, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. Cirurgias valvar a&#243;rtica, mitral e tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m foram mais frequentes. O n&#250;mero de pacientes com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi significativamente menor em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ES, em nossa amostra tamb&#233;m predominou o g&#234;nero feminino. Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de DPOC, disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, angina inst&#225;vel e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco na amostra e na popula&#231;&#227;o do Berstein Parsonnet 2000</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fator de risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia na amostra (%) (n = 1.065)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia no BP (%) (n = 10.703)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td>38,7</td>
                <td>31,3</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">70-75</td>
                <td>14,7</td>
                <td>18,0</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">76-79</td>
                <td>6,7</td>
                <td>13,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt; 80</td>
                <td>4,7</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td>23,6</td>
                <td>29,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">&gt; 50%</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">30-49%</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>38,2</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&lt; 30%</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td>73,1</td>
                <td>63,1</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                <td>19,4</td>
                <td>18,9</td>
                <td>0,720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Obesidade m&#243;rbida</td>
                <td>19,6</td>
                <td>8,9</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DPOC severa</td>
                <td>0,1</td>
                <td>2,5</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>10,0</td>
                <td>7,0</td>
                <td>0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Duas ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>0,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Troca valvar a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td>18,8</td>
                <td>12,1</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Troca valvar mitral</td>
                <td>13,4</td>
                <td>7,1</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CRM com cirurgia valvar</td>
                <td>7,0</td>
                <td>8,5</td>
                <td>0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o de tronco</td>
                <td>23,8</td>
                <td>16,9</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">BIAo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td>0,6</td>
                <td>8,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BIAo: Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; BP: Berstein Parsonnet 2000; CRM: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco na amostra e na popula&#231;&#227;o do Berstein Parsonnet 2000</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia na amostra (%) (n = 1.065)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia no BP (%) (n = 10.703)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td>0,8</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Endocardite ativa</td>
                <td>1,0</td>
                <td>0,4</td>
                <td>0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Endocardite tratada</td>
                <td>0,8</td>
                <td>0,8</td>
                <td>0,915</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de aneurisma de VE</td>
                <td>0,8</td>
                <td>0,5</td>
                <td>0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de valva tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
                <td>0,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Depend&#234;ncia de marca-passo</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>1,5</td>
                <td>0,604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">TV/FV</td>
                <td>0,5</td>
                <td>3,3</td>
                <td>0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Asma</td>
                <td>7,9</td>
                <td>2,5</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">EOT pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</td>
                <td>0,5</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>10,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirrose</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0,2</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#225;lise</td>
                <td>0,5</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ou cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td>5,1</td>
                <td>4,6</td>
                <td>0,457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Aneurisma de aorta abdominal assintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td>0,8</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea (bilateral ou oclus&#227;o unilateral)</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>2,6</td>
                <td>0,612</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td>6,9</td>
                <td>9,1</td>
                <td>0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rea&#231;&#227;o transfusional pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0,2</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica grave (paraplegia, hemiparesia, distrofia muscular)</td>
                <td>7,6</td>
                <td>8,4</td>
                <td>0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">ACTP sem sucesso</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Abuso de drogas</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAM &lt; 48 h</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>5,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CIV aguda</td>
                <td>0,1</td>
                <td>--</td>
                <td>--</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">P&#250;rpura trombocitop&#234;nica idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0,3</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ACTP: Angioplastia coronariana transluminalpercut&#226;nea; BP: Berstein Parsonnet 2000; CIV: Comunica&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (n&#227;o houve casos na amostra); IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; TOT pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria: Entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria; TV/FV: Taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco na amostra e na popula&#231;&#227;o do   <italic>EuroSCORE</italic>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia na amostra (%) (n = 1.065)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Preval&#234;ncia no <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> (%) (n = 19.030)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">Idade (para cada 5 anos acima dos 60 anos)</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">&lt; 60</td>
                <td>40,8</td>
                <td>33,2</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">60-64</td>
                <td>16,7</td>
                <td>17,8</td>
                <td>0,314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">65-69</td>
                <td>16,6</td>
                <td>20,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center" style="border-bottom:hidden">
                <td align="left">70-74</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>17,9</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt; 75</td>
                <td>13,3</td>
                <td>9,6</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td>38,7</td>
                <td>27,8</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td>7,9</td>
                <td>3,9</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Arteriopatia extracard&#237;aca</td>
                <td>9,0</td>
                <td>11,3</td>
                <td>0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>11,9</td>
                <td>7,3</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,26 mg/dL</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Endocardite ativa</td>
                <td>1,0</td>
                <td>1,1</td>
                <td>0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"><italic>Status  </italic>cr&#237;tico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td>2,7</td>
                <td>4,1</td>
                <td>0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td>17,1</td>
                <td>8,0</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FE 30-50%</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>25,6</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">FE &lt; 30%</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>5,8</td>
                <td>0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">IAM &lt; 90 dias</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>9,7</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (PSAP &gt; 60 mmHg)</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>2,0</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca de emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>4,9</td>
                <td>&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Outra cirurgia card&#237;aca associada ou n&#227;o a CRM</td>
                <td>39,7</td>
                <td>36,4</td>
                <td>0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia envolvendo aorta tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>2,4</td>
                <td>0,834</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CIV p&#243;s-IAM</td>
                <td>0,1</td>
                <td>0,2</td>
                <td>0,467</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CIV: Comunica&#231;&#227;o intraventricular; CRM: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; PSAP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As AUCs do BP aditivo e do log&#237;stico foram 0,72 (IC95% 0,66-0,78), e as AUCs do ES aditivo e do log&#237;stico foram 0,73 (IC95% 0,67-0,78). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o das AUCs dos modelos aditivos (p = 0,74) e log&#237;sticos (p = 0,80) dos dois escores de risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 1</xref> e<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob a curva ROC do Berstein Parsonnet 2000 e do EuroSCORE log&#237;sticos &#8212; programa STATA 9.2. AUC do Berstein Parsonnet 2000 log&#237;stico 0,73 (IC95% 0,66-0,78) e do EuroSCORE log&#237;stico 0,73 (IC95% 0,67-0,78). Qui-quadrado = 0,06, p (x<sup>2</sup>) = 0,79.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0539-40064-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas sob a curva ROC do Berstein Parsonnet 2000 e EuroSCORE aditivos &#8212; programa STATA 9.2. AUC do Berstein Parsonnet 2000 aditivo 0,73 (IC95% 0,66-0,78) e do EuroSCORE aditivo 0,73 (IC95% 0,67-0,78). Qui-quadrado = 0,10, p (x<sup>2</sup>) = 0,74.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-06-0539-40064-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) mostrou pobre calibra&#231;&#227;o do escore: x<sup>2</sup> = 87,61 (8 gl), p &lt; 0,001 no BP e x<sup>2</sup> = 24,20 (8 gl), p = 0,01 no ES. O c&#225;lculo da RMP geral mostrou que os escores tendem a subestimar a mortalidade na amostra, sendo que no BP aditivo e log&#237;stico a RMP foi 1,59 (IC95% 1,27-1,99). No ES aditivo e log&#237;stico, a RMP foi 1,43 (IC95% 1,14-1,79)<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 4</xref> e<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade esperada e observada no Berstein Parsonnet 2000 aditivo e log&#237;stico nos grupos de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mortalidade esperada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mortalidade observada</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>RMP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>BP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Estimativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LS</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Aditivo</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">0 a 3</td>
                <td>157</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0,7</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>1.9</td>
                <td>2,7</td>
                <td>0,5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">3,1 a 17,5</td>
                <td>596</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>28</td>
                <td>4,7</td>
                <td>2,7</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt; 17,5</td>
                <td>311</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>41</td>
                <td>13,21</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>16,7</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>1.064</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>4,</td>
                <td>83</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="11">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Log&#237;stico</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8804; 0,0137</td>
                <td>399</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>12</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
                <td>3,2</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">0,0138 a 0,0304</td>
                <td>335</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>2,0</td>
                <td>19</td>
                <td>5,7</td>
                <td>2,8</td>
                <td>1,7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&gt; 0,0304</td>
                <td>338</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>42</td>
                <td>12,6</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>15,8</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>1.064</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>4,9</td>
                <td>83</td>
                <td>7,8</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LI: Limite inferior; LS: Limite superior; RMP: Raz&#227;o de mortalidade padronizada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade esperada e observada no EuroSCORE aditivo e log&#237;stico nos grupos de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mortalidade esperada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mortalidade observada</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>RMP</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>EuroSCORE</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Estimativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LS</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="10">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Aditivo</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">0 a 2</td>
                <td>303</td>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>7</td>
                <td>2,3</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
                <td>0,7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">3 a 5</td>
                <td>395</td>
                <td>11</td>
                <td>2,8</td>
                <td>24</td>
                <td>6,1</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8805; 6</td>
                <td>365</td>
                <td>42</td>
                <td>11,5</td>
                <td>51</td>
                <td>14,0</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>1.063</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>5,4</td>
                <td>82</td>
                <td>7,7</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>1,1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="10">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Log&#237;stico</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8804; 0,02</td>
                <td>354</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>1,3</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>2,8</td>
                <td>2,1</td>
                <td>1,0</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">0,021 a 0,05</td>
                <td>358</td>
                <td>11</td>
                <td>3,5</td>
                <td>22</td>
                <td>6,1</td>
                <td>2,0</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8805; 0,06</td>
                <td>351</td>
                <td>41</td>
                <td>11,8</td>
                <td>50</td>
                <td>14,2</td>
                <td>1,2</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td>1063</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>5,4</td>
                <td>82</td>
                <td>7,7</td>
                <td>1,4</td>
                <td>1,1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>), destacaram-se como preditores independentes de risco para mortalidade intra-hospitalar: diabetes melito (OR = 2,28 IC95% 1,34-3,88), CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar (OR = 2,38 IC 95% 1,18-4,80), idade entre 76 e 79 anos (OR = 2,49 IC95% 1,12-5,54), cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (OR = 2,68 IC95% 1,40-5,12), duas ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias (OR = 3,34 IC95% 1,16-9,63), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) &gt; 60 mmHg (OR = 3,44 IC95% 1,60-7,39), idade &gt; 80 anos (OR = 3,61 IC95% 1,54-8,45), endocardite ativa (OR = 4,388 IC95% 1,00-19,17) e creatinina s&#233;rica &gt;2,26 mg/dL (OR = 4,71 IC95% 1,28-17,34).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores independentes para mortalidade intra-hospitalar na amostra segundo regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Fator de risco</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><italic>Odds ratio</italic> (IC95%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td>2,28 (1,34-3,88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar</td>
                <td>2,38 (1,18-4,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Idade 76-79 anos</td>
                <td>2,49 (1,12-5,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td>2,68 (1,40-5,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Duas ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias</td>
                <td>3,34 (1,16-9,63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt; 60 mmHg</td>
                <td>3,44 (1,60-7,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">idade &gt; 80 anos</td>
                <td>3,61 (1,54-8,45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Endocardite ativa</td>
                <td>4,38 (1,00-19,17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,26 mg/dL</td>
                <td>4,71 (1,28-17,34)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CRM: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nossa amostra, um escore americano (<italic>Berstein Parsonnet 2000</italic>) e outro europeu (<italic>EuroSCORE</italic>) mostraram bom poder discriminat&#243;rio, por&#233;m subestimaram a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Esse resultado contraria o que tem sido observado na aplica&#231;&#227;o do BP e do ES em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da aplicabilidade do ES em cirurgia card&#237;aca, seis estudos do Jap&#227;o, B&#233;lgica, Fran&#231;a, Turquia e Reino Unido foram inclu&#237;dos, englobando 16.000 pacientes. O ES aditivo foi aplicado e se observou que, em pacientes com ES &lt; 6, a mortalidade foi superestimada, enquanto em pacientes com ES &gt; 10 ela foi subestimada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Na valida&#231;&#227;o do ES na Austr&#225;lia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, em 8.331 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, a mortalidade geral esperada para essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,31% pelo modelo aditivo e de 8,76% pelo modelo log&#237;stico, enquanto a mortalidade observada foi de 3,20%. Na Alemanha<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, em 26.501 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada, a mortalidade esperada pelo ES log&#237;stico foi de 5,2%, enquanto a observada foi de 2,6%.</p>
        <p>O BP j&#225; foi comparado com o ES. Em 2006, um estudo prospectivo realizado em Tel Aviv por Berman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> comparou as formas aditivas dos dois escores em amostra de 1.639 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca. A mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 4,83%. Os pacientes foram divididos em cinco grupos de risco. No BP: 0 a 10; 10,5 a 20; 20,5 a 30; 30,5 a 40 e acima de 40. No ES: 0 a 2; 3 a 5; 6 a 8; 9 a 11 e acima de 12. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre as mortalidades esperadas e observadas para ambos os escores. A AUC foi de 0,83 no BP e de 0,73 no ES. Em 2004, o trabalho de Syed e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> comparou o escore BP inicial com o ES utilizando dados retrospectivos de apenas 194 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca em um &#250;nico centro da Ar&#225;bia Saudita. A AUC foi de 0,685 no BP e de 0,766 no ES.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, h&#225; car&#234;ncia de registros sobre o perfil dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca. Os dados dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o os registrados pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, onde n&#227;o constam dados cl&#237;nicos. Em 2006, Ribeiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> realizaram uma revis&#227;o dos dados dispon&#237;veis do Datasus referentes a 115.021 cirurgias card&#237;acas realizadas entre 2000 e 2003. A preval&#234;ncia de CRM isolada foi de 57,1%, e a de troca valvar, de 33,7%. A mortalidade total foi de 8,0% nessa amostra, sendo de 7,0% em pacientes que realizaram CRM, de 8,9% nos que efetuaram troca valvar e de 16,5% nos submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca complexa. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, houve maior mortalidade em pacientes mais idosos, em mulheres, naqueles que fizeram cirurgias valvares e/ou complexas e em pacientes de hospitais com menor n&#250;mero de cirurgias. Nos hospitais que realizaram 1-130 cirurgias por ano, a mortalidade observada foi de 9,7%, enquanto naqueles que efetuaram mais de 341 cirurgias por ano a mortalidade foi de 5,8%. Trabalhos anteriores j&#225; haviam mostrado a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa do n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados por ano com a mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos Estados Unidos, o Brasil realiza quase seis vezes menos cirurgias por 100.000 habitantes/ano. Outra revis&#227;o de dados do Datasus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> mostrou que, nos anos 2005, 2006 e 2007, foram realizadas 63.529 CRM isoladas em 191 hospitais. A mortalidade hospitalar registrada foi de 6,22%. As regi&#245;es com maior n&#250;mero de procedimentos, que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o as mais ricas e com maior n&#250;mero de centros de refer&#234;ncia, tendem a ter menor mortalidade. Por exemplo, na Regi&#227;o Sul foram realizados 15.985 procedimentos com mortalidade de 6,52%, enquanto na Regi&#227;o Norte, com 1.354 procedimentos, a mortalidade elevou-se para 7,24%.</p>
        <p>Entendemos que &#233; muito importante estudar as vari&#225;veis que envolvem a cirurgia no Brasil, tendo em vista que a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ainda &#233; mais elevada quando comparada &#224; Europa e aos Estados Unidos. A mortalidade geral da amostra foi de 7,8%, pr&#243;xima &#224; mortalidade observada no SUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, ao passo que, na popula&#231;&#227;o do BP, foi de 5,3%, e no ES foi de 4,7%. Poder&#237;amos atribuir tal diferen&#231;a &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia da febre reum&#225;tica como etiopatogenia das valvopatias, al&#233;m da doen&#231;a de Chagas, necessitando de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos complexos e, com frequ&#234;ncia, mais de uma cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Grinberg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, em 2011, instigados pela realidade brasileira, diferente daquela da Europa e Estados Unidos, propuseram que a abordagem do paciente valvopata siga uma estrat&#233;gia denominada roteiro para resolu&#231;&#227;o da valvopatia (Resolva). Nesse roteiro, que &#233; constitu&#237;do de quatro est&#225;gios, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um escore de risco internacional &#233; apenas um dos elementos que auxiliam na tomada de decis&#227;o. O resultado do escore deve ser avaliado conjuntamente com o benef&#237;cio conceitual do procedimento dado pelo conhecimento cient&#237;fico, com a autonomia da equipe e do paciente na tomada de decis&#227;o e com a discuss&#227;o de dois princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos (neglig&#234;ncia e imper&#237;cia).</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, Guaragna e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, em 2010, elaboraram um escore de risco local para pacientes submetidos a cirurgia valvar, dispensando o uso de escores internacionais. Foram identificadas nove vari&#225;veis preditoras de risco: idade avan&#231;ada, prioridade cir&#250;rgica, sexo feminino, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;45%, CRM concomitante, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA, creatinina (1,5 a 2,49 e &gt; 2,5 mg/dL ou di&#225;lise).</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, Mej&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, em 2013, elaboraram um escore a partir de dados de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca em um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca. Foram inclu&#237;dos tanto pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia valvar quanto de CRM. Dez vari&#225;veis constituem o escore: idade &gt; 70 anos, sexo feminino, cirurgia valvar combinada com CRM, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &lt; 90 dias, reopera&#231;&#227;o, tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva a&#243;rtica, tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva tric&#250;spide, creatinina &gt; 2 mg/dL, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30% e eventos. Esse escore local foi comparado com o ES e com o BP, e o seu desempenho foi semelhante ao deles, com bom poder discriminat&#243;rio (AUC 0,79   <italic>versus</italic> 0,81 e 0,82, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Embora alguns estudos tenham testado a aplicabilidade do ES em cirurgia valvar, em metan&#225;lise de 12 estudos com 26.621 pacientes, Parolari e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Constataram que esse escore apresenta baixo poder discriminat&#243;rio nesse tipo de cirurgia, pois superestima a mortalidade. Mais uma vez deve-se observar que a taxa de mortalidade em cirurgia valvar desses estudos foi em torno de 4,5%, enquanto em nossa amostra foi de 8,6% e, na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por Guaragna e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi de 11,8%.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (PSAP &gt; 60 mmHg) - condi&#231;&#227;o associada com doen&#231;as valvares - foram mais prevalentes do que na popula&#231;&#227;o inicial do ES (5,2%   <italic>versus</italic> 2,0%) e apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar (OR = 3,44 IC95% 1,60-7,39). Outra limita&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco estudados em pacientes valvopatas &#233; o fato de n&#227;o avaliarem procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos espec&#237;ficos, como, por exemplo, cirurgias valvares a&#243;rtica e mitral combinadas.</p>
        <p>Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o atende pacientes procedentes das redes p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de, com problemas socioecon&#244;micos significativos que acarretam o uso incorreto de medica&#231;&#245;es, estado de sa&#250;de prec&#225;rio e est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a no momento da cirurgia. Tal fato pode explicar, em parte, a maior preval&#234;ncia de CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar, procedimento com alta mortalidade em nossa amostra (20%) e que mostrou ser fator de risco independente na an&#225;lise multivariada. Estudo realizado na Espanha, por Pons e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, em 1994, mostrou que a mortalidade intra-hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em hospitais p&#250;blicos foi superior &#224; dos hospitais privados (11,7% <italic>versus</italic> 6,7%, respectivamente). Outro aspecto a considerar &#233; que a maior diferen&#231;a entre as mortalidades esperadas e as observadas ocorreu em pacientes de risco moderado, tanto no BP quanto no ES aditivo. Podemos considerar que a aplicabilidade dos escores foi comprometida em nossa amostra por avaliar popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes, tanto pelo perfil dos pacientes quanto pelo aspecto socioecon&#244;mico e pela maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgias valvares.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante avaliar que o menor n&#250;mero de pacientes que usaram bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIAo) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m aponta para a possibilidade de subutiliza&#231;&#227;o desse recurso em pacientes mais graves, contribuindo para aumentar a mortalidade. Outro dado relevante &#233; que a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica apontou o DM como fator de risco independente para mortalidade em nossa amostra, sendo que esse diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o era pontuado no ES. Entretanto, o novo modelo do ES que est&#225; sendo proposto inclui essa vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho tem importantes limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. Na &#233;poca em que foi escrito, ainda se utilizava o <italic>EuroSCORE I</italic>, que atualmente foi atualizado e substitu&#237;do pelo <italic>EuroSCORE II</italic>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. N&#227;o foram avaliadas mortalidade em 30 dias nem sobrevida a longo prazo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; que a nossa amostra foi constitu&#237;da de popula&#231;&#227;o bastante heterog&#234;nea, o que pode ter permitido vieses nos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, nosso trabalho possui limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos retrospectivos, com 14% de dados faltantes. No entanto, alguns modelos de risco descritos na literatura foram desenvolvidos a partir de bancos de dados preexistentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Algumas vari&#225;veis avaliadas de forma subjetiva, como o grau de DPOC, o grau de dano neurol&#243;gico e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tiveram suas defini&#231;&#245;es adaptadas, da mesma maneira como foi feito em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Na compara&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score</italic> (STS) com o ES em uma institui&#231;&#227;o da Su&#233;cia, a defini&#231;&#227;o de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente era de 21 dias e n&#227;o de 90 dias, como proposto pelo ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Mesmo com essa adapta&#231;&#227;o, o ES teve significativo melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio que o STS (AUC 0,84   <italic>versus</italic> 0,71). No estudo do <italic>Parsonnet</italic> inicial, DPOC foi considerada fator de risco de dif&#237;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, sendo retirada do modelo do escore, mesmo estando associada &#224; mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Pelo mesmo motivo, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica foram retiradas do ES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do<italic> Berstein Parsonnet 2000</italic> e do   <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> subestimou a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mostrando-se eles inadequados na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em nossa amostra foram: idade, creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,26 mg/dL, endocardite ativa, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar &gt; 60 mmHg, uma ou mais cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias, CRM combinada com cirurgia valvar e diabetes melito.</p>
        <p>Nosso trabalho vem refor&#231;ar a necessidade do desenvolvimento de escores locais, baseados na realidade das popula&#231;&#245;es, para melhor aferi&#231;&#227;o de riscos na cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Garofallo SB, Portal VL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Garofallo SB, Machado DP, Rodrigues CG, Bordim Jr. O; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garofallo SB, Kalil RAK, Portal VL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Silvia Bueno Garofallo pelo Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
