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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WdHzDMXKCxZyFZjWmcykwjF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Prolongada Tratada com Sucesso
               no Metr&#244; de S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gianotto-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Renan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Margarita</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liguori</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas -
                  Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renan Gianotto-Oliveira,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Simula&#231;&#227;o em
               Emerg. Cardiovasculares (LTSEC) - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2&#186; andar,
               CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rgo09@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e52</fpage>
      <lpage>e54</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca Extra Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Massagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, incluindo as Paradas
            Cardiorrespirat&#243;rias (PCR), foram a principal causa de morte em 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Estima-se que, no pa&#237;s, ocorram em torno de 220
            mil PCR por ano, incluindo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo 180 mil em ambiente
            pr&#233;-hospitalar e 40 mil em ambiente hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recentes estudos observacionais de v&#237;timas com PCR em ambiente extra-hospitalar t&#234;m
            revelado que apenas Compress&#245;es Tor&#225;cicas Cont&#237;nuas (CTC) - <italic>hands-only
               CPR</italic> - foram equivalentes ou superiores &#224; Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar (RCP)
            convencional (utilizando a rela&#231;&#227;o 30:2 de compress&#245;es/ventila&#231;&#245;es) em pacientes
            adultos, sobretudo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos benef&#237;cios neurol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apresentamos um caso de PCR ocorrido na Companhia do Metropolitano de S&#227;o Paulo (Metr&#244;
            de S&#227;o Paulo) atendido por socorristas leigos que realizaram CTC e aplicaram choques por
            meio de Desfibrilador Externo Autom&#225;tico (DEA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato do Caso</title>
      <p>Homem, 55 anos, origem nip&#244;nica, comerciante, com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o arterial.
            Estava em uma das esta&#231;&#245;es do Metr&#244; de S&#227;o Paulo quando sentiu forte dor precordial em
            aperto, constante, acompanhada de tontura e evoluindo para perda de consci&#234;ncia.
            Usu&#225;rios acionaram os funcion&#225;rios do metr&#244; (leigos treinados em RCP) que constataram
            PCR e iniciaram o atendimento. Solicitaram o DEA e come&#231;aram a aplicar CTC de imediato.
            Em dois minutos, o DEA estava no local, com as p&#225;s aplicadas no t&#243;rax da v&#237;tima; foi
            feita a an&#225;lise do ritmo (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular) e indicou-se choque em menos de 20
            segundos. As compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas foram imediatamente retomadas, e o DEA indicou mais
            quatro choques ao longo de 8 minutos, todos seguidos de CTC. Ap&#243;s o quinto choque, a
            v&#237;tima voltou a respirar ainda que inconsciente, n&#227;o sendo mais indicada desfibrila&#231;&#227;o
            nas an&#225;lises subsequentes. Avaliando a leitura do DEA, ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo choque, o paciente
            evolu&#237;ra para um ritmo sinusal, por isso n&#227;o foram indicados mais choques (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Os socorristas se revezaram a cada dois
            minutos de CTC. Com a chegada do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU), foram
            realizadas intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, medica&#231;&#245;es e cuidados necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o dos cinco choques pelo desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico, seguido por
                  retorno do ritmo sinusal e taquic&#225;rdico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e52-40058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A v&#237;tima foi encaminhada para um hospital secund&#225;rio, dando entrada inconsciente, em
            ritmo sinusal, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 130 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 160 x 100 mmHg,
            frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 16 rpm, pupilas isoc&#243;ricas e reativas, murm&#250;rio vesicular
            presente, abdome fl&#225;cido &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o e Glasgow de 6. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi
            confirmado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e pela eleva&#231;&#227;o de
            troponina e CKMB. O paciente foi submetido &#224; terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica com
            estreptoquinase, com crit&#233;rios de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, adquiriu
            broncopneumonia associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 19 dias,
            sem sequelas neurol&#243;gicas. Depois de um ano do ocorrido, o paciente encontrava-se
            assintom&#225;tico, com vida ativa e realizando acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O ritmo mais comum de PCR presenciada em ambiente extra-hospitalar &#233; a fibrila&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A probabilidade de sucesso na
            reanima&#231;&#227;o cai progressivamente com o tempo, de 7 a 10% a cada minuto em que a
            desfibrila&#231;&#227;o &#233; retardada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas aumenta o
            tempo em que a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o pode ser eficaz. O treinamento de leigos em habilidades de
            RCP e a estrutura&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os m&#243;veis de emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o, sem d&#250;vida, pilares
            fundamentais na abordagem e, embora o tempo de resposta do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia seja
            cr&#237;tico para uma ressuscita&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida, o treinamento de leigos em RCP e o manejo
            do DEA expandem as possibilidades de sucesso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Mundialmente, a porcentagem de testemunhas leigas que iniciam RCP varia de 20 e 70%, com
            m&#233;dia de 50%. As menores porcentagens geralmente est&#227;o associadas ao atraso do in&#237;cio da
            ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e a um pior progn&#243;stico, enquanto que o in&#237;cio precoce das compress&#245;es
            tor&#225;cicas resulta em maior n&#250;mero de admiss&#227;o hospitalar e at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes mais altas
            hospitalares com sobreviv&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais permitem a pr&#225;tica de RCP com CTC, sem ventila&#231;&#245;es,
            em determinadas circunst&#226;ncias. Essa pr&#225;tica vem sendo chamada de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o
               cardiocerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Nela, preconizam-se r&#225;pido
            in&#237;cio de RCP e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce, que s&#227;o associados a melhor progn&#243;stico
               neurol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>A partir de estudos em animais, vem se consolidando o conceito de que a adi&#231;&#227;o de
            ventila&#231;&#245;es &#224;s compress&#245;es, realizadas por testemunhas, n&#227;o aumenta sobrevida de
            fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Estudos cl&#237;nicos em humanos tamb&#233;m
            mostraram efic&#225;cia das CTC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de treinamento, RCP apenas com compress&#245;es &#233; associada &#224; maior
            reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e &#224; maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o dos leigos a realiz&#225;-la. Al&#233;m disso,
            independentemente da causa e do tempo de PCR, e da disponibilidade do DEA no local, RCP
            com CTC &#233; melhor que nenhuma RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>No metr&#244; de S&#227;o Paulo, funcion&#225;rios s&#227;o treinados pelo menos a cada dois anos em
            habilidades de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o com curso padronizado da <italic>American Heart
               Association</italic> (AHA), com treinamento pr&#225;tico em manequins e manuseio de DEA.
            Durante o treinamento, s&#227;o praticadas apenas CTC, sem pausas para ventila&#231;&#227;o, conforme
            diretrizes internacionais. O treinamento sistematizado &#233; necess&#225;rio, pois estudos
            mostram que o maior n&#250;mero de treinamentos e o curto intervalo de tempo entre eles s&#227;o
            preditores para a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma resposta r&#225;pida e in&#237;cio precoce das compress&#245;es,
            melhorando o progn&#243;stico do paciente. Programas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m
            devem fazer parte da agenda de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por morte
            s&#250;bita card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Outro elo da cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia da PCR extra-hospitalar &#233; o f&#225;cil acesso do
            socorrista ao DEA. Desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce, antes da chegada do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia,
            deve ser prioridade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce com o uso do DEA pode
            melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, incluindo maior sobrevida e melhor
               <italic>status</italic> neurol&#243;gico entre os sobreviventes. O uso do DEA &#233;
            extremamente simples, e um leigo treinado pode realizar o procedimento de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o
            com a mesma aptid&#227;o e seguran&#231;a de um profissional de sa&#250;de. Desde 1991, a AHA incentiva
            a disposi&#231;&#227;o de DEAs de f&#225;cil acesso em locais p&#250;blicos, al&#233;m do treinamento de leigos
            em RCP e para o uso do DEA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>De acordo com grandes estudos populacionais, o Acesso P&#250;blico &#224; Desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (APD),
            colocando DEAs &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o de leigos treinados no seu uso, tem o potencial de ser a
            interven&#231;&#227;o que representa o maior avan&#231;o no tratamento da PCR em fibrila&#231;&#227;o
            ventricular, desde o desenvolvimento da RCP, pois permite que as v&#237;timas sejam
            desfibriladas dentro dos primeiros minutos de PCR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o manuseio de DEAs, dentro de programas de APD, pode
            dobrar a sobrevida de v&#237;timas, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao acesso ao SAMU. A desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce
            proporcionada pelo APD ainda se associa ao melhor progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A jurisprud&#234;ncia brasileira avan&#231;a no sentido de tornar tais dispositivos
            obrigat&#243;rios em diversas localidades.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, como exemplificado neste caso, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de acesso &#224;
            desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em conjunto com treinamento de leigos de RCP com CTC e do uso do DEA
            contribui realmente com a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e a melhora do progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico
            em PCR extra-hospitalar. Programas como esse se fazem mandat&#243;rios em nosso pa&#237;s,
            sobretudo nos pr&#243;ximos anos, em que o Brasil ser&#225; sede de importantes eventos, como a
            Copa do Mundo de Futebol e as Olimp&#237;adas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gianotto-Oliveira R, Liguori T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
               Gianotto-Oliveira R, Gonzalez MM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Favarato MH;
               Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gianotto-Oliveira R, Favarato MH, Gonzalez MM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica
               do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Timerman S, Kalil Filho R.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Arrest Treated Successfully in
               the S&#227;o Paulo's Subway</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gianotto-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Renan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Margarita</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liguori</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas -
                  Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Renan Gianotto-Oliveira,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Simula&#231;&#227;o em
               Emerg. Cardiovasculares (LTSEC) - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2&#186; andar,
               Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>rgo09@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e53</fpage>
      <lpage>e54</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Massage</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In Brazil, circulatory diseases, including CPA (Cardiopulmonary Arrests), were the
               leading cause of death in 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Estimates are
               that, in Brazil, around 220,000 CPAs happen every year, including ventricular
               fibrillation, 180,000 in pre-hospital environment and 40,000 in-hospital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recent observational studies of victims of CPA in extra-hospital environment revealed
               that only CCC (Continuous Chest Compressions) - hands-only CPR - were equivalent or
               higher than conventional CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) (using a 30:2 ratio of
               compressions/ventilations) in adult patients, mainly with regard to neurological
                  benefits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>We present a case of PCA occurred in Companhia do Metropolitano de S&#227;o Paulo (S&#227;o
               Paulo's Subway) attended by lay rescuers who performed CCC and applied shocks by
               means of AED (Automatic External Defibrillator).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Man, 55, Japanese origin, trader, with a history of hypertension. He was in one of
               the S&#227;o Paulo's Subway stations when he felt sharp and constant pain in chest,
               accompanied by dizziness and progressing to loss of consciousness. The users
               triggered the subway employees (laypersons trained in CPR) who identified the CPA and
               started to assist him. They requested the AED and started applying CCC immediately.
               In two minutes, the AED was in place, with paddles applied to the chest of the
               victim. The rhythm (ventricular fibrillation) was analyzed and shock was indicated in
               less than 20 seconds. Chest compressions were immediately resumed and the AED showed
               four shocks over 8 minutes, all of them followed by CCC. After the fifth shock, the
               victim was breathing again, though unconscious, and defibrillation was no longer
               indicated in subsequent analyzes. Assessing the AED reading after the last shock, the
               patient evolved into sinus rhythm, which is the reason why no more shocks were
               indicated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). Rescuers alternated at
               each two minutes of CCC. With the arrival of SAMU (Emergency Mobile Healthcare
               Service), tracheal intubation, medications and special care were administered.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Application of five automated external defibrillator shocks followed by
                     return of sinus rhythm and tachycardia</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e52-40058-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The victim was sent to a secondary hospital, admitted unconscious in sinus rhythm
               with a heart rate of 130 bpm, blood pressure of 160 x 100 mmHg, respiratory rate of
               16 rpm, and isochoric and reactive pupils, presenting vesicular murmur, flaccid
               abdomen on palpation and Glasgow of level 6. The acute myocardial infarction was
               confirmed by ST segment elevation in lower leads and elevation of troponin and CKMB.
               The patient underwent thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase, under myocardial
               reperfusion criteria. During hospitalization, he acquired pneumonia associated with
               mechanical ventilation. He was discharged after 19 days without neurological
               sequelae. After one year, the patient was asymptomatic, with active life and
               undergoing outpatient follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The most common CPA rhythm in extra-hospital environment is the fibrillation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The probability of success in resuscitation
               decreases significantly over time, from 7 to 10% by minute in which defibrillation is
                  delayed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The performance of chest compressions increases the time for
               effective defibrillation. Needless to say that training laypersons on CPR skills and
               structuring mobile emergency services is crucial for the approach and, although the
               response time of emergency services is critical to a successful resuscitation, the
               laypersons training in CPR and handling of AED boost the success possibilities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Globally, the percentage of lay witnesses who initiate CPR ranges from 20 to 70%,
               averaging 50%. The lowest percentages are usually associated with delayed onset of
               resuscitation and a worse prognosis, whereas the early initiation of chest
               compressions results in higher number of hospital admissions and up to three times
               higher hospital discharges with survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>New international recommendations allow the practice of CPR with CCC, without
               ventilation, in certain circumstances. This practice has been called cardiocerebral
                  resuscitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It indicates that the quick
               start of CPR and early defibrillation are associated with better neurological
                  prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on animal studies, the concept that the addition of ventilations to
               compressions, made by witnesses, does not increase the survival of ventricular
               fibrillation or myocardial infarction has been increasingly accepted. Clinical
               studies in humans have also shown the efficacy of CCC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Regarding the characteristics of training, CPR only with compressions is associated
               with greater knowledge retention and greater willingness of laypersons to perform it.
               Furthermore, regardless of the cause and duration of CPA and the availability of AED
               on site, CPR with CCC is better than no CPR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>In S&#227;o Paulo's Subway, staff is trained at least every two years in resuscitation
               skills attending a standardized course of AHA (American Heart Association), with
               practical training on mannequins and handling of AED. During training, only CCC is
               practiced without pauses for ventilation, according to international guidelines.
               Systematic training is necessary, as studies show that a larger number of courses and
               the short time interval between them are predictors for obtaining rapid and early
               compressions, thus improving the patient's prognosis. Public awareness programs
               should also be on the agenda of public policies for reducing mortality from sudden
               cardiac death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Another link in the chain of the survival of out-ofhospital cardiac CPA is the easy
               access to AED by the rescuer. The early defibrillation, before the arrival of the
               emergency service, should be a priority<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The early
               defibrillation with use of AED can improve the prognosis of patients, including
               higher survival and better neurological between survivors. The use of AED is
               extremely simple, and a trained layperson can perform the defibrillation procedure
               with the same fitness and safety of a healthcare professional. Since 1991, AHA has
               encouraged the provision of easily accessible AEDs in public places, in addition to
               courses on CPR and on using AED<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>According to large population studies, PAD (Public Access to Defibrillation), putting
               AEDs at the disposal of laymen trained in its use, has the potential to be the
               intervention which represents the greatest breakthrough in the treatment of CPA in
               ventricular fibrillation, since the development of CPR, as it allows the victims to
               be defibrillated within the first minutes of CPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. There is evidence that the handling of AEDs, within PAD programs, may
               double the survival of victims compared to access to SAMU. The early defibrillation
               provided by PAD is still associated to better neurological prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The Brazilian precedents is gradually evolving to establish that the
               said devices be mandatory in several places.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, as exemplified in this case, the implementation of programs of access
               to defibrillation, in concert with laypersons' training in CPR with CCC and in the
               use of AED actually contributes to reducing mortality and improves the neurological
               prognosis in out-of-hospital CPA. Programs like this should be mandatory in our
               country, especially in the coming years, when Brazil will host major events, such as
               the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gianotto-Oliveira R, Liguori T; Acquisition
                  of data: Gianotto-Oliveira R, Gonzalez MM; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Favarato MH; Writing of the manuscript: Gianotto-Oliveira R, Favarato MH,
                  Gonzalez MM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
                  Timerman S, Kalil Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
