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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">78xhRXYwShn7Y5BQstDnm3S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Caso 2/2014 - Paciente de 51 Anos com Lupus Eritematoso
                    Sist&#234;mico e Febre ap&#243;s Troca Valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o
                        Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de
                    Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o
                    Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                        <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e44</fpage>
      <lpage>e51</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Lupus eritematoso sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica / cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="7"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino de 51 anos de idade apresentou dor precordial e dispneia aos
            esfor&#231;os moderados, sendo feito o diagn&#243;stico de estenose a&#243;rtica acentuada e indicado
            tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>A paciente era portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia mista, tabagismo e l&#250;pus
            eritematoso sist&#234;mico, com atividade aos 16 anos de idade e nefrite. Relatava anemia e
            convuls&#245;es, as quais foram atribu&#237;das ao l&#250;pus. Apresentou, nos &#250;ltimos meses, quadro de
            dor precordial do tipo pleur&#237;tica, que piorava no dec&#250;bito e melhorava com posi&#231;&#227;o
            sentada, atribu&#237;da &#224; pericardite.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (25/10/2011) revelou paciente em bom estado geral, hidratada, eupneica,
            com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 110 &#215; 70 mmHg. A ausculta
            pulmonar foi normal, e a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas, hipofonese do
            componente a&#243;rtico da segunda bulha e sopro sist&#243;lico ++++/6+. O exame do abdome foi
            normal, n&#227;o havendo edema, e os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos.</p>
    <p>ECG (31/10/2011) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 48 bpm, intervalo PR 200
            ms, dura&#231;&#227;o QRS 113 ms, QT 464 ms, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo,
            altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura
            1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma - Bradicardia sinusal, dist&#250;rbio intra-ventricular da
                    condu&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST-T.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (24/10/2011) revelaram hemoglobina 7 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 21%, VCM
            95 fL, leuc&#243;citos 6.940/mm<sup>3</sup> (72% neutr&#243;filos, 1% eosin&#243;filos, 1% bas&#243;filos,
            22% linf&#243;citos e 4% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 303.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 62 mg/dL,
            creatinina 1,21 mg/dL (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 50 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); AST 36 UI/L,
            ALT 42 UI/L, c&#225;lcio 4,3 mEq/L, magn&#233;sio 2,30 mEq/L, prote&#237;na total 7,4 g/dl,
            desidrogenase l&#225;tica 447 U/L, s&#243;dio 138 mEq/L e pot&#225;ssio 4,7 mEq/L; TP (INR) 1,1 e TTPA
            (rel) 0,99, colesterol total 301 mg/dL, HDL-c 46 mg/dL, LDL-c 169 mg/dL e triglic&#233;rides
            378 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (26/10/2011) mostrou &#225;trio esquerdo 40 mm, aorta 32 mm, septo 16 mm,
            parede posterior 15 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) 50/32 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de
            eje&#231;&#227;o 65%; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es normais e hipertrofia acentuada; valva
            mitral com discreto espessamento com &#225;rea valvar de 3,7 cm<sup>2</sup>; valva a&#243;rtica
            com calcifica&#231;&#227;o acentuada, &#225;rea valvar 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo
            138 mmHg, gradiente m&#233;dio 83 mmHg; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade da via de sa&#237;da de
            ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a valva a&#243;rtica foi de 0,14 (estenose acentuada quando &lt;0,25);
            havia derrame peric&#225;rdico discreto.</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu transfus&#227;o de concentrado de hem&#225;cias.</p>
    <p>A endoscopia digestiva alta (3/11/2011) revelou gastrite de antro e duodenite erosiva
            leves.</p>
    <p>Cateterismo card&#237;aco e cinecoronariografia (7/11/2011) revelaram calcifica&#231;&#227;o acentuada
            de valva a&#243;rtica e de coron&#225;rias; havia les&#227;o de 70% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio de coron&#225;ria direita
            e irregularidades nas outras coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>O reumatologista consultado indicou pulsoterapia com 1 mg/kg de metilprednisolona durante
            nove dias por prov&#225;vel atividade do l&#250;pus e, ap&#243;s, foram mantidos 40 mg de prednisona
            di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida a cirurgias de troca valvar a&#243;rtica por biopr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio
            bovino e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com ponte safena aortocoron&#225;ria direita
            (23/11/2011). Ao t&#233;rmino da cirurgia apresentou bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o acentuada, e
            necessitou do uso de marca-passo epic&#225;rdico para revers&#227;o do quadro.</p>
    <p>Por tr&#234;s dias foram necess&#225;rias drogas vasoativas em doses decrescentes para controle da
            hipotens&#227;o, e os exames no terceiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (26/11/2011) revelaram
            hemoglobina 7,2 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 23%, leuc&#243;citos 13.900/ mm<sup>2</sup> com 92%
            neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas 122.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 71 mg/dL, creatinina 1,4 mg/dL,
            s&#243;dio 143 mEq/L e pot&#225;ssio 3 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>A paciente apresentou del&#237;rios e congest&#227;o pulmonar, foi iniciada antibioticoterapia com
            tazobactam e piperacilina, e, dois dias ap&#243;s, foi acrescentada vancomicina. Teve melhora
            dos del&#237;rios e da congest&#227;o pulmonar, e recebeu alta da recupera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no s&#233;timo
            dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>As hemoculturas e uroculturas foram negativas (29/11/2011).</p>
    <p>O ECG (30/11/2011) revelou ritmo sinusal e &#225;rea inativa septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma - Ritmo sinusal, &#225;rea inativa septal, altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento
                    ST-T.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (5/12/2011) revelou hemoglobina 8,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 28%,
            leuc&#243;citos 9.240 /mm<sup>3</sup>, plaquetas 34.800/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 50 mg/dL,
            creatinina 2,92 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 139 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,6 mEq/L, PCR 97 mg/L.</p>
    <p>Novo ecocardiograma (5/12/2011) revelou aorta 37 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 41 mm, ventr&#237;culo
            direito 25 mm, septo de 13 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 41 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 53/41 mm,
            fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 35%. Havia hipertrofia acentuada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, acinesia
            apical, hipocinesia das demais paredes e movimenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica do septo interventricular.
            A pr&#243;tese estava normofuncionante, com gradiente m&#225;ximo de 19 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 12 mmHg, e
            a rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades via de sa&#237;da VE/pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica foi 0,43.</p>
    <p>A urocultura (7/12/2012) foi negativa.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (9/12/2011) revelaram: hemoglobina 7,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 25%, VCM
            100 fL, leuc&#243;citos 9.040/mm<sup>3</sup> (bast&#245;es 1%, segmentados 76%, linf&#243;citos 21% e
            mon&#243;citos 2%), plaquetas 330.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 60 mg/dL, creatinina 2,48 mg/dL
            (FG = 22 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), s&#243;dio 138 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,8 mEq/L, PCR 91,5 mg/L,
            TP (INR) 1,0 e TTPA rel 1,11.</p>
    <p>A paciente teve alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de hidralazina, carvedilol, furosemida, prednisona,
            cloroquina, atorvastatina, sulfato ferroso, &#225;cido f&#243;lico, AAS.</p>
    <p>No exame f&#237;sico de alta havia secre&#231;&#227;o serosa na cicatriz da safenectomia em membro
            inferior esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi reinternada em 20/1/2012 (cerca de um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar) por
            infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria da safenectomia. As hemoculturas foram positivas para
                <italic>Enterococcus sp</italic> multissens&#237;vel, e a paciente recebeu ampicilina
            endovenosa por 14 dias.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma por via transesof&#225;gica (24/1/2012) revelou aorta 35 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo
            41 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito 28 mm, septo 13 mm, parede posterior 12 mm, ventr&#237;culo
            esquerdo 53 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 35%. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era hipertr&#243;fico,
            apresentava acinesia apical e hipocinesia difusa; a pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica estava
            normofuncionante, sem altera&#231;&#245;es, com gradiente m&#225;ximo de 22 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 12 mmHg. As
            outras valvas eram normais.</p>
    <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax (20/1/2012) n&#227;o revelou sinais de mediastinite, osteomielite ou
            pneumonia.</p>
    <p>A ultrassonografia venosa de membro inferior esquerdo foi negativa para trombose venosa
            profunda (27/1/2012).</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu alta em 3/2/2012, sendo considerada curada da infec&#231;&#227;o em membro
            inferior, com ferida deixada para fechar por segunda inten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas foram: AAS 100 mg, carvedilol 50 mg, losartana 100 mg,
            espironolactona 25 mg, atorvastatina 20 mg, omeprazol 20 mg, prednisona 20 mg,
            hidroxicloroquina 400mg, &#225;cido f&#243;lico 5 mg, sulfato ferroso 120 mg de ferro por dia.</p>
    <p>Em consulta m&#233;dica (28/3/2012) queixou-se de astenia, e foi aumentada a prednisona para
            60 mg/dia e administrada ivermectina.</p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (em mar&#231;o de 2012) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras
                3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> - revelou cardiomegalia +++/4+ e
            pulm&#245;es livres.</p>
    <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax (incid&#234;ncia p&#243;stero anterior) - Pontos met&#225;licos no
                    esterno, pulm&#245;es normais e imagem card&#237;aca aumentada</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
      <label>Figura 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax (incid&#234;ncia perfil) - Pontos met&#225;licos no esterno, anel
                    de pr&#243;tese valvar</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A ultrassonografia venosa de membro inferior esquerdo foi negativa para trombose venosa
            profunda (17/4/2012).</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s foi trazida &#224; emerg&#234;ncia do hospital em choque, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
            de 40 bpm e press&#227;o inaud&#237;vel, necessitando do uso de aminas vasoativas e intuba&#231;&#227;o
            orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (em 8 de maio) revelaram: hem&#225;cias 1.900.000/mm<sup>3</sup>,
            hemograma 5,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 19%, reticul&#243;citos 12,1%, VCM 100 fL, leuc&#243;citos
                12.500/mm<sup>3</sup> (bast&#245;es 15%, segmentados 79%, linf&#243;citos 5%, mon&#243;citos 1%),
            s&#243;dio 139 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,5 mEq/L, c&#225;lcio 4 mEq/L, c&#225;lcio ionizado 1,16, magn&#233;sio 1,8
            mEq/L, lactato arterial 14 mg/dL, TP (INR) 1, TTPA (rel) 0,76, ALT 57 U/L, AST 26 U/L,
            gama GT 153 U/L, desidrogenase l&#225;tica 560 U/L, bilirrubinas totais 0,35 mg/dL,
            bilirrubina direta 0,10 mg/dL, urina I normal. A gasimetria arterial revelou: pH 7,46,
                pCO<sub>2 </sub>32 mmHg, pO<sub>2 </sub>104 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> 97,5%,
            bicarbonato 22,2 mEq/L e excesso de bases (-) 1,1 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (8/5/2012) revelou aorta 37 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 43 mm, septo 13 mm,
            parede posterior 11 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 51/39 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 50%, hipertrofia
            moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e acinesia apical. A pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica apresentava
            espessamento de seus folhetos, m&#237;nima regurgita&#231;&#227;o central, o gradiente transvalvar
            m&#225;ximo era 58 mm Hg e o m&#233;dio 39 mm Hg; outras valvas eram normais.</p>
    <p>Algumas horas ap&#243;s, a paciente apresentou parada card&#237;aca em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular,
            recuperada, por&#233;m seguiram-se mais tr&#234;s paradas card&#237;acas em atividade el&#233;trica sem
            pulso, revertidas, &#224;s quais seguiu-se nova parada com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso
            irrevers&#237;vel, e a paciente faleceu (8/5/2012).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <p>O caso cl&#237;nico mostra uma paciente de 51 anos, portadora de l&#250;pus eritematoso
                sist&#234;mico, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia mista, que se apresentou no
                pronto-socorro com febre e choque.</p>
      <p>O l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (LES) &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria autoimune,
                multissist&#234;mica, caracterizada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de complexos imunes nos &#243;rg&#227;os
                envolvidos, incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o. Seu quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; marcado por per&#237;odos de
                exacerba&#231;&#245;es e remiss&#245;es, tendo curso cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Apresenta preval&#234;ncia de 20-150 casos por 100.000 habitantes, sendo mais comum em
                mulheres (8:1) e naqueles de etnia negra; 65% dos pacientes abrem o quadro da doen&#231;a
                entre 16-55 anos. No caso cl&#237;nico relatado, temos uma paciente que abriu o quadro
                com nefrite l&#250;pica aos 16 anos, o que est&#225; de acordo com o que &#233; encontrado na
                    literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora os rins classicamente sejam os &#243;rg&#227;os mais acometidos pelo LES, o cora&#231;&#227;o e a
                circula&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar tamb&#233;m podem ser afetados de forma significativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Essa doen&#231;a pode acometer o cora&#231;&#227;o por meio
                de manifesta&#231;&#245;es variadas, que incluem arritmias e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o,
                pericardiopatias, miocardiopatias e coronariopatia.</p>
      <p>Essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer simultaneamente e devem ser rapidamente
                reconhecidas para o estabelecimento de adequada imunossupress&#227;o junto &#224; terap&#234;utica
                cardiol&#243;gica espec&#237;fica. O reconhecimento cl&#237;nico da agress&#227;o cardiovascular pode
                ser dificultado pela corriqueira coexist&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos problemas cl&#237;nicos em
                pacientes com l&#250;pus, como infec&#231;&#245;es e insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
      <p>A patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico ainda n&#227;o est&#225;
                esclarecida. O modelo tradicionalmente considerado para a patog&#234;nese da cardite
                l&#250;pica &#233; bastante similar ao de outros s&#237;tios de acometimento do l&#250;pus,
                acreditando-se que a deposi&#231;&#227;o de imunocomplexos e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento
                levariam a inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda, cr&#244;nica ou recorrente no endot&#233;lio vascular,
                peric&#225;rdio, mioc&#225;rdio, endoc&#225;rdio, sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e folhetos valvares, o que
                pode ser respaldado pelo achado comum de imunocomplexos, complemento e anticorpos
                antinucleares nos tecidos afetados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A pericardite &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais comum, presente clinicamente em at&#233; 25%
                dos pacientes. S&#233;ries de aut&#243;psia e de m&#233;todos de imagem demonstraram o envolvimento
                peric&#225;rdico em mais de 60% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
                Pode ocorrer como manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial do LES, surgir em qualquer ponto do curso da
                doen&#231;a, como ocorreu na paciente em quest&#227;o, ou ocorrer como complica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a
                renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; geralmente t&#237;pico, podendo manifestar-se por interm&#233;dio de febre,
                taquicardia, dor subesternal (que se agrava com o ato de respirar, tossir ou
                curvar-se para a frente) e pela presen&#231;a de atrito peric&#225;rdico &#224; ausculta; a
                avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, com ondas T apiculadas e eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST,
                tamb&#233;m n&#227;o costuma diferir de outras causas de pericardite<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A despeito da idade jovem da maioria dos pacientes com l&#250;pus, a aterosclerose
                permanece como a causa mais comum de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. Nesses pacientes &#233;
                observada a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose acelerada associada &#224; presen&#231;a dos seus
                habituais fatores de risco, o que torna essa doen&#231;a, assim como a artrite
                reumatoide, um fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apresenta preval&#234;ncia de coronariopatia de at&#233; 10% e risco at&#233; oito vezes acima da
                popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Alguns trabalhos sugerem
                que o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser a causa de morte em at&#233; 25% dos casos,
                principalmente nos pacientes com mais tempo de doen&#231;a. O risco dessa complica&#231;&#227;o
                pode chegar a 52 vezes acima da popula&#231;&#227;o sem a doen&#231;a, quando o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o
                da doen&#231;a ultrapassa cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>No caso relatado, a paciente tamb&#233;m apresentava, al&#233;m do LES, outros fatores de risco
                que contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana: hipertens&#227;o
                arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo e dislipidemia mista.</p>
      <p>Causas adicionais de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas no LES incluem a trombose -
                frequentemente correlacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de anticorpos antifosfolip&#237;dicos -, o
                embolismo oriundo de endocardites vegetativas n&#227;o bacterianas (Liebman-Sacks) e a
                arterite coronariana.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do LES &#233; geralmente multifatorial e pode resultar de les&#227;o
                imunol&#243;gica, de isquemia, de doen&#231;a valvar ou de problemas coexistentes, como
                hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A miocardite aguda clinicamente evidente &#233;
                infrequente, podendo se apresentar pela presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica e taquicardia
                mantida desproporcional &#224; presen&#231;a de febre. Sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos de
                insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o incomuns, estando presentes em apenas 5-10% dos
                    pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Arritmias e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o podem ocorrer no curso da doen&#231;a, usualmente
                concomitantes a outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, como pericardite, miocardite e
                isquemia coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>A taquicardia sinusal &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum e est&#225; presente em aproximadamente
                50% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No presente caso, a paciente
                apresentava bradicardia sinusal com intervalo QT prolongado de 464 ms. O intervalo
                QT corrigido esperado para ela seria abaixo de 415 ms. Segundo Okin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, a presen&#231;a desse achado pode ser preditor de
                morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
      <p>O envolvimento valvar &#233; comum, sendo evidenciado em estudos transesof&#225;gicos em mais
                de 50% dos pacientes com LES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O espessamento
                valvar &#233; o achado ecogr&#225;fico mais comum, seguido pelas vegeta&#231;&#245;es e pela
                insufici&#234;ncia valvar. Embora a gravidade do acometimento valvar seja usualmente leve
                e assintom&#225;tico, no presente caso cl&#237;nico o que observamos &#233; estenose valvar
                acentuada.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi submetida a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e troca valvar, em
                novembro de 2011, e apresentou no terceiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio quadro sugestivo de
                insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com sinais cl&#237;nicos de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco
                associado a congest&#227;o pulmonar. Foram iniciadas medidas cl&#237;nicas para compensa&#231;&#227;o do
                quadro, inclusive com o uso de antibi&#243;ticos, com melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Os principais diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais para esse quadro cl&#237;nico da paciente s&#227;o
                quadro infeccioso, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e miocardite l&#250;pica.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese de quadro infeccioso deve ser considerada pelo fato de a paciente estar em
                vig&#234;ncia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e ser portadora de LES, cardiopatia e nefropatia,
                condi&#231;&#245;es que a tornavam mais suscet&#237;vel a infec&#231;&#245;es. O que tornou esse diagn&#243;stico
                menos prov&#225;vel foi a aus&#234;ncia de febre e as culturas negativas.</p>
      <p>Outra hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica a ser considerada nesse contexto &#233; isquemia coronariana,
                pois a paciente j&#225; era portadora de doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via. Al&#233;m disso, o
                eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares novas, &#225;rea
                inativa septal e acinesia septal, respectivamente. Nesse caso, n&#227;o poderiam ser
                descartados quadro isqu&#234;mico de fonte tromboemb&#243;lica e/ou arterite coronariana.</p>
      <p>&#201; frequentemente dif&#237;cil distinguir arterite coronariana de aterosclerose acelerada.
                Na cinecoronariografia, a arterite &#233; sugerida quando encontramos aneurismas
                coronarianos, les&#245;es focais ou que se desenvolvem rapidamente, o que poderia ser o
                caso da paciente relatada neste caso cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pela hist&#243;ria apresentada, o fator que parece ter sido o principal precipitante do
                quadro cl&#237;nico da paciente foi a miocardite l&#250;pica, pois a mesma desenvolveu
                disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica nova. O que pareceu corroborar esse diagn&#243;stico foi
                a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular evidenciada no ecocardiograma de maio de 2012, ap&#243;s
                ter sido iniciada terapia imunossupressora na consulta de mar&#231;o de 2012.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de miocardite l&#250;pica &#233; geralmente dif&#237;cil, pois usualmente a mesma
                cursa com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica leve e pouco sintom&#225;tica e, principalmente, devido &#224;
                concomit&#226;ncia de outros fatores potencialmente respons&#225;veis por dano mioc&#225;rdico,
                como isquemia, anemia, reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;a renal ou ao uso de
                corticoides.</p>
      <p>Em 8/5/2012, a paciente apresentou quadro de choque e bradicardia. Foram iniciadas
                medidas cl&#237;nicas para compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico, inclusive com o uso de aminas
                vasoativas e suporte respirat&#243;rio. No entanto, a paciente evoluiu com piora cl&#237;nica
                e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria nesse mesmo dia.</p>
      <p>Os principais diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais para o quadro cl&#237;nico final s&#227;o choque
                cardiog&#234;nico, choque hipovol&#234;mico e choque s&#233;ptico, discutidos a seguir.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese de choque cardiog&#234;nico por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica deve ser considerada. O que
                torna esse diagn&#243;stico menos prov&#225;vel &#233; que, no ecocardiograma de maio de 2012, n&#227;o
                foram observadas novas altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares, inclusive o que se observou foi uma
                melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma de janeiro de 2012. Essa
                melhora no desempenho card&#237;aco pode ser atribu&#237;da ao tratamento otimizado da
                cardiomiopatia l&#250;pica.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m detectado nesse ecocardiograma foi estenose a&#243;rtica moderada. Algum grau de
                disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar poderia j&#225; estar presente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato decorrente de
                pr&#243;tese subestenosante implantada em paciente com aorta de pequeno calibre, a qual,
                nessa paciente, foi mascarada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada que se sucedeu no
                p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Outro fator que poderia justificar a estenose a&#243;rtica seria um
                processo tromb&#243;tico, principalmente se a paciente fosse portadora de anticorpos
                antifosfolip&#237;dicos e n&#227;o estivesse sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena.</p>
      <p>Outra hip&#243;tese que deve ser aventada &#233; de choque hipovol&#234;mico por quadro de
                hemorragia. Embora a paciente n&#227;o tenha apresentado exterioriza&#231;&#227;o de sangramento, o
                que observamos foi uma queda importante dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina (de 7,8 para 5,8).
                Os n&#237;veis elevados de reticul&#243;citos associados a baixos n&#237;veis de bilirrubinas torna
                menos prov&#225;vel a destrui&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de hem&#225;cias como fator causador dessa
                anemia.</p>
      <p>Pela hist&#243;ria apresentada, o fator que parece ter sido o principal precipitante do
                quadro cl&#237;nico final dessa paciente foi um quadro infeccioso, o qual &#233; corroborado
                pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da contagem de formas jovens de neutr&#243;filos e pelo relato de febre
                citado previamente no in&#237;cio do caso cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Entre os poss&#237;veis focos para esse quadro s&#233;ptico, n&#227;o podemos descartar a hip&#243;tese
                de endocardite infecciosa aguda. A endocardite infecciosa &#233; o processo infeccioso do
                endot&#233;lio card&#237;aco que pode acometer qualquer estrutura card&#237;aca: defeitos nos
                septos, cordas tend&#237;neas, endoc&#225;rdio mural e <italic>shunts</italic> intracavit&#225;rios
                e arteriovenosos. Entretanto, s&#227;o as valvas card&#237;acas as mais frequentemente
                envolvidas, principalmente a valva mitral (40%) e a a&#243;rtica (34%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, para o seu diagn&#243;stico, utilizam-se os crit&#233;rios modificados de Duke, que
                s&#227;o baseados em achados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico torna-se o
                m&#233;todo de escolha para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, principalmente na presen&#231;a de
                valvas degeneradas e calcificadas ou nas pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas. Portanto, na paciente
                do presente caso cl&#237;nico, a aus&#234;ncia de vegeta&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico
                n&#227;o exclui esse diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Apesar do avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, do advento de novos antibi&#243;ticos e do
                aperfei&#231;oamento de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, a endocardite bacteriana continua
                apresentando alta morbimortalidade, sendo o seu progn&#243;stico dependente do agente
                etiol&#243;gico e do <italic>status</italic> card&#237;aco antes do quadro infeccioso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dra. Alice Tatsuko
                Yamada).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas</title>
        <p>Diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; etiologia:
                    cardiomiopatia l&#250;pica; evento final: choque s&#233;ptico (Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro,
                    Dra. Alice Tatsuko Yamada).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
        <p>A paciente era portadora de duas doen&#231;as: aterosclerose e l&#250;pus eritematoso.</p>
        <p>A aterosclerose era leve na aorta, moderada nos ramos da coron&#225;ria esquerda, e
                    atingia n&#237;veis de 70% de obstru&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, e, por isso,
                    foi submetida a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com interposi&#231;&#227;o de ponte de veiasafena. &#192;
                    necr&#243;psia, a ponte estava obstru&#237;da no &#243;stio e fibrosada, denotando fechamento
                    precoce ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A despeito disso, n&#227;o havia sofrimento isqu&#234;mico
                    mioc&#225;rdico significativo, apenas &#225;reas de miocardioesclerose, n&#227;o abundantes, em
                    grau compat&#237;vel com o que costuma ocorrer quando h&#225; hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio por
                    qualquer causa.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico do l&#250;pus baseia-se em dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. Sob o enfoque
                    morfol&#243;gico, v&#225;rios aspectos podem ser atribu&#237;dos a tal doen&#231;a, n&#227;o havendo nada
                    caracter&#237;stico o suficiente para permitir o diagn&#243;stico. Assim, a valva
                    substitu&#237;da cirurgicamente tinha valvulite cr&#244;nica inespec&#237;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>), que poderia tamb&#233;m ter outra
                    causa, como doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, por exemplo.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corte histol&#243;gico da valva a&#243;rtica nativa retirada na cirurgia.
                            Nota-se valvulite cr&#244;nica inespec&#237;fica com focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o.
                            Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 5x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A necr&#243;psia evidenciou a exist&#234;ncia de endocardite bacteriana, causada por cocos
                    Gram-positivos, atingindo a pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica e o anel em torno dela (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">7</xref>), e abundante sangramento abdominal, respons&#225;vel final pela morte
                    da paciente.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e raiz a&#243;rtica com a pr&#243;tese
                            valvar a&#243;rtica de material biol&#243;gico parcialmente destacada. Nota-se a
                            presen&#231;a de tecido inflamat&#243;rio, tanto na pr&#243;tese (seta azul) quanto no
                            anel em torno dela (seta vermelha). V&#234;-se, ainda, oclus&#227;o no &#243;stio da
                            ponte de veia safena para art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (seta
                            branca).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Painel de cortes histol&#243;gicos do anel valvar a&#243;rtico (A e B) e da
                            vegeta&#231;&#227;o na pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica (C e D), ambos com endocardite bacteriana.
                            Em A e C, pequeno aumento (aumento da objetiva: 5x) com vista geral do
                            processo inflamat&#243;rio, incluindo deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrina (F). Em B, aumento
                            maior (aumento da objetiva: 20x) mostrando infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio com
                            predom&#237;nio de polimorfonucleares neutr&#243;filos. D, colora&#231;&#227;o mostrando, em
                            roxo, a presen&#231;a de cocos Gram-positivos (colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Brown
                            e Hopps, aumento da objetiva: 40x). A, B e C: colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina
                            e eosina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em outros &#243;rg&#227;os, o achado mais relevante foi glomerulopatia segmentar e focal
                    (Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez).</p>
        <p>Doen&#231;a principal: endocardite bacteriana em pr&#243;tese valvar biol&#243;gica a&#243;rtica.
                    Doen&#231;a de base: l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico com valvopatia a&#243;rtica e hipertens&#227;o
                    arterial. Doen&#231;a secund&#225;ria: aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. <italic>Causa
                        mortis</italic>: hemorragia abdominal (Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Coment&#225;rio</title>
      <p>A causa da hemorragia n&#227;o ficou determinada: nada se encontrou no territ&#243;rio arterial
                que seja normalmente examinado &#224;s necr&#243;psias; possivelmente havia les&#227;o situada mais
                adiante na &#225;rvore circulat&#243;ria. Considerando a exist&#234;ncia da endocardite, a
                principal possibilidade &#233; que tenha ocorrido arterite secund&#225;ria ("aneurisma
                mic&#243;tico"). Outra possibilidade &#233; a de que a les&#227;o vascular fosse iatrog&#234;nica, pois
                foi passado cateter na regi&#227;o, mas j&#225; na entrada hospitalar a paciente tinha
                acentua&#231;&#227;o da anemia pr&#233;via e certo grau de distens&#227;o abdominal.</p>
      <p>A glomerulopatia segmentar e focal geralmente decorre de deposi&#231;&#227;o de imunocomplexos;
                no presente caso, pode ser consequ&#234;ncia tanto do l&#250;pus quanto da endocardite.</p>
      <p>Mesmo com a necr&#243;psia, n&#227;o ficou esclarecido por que a paciente teve piora da fun&#231;&#227;o
                card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
                    (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                    (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 2/2014 - 51-Year Old Patient with Systemic Lupus
                    Erythematosus and Fever after Valve Replacement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o
                        Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de
                    Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000,
                    S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                        <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic valve stenosis / surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A 51-year old female patient presented with precordial pain and dyspnea at moderate
                exertion, being diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis, with indication for surgical
                treatment.</p>
      <p>The patient had arterial hypertension, mixed dyslipidemia, was a smoker and had
                systemic lupus erythematosus, which initiated at the age of 16, as well as
                nephritis. She reported anemia and seizures, which were attributed to lupus. In the
                past months, she had presented with pleuritic precordial pain, which became worse in
                the decubitus position and improved at the sitting position, which was attributed to
                pericarditis.</p>
      <p>The physical examination (25/10/2011) revealed the patient had good general status,
                was hydrated, eupneic, with 60 bpm heart rate, and 110 x 70 mmHg blood pressure.
                Pulmonary auscultation was normal, and cardiac auscultation revealed rhythmic
                sounds, hypophonesis of the aortic component of the second sound and systolic murmur
                ++++/6+. The abdominal examination was normal, with no edema, and wrists were
                symmetric.</p>
      <p>ECG (31/10/2011) revealed sinus rhythm, 48 bpm heart rate, 200 ms PR interval, 113 ms
                QRS duration, 464 ms QT, disorder in the intraventricular conduction of the
                stimulus, and changes in ventricular repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiogram - Sinus bradycardia, intraventricular conduction
                        disorder and ST-T segment changes.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Laboratory examinations (24/10/2011) revealed; hemoglobin, 7 g/dL; hematocrit level,
                21%; MCV, 95 fL; leukocytes, 6,940/mm<sup>3</sup> (72% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils,
                1% basophils, 22% lymphocytes, and 4% monocytes); platelets, 303,000/mm<sup>3</sup>;
                urea, 62 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.21 mg/dL (glomerular filtration, 50
                    mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>); AST, 36 UI/L; ALT, 42 UI/L; calcium, 4.3 mEq/L;
                magnesium, 2.30 mEq/L; total protein, 7.4 g/dL; lactate dehydrogenase, 447 U/L;
                sodium, 138 mEq/L; and potassium, 4.7 mEq/L; PT (INR), 1.1; TTPA (rel), 0.99; total
                cholesterol, 301 mg/dL; HDL-c, 46 mg/dL; LDL-c, 169 mg/dL; and triglycerides, 378
                mg/dL.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (26/10/2011) showed left atrium of 40 mm, aorta of 32 mm, septum
                of 16 mm, posterior wall of 15 mm, left ventricle of 50/32 mm (diastole/systole),
                ejection fraction of 65%, left ventricle with normal dimensions and severe
                hypertrophy; mitral valve with discrete thickening, with a 3.7 cm<sup>2</sup> valve
                area; aortic valve with severe calcification, 0.5 cm<sup>2</sup> valve area; maximal
                systolic gradient of 138 mmHg, mean gradient of 83 mmHg; the relationship between
                the velocity of the exit path of the left ventricle and the aortic valve was of 0.14
                (severe stenosis when &lt;0,25); there was discrete pericardial stroke.</p>
      <p>The patient received transfusion of red cell concentrate.</p>
      <p>High digestive endoscopy (3/11/2011) revealed mild antral gastritis and erosive
                duodenitis.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization and cinecoronariography (7/11/2011) showed severe
                calcification of the aortic and coronary valves; there was a 70% lesion in the
                medium third of the right coronary and irregularities in the other coronaries.</p>
      <p>The consulted rheumatologist indicated pulse therapy with 1 mg/kg of
                methylprednisolone for nine days due to probable lupus activity, and, afterwards, 40
                mg of daily prednisone were maintained.</p>
      <p>The patient was submitted to surgery for aortic valve replacement by bovine
                pericardial bioprosthesis and myocardial revascularization with right aortocoronary
                saphenous graft (23/11/2011). At the end of the surgery, she presented with
                bradycardia and severe hypotension, and needed to use an epicardial pacemaker to
                revert the picture.</p>
      <p>Decreasing doses of vasoactive drugs were necessary to control hypotension, and
                examinations on the third post-operative day (26/11/2011) showed hemoglobin levels
                at 7.2 g/dL; hematocrit, 23%; leukocytes, 13,900/mm<sup>2</sup>, with 92% of
                neutrophils, 122,000/mm<sup>3</sup> of platelets, urea of 71 mg/dL, creatinine of
                1.4 mg/dL, sodium of 143 mEq/L, and potassium of 3 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>The patient was delusional and with pulmonary congestion. Antibiotic therapy was
                initiated with tazobactam and piperacillin, and, two days later, vancomycin was
                added. The symptoms of delirium and pulmonary congestion improved, and she was
                discharged from cardiac recovery on the seventh post-operative day.</p>
      <p>Hemocultures and urocultures were negative (29/11/2011).</p>
      <p>ECG (30/11/2011) revealed sinus rhythm and inactive septal area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiogram - Sinus rhythm, septal inactive area, ST-T segment
                        changes.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A new laboratory evaluation (5/12/2011) revealed hemoglobin levels at 8.8 g/dL;
                hematocrits, 28%; leukocytes, 9,240/mm<sup>3</sup>; platelets,
                34,800/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 50 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.92 mg/dL; sodium, 139 mEq/L;
                potassium, 3.6 mEq/L; PCR, 97 mg/L.</p>
      <p>A new echocardiogram (5/12/2011) revealed aorta of 37 mm, left atrium of 41 mm, right
                ventricle of 25 mm, septum of 13 mm, left atrium of 41 mm, left ventricle of 53/41,
                ejection fraction of 35%. There was severe hypertrophy in the left ventricle, apical
                akinesis of the other walls and atypical movements of the interventricular septum.
                The prosthesis was normofunctional, with maximal gradient of 19 mmHg and mean
                gradient of 12 mmHg, and the relationship of velocities of exit path LV/aortic
                prosthesis was of 0.43.</p>
      <p>Uroculture (7/12/2012) was negative.</p>
      <p>Laboratory examinations (9/12/2011) revealed: hemoglobin levels at 7.8 g/dL;
                hematrocrit, 25%; MCV, 100 fL; leukocytes, 9,040/mm<sup>3</sup> (bands, 1%;
                segmented, 76%; lymphocytes, 21%; and monocytes, 2%); platelets,
                    330,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 60 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.48 mg/dL (FG = 22
                mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); sodium, 138 mEq/L; potassium, 3.8 mEq/L; PCR, 91.5 mg/L;
                PT (INR), 1.0; and TTPA rel, 1.11.</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged with a prescription for hydralazine, carvedilol,
                furosemide, prednisone, chloroquine, atorvastatin, ferrous sulfate, folic acid,
                ASA.</p>
      <p>The physical examination at hospital discharge showed serous secretion in the scar
                from the saphenous vein stripping in the left lower limb.</p>
      <p>The patient was readmitted on 20/1/2012 (about one month after hospital discharge)
                due to an infection in the surgery wound from the saphenous vein stripping.
                Hemocultures were positive for multi sensitive <italic>Enterococcus sp</italic>, and
                the patient received intravenous ampicillin for 14 days.</p>
      <p>The transesophageal echocardiogram (24/1/2012) revealed aorta of 35 mm, left atrium
                of 41mm, right ventricle of 28 mm, septum of 13 mm, posterior wall of 12 mm, left
                ventricle of 53 mm, and ejection fraction of 35%. The left ventricle was
                hypertrophic, and presented apical akinesis and diffuse hypokinesis; the aortic
                prosthesis was normofunctional, with no changes, with maximal gradient of 22 mmHg
                and mean gradient of 12 mmHg. The other valves were normal.</p>
      <p>Thoracic tomography (20/1/2012) did not show signs of mediastinitis, osteomyelitis or
                pneumonia.</p>
      <p>The left lower extremity Doppler was negative for deep vein thrombosis
                (27/1/2012).</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged from the hospital on 3/2/2012, and the lower limb
                infection was considered as healed, and the wound would be healed by second
                intention.</p>
      <p>The prescribed medications were: 100 mg ASA, 50 mg carvedilol, 100 mg losartan, 25 mg
                spironolactone, 20 mg atorvastatin, 20 mg omeprazole, 20 mg prednisone, 400 mg
                hydroxychloroquine, 5 mg folic acid, 120 mg ferrous sulfate per day.</p>
      <p>In a doctor's appointment (28/3/2012), the patient complained of asthenia, and
                prednisone increased to 60 mg; the administration of ivermectin was added.</p>
      <p>Thoracic radiography (in March, 2012) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figures
                    3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref> - revealed cardiomegaly
                +++/4+ and free lungs.</p>
      <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest x-ray (postero-anterior view)- Metallic sutures in the sternum,
                        normal lungs and enlarged heart image.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest x-ray (lateral view)- Metallic sutures in the sternum, prosthetic
                        valvar ring.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The left lower extremity Doppler was negative for deep vein thrombosis
                (17/4/2012).</p>
      <p>Three months later, she came to the emergency room of the hospital in shock, with 40
                bpm heart rate and inaudible pressure, so the use of vasoactive amines and
                orotracheal intubation were necessary for respiratory support.</p>
      <p>Laboratory examinations (on May, 8) revealed: erythrocytes, 1,900,000/mm<sup>3</sup>;
                blood cell count, 5.8 g/dL; hematocrits, 19%; reticulocyte, 12.1%; MCV, 100 fL;
                leukocytes, 12,500/mm<sup>3</sup> (bands, 15%; segmented, 79%; lymphocytes, 5%;
                monocytes, 1%); sodium, 139 mEq/L; potassium, 4.5 mEq/L; calcium, 4 mEq/L; ionized
                calcium, 1.16; magnesium, 1.8 mEq/L; arterial lactate, 14 mg/dL; PT (INR) 1; TTPA
                (rel) 0.76; ALT, 57 U/L; AST, 26 U/L; gamma-GT, 153 U/L; lactate dehydrogenase, 560
                U/L; total bilirubin, 0.35 mg/dL; right bilirubin, 0;10 mg/dL; urine I, normal.
                Arterial gasometry showed: pH, 7;46; CO<sub>2</sub>p, 32 mmHg; O<sub>2</sub>p, 104
                mmHg; O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 97.5%; bicarbonate, 22.2 mEq/L; and base excess (-)
                1.1 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram (8/5/2012) showed aorta of 37 mm, left atrium of 43 mm, septum of 13
                mm, posterior wall of 11 mm, left ventricle of 51/39 mm, ejection fraction of 50%,
                and moderate hypertrophy of the left ventricle and apical akinesis. The aortic graft
                presented thickened leaflets, minimum central regurgitation, and maximal
                transvalvular gradient was 58 mm Hg, mean gradient was 39 mm Hg; the other valves
                were normal.</p>
      <p>Some hours later, the patient presented cardiac arrest caused by ventricular
                fibrillation. After recovery, there were three more cardiac arrests with pulseless
                electrical activity, which were reversed. Afterwards, there was a new cardiac arrest
                with irreversible pulseless electrical activity, and the patient passed away
                (8/5/2012).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical aspects</title>
        <p>The clinical case reports a 51-year old patient with systemic lupus
                    erythematosus, arterial hypertension and mixed dyslipidemia, who went to the
                    emergency room with fever and in shock.</p>
        <p>The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease,
                    which is characterized by the immune complex deposition in the involved organs,
                    including the heart. Its clinical picture is determined by periods of
                    exacerbations and remission, with variable clinical course and prognosis.</p>
        <p>It affects around 20-150 per 100,000 inhabitants, being mostly prevalent among
                    women (8:1) and black people; 65% of the patients present with symptoms between
                    the ages of 16 and 65 years old. In the reported clinical case, there is a
                    patient who first presented the clinical picture with lupus nephritis at the age
                    of 16, which is in accordance with findings in literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Even though kidneys are classically the organs that are mostly affected by SLE,
                    the heart and the heart/lung circulation can also be significantly affected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This disease can have an impact on the
                    heart by means of several manifestations, which include arrhythmia and
                    conduction disorders, pericardiopathies, myocardiopathies and
                    coronariopathy.</p>
        <p>These manifestations can be simultaneous and should be rapidly recognized in
                    order to establish the proper immunosuppression combined with specific
                    cardiology therapy. The clinical recognition of cardiovascular aggression can be
                    difficult due to the common existence of multiple clinical problems in patients
                    with lupus, such as infections and renal insufficiency.</p>
        <p>The pathogenesis of the heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus is not
                    clear yet. The model that is traditionally considered for the pathogenesis of
                    lupus carditis is very similar to that of other sites affected by lupus, so it
                    is believed that the immune complex deposition and the activation of the
                    complement would lead to acute, chronic or recurring inflammation in the
                    vascular endothelium, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, conduction system
                    and valve leaflets, which can be supported by the common finding of immune
                    complexes, complement and antinuclear antibodies in the affected tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pericarditis is the most common cardiac manifestation, which is clinically
                    present in up to 25% of the patients. Series of autopsies and imaging methods
                    demonstrated the pericardial involvement in more than 60% of the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. It can occur as an initial manifestation
                    of SLE, or at any point of the course of the disease, as was the case of the
                    mentioned patient, or it can be a complication from chronic kidney disease.</p>
        <p>Clinical picture is usually typical, and it can be manifested by fever,
                    tachycardia, substernal pain (which is aggravated by the act of breathing,
                    coughing or bending over), and by the presence of pericardial friction at
                    auscultation; the electrocardiographic evaluation, with peaked T waves and
                    increasing ST segment, usually does not differ from other causes of
                        pericarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Despite the young age presented by most patients with lupus, atherosclerosis
                    remains as the most common cause of ischemic heart disease. In these patients,
                    it is possible to observe the occurrence of accelerated atherosclerosis
                    associated with the presence of its habitual risk factors, which makes this
                    disease an independent risk factor for the cardiovascular disease, as well as
                    rheumatoid arthritis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>It presents coronariopathy prevalence of up to 10%, and eight times more chances
                    in relation to the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
                    Some studies suggest that the acute myocardial infarction can be the cause of
                    death in up to 25% of the cases, especially among patients who have had the
                    disease for longer. The risk of this complication can be 52 times higher in
                    relation to the population that is free of disease, when the time of disease
                    evolution is longer than five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the reported case, the patient presented not only SLE, but also other risk
                    factors that contributed with the development of coronary artery disease:
                    systemic arterial hypertension, smoking and mixed dyslipidemia.</p>
        <p>Additional causes of acute coronary syndromes in the SLE include thrombosis -
                    usually correlated to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies -, embolism
                    resulting from nonbacterial vegetative endocarditis (Liebman-Sacks), and
                    coronary arteritis.</p>
        <p>The myocardial dysfunction of SLE is usually multifactorial, and it can result
                    from immunological lesion, ischemia, valve disease or coexisting problems, such
                    as systemic arterial hypertension. The clinically evident acute myocarditis is
                    not common, and it can present itself by the presence of thoracic pain and
                    tachycardia, being disproportional to the presence of fever. Clinical signs and
                    symptoms of cardiac insufficiency are uncommon, being present in only 5-10% of
                    the patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Arrhythmia and conduction disorders can occur in the course of the disease,
                    usually concomitantly to other cardiac manifestations, such as pericarditis,
                    myocarditis and coronary ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sinus tachycardia is the most common manifestation, being present in
                    approximately 50% of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In this
                    case, the patient presented with sinus bradycardia, with prolonged QT interval
                    of 464 ms. The expected corrected QT interval for that patient would be of less
                    than 415 ms. According to Okin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>,
                    the presence of this finding can be a predictive of morbidity and mortality.</p>
        <p>Valve involvement is common, being demonstrated in transesophageal studies in
                    more than 50% of the patients with LSE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
                    Valve thickening is the most common echographic finding, followed by vegetation
                    and valve insufficiency. Even though the severity of valve compromise is usually
                    mild and asymptomatic, in this clinical case we observed severe valvular
                    stenosis.</p>
        <p>The patient was submitted to myocardial revascularization and valve replacement,
                    in November, 2011, and on the third post-operative day, she presented with a
                    suggestive picture of decompensated heart failure with clinical signs of low
                    cardiac output associated with pulmonary congestion. Clinical measures were
                    taken to compensate the picture, including the use of antibiotics, with clinical
                    progress.</p>
        <p>The main differential diagnoses for the clinical picture of the patient were
                    infectious process, myocardial ischemia and lupus myocarditis.</p>
        <p>The hypothesis of infection should be considered because the patient was in the
                    post-operative period and had SLE, cardiopathy and nephropathy, and such
                    conditions made her more prone to infections. The absence of fever and negative
                    cultures made this diagnosis less likely.</p>
        <p>Another diagnostic hypothesis to be considered in this context is coronary
                    ischemia, since the patient had already had a previous coronary disease.
                    Besides, the electrocardiogram and the echocardiogram presented new segmental
                    changes, septal inactive area, and septal akinesis, respectively. In this case,
                    thromboembolic ischemic events and/or coronary arteritis cannot be ruled
                    out.</p>
        <p>It is usually difficult to tell coronary arteritis from accelerated
                    atherosclerosis. In cinecoronariography, arteritis is suggested when we find
                    coronary aneurysms, focal lesions or ones that develop rapidly, which could have
                    been the case of the patient assessed in this clinical case<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Based on the presented case, the factor that apparently triggered the clinical
                    picture of the patient was lupus myocarditis, since the patient presented with
                    new ventricular systolic dysfunction. The improved ventricular function shown in
                    the echocardiogram conducted in May, 2012, seemed to corroborate this diagnosis,
                    after the immunosuppressive therapy began, in the appointment of March,
                    2012.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of lupus myocarditis is usually difficult, since it normally
                    progresses to mild and little symptomatic myocardial dysfunction, and mainly due
                    to the concomitance of other factors that are potentially responsible for
                    myocardial damage, such as ischemia, anemia, and secondary water retention to
                    renal disease or to the use of corticosteroids.</p>
        <p>On 8/5/2012, the patient was in shock and presented with bradycardia. Clinical
                    measures to compensate the clinical picture were initiated, including the use of
                    vasoactive amines and respiratory support. However, the patient had clinical
                    worsening and cardiorespiratory arrest on this same day.</p>
        <p>The main differential diagnoses for the final clinical picture were cardiogenic
                    shock, hypovolemic shock and septic shock, to be discussed afterwards.</p>
        <p>The hypothesis of cardiogenic shock caused by myocardial ischemia should be
                    considered. This diagnosis is less likely because, in the echocardiogram
                    conducted in May, 2012, no segmental changes were observed. In fact, it was
                    possible to observe improvements in ventricular function, in relation to the
                    echocardiogram performed in January, 2012. This improved cardiac performance can
                    be attributed to the optimized treatment of lupus cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>This echocardiogram also detected moderate aortic stenosis. Some level of valve
                    dysfunction could also be present in the immediate post-operative period, as a
                    result of the sub-stenosing graft implanted in a patient with a small caliber
                    aorta, which, in this patient, was masked by the moderate ventricular
                    dysfunction that occurred in the post-operative period. Another factor that
                    could justify aortic stenosis would be a thrombotic process, especially if the
                    patient had antiphospholipid antibodies and not under full anticoagulation.
                    Another hypothesis is the one of hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage. Even
                    though the patient did not present exteriorization of bleeding, we observed
                    important decrease in hemoglobin levels (from 7.8 to 5.8). The high levels of
                    reticulocytes associated with low levels of bilirubin makes the peripheral
                    destruction of erythrocytes less likely as a causative factor for this
                    anemia.</p>
        <p>For the presented case, the factor that apparently was the main trigger of the
                    final clinical picture of this patient was infectious, which is corroborated by
                    the increasing count of young neutrophils and by the reported fever, which was
                    mentioned in the beginning of the clinical case.</p>
        <p>Among all possible focuses for this septic scenario, we cannot rule out the
                    hypothesis of acute infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis is the
                    infectious process of the cardiac endothelium, which can affect any cardiac
                    structure: septal defects, tendinous cords, mural endocardium and intracavitary
                    and arteriovenous shunts. However, these are the most commonly involved cardiac
                    valves, especially the mitral (40%) and the aortic valve (34%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Currently, for the diagnosis, modified Duke criteria are used, which are based on
                    clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The transesophageal echocardiogram became the method of
                    choice to visualize vegetation, especially at the presence of degenerated and
                    calcified valves or mechanical prosthesis. Therefore, in the patient of this
                    clinical case, the absence of vegetation at the transthoracic echocardiogram
                    does not rule out that diagnosis.</p>
        <p>In spite of the advancements in clinical diagnosis, of the advent of new
                    antibiotics and the improvement of surgical techniques, bacterial endocarditis
                    still presents high morbimortality, and its prognosis depends on the etiological
                    agent and on cardiac status before the infectious picture<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dr. Alice Tatsuko Yamada).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic hypotheses</title>
          <p>Syndromic diagnosis: congestive heart failure; etiology: l&#250;pus
                        cardiomyopathy; final event: septic shock (Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro, Dr. Alice
                        Tatsuko Yamada).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Necropsy</title>
          <p>The patient had two diseases: atherosclerosis and lupus erythematosus.</p>
          <p>Atherosclerosis was mild in the aorta, moderate in the branches of the left
                        coronary, and reaching 70% levels of obstruction in the right coronary
                        artery, therefore being submitted to revascularization with saphenous vein
                        interposition graft. At necropsy, the graft was obstructed in the ostium and
                        fibrosed, which means the premature closure after surgery. In spite of that,
                        there was no significant myocardial ischemia injury, only areas of
                        non-abundant myocardial sclerosis, compatible with what usually occurs at
                        the presence of myocardial hypertrophy due to ay cause.</p>
          <p>The lupus diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory data. Under the
                        morphological focus, several aspects can be attributed to the disease, and
                        there is nothing characteristic enough to allow the diagnosis. Therefore,
                        the surgically replaced valve had nonspecific chronic valvulitis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref>), which could also have had
                        another cause, such as rheumatic disease, for example.</p>
          <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histological cut of native aortic valve removed in surgery. It is
                                possible to observe non-specific chronic valvulitis with
                                calcification points. Hematoxylin and eosin staining method; 5x
                                objective lens.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Necropsy showed the existence of bacterial endocarditis, caused by
                        Gram-positive cocci that affected the aortic valve prosthesis and the ring
                        around it (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">7</xref>), as well as abundant abdominal
                        bleeding, which was the final responsible for the death of the patient.</p>
          <fig id="f13" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root with aortic valve
                                prosthesis of biological material partially detached. It is possible
                                to observe the presence of inflammatory tissue, both in the
                                prosthesis (blue arrow) and in the ring around it (red arrow). It is
                                also possible to see the occlusion in the ostium of the right
                                aortocoronary saphenous graft (white arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f14" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Panel of histological cuts of the aortic valve ring (A and B) and
                                of the vegetation in the aortic prosthesis (C and D), both with
                                bacterial endocarditis. In A and C, little enlargement (objective
                                magnification: 5x), with general view of the inflammatory process,
                                including fibrin deposition (F). In B, more enlargement (objective
                                enlargement: 20x), showing inflammatory infiltrate with prevalence
                                of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. D, staining showing, in purple,
                                the presence of Gram-positive cocci (Brown and Hopps stain,
                                objective magnification: 40x). A, B and C: hematoxylin and eosin
                                staining method.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0e44-40069-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In other organs, the most relevant finding was segmental and focal
                        glomerulopathy (Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez).</p>
          <p>Main disease: bacterial endocarditis in biological aortic valve prosthesis.
                        Baseline disease: systemic lupus erythematosus with aortic valvulopathy and
                        arterial hypertension. Secondary disease: coronary atherosclerosis.
                            <italic>Causa mortis</italic>: abdominal hemorrhage (Dr. Paulo Sampaio
                        Gutierrez).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Comment</title>
        <p>The cause of hemorrhage was not determined: nothing was found in the arterial
                    territory that is normally examined during necropsies; possibly, there could be
                    a downstream lesion, in the circulatory tree. By considering the existence of
                    endocarditis, the main possibility is the occurrence of secondary arteritis
                    (mycotic aneurysm). Another possibility is that the vascular lesion could be
                    iatrogenic, since a catheter passed through that region, but at hospital
                    admission the patient presented aggravation of previous anemia and certain level
                    of abdominal distension.</p>
        <p>Segmental and focal glomerulopathy are usually a result of immune complex
                    deposition; in this case, it can be a consequence both of lupus and
                    endocarditis.</p>
        <p>Even with necropsy, it was not clear why the patient presented worsened cardiac
                    function after surgery.</p>
        <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (ajmansur@incor.usp.br)</p>
        <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                    (dclfavarato@incor.usp.br)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (anpvera@incor.usp.br)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
