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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
                    Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nqstsNSvDVk3BczH7trWnNx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140062</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Biologia de Sistemas Aplicada &#224; Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca
                    com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassino</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Pedroza</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal
                        Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i,
                        RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Rua Coronel
                    Bittencourt, 66, Boa Vista. CEP 24900-000, Marica, RJ - Brasil E-mail:
                        <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
          </p>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>510</fpage>
      <lpage>517</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
                        Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
                        unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
                        medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN) &#233;, atualmente, o
                    fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico mais prevalente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os tratamentos
                    dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade. Avan&#231;os na disciplina de
                    ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas e em t&#233;cnicas de elevado processamento de dados empregados na
                    biologia molecular possibilitaram o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem integrativa
                    da ICFEN baseada na biologia de sistemas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um modelo da ICFEN baseado na biologia
                    de sistemas utilizando as abordagens <italic>bottom-up</italic> e
                        <italic>top-down</italic>.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se uma pesquisa na literatura de estudos publicados entre 1991-2013
                    referentes &#224; fisiopatologia da ICFEN, seus biomarcadores e sobre a biologia de
                    sistemas com o desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual utilizando as abordagens
                        <italic>bottom-up</italic> e <italic>top-down</italic> da biologia de
                    sistemas.</p>
        <p>O emprego da abordagem de biologia de sistemas para ICFEN, a qual &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome
                    cl&#237;nica complexa, pode ser &#250;til para melhor entender sua fisiopatologia e
                    descobrir novos alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma complexa s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica, sendo a via final de
                diferentes formas de agress&#227;o ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, manifesta-se sob dois fen&#243;tipos
                distintos: a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) e a
                insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN).</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da ICFEN vem aumentando e ir&#225; se tornar o fen&#243;tipo mais prevalente de
                IC nesta d&#233;cada, acometendo principalmente indiv&#237;duos idosos do sexo feminino com
                m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A sua fisiopatologia
                tem sido centrada, principalmente, na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e
                funcionais diast&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), ocasionando aumento das press&#245;es
                de enchimento de VE e intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de diferentes estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados, empregando tratamento
                medicamentoso direcionado &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mostraram resultados
                neutros no que se refere &#224; sobrevida dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Provavelmente, o
                modelo osleriano utilizado classicamente para descrever os mecanismos de doen&#231;a e a
                constru&#231;&#227;o do racional fisiopatol&#243;gico que embasa o tratamento para ICFEN necessite
                ser substitu&#237;do por uma nova abordagem, empregando biologia de sistemas,
                recentemente introduzida em outras &#225;reas da medicina interna, como a infectologia e
                a oncologia. Esta nova abordagem tem levado ao desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos
                com sucesso em tais &#225;reas e permitiram a constru&#231;&#227;o da chamada medicina
                personalizada, que, por sua vez, proporcionou o avan&#231;o deste conceito. Isso se torna
                importante, sobretudo, pelo fato de a ICFEN ser uma s&#237;ndrome cardiovascular em que
                se observam m&#250;ltiplas anormalidades de vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas, que est&#227;o presentes e
                interagem atrav&#233;s de uma complexa rede<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo desta revis&#227;o &#233; apresentar os recentes conceitos da biologia de sistemas e
                o seu potencial emprego nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares complexas, como a ICFEN, uma
                s&#237;ndrome com multiplicidade de anormalidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas e com limitada
                interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica no presente estado de conhecimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>ICFEN e sua complexidade fisiopatol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, comparado aos pacientes que
                    apresentam ICFER, aqueles que apresentam o fen&#243;tipo ICFEN s&#227;o em geral uma
                    popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, obesa, do sexo feminino e com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o
                    arterial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN &#233; feito a partir da suspeita cl&#237;nica
                    -intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio - em associa&#231;&#227;o com achados ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos,
                    com o emprego do doppler tecidual na presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE &#8805; 50% e
                    volume diast&#243;lico final indexado do VE &lt; 97ml/m<sup>2</sup> e anormalidades
                    na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nos portadores de ICFEN, diferentes anormalidades subcelulares t&#234;m sido
                    demonstradas, como altera&#231;&#245;es na matriz extracelular com o aumento do dep&#243;sito
                    de produtos finais de glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada, altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil do col&#225;geno,
                    mudan&#231;as da isoforma e hipofosforila&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na sarcom&#233;rica titina, aumento
                    da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da bomba SERCA2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. No n&#237;vel celular, as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas s&#227;o
                    apoptose, rigidez e hipertrofia do cardiomi&#243;cito, que pode ser respons&#225;vel pelo
                    remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia da hipertrofia do VE.
                    Macroscopicamente, observa-se a hipertrofia do VE e aumento do volume do &#225;trio
                    esquerdo, que caracterizam as principais altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais observadas em
                    pacientes com ICFEN. Finalmente, todas as altera&#231;&#245;es levar&#227;o ao desarranjo do
                    sistema cardiovascular, que, integrado a diversos outros sistemas, provocar&#227;o ou
                    agravar&#227;o anormalidades multissist&#234;micas conhecidas como comorbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura
                        1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ICFEN &#8211; fisiopatologia e comorbidades. ICFEN: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                            com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em resumo, tais altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais aumentam o risco de
                    desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Pacientes com ICFEN, apesar de
                    apresentarem valores considerados normais para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE,
                    apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es no desempenho sist&#243;lico, que pode ser avaliado atrav&#233;s de
                    diferentes &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, incluindo contratilidade do VE, volume
                    sit&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e encurtamento da velocidade sist&#243;lica do eixo axial
                    (S'). A anormalidade do relaxamento e o aumento da rigidez ventricular levam ao
                    aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE, que s&#227;o marcadores da presen&#231;a de
                    disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na rigidez arterial e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#227;o presentes em
                    diferentes graus nos portadores de ICFEN, contribuindo para o agravamento da
                    disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, com aumento da p&#243;s-carga e acarretando ou intensificando a
                    isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Ao lado disso, anormalidades da microcircula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m
                    podem contribuir para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio atrav&#233;s do comprometimento da
                    perfus&#227;o da musculatura esquel&#233;tica e dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios que v&#234;m sendo
                    tamb&#233;m estudados nos portadores de ICFEN.</p>
        <p>Uma discuss&#227;o mais pormenorizada da fisiopatologia da ICFEN tem sido descrita por
                    Mesquita e cols. e Matsubara em duas revis&#245;es recentes nos Arquivos Brasileiros
                    de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definindo a abordagem de biologia de sistemas </title>
        <p>O modelo contempor&#226;neo translacional, de desenvolvimento do conhecimento
                    cient&#237;fico na &#225;rea m&#233;dica, tem permitido o emprego em larga escala de novos
                    tratamentos efetivos para as doen&#231;as. Tal modelo, derivado do sistema osleriano,
                    estabelece que a presen&#231;a de uma determinada doen&#231;a deva ser definida como
                    altera&#231;&#245;es em um tecido (correla&#231;&#227;o anatomocl&#237;nica) e, a partir da&#237;, busca-se
                    compreender a fisiopatologia e desenvolver um alvo terap&#234;utico espec&#237;fico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Com base nos avan&#231;os da biologia molecular e empregando
                    a vis&#227;o osleriana, buscouse centrar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de genes individuais,
                    prote&#237;nas e c&#233;lulas, assim como o estudo das suas fun&#231;&#245;es, proporcionando
                    informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas sobre as doen&#231;as complexas.</p>
        <p>A biologia de sistemas permite atrav&#233;s da constru&#231;&#227;o de modelos matem&#225;ticos,
                    simula&#231;&#245;es e t&#233;cnicas de processamento de dados, a integra&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es das
                    ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas e dados cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos de forma que se consiga um maior
                    entendimento das intera&#231;&#245;es entre os componentes dos sistemas vivos e de seus
                    processos biol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>O campo da biologia de sistemas tem suas ra&#237;zes na formula&#231;&#227;o do princ&#237;pio de
                    sistemas de controle do meio ambiente interno de Claude Bernard em 1865,
                    ganhando formalismo quantitativo com a descri&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica da biof&#237;sica do
                    potencial de a&#231;&#227;o, primeiramente delineada por Hodgkin e Huxley em c&#233;lulas
                    nervosas, logo depois extendida por Denis Noble para o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o do
                        cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A aplica&#231;&#227;o dessa
                    abordagem &#224; medicina data desde antes da revolu&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica molecular. No
                    entanto, na era pr&#233;-gen&#244;mica, a biologia de sistemas era, naturalmente,
                    prejudicada pela aus&#234;ncia de tecnologias necess&#225;rias para se alcan&#231;ar tal
                    integra&#231;&#227;o e pela inabilidade de interrogar detalhadamente tais sistemas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No entanto, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,
                    avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos nas &#225;reas de biologia molecular, engenharia, bioinform&#225;tica,
                    e f&#237;sica em associa&#231;&#227;o com as ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Quadro 1</xref>), tornaram poss&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es mais
                    completas e de uma maior capacidade para definir abordagens mais detalhadas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ci&#234;ncias &#244;micas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gen&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Ci&#234;ncia que estuda todos os genes, analisa as intera&#231;&#245;es entre
                                    eles e suas influ&#234;ncias nas vias e redes biol&#243;gicas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Transcript&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Estuda fen&#244;menos envolvidos na transcri&#231;&#227;o do RNA-m. Atrav&#233;s da
                                    tecnologia Microarray, acessa a express&#227;o de milhares de genes
                                    transcritos e identifica padr&#245;es de genes (assinatura molecular)
                                    que podem ser usados como biomarcadores na identifica&#231;&#227;o da
                                    etiologia, avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e no tratamento da IC.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Prote&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Estuda todas as prote&#237;nas que est&#227;o codificadas no genoma,
                                    podendo ser utilizada na identifica&#231;&#227;o de IC antes do surgimento
                                    dos sintomas, desta forma, aumentando as chances de um
                                    tratamento precoce e mais eficaz.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Metabol&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Ci&#234;ncia que estuda os metab&#243;litos moleculares encontrados nas
                                    c&#233;lulas, tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os, identificando seus efeitos
                                    regulat&#243;rios nos genes e prote&#237;nas. Utilizada para a
                                    identifica&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores na IC.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Epigen&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Estuda os mecanismos capazes de influenciar a leitura e a
                                    interpreta&#231;&#227;o da cadeia de genes a partir de fatores do ambiente
                                    sobre o genoma.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Microbi&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Ci&#234;ncia que estuda a microbiota e suas intera&#231;&#245;es dentro do
                                    ecossistema em quest&#227;o. Destaca-se o estudo referente &#224;s
                                    intera&#231;&#245;es das bact&#233;rias intestinais e a produ&#231;&#227;o de N-&#243;xido de
                                    trimetilamina que propicia o desenvolvimento de
                                    aterosclerose.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Biologia de sistemas, cujas principais caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o descritas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Quadro 2</xref>, pode ser ent&#227;o entendida como a
                    intera&#231;&#227;o de diferentes sistemas biol&#243;gicos ativados a n&#237;veis molecular,
                    celular, tecidual e org&#226;nico, que podem ser avaliadas atrav&#233;s de ferramentas,
                    muitas das quais dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas da Biologia de Sistemas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Estuda os sistemas biol&#243;gicos de uma forma global, a n&#237;vel
                                    molecular;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Contrasta com a teoria cl&#225;ssica linear: um gene, uma
                                    prote&#237;na;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Integra o conhecimento de diferentes disciplinas;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Prop&#245;e modelos matem&#225;ticos que possam explicar alguns dos
                                    fen&#244;menos biol&#243;gicos estudados;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Manipula grande quantidade de dados procedentes de estudos
                                    experimentais;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Realiza estudos de comprova&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos modelos
                                    descritos atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o entre as simula&#231;&#245;es num&#233;ricas e
                                    os dados experimentais.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A biologia de sistemas permite um novo entendimento do conceito de doen&#231;a, que
                    pode ser definida como a quebra da coopera&#231;&#227;o entre algumas das partes
                    biol&#243;gicas em um sistema org&#226;nico, tendo como resultado o comprometimento de
                    toda a fun&#231;&#227;o do organismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Neste conceito de doen&#231;a, podemos destacar duas vertentes de estudo, a abordagem
                        <italic>bottom-up,</italic> que visa definir as especificidades que
                    comp&#245;emuma estrutura, enumerando os elementos e identificando suas
                    caracter&#237;sticas individuais de forma a alcan&#231;ar-se uma imagem do foco a ser
                    estudado, e a abordagem <italic>top-down</italic>, em que n&#227;o h&#225; a necessidade
                    de fornecer dados detalhados dos componentes da rede, mas sim entender os
                    princ&#237;pios gerais que regem a mesma para melhor compreend&#234;-la e nortear a
                    identifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos antes n&#227;o previstos. Analogamente, poder&#237;amos
                    comparar a vis&#227;o <italic>bottom-up</italic> como uma imagem de ligue os pontos,
                    na qual s&#243; conseguimos identificar a real figura quando cada um dos pontos est&#225;
                    devidamente conhecido e ligado aos demais, enquanto a vis&#227;o
                        <italic>top-down</italic> pode ser entendida como uma arte impressionista, a
                    qual, quando vista muito de perto, n&#227;o nos permite identificar o cen&#225;rio como um
                    todo, sendo necess&#225;rio ter uma vis&#227;o mais distanciada, desta forma, mais ampla,
                    n&#227;o se preocupando com detalhamento excessivo para ent&#227;o identificar a imagem
                    completamente. Aliando ambas as caracter&#237;sticas, amplifica-se o conhecimento
                    acerca do sistema analisado e confere capacidade de encontrar novas propostas e
                    caminhos no mesmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>A proposta do conceito de rede &#233; proporcionar uma estrutura na qual os seus
                    componentes formadores e funcionais interajam em uma rede biol&#243;gica
                    auto-organizada. S&#227;o as redes, mais do que os pr&#243;prios componentes, que criam o
                    comportamento fisiol&#243;gico e a doen&#231;a. Cada nodo em uma rede representa um
                    componente -um gene, uma prote&#237;na- e a interconex&#227;o destes descreve a
                    arquitetura t&#237;pica que &#233; imposta pela sele&#231;&#227;o e pela evolu&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
                        2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vis&#227;o geral de uma rede biol&#243;gica. Adaptado de Chan SY, Loscalzo J.
                            The emerging paradigm of network medicine in the study of human disease.
                            Circulation Res. 2012 Jul 20;111(3):359-74.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O trabalho com redes simplifica sistemas complexos sintetizando os elementos como
                    nodos e suas intera&#231;&#245;es como arestas entre estes, al&#233;m de identificar grupos
                    funcionais como m&#243;dulo. Muitas dessas redes biol&#243;gicas disp&#245;em de uma topologia
                    descrita como livre de escala, nas quais h&#225; uma primazia de nodos que apresentam
                    poucas conex&#245;es, mas com alguns nodos que det&#233;m um n&#250;mero elevado de conex&#245;es,
                    estes s&#227;o denominados hubs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Tal
                    arquitetura confere uma vantagem evolutiva, exibindo uma robustez biol&#243;gica,
                    visto que h&#225; uma multiplicidade de vias alternativas para se passar de um nodo a
                    outro. Essa "redund&#226;ncia" tamb&#233;m possibilita que as redes se adaptem mais
                    facilmente a mudan&#231;as no ambiente. Em cada n&#237;vel, a rede obt&#233;m novas
                    propriedades n&#227;o previstas pelos n&#237;veis anteriores, demonstrando o conceito de
                    propriedade emergente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A fal&#234;ncia de redes biol&#243;gicas ou a
                    incapacidade de obter a propriedade emergente no n&#237;vel seguinte causa disrup&#231;&#245;es
                    nos mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos, gerando fen&#243;tipos patol&#243;gicos complexos.</p>
        <p>A abordagem em rede pode possibilitar uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma no tratamento da
                    IC, pois, ao inv&#233;s de tentar adequar os diferentes pacientes a um mesmo
                    tratamento (reducionismo), visa direcionar o perfil do tratamento aos diferentes
                    pacientes a partir de suas redes individuais (medicina personalizada)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>De maneira geral, o desenvolvimento dessa abordagem &#233; centrado em um alvo
                    molecular. No entanto, em doen&#231;as humanas complexas, esse alvo n&#227;o &#233; facilmente
                    identific&#225;vel e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o costuma ser dirigido por apenas um fator<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises recentes demonstram que grande parte dos medicamentos tradicionais n&#227;o
                    atingem as prote&#237;nas-alvo, mas somente prote&#237;nas de redes vizinhas, podendo ser
                    um dos motivos para que obtenham efeitos modestos quando empregados em pacientes
                    com ICFEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em contraste, uma nova farmacologia embasada em sistemas biol&#243;gicos come&#231;a a se
                    desenvolver objetivando a cria&#231;&#227;o de novos medicamentos que possam estar
                    direcionados para um ou mais alvos envolvidos no processo fisiopatol&#243;gico das
                    redes mais relevantes. Talabordagem come&#231;a a ser utilizada no c&#226;ncer, HIV/AIDS e
                    poder&#225; ser, no futuro, &#250;til tamb&#233;m na ICFEN. O que torna cr&#237;ticauma nova vis&#227;o
                    da ICFEN sob a &#243;tica da biologia de sistemas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Um modelo da ICFEN utilizando a abordagem de biologia de sistemas </title>
        <p>A complexidade da s&#237;ndrome de ICFEN &#233; &#243;bvia, e nosso conhecimento sobre a
                    fisiopatologia e progress&#227;o desta condi&#231;&#227;o permanece incompleto, o que torna a
                    constru&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de rede para ICFEN potencialmente &#250;til e desafiador no
                    est&#225;gio atual do conhecimento.</p>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o envolve diferentes escalas hier&#225;rquicas estruturais e funcionais e,
                    atrav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiplas intera&#231;&#245;es de subsistemas, permite que o cora&#231;&#227;o normal
                    alcance a uniformidade apesar da sua complexidade estrutural e funcional
                    observadas em diferentes n&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Essa abordagem tem identificado
                    diferentes anormalidades estruturais e funcionais no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais e
                        humanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo do ventr&#237;culo como estrutura dissipativa com propriedades
                            emergentes. Adaptado de De Keulenaer GW, Brutsaert DL. Systolic and
                            diastolic heart failure are overlapping phenotypes within the heart
                            failure spectrum. Circulation. 2011;123(18):1996-2004.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>ICFEN pode ser definida como uma condi&#231;&#227;o complexa do ponto de vista mecanicista
                    e, portanto, necessita de uma abordagem que incorpore os conceitos atuais de
                    biologia de sistemas. A an&#225;lise de dados &#244;micos &#233;, desta forma, cruciais para o
                    entendimento dos fatores envolvidos na ICFEN e para identificar biomarcadores
                    com propriedades diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas para uso cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Utilizando a vis&#227;o da biologia de sistemas e integrando as diferentes
                    anormalidades observadas na ICFEN, propomos um modelo onde combinamos fatores
                    ambientais, gen&#233;ticos, altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais presentes no cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos,
                    anormalidades em outros sistemas e intera&#231;&#227;o com diferentes comorbidades,
                    desenvolvendo uma vis&#227;o hol&#237;stica para esta s&#237;ndrome e integrando as
                    metodologias <italic>bottom-up</italic> e <italic>top-down</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo esquem&#225;tico de rede biol&#243;gica para ICFEN</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A ICFEN se desenvolve como consequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, como hipertens&#227;o,
                    diabetes, obesidade e doen&#231;a coronariana associada ao dimorfismo sexual
                    feminino. O processo de envelhecimento tamb&#233;m influencia em diferentes vias
                    celulares e subcelulares e promove anormalidades funcionais e estruturais no
                    cora&#231;&#227;o e nos grandes vasos. Recentemente, anormalidades no dobramento de
                    prote&#237;nas t&#234;m sido observadas durante envelhecimento anormal do cora&#231;&#227;o, podendo
                    contribuir para a ICFEN, fen&#244;meno este denominado "Alzheimer do cora&#231;&#227;o".</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, evid&#234;ncias experimentais demonstram que o Fator de diferencia&#231;&#227;o do
                    crescimento 11 (GDF11), uma subst&#226;ncia que modula a atividade ligante-receptor
                    em cardiomi&#243;citos, quando se encontra reduzido em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos idosos,
                    contribui para a hipertrofia card&#237;aca e para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade funcional
                    da SERCA 2, tamb&#233;m promovendo eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de BNP. Por outro lado, quando
                    restaurados os n&#237;veis de GDF11, foi demonstrada uma redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia
                    card&#237;aca, aumento da atividade da bomba SERCA 2, ocorrendo, portanto, a
                    restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, essas anormalidades acabam promovendo intoler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os,
                    congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica e/ou pulmonar, hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual e tamb&#233;m arritmias
                    card&#237;acas, como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e, finalmente, levando aos sinais e
                    sintomas de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro importante conceito que &#233; influenciado pelo paradigma da biologia de
                    sistemas &#233; o de biomarcador, sendo considerado indicador de estado cl&#237;nico que
                    pode ser obtido a partir da integra&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis de atividade
                    biol&#243;gica em rede. Essa abordagem &#233; respons&#225;vel por guiar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de
                    biomarcador baseado no entendimento aprofundado de seu mecanismo biol&#243;gico. Na
                    ICFEN, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) liberado frente o
                    aumento da tens&#227;o intraventricular &#233; utilizado para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e
                    marcador progn&#243;stico, al&#233;m de mais recentemente ter demonstrado ser &#250;til na
                    utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica nos casos de ICFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outros biomarcadores que avaliam fibrose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e necrose v&#234;m sendo
                    estudados na ICFEN. Atualmente, estrat&#233;gias utilizando micro RNA demonstraram
                    ser promissoras para melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com ICFEN. Al&#233;m disso,
                    o emprego de m&#250;ltiplos biomarcadores na pesquisa cl&#237;nica tem introduzido a vis&#227;o
                    da abordagem semelhante a um sistema e poder&#227;o, no futuro, trazer importantes
                    contribui&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e na resposta terap&#234;utica na ICFEN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>O entendimento das anormalidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas em m&#250;ltiplas vias na ICFEN tem
                    levado ao desenvolvimento de novos f&#225;rmacos com a&#231;&#245;es direcionadas a mais de uma
                    das vias identificadas como cr&#237;ticas na fisiopatologia da ICFEN. O LCZ696 &#233; o
                    primeiro em sua classe de inibidor do receptor da neprilisina e do receptor da
                    angiotensina que combina metade de uma prodroga inibidora de neprilisina, AHU
                    377, e metade da valsartana, um bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina, em um
                    &#250;nico composto. A neprilisina degrada os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos biologicamente
                    ativos incluindo o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP), o BNP e o pept&#237;deo
                    natriur&#233;tico tipo C, mas n&#227;o o Nt-proBNP, que &#233; biologicamente inativo.
                    Aumentando os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticosativos, o inibidor da neprilisina aumenta a
                    gera&#231;&#227;o guanosina c&#237;clica mioc&#225;rdica,a qual melhora o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico e
                    reduz hipertrofia. Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m estimulam a natriurese,
                    diurese e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e podem ter efeito adicional antifibr&#243;tico e
                    antissimp&#225;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a neprilisina tamb&#233;m contribui para o colapso da
                    angiotensina, que &#233; o racional para a dupla a&#231;&#227;o do composto que tanto inibe
                    esta enzima como bloqueia a a&#231;&#227;o ou gera&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o do novo medicamento LCZ696 que atua inibindo a
                            neprilisina e bloqueando o receptor da angiotensina. Solomon SD, Zile M,
                            Pieske B, et al; Prospective comparison of ARNI with ARB on Management
                            Of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PARAMOUNT)
                            Investigators. Lancet; 2012;380:1387-95.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O LCZ696 foi testado em pacientes com ICFEN (Estudo PARAMOUNT - fase 2) e mostrou
                    uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada do NT-proBNP do que o uso da valsartana isolada. Al&#233;m
                    disso, LCZ696 foi superior ao valsartana para promover o remodelamento reverso
                    atrial esquerdo e tamb&#233;m melhorar a classe funcional desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, a compreens&#227;o da IC sob o ponto de vista da biologia de sistemas &#233;
                    ainda limitada pela dificuldade que temos de integrar dados deste complexo
                    sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es em um modelo biopatol&#243;gico, sobretudo em fun&#231;&#227;o das
                    diversas vari&#225;veis que interferem nas rela&#231;&#245;es existentes, como varia&#231;&#245;es
                    gen&#233;ticas de cada indiv&#237;duo e a influ&#234;ncia do ambiente sobre o organismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abordagem utilizando biologia de sistemas na ICFEN est&#225; em um est&#225;gio inicial e
                apresenta um potencial de oferecer a possibilidade de ampliar o entendimento
                fisiopatol&#243;gico, refinar o diagn&#243;stico e levar ao desenvolvimento de novos
                biomarcadores e alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>No momento atual, a combina&#231;&#227;o de uma vis&#227;o reducionista com uma vis&#227;o hol&#237;stica&#233;
                ainda necess&#225;ria para um melhor entendimento da ICFEN que envolve uma rede de
                intera&#231;&#245;es complexas entre entidades biol&#243;gicas em diferentes escalas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a ICFEN, pela sua complexidade fisiopatol&#243;gica, e, no momento atual, pela
                aus&#234;ncia de um tratamento capaz de reduzir o seu impacto sobre a mortalidade,
                torna-se uma condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ideal para uma nova abordagem empregando a
                biologia de sistemas e, dessa forma, permitir o desenvolvimento de futuros alvos
                terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mesquita ET; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mesquita ET,
                    Jorge AJL, Souza Junior CV, Cassino JPP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
                    conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
        </p>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Systems Biology Applied to Heart Failure With Normal
                    Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Vale de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassino</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Pedroza</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal
                        Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i,
                        RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Rua Coronel
                    Bittencourt, 66, Boa Vista. Postal Code: 24900-000, Marica, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                        <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest </bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) is currently the most
                    prevalent clinical phenotype of heart failure. However, the treatments available
                    have shown no reduction in mortality so far. Advances in the
                        <italic>omics</italic> sciences and techniques of high data processing used
                    in molecular biology have enabled the development of an integrating approach to
                    HFNEF based on systems biology.</p>
        <p>This study aimed at presenting a systems-biology-based HFNEF model using the
                    bottom-up and top-down approaches.</p>
        <p>A literature search was conducted for studies published between 1991 and 2013
                    regarding HFNEF pathophysiology, its biomarkers and systems biology. A
                    conceptual model was developed using bottom-up and top-down approaches of
                    systems biology.</p>
        <p>The use of systems-biology approaches for HFNEF, a complex clinical syndrome, can
                    be useful to better understand its pathophysiology and to discover new
                    therapeutic targets.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome, and the final pathway of
                    different forms of aggression to the cardiac muscle. It manifests as two
                    distinct phenotypes: HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) and HF with
                    normal ejection fraction (HFNEF).</p>
        <p>The HFNEF prevalence has increased, so that HFNEF will become the most prevalent
                    phenotype of HF in this decade, affecting mainly elderly individuals of the
                    female sex with multiple co-morbidities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
                    Its pathophysiology has been mainly centered on the presence of left ventricular
                    (LV) structural and diastolic functional changes, which cause an increase in LV
                    filling pressures and intolerance to physical exertion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>The results of different randomized clinical studies, using drug treatment
                    directed at improving diastolic function, have shown neutral results regarding
                    patients' survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The oslerian approach classically used
                    to describe the mechanisms of disease, as well as the construction of the
                    reasoning that is the basis of treatment for HFNEF might need to be replaced by
                    a new approach that uses systems biology, recently introduced into other areas
                    of internal medicine, such as infectology and oncology. That new approach has
                    led to the development of successful new drugs in those areas, allowing the
                    construction of the so-called personalized medicine, which has propitiated the
                    advance of that concept. That is important mainly because HFNEF is a
                    cardiovascular syndrome with multiple abnormalities of the pathophysiological
                    pathways, which interact through a complex network<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>This review was aimed at presenting recent concepts of systems biology and its
                    potential use in complex cardiovascular diseases, such as HFNEF, a syndrome with
                    multiple pathophysiological abnormalities and still limited therapeutic arsenal
                    in the light of current knowledge.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>HFNEF and its pathophysiological complexity</title>
          <p>From the clinical and epidemiological viewpoints, compared to patients with
                        HFREF, those with the HFNEF phenotype are usually older, more obese, of the
                        female sex and have a history of arterial hypertension and atrial
                            fibrillation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>The diagnosis of HFNEF is currently made from a clinical suspicion
                        (intolerance to exercise) in association with the following Doppler
                        echocardiographic findings, by using tissue Doppler: LV ejection fraction &#8805;
                        50%; final LV indexed diastolic volume &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; and
                        diastolic functional abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Patients with HFNEF have shown different subcellular abnormalities, such as
                        changes in the extracellular matrix with increased deposits of advanced
                        glycation end-products, collagen profile changes, sarcomeric protein titin
                        isoform switch and hypophosphorilation, increased inflammatory response, and
                        reduced SERCA2 pump activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The
                        changes observed at cellular level were apoptosis, cardiomyocyte stiffness
                        and hypertrophy, which might be responsible for concentric remodeling, even
                        in the absence of LV hypertrophy. Macroscopically, LV hypertrophy and
                        increased left atrial volume are observed, characterizing the major
                        structural changes of patients with HFNEF. Finally, all changes lead to
                        disorder of the cardiovascular system, which, integrated with other systems,
                        will cause or aggravate multisystem abnormalities known as
                            comorbidities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HFNEF &#8211; pathophysiology and co-morbidities. HFNEF &#8211; Heart failure
                                with normal ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Briefly, such structural and functional changes increase the risk of LV
                        diastolic dysfunction. Although patients with HFNEF have LV ejection
                        fraction values considered normal, they have changes in systolic
                        performance, which can be assessed through different systolic function
                        indices, such as LV contractility, systolic volume, cardiac output and axial
                        systolic shortening velocity (S'). Abnormality of relaxation and increased
                        ventricular stiffness lead to increased LV filling pressures, which are
                        diastolic dysfunction markers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
          <p>Changes in arterial stiffness and endothelial function are present in
                        different degrees in individuals with HFNEF, contributing to aggravate
                        diastolic dysfunction, increasing afterload and causing or intensifying
                        myocardial ischemia. In addition, abnormalities of the microcirculation can
                        also contribute to intolerance to exercise by hindering the perfusion of
                        skeletal and respiratory muscles, which has been studied in individuals with
                        HFNEF.</p>
          <p>Mesquita et al. and Matsubara have provided a more detailed discussion of the
                        pathophysiology of HFNEF in two recent reviews published in the
                            <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defining the systems-biology approach </title>
          <p>The contemporary translational model of developing scientific knowledge in
                        the medical area has allowed the large-scale use of new effective treatments
                        for diseases. That model, derived from the oslerian system, has established
                        that the presence of a certain disease should be defined as changes in a
                        tissue (anatomicoclinical correlation), from which its pathophysiology can
                        be pursued and a specific therapeutic target developed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Based on the advances of molecular biology and using the
                        oslerian view, the identification of individual genes, proteins and cells
                        has been sought, as well as the study of their functions, providing limited
                        information on complex diseases.</p>
          <p>Systems biology allows, through the construction of mathematical models,
                        simulations and data processing techniques, the integration of information
                        from the <italic>omics</italic> sciences and clinical-epidemiological data,
                        to provide better understanding of the interactions between the components
                        of live systems and their biological processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>Systems biology has its roots in the formulation of the internal environment
                        stability principle by Claude Bernard in 1865, and has gained quantitative
                        formalism with the mathematical description of the potential of action
                        biophysics, first delineated by Hodgkin and Huxley in nervous cells, and
                        soon after extended to the cardiac potential of action by Denis Noble<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. That approach has been applied in
                        medicine since before the molecular biology revolution. However, in the
                        pregenomic era, systems biology was naturally hindered by the lack of
                        technologies necessary to reach that integration and by the inability to
                        investigate such systems in details<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, in the past decades, scientific advances in the areas
                        of molecular biology, engineering, bioinformatics, and physics, in
                        association with the <italic>omics</italic> sciences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>), enabled the acquisition of more complete
                        information with a greater capacity to define more detailed approaches.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Omics sciences</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Genomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Science that studies all genes, and analyzes their
                                        interactions and influences on biological pathways and
                                        networks.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Transcriptomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Science that studies the
                                        phenomena involved in mRNA transcription. Through microarray
                                        technology, it accesses the expression</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> of thousands of transcribed
                                        genes and identifies gene patterns (molecular signature)
                                        that can be used as biomarkers for etiology</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>identification, prognostic assessment, and HF
                                        treatment,</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Proteomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Science that studies all
                                        proteins encoded in the genome; can be used to identify HF
                                        prior to the appearance of symptoms, therefore</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>increasing the chances of an earlier and more effective
                                        treatment,</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Metabolomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Science that studies the
                                        molecular metabolites found in cells, tissues and organs,
                                        identifying their regulatory effects on genes and</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>proteins. Used to identify biomarkers in HF,</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Epigenomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Science that studies the
                                        mechanisms capable of influencing the reading and
                                        interpreting of a chain of genes based on</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>environmental factors on the genome,</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Microbiomics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td style="border-bottom:hidden"> Science that studies the
                                        genomes of microbes and their interactions in a certain
                                        ecosystem, It is worth noting the study on interactions
                                        of</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>intestinal bacteria and trimethylamine-N-oxide production,
                                        which propitiate the development of atherosclerosis,</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HF: heart failure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Systems biology, whose major characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref>, can be understood as the
                        interaction of different biological systems activated at the molecular,
                        cellular, tissular and organic levels, which can be assessed by use of
                        tools, many of which available in clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Major characteristics of Systems Biology</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Studies biological systems globally, at molecular
                                        level;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Distinguishes from the classical linear theory: one
                                        gene, one protein;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Integrates knowledge from different disciplines;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Proposes mathematical models to explain some
                                        biological phenomena;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Manipulates a large amount of data from experimental
                                        studies;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226;&#160;Performs studies that verify the quality of the
                                        models described by comparing numerical simulations and
                                        experimental data.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Systems biology allows a new understanding of the concept of disease, which
                        can be defined as the lack of cooperation between some of the biological
                        parts in an organic system, resulting in impairment of the entire
                        functioning of the organism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>According to that concept of disease, two study approaches can be identified:
                        the bottom-up approach<italic>,</italic> aimed at defining the specificities
                        that compose a structure, enumerating elements and identifying their
                        individual characteristics to obtain an image of the point to be studied;
                        and the top-down approach, which does not need to provide details of the
                        network components, but to understand the general principles of the network
                        to better understand it and to guide the identification of unpredicted
                        elements. Similarly, the bottom-up approach could be compared to a 'link the
                        dots' image, in which the real picture can only be revealed when each dot is
                        duly recognized and linked to the others. The top-down approach can be
                        understood as an impressionist painting, which, when seen from a short
                        distance, does not allow us to identify the whole picture; it has to be seen
                        from a distance, with a more comprehensive view, not requiring excessive
                        details to reveal the image completely. Combining both characteristics, the
                        knowledge on the system analyzed is amplified, allowing the identification
                        of new proposals and pathways<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          <p>The network concept is aimed at providing a structure in which its forming
                        and functional components interact in a self-organized biological network.
                        The networks, rather than the components themselves, create the
                        physiological behavior and disease. Each knot in a network represents a
                        component (a gene, a protein), and the interconnection of the components
                        describes the typical architecture imposed by biological selection and
                            evolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overview of a biological network. Adapted from Chan SY, Loscalzo
                                J. The emerging paradigm of network medicine in the study of human
                                disease. Circulation Res. 2012 Jul 20;111(3):359-74.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Working with networks simplifies complex systems, synthesizing the elements
                        as knots and their interactions as lines between them, and identifies
                        functional groups as module. Many of those biological networks have a
                        topology described as scale-free, in which knots with few connections have
                        priority; when linked to knots that have an elevated number of connections,
                        those are called hubs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 2</xref>). That
                        architecture provides a biologically strong evolutionary advantage,
                        considering that there are multiple alternative pathways to go from one knot
                        to the other. In addition, that 'redundancy' enables the networks to more
                        easily adapt to environmental changes. At each level, the network obtains
                        new properties not previewed in the preceding levels, demonstrating the
                        concept of emergent property<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Failure
                        of the biological networks or incapacity to obtain emergent property at the
                        following level causes disruptions in the physiological mechanisms,
                        generating complex pathological phenotypes.</p>
          <p>The network approach might allow a change of paradigm in HF treatment,
                        because, instead of trying to adapt different patients to one single
                        treatment (reductionism), it is aimed at directing the treatment profile at
                        the different patients based on their individual networks (personalized
                            medicine)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
          <p>The development of that approach is usually centered on a molecular target.
                        However, in complex human diseases, that target is neither easily identified
                        nor directed by one single factor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
          <p>Recent analyses have shown that a large number of traditional medications do
                        not reach target proteins, but only proteins of the neighboring networks,
                        which can be a reason for the modest effects obtained when some drugs are
                        used for patients with HFNEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>In contrast, a new pharmacology based on biological systems begins to develop
                        aimed at creating new drugs that can be directed at one or more targets
                        involved in the pathophysiological processes of the most relevant networks.
                        That approach begins to be used in cancer and HIV/AIDS, and can become
                        useful for HFNEF, making a new view of HFNEF under the systems biology
                        perspective critical<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An HFNEF model using the systems-biology approach</title>
          <p>The HFNEF is obviously a complex syndrome, whose pathophysiology and
                        progression remain unclear, which makes the construction of a network model
                        for HFNEF potentially useful and challenging in the current state of
                        knowledge.</p>
          <p>The heart involves different structural and functional hierarchic scales,
                        which, through multiple interactions of subsystems, allow normal heart to
                        achieve uniformity despite its structural and functional complexities at
                        different levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 3</xref>). That approach has identified
                        different structural and functional abnormalities of the heart in humans and
                        other animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Model of the left ventricle as a dissipative structure with
                                emergent properties. Adapted from De Keulenaer GW, Brutsaert DL.
                                Systolic and diastolic heart failure are overlapping phenotypes
                                within the heart failure spectrum. Circulation.
                                2011;123(18):1996-2004.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>From the mechanistic viewpoint, HFNEF can be defined as a complex condition,
                        thus requiring an approach that encompasses the current concepts of systems
                        biology. The analysis of omic data is crucial for understanding the factors
                        involved in HFNEF and for identifying biomarkers with diagnostic and
                        prognostic properties for clinical use<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
          <p>By using the systems-biology approach and integrating different abnormalities
                        observed in HFNEF, we propose a model that combines environmental and
                        genetic factors, cardiac and vascular morphofunctional changes,
                        abnormalities in other systems, and interaction with different
                        co-morbidities, developing a holistic view of that syndrome and integrating
                        the bottom-up and top-down methodologies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic model of a biological network for HFNEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The HFNEF results from systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes,
                        obesity and coronary artery disease, in association with the female sexual
                        dimorphism. In addition, the aging process influences different cellular and
                        subcellular pathways, promoting functional and structural abnormalities in
                        the heart and great vessels. Recently, abnormalities in the protein folding
                        process have been observed during the abnormal aging of the heart, and can
                        contribute to HFNEF, a phenomenon called "Alzheimer's of the heart".</p>
          <p>In addition, experimental evidence has shown that, in the heart of elderly
                        rats, a reduction in the growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), which
                        modulates the ligand-receptor activity in cardiomyocytes, contributes to
                        cardiac hypertrophy and to the decreased SERCA2 functional activity, also
                        causing an elevation in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. However,
                        when GDF11 levels are restored, a reduction in cardiac hypertrophy and an
                        increase in the SERCA2 pump activity are observed, with consequent
                        restoration of diastolic heart function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
          <p>Eventually those abnormalities cause intolerance to physical exertion,
                        systemic and/or pulmonary congestion, tissue hypoperfusion and cardiac
                        arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, leading to HF signs and
                            symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
          <p>Another important concept influenced by the systems biology paradigm is that
                        of the biomarker, considered a clinical status indicator that can be
                        obtained from the integration of multiple biological activity levels in the
                        network. That approach is responsible for guiding the identification of the
                        biomarker based on deep understanding of its biological mechanism. The BNP,
                        released in the presence of increased intraventricular pressure, is used for
                        diagnostic confirmation and prognosis in HFNEF, and, more recently, has
                        shown therapeutic usefulness in HFREF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Understanding the pathophysiological abnormalities in multiple pathways in
                        HFNEF has led to the development of new drugs directed at more than one
                        pathway identified as critical to HFNEF. The LCZ696 is a dual-acting
                        angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor composed of a neprilysin inhibitor
                        prodrug, AHU 377, and the angiotensin receptor antagonist valsartan.
                        Neprilysin degrades biologically active natriuretic peptides, such as atrial
                        natriuretic peptide (ANP), BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide, but not
                        NT-pro-BNP, which is biologically inactive. By increasing active natriuretic
                        peptides, neprilysin inhibitor increases the myocardial generation of cyclic
                        guanosine, which enhances myocardial relaxation and reduces hypertrophy. In
                        addition, natriuretic peptides stimulate natriuresis, diuresis and
                        vasodilation, and can have an additional anti-fibrotic and anti-sympathetic
                        effect. Furthermore, neprilysin contributes to angiotensin collapse, which
                        is the rationale for the dual action of the compound, which inhibits that
                        enzyme and blocks angiotensin action or generation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure
                        5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mechanisms of action of the new drug LCZ696 that inhibits
                                neprilysin and blocks the angiotensin receptor. Solomon SD, Zile M,
                                Pieske B, et al; Prospective comparison of ARNI with ARB on
                                Management Of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
                                (PARAMOUNT) Investigators. Lancet; 2012;380:1387-95.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0510-40062-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The LCZ696 has been tested in patients with HFNEF (PARAMOUNT Study - phase 2)
                        and has shown a more marked reduction in NT-pro-BNP than that caused by the
                        isolated valsartan use. In addition, LCZ696 was better than valsartan to
                        promote left atrial reverse remodeling and to improve those patients'
                        functional class<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>Briefly, HF understanding from the systems-biology perspective is still
                        limited by the difficulty to integrate data from that complex information
                        system into a biopathological model, mainly because of the several variables
                        that interfere with the existing relationships, such as the genetic
                        variations of each individual and the environmental influence on
                            organisms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The systems-biology approach in HFNEF is at an initial stage and can offer the
                    possibility to widen the knowledge on pathophysiology, to refine the diagnosis
                    and to lead to the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p>
        <p>Currently, the combination of a reductionist view with a holistic view is still
                    necessary to better understand HFNEF, which involves a network of complex
                    interactions between biological entities in different scales.</p>
        <p>Thus, the complex pathophysiology of HFNEF and the lack of a treatment capable of
                    reducing its impact on mortality make it the ideal cardiovascular condition for
                    a new approach using systems biology, allowing the development of future
                    therapeutic targets.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mesquita ET; Writing of the
                        manuscript: Mesquita ET, Jorge AJL, Souza Junior CV, Cassino JPP; Critical
                        revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mesquita ET, Jorge
                        AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding </bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association </bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
