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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8N4y7zmHWzmtGTzdVHRNmqn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040050</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Varia&#231;&#227;o Temporal no Progn&#243;stico e Tratamento da
               Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada - Antes e Ap&#243;s 2000</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722;
               Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;/Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;/Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o -
               Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo USP, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Henrique Del Carlo,</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o,
               Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Avenida Dr.
               En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil.
               E-mail: <email>dcarlo@cardiol.br</email>; <email>carlos.carlo@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>495</fpage>
      <lpage>504</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca evoluiu nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, sugerindo que
                  sua sobrevida tem aumentado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar se houve melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                  avan&#231;ada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Comparamos retrospectivamente os dados de seguimento e tratamento de duas coortes
                  de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica admitidos para compensa&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o
                  ano 2000 (n = 353) e ap&#243;s 2000 (n = 279). Foram analisados: morte hospitalar,
                  re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e morte no seguimento de 1 ano. Utilizamos os testes U de
                  Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. Os preditores de
                  mortalidade foram identificados pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o por meio do m&#233;todo dos
                  riscos proporcionais de Cox e an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de
                  Kaplan-Meier.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes internados at&#233; o ano 2000 eram mais jovens, tinham menor
                  comprometimento ventricular esquerdo e receberam menor propor&#231;&#227;o de
                  betabloqueadores na alta. A sobrevida dos pacientes hospitalizados antes de 2000
                  foi menor do que a dos hospitalizados ap&#243;s 2000 (40,1% vs. 67,4%; p &lt; 0,001).
                  Os preditores independentes de mortalidade na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o foram: a
                  etiologia chag&#225;sica (<italic>hazard ratio:</italic> 1,9; intervalo de confian&#231;a de
                  95%: 1,3-3,0), inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (<italic>hazard
                     ratio:</italic> 0,6; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,4-0,9), betabloqueador
                     (<italic>hazard ratio:</italic> 0,3; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,2-0,5),
                  creatinina &#8805; 1,4 mg/dL (<italic>hazard ratio:</italic> 2,0; intervalo de confian&#231;a
                  de 95%: 1,3-3,0), s&#243;dio s&#233;rico &#8804; 135 mEq/L (<italic>hazard ratio:</italic> 1,8;
                  intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,2-2,7).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada apresentaram melhora significativa
                  na sobrevida e redu&#231;&#227;o nas re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. O bloqueio neuro-hormonal, com
                  inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e betabloqueadores, teve papel
                  importante no aumento da sobrevida desses pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                  avan&#231;ada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica que reconhecidamente evolui com
            altas morbidade e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, os portadores de IC
            tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o importante da Qualidade de Vida e evolu&#231;&#227;o pior que muitos tipos de
               c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>O tratamento com bloqueadores neuro-hormonais vem modificando essa hist&#243;ria, reduzindo a
            alta mortalidade, a taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e melhorando a Qualidade de Vida dos
            portadores dessa s&#237;ndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Tal melhora foi bem
            demonstrada nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e estudos controlados, mas n&#227;o sabemos o quanto essa
            melhora tamb&#233;m &#233; observada no mundo real, nos pacientes das institui&#231;&#245;es, dos
            ambulat&#243;rios e dos consult&#243;rios e, em especial, n&#227;o temos dados do Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Trabalhando em um hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, temos acompanhado a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos
            pacientes com IC nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas e observamos que a popula&#231;&#227;o que atendemos,
            nesses anos, n&#227;o mudou substancialmente de caracter&#237;sticas, uma vez que os crit&#233;rios de
            interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se modificaram. Esse fato permitiu que compar&#225;ssemos a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos
            pacientes, considerando dois per&#237;odos: antes e ap&#243;s o ano 2000.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo procuramos verificar se a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC se modificou na
            compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois per&#237;odos e verificar, dentre as vari&#225;veis estudadas, quais estiveram
            associadas ao progn&#243;stico dessa s&#237;ndrome.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 632 pacientes internados em um hospital terci&#225;rio de
            S&#227;o Paulo, todos com IC avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40%, em
            classe funcional III/IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). Os
            pacientes desse hospital eram provenientes do pronto-socorro e foram para l&#225;
            transferidos, quando n&#227;o compensaram ap&#243;s as primeiras medidas ou por necessitarem de
            suporte inotr&#243;pico para compensa&#231;&#227;o. Esses crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o para a interna&#231;&#227;o
            levaram &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes mais graves, com intensa manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinica e laboratorialmente, incluindo dosagem
            bioqu&#237;mica, hemograma, ecocardiograma e exame radiol&#243;gicos. Quanto &#224; etiologia da
            cardiopatia, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: aqueles com cardiopatia
            chag&#225;sica, os com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e os com cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. O
            diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi feito pela presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#245;es sorol&#243;gicas
            positivas, e o de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica quando da presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de infarto,
            angina ou de confirma&#231;&#227;o mediante estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico. Na aus&#234;ncia dessas
            caracter&#237;sticas, o paciente foi considerado portador de cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Esses pacientes fizeram parte de um banco de dados de estudos prospectivos de pacientes
            hospitalizados, no nosso servi&#231;o, por IC avan&#231;ada e descompensada, todos com os mesmos
            crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o citados acima<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em diferentes anos,
            o que nos permitiu realizar uma an&#225;lise temporal com rela&#231;&#227;o a evolu&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e
            tratamento desta s&#237;ndrome. Para fim dessa an&#225;lise, realizada retrospectivamente, os
            pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles internados at&#233; 31 de dezembro de 2000
            e aqueles internados ap&#243;s essa data. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo internados antes
            do ano 2000 fizeram parte de estudos prospectivos nos anos de 1992, 1994, 1996 e
               1999<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s o ano 2000 foram estudados em 2005 e
               2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Compararam-se as caracter&#237;sticas dos
            dois grupos, considerando-se aspectos cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos por 1 ano, sendo que o <italic>status</italic> vital dos
            pacientes, as passagens no pronto-socorro e a necessidade de reinterna&#231;&#227;o foram
            determinados por contato telef&#244;nico ou pela revis&#227;o do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico eletr&#244;nico. O
            desfecho cl&#237;nico analisado foi a mortalidade por todas as causas durante o per&#237;odo de
            seguimento.</p>
      <p>Dentre esses pacientes, um subgrupo teve analisado o tratamento durante e ap&#243;s a alta e,
            nesse subgrupo, composto por 333 pacientes (52,7% do total), avaliaram-se os preditores
            de mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Esse subgrupo foi selecionado com base na disponibilidade dos
            dados da terap&#234;utica medicamentosa utilizada durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e pr&#233;-alta
            hospitalar.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas por meio de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as
            vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens. Comparamos as
            caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ao final do seguimento. As
            vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney e as vari&#225;veis
            categ&#243;ricas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher.</p>
      <p>Os preditores de mortalidade foram determinados por an&#225;lise uni e multivariada,
            utilizando-se o m&#233;todo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox. Foi constru&#237;do um modelo de
            regress&#227;o para o desfecho prim&#225;rio ajustado para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas,
            laboratoriais e dos medicamentos administrados. O crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do
            modelo foi apresentar o valor de p &lt; 0,200 na an&#225;lise univariada. O modelo final foi
            constru&#237;do com um procedimento de <italic>stepwise forward</italic>. Todas as vari&#225;veis
            preditoras com p &lt; 0,05 foram mantidas no modelo final. Foi apresentado
               <italic>hazard ratio</italic>, com o correspondente Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%
            (IC95%) e valor de p.</p>
      <p>Com base nos dados do seguimento, constru&#237;ram-se curvas de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de
            Kaplan-Meier. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com <italic>o
               software</italic> estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for the Social
               Sciences</italic> (SPSS).</p>
      <p>Valores de p apresentados s&#227;o bicaudais, tendo sido adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de
            5%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 54,8 &#177; 15,1 anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino
            435 (68,8%). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) foi de 28,2 &#177; 7,2% e a
            Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia foi de 104,6 &#177; 22,9 mmHg. A etiologia mais
            frequente da cardiopatia foi a n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, seguida pela chag&#225;sica e pela
            isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes apresentou insufici&#234;ncia renal n&#227;o dial&#237;tica.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 353 pacientes hospitalizados nos anos de 1992 a 31 de dezembro
            de 2000, e 279 pacientes hospitalizados nos anos de 2005 e 2006.</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>, apresentamos a compara&#231;&#227;o das
            caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os pacientes internados at&#233; o ano 2000 e ap&#243;s 2000.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas entre os grupos antes e ap&#243;s o ano 2000</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 632)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Ano de tratamento</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Antes 2000 (n = 353)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Ap&#243;s 2000 (n = 279)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 15,1</td>
              <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 14,8</td>
              <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 14,5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center">435 (68,8)</td>
              <td align="center">255 (72,2)</td>
              <td align="center">180 (64,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Etiologia:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center">132 (20,9)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (15,0)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (27,2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (n&#227;o chag&#225;sica)</td>
              <td align="center">312 (49,4)</td>
              <td align="center">173 (49,0)</td>
              <td align="center">139 (49,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,839</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Chag&#225;sica</td>
              <td align="center">188 (29,7)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (35,1)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (22,9)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 7,2</td>
              <td align="center">30,8 &#177; 5,9</td>
              <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 7,3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">135,7 &#177; 5,0</td>
              <td align="center">136,7 &#177; 4,7</td>
              <td align="center">134,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">103,6 (25,4)</td>
              <td align="center">102,6 &#177; 21,9</td>
              <td align="center">105,0 &#177; 30,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,163</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mortalidade (1 ano)</td>
              <td align="center">264 (41,8)</td>
              <td align="center">200 (56,7)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (22,8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial
                     sist&#243;lica.,</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os pacientes internados at&#233; o ano 2000 foram 7,5 anos mais jovens que aqueles internados
            ap&#243;s o ano 2000 e tiveram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menos comprometida e n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio
            plasm&#225;tico mais baixos. O percentual de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas foi maior nas
            interna&#231;&#245;es at&#233; o ano 2000.</p>
      <p>A sobrevida dos pacientes hospitalizados at&#233; o ano 2000 foi de 40,1% e daqueles
            hospitalizados ap&#243;s o ano 2000 de 67,4%, com aumento de 68% na taxa de sobrevida no
            primeiro ano de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobrevida dos pacientes hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
                  descompensada antes e ap&#243;s o ano 2000. A probabilidade de sobrevida em 1 ano de
                  seguimento foi de 40,1% nos pacientes hospitalizados antes do ano 2000 e de 67,4%
                  nos pacientes hospitalizados ap&#243;s o ano 2000 (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Para an&#225;lise das poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; sobrevida, avaliaram-se os dados de
            333 pacientes (52,7% do total). Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. Nessa an&#225;lise, observou-se que os inotr&#243;picos foram
            necess&#225;rios no per&#237;odo de compensa&#231;&#227;o em 209 (62,8%) pacientes. Na alta, a maioria dos
            pacientes estava recebendo prescri&#231;&#227;o de um bloqueador do sistema renina-angiotensina
            (72,4%) e um betabloqueador (59,8%). Foram tratados com carvedilol 186 (55,9%) pacientes
            e 13 pacientes (3,9%) com o succinato de metoprolol. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos, os
            pacientes internados at&#233; o ano 2000 receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador em menor
            percentual e prescri&#231;&#227;o de digoxina em maior propor&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ano de tratamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 333)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Ano de tratamento</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Antes 2000 (n = 70)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Ap&#243;s 2000 (n = 263)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">58,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
              <td align="center">54,2 &#177; 15,8</td>
              <td align="center">59,9 &#177; 15,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center">213 (64,0)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (68,6)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (62,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,366</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">Etiologia:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center">94 (28,2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (28,9)</td>
              <td align="center">0,599</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (n&#227;o chag&#225;sica)</td>
              <td align="center">163 (48,9)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (47,1)</td>
              <td align="center">130 (49,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,734</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Chag&#225;sica</td>
              <td align="center">76 (22,8)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (27,1)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (21,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,333</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 11,4</td>
              <td align="center">31,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
              <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 11,9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
              <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
              <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 42,5</td>
              <td align="center">72,9 &#177; 35,2</td>
              <td align="center">75,1 &#177; 44,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,842</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">136,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
              <td align="center">135,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
              <td align="center">136,7 &#177; 4,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">105,3 &#177; 23,3</td>
              <td align="center">111,7 &#177; 25,4</td>
              <td align="center">103,5 &#177; 22,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 18,1</td>
              <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 17,9</td>
              <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 17,5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dobutamina</td>
              <td align="center">187 (57,9)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (51,4)</td>
              <td align="center">151 (57,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,216</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Milrinone</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1,9)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Levosimendan</td>
              <td align="center">16 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (6,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IECA</td>
              <td align="center">241 (72,4)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (85,7)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (68,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center">199 (59,8)</td>
              <td align="center">8(11,4)</td>
              <td align="center">191 (72,6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Losartan</td>
              <td align="center">42 (12,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (16,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitratos</td>
              <td align="center">117 (35,2)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (55,7)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (29,7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hidralazina</td>
              <td align="center">108 (32,5)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (22,9)</td>
              <td align="center">92 (35,0)</td>
              <td align="center">0,052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digoxina</td>
              <td align="center">194 (58,6)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (92,8)</td>
              <td align="center">130 (49,4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Espironolactona</td>
              <td align="center">48 (14,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (18,3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Furosemida</td>
              <td align="center">261 (78,6)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (100,0)</td>
              <td align="center">191 (72,6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
              <td align="center">59 (17,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (22,4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Resultados cl&#237;nicos:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mortalidade Hospitalar</td>
              <td align="center">37 (11,1)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (20,0)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (8,7)</td>
              <td align="center">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mortalidade no seguimento (1 ano)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (31,8)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (62,9)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (23,6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">109 (32,8)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (51,4)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (27,9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eventos cl&#237;nicos</td>
              <td align="center">168 (49,2)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (80,0)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (41,1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero
                     (porcentagem).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;
                     PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da
                     angiotensina. Eventos cl&#237;nicos, morte ou re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 1 ano.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Nessa an&#225;lise, os pacientes internados at&#233; o ano 2000 tiveram maior mortalidade
            hospitalar (20,0% vs. 8,7%; p = 0,008) e foram mais re-hospitalizados do que os
            internados ap&#243;s o ano 2000 (51,4% vs. 27,9%; p &lt; 0,001). No seguimento de 1 ano, a
            mortalidade daqueles internados at&#233; o ano 2000 foi de 62,9% vs. 23,6% naqueles
            hospitalizados ap&#243;s 2000 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o diferiu nos dois grupos, sendo de 28,3 &#177; 21,1 dias nos
            internados at&#233; o ano 2000 e de 25,1 &#177; 16,7 dias (p = 0,251) naqueles hospitalizados ap&#243;s
            o ano 2000.</p>
      <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">4</xref>, apresentamos a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
            mortalidade, no seguimento de 1 ano e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada
            dos preditores de morte nesse per&#237;odo. Foram preditores de maior mortalidade a etiologia
            chag&#225;sica, a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (n&#237;veis de ureia e creatinina mais elevados),
            n&#237;vel de s&#243;dio mais baixo e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de nitratos. As vari&#225;veis associadas com redu&#231;&#227;o
            da mortalidade foram a prescri&#231;&#227;o de Inibidor da Enzima de Convers&#227;o da Angiotensina
            (IECA) e betabloqueadores. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, cinco vari&#225;veis foram
            identificadas como preditores independentes de mortalidade, sendo tr&#234;s associadas &#224;
            piora do progn&#243;stico (etiologia chag&#225;sica, creatinina &#8805; 1,4 mg/dL e s&#243;dio &#8804; 135 mEq/L) e
            duas associadas &#224; melhora do progn&#243;stico: a prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA e de betabloqueadores. As
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras de 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> apresentam as curvas de sobrevida estratificadas para IECA e
            betabloqueadores. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>, a curva de
            sobrevida foi estratificada para o uso combinado de IECA e betabloqueadores,
            demonstrando melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes que fizeram uso combinado das duas
            medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade em 1 ano</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2">
                <bold>Morte em 1 ano</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Sim (n = 106)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N&#227;o (n = 227)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">58,2 &#177; 17,3</td>
              <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 14,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,928</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center">63 (59,4)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (66,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Etiologia:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center">27 (25,5)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (29,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,445</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (n&#227;o chag&#225;sica)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (41,5)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (52,4)</td>
              <td align="center">0,063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Chag&#225;sica</td>
              <td align="center">35 (33,0)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (18,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 9,5</td>
              <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 12,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
              <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,311</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">80,8 &#177; 42,8</td>
              <td align="center">71,8 &#177; 42,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">135,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
              <td align="center">137,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">103,1 &#177; 20,7</td>
              <td align="center">106,4 &#177; 24,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,505</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 15,3</td>
              <td align="center">68,4 &#177; 19,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inotr&#243;picos</td>
              <td align="center">75 (71,4)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (57,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IECA</td>
              <td align="center">69 (65,1)</td>
              <td align="center">172 (75,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Betabloqueador</td>
              <td align="center">36 (34,0)</td>
              <td align="center">163 (71,8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Losartan</td>
              <td align="center">12 (11,3)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (13,2)</td>
              <td align="center">0,649</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitratos</td>
              <td align="center">47 (44,3)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (30,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hidralazina</td>
              <td align="center">38 (35,8)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (30,8)</td>
              <td align="center">0,333</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digoxina</td>
              <td align="center">76 (71,7)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (52,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Espironolactona</td>
              <td align="center"> 11 (10,4)</td>
              <td align="center"> 37 (16,3)</td>
              <td align="center"> 0,161</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Furosemida</td>
              <td align="center">90 (84,9)</td>
              <td align="center">171 (75,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
              <td align="center">18 (17,0)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (18,1)</td>
              <td align="center">0,839</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero
                     (porcentagem).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;
                     PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da
                     angiotensina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada (Cox) dos preditores de
                  morte</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Preditor (an&#225;lise univariada)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Hazard ratio</italic>
                </bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade &gt; 60 anos</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,998</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,5 - 1,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,247</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">Etiologia:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,5 - 1,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (n&#227;o chag&#225;sica)</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,5 - 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right">Chag&#225;sica</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 - 2,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE &lt; 0,25</td>
              <td align="center">0,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,6 - 1,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,382</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anemia</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 1,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,939</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ureia &#8805; 60 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1,7</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 - 2,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinina &#8805; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 - 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S&#243;dio &#8804; 135 mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 - 2,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS &lt; 90 mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">0,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,5 - 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">0,640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inotr&#243;picos</td>
              <td align="center">1,7</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 - 2,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IECA</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,4 - 0,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
              <td align="center">0,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,2 - 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Losartan</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,6 - 2,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,788</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrato</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">1,1 - 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hidralazina</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 - 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 - 2,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
              <td align="center">0,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,4 - 1,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,274</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hidroclorotiazida</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
              <td align="center">0,7 - 2,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,483</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,8 - 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,205</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Preditor (an&#225;lise multivariada)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>
                  <italic>Hazard ratio</italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinina &#8805; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">2,0</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Etiologia chag&#225;sica</td>
              <td align="center">1,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,3 - 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IECA</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,4 - 0,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
              <td align="center">0,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,2 - 0,5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S&#243;dio &#8804; 135 mEq/L</td>
              <td align="center">1,8</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 - 2,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica;
                     ECA: enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobrevida em 1 ano de seguimento dos pacientes hospitalizados por
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, segundo o uso de betabloqueadores: 73,9% vs.
                  35,0% (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobrevida em 1 ano de seguimento dos pacientes hospitalizados por
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada segundo o uso de inibidores da enzima de
                  convers&#227;o da angiotensina: 59,5% vs. 41,8% (p = 0,018).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobrevida em 1 ano de seguimento dos pacientes hospitalizados por
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, segundo o uso combinado de betabloqueadores (Betabloq) e
                  inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA). Os pacientes foram
                  estratificados em quatro grupos segundo o uso do Betabloq/IECA: sim/sim, sim/n&#227;o,
                  n&#227;o/sim, n&#227;o/n&#227;o. A probabilidade de sobrevida foi respectivamente de: 78,7%,
                  58,5%, 38,9% e 25,5% (p &lt; 0,001).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Segundo os resultados deste estudo observacional, constatamos que, neste novo s&#233;culo, a
            sobrevida dos pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada melhorou significativamente, bem como as taxas
            de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Esteve associado a esse aumento da sobrevida o tratamento com
            bloqueadores neuro-hormonais, especialmente os IECA e os betabloqueadores.</p>
      <p>A IC, na forma avan&#231;ada, &#233; uma doen&#231;a maligna com mortalidade superior a alguns tipos de
               c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Mesmo com o tratamento atual, ela
            pode ser alta nas formas mais graves, uma vez que a mortalidade guarda uma rela&#231;&#227;o com a
            intensidade da cardiopatia e de suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Para nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, um hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, s&#227;o
            encaminhados os pacientes com a forma avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a, o que resulta em mortalidade
            mais alta do que a observada em outras institui&#231;&#245;es. Nossa mortalidade hospitalar atual
            &#233; de aproximadamente 8% e pudemos constatar que cerca de um quarto dos pacientes que
            tiveram alta morreram no primeiro ano de seguimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Embora essa mortalidade seja ainda elevada, quando comparamos com os dados
            dos pacientes hospitalizados at&#233; o ano 2000, constatamos importante redu&#231;&#227;o. Deve-se
            salientar que, quando comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada nos dois
            per&#237;odos, antes e ap&#243;s o ano 2000, observamos que elas s&#227;o bastante semelhantes, mas a
            popula&#231;&#227;o internada, ap&#243;s o ano 2000 apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es que indicam manifesta&#231;&#245;es
            cl&#237;nicas mais acentuadas, como n&#237;vel de ureia e creatinina na admiss&#227;o mais elevadas e
            fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE menor. Apesar desses sinais de maior gravidade, comparando-se os
            dois per&#237;odos, observa-se importante redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade, que passou de 20% para os
            atuais 8,8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o se deveu provavelmente
            &#224; conduta mais agressiva no tratamento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e &#224; maior propor&#231;&#227;o de
            pacientes tratados com IECA e betabloqueadores na atualidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, IECA e betabloqueadores n&#227;o s&#227;o sistematicamente suspensos quando
            da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
            O IECA tem, em geral, sua dose aumentada, uma vez que, na descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a
            vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o &#233; a principal altera&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica. O betabloqueador &#233; mantido e,
            nos casos em que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios inotr&#243;picos, a dose do betabloqueador &#233; reduzida pela
            metade, o que resulta que muitos pacientes persistem tomando 6,25 mg ou 12,5 mg do
            carvedilol duas vezes ao dia. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a prescri&#231;&#227;o do IECA e do
            betabloqueador foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. Dessa forma, o bloqueio
            neuro-hormonal mais intenso teve participa&#231;&#227;o importante nesse aumento da sobrevida
            intra-hospitalar. Assim, embora a mortalidade hospitalar continue elevada, ela est&#225;
            diminuindo, quando se consideram os dados dos dois per&#237;odos de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. &#201;
            importante ressaltar que os dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) n&#227;o mostram a
            ocorr&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o que observamos, havendo, em verdade, de 1992 para 2002, um aumento
            na mortalidade (5,41% para 6,97%), quando se analisam todas as interna&#231;&#245;es por IC no
               Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Quando comparamos os nossos &#237;ndices com os dados da Europa e dos Estados Unidos em
            diferentes registros de IC, de modo geral, a mortalidade em nosso hospital &#233; maior. Mas,
            muito dessa mortalidade elevada decorre, provavelmente, da maior gravidade dos pacientes
            internados em nosso servi&#231;o. Quando comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes
            internados, observa-se essa maior gravidade entre os brasileiros. Por exemplo, quando
            comparamos nossos dados com os do registro norte-americano ADHERE, &#233; poss&#237;vel constatar
            que 74,9% dos pacientes hospitalizados em nosso hospital tinham PA sist&#243;lica &lt; 115
            mmHg, enquanto no registro ADHERE apenas 18,5% eram hipotensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. PA baixa &#233; um importante marcador progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rios estudos,
            incluindo o ADHERE. Um dado importante a se observar &#233; que, apesar da maior mortalidade
            geral de nossos pacientes, quando se analisou o total dos pacientes de maior gravidade
            (BUN &gt; 43 mg/Dl, PA &lt; 115 mmHg e creatinina &gt; 2,75 mg/Dl), a mortalidade n&#227;o
            diferiu substancialmente, tendo sido a dos nossos pacientes numericamente menor do que a
            do estudo americano (14,0% vs. 15,3%), o que sugere que nosso tratamento, al&#233;m de
            correto, t&#234;m reduzido a mortalidade de popula&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Mesmo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais do Brasil, embora os dados sejam escassos, pudemos
            observar que a mortalidade em nosso hospital, apesar da maior gravidade dos nossos
            casos, foi menor que a apresentada nessas outras institui&#231;&#245;es. No Rio de Janeiro, entre
            os pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro de uma institui&#231;&#227;o privada, a mortalidade foi
            de 10,6% e, em Porto Alegre, num hospital escola como o nosso, foi de 11%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Essas diferen&#231;as na mortalidade provavelmente decorreram do crit&#233;rio de
            sele&#231;&#227;o para interna&#231;&#227;o e do per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados, mas os n&#250;meros s&#227;o muito
            semelhantes aos nossos.</p>
      <p>Mais significante foi, entretanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade no seguimento dos pacientes.
            Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento, tendo ela passado de
            mais de 50% para os atuais 23,6%, redu&#231;&#227;o esta relativa de cerca de 50%. Esse resultado
            foi semelhante ao observado na Espanha, onde a mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 1991 a 1996 era
            de 24% tendo passado para 16% em 2000 e 2001<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
            Melhora do progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m foi descrita em Baltimore e na Su&#233;cia, e, nesses estudos,
            os autores referiram que essa melhora ocorreu ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do tratamento com
            IECA e betabloqueadores, mas n&#227;o analisaram especificamente o papel de sua prescri&#231;&#227;o,
            no que diferiram do nosso estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>O ano 2000 pode ser considerado um divisor de &#225;guas para o tratamento da IC cr&#244;nica,
            pois, em 1999, foram publicados dois estudos importantes sobre betabloqueadores na IC, o
            estudo MERIT-HF e o CIBIS-II, que alicer&#231;aram a indica&#231;&#227;o dos betabloqueadores para o
            tratamento da IC cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Pudemos constatar esse aumento de prescri&#231;&#227;o em
            nosso hospital, pois, at&#233; 2000, no ambulat&#243;rio, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador atingiu
            cerca de 10% dos pacientes, passando para 70% na avalia&#231;&#227;o em 2004<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Essa maior prescri&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador, sem d&#250;vida, teve papel
            fundamental na melhora do progn&#243;stico da IC em nosso hospital.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada de fatores preditores da mortalidade, observa-se que a prescri&#231;&#227;o
            de IECA e de betabloqueadores esteve associada &#224; melhora no progn&#243;stico. Foram
            associados &#224; piora os marcadores de maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e sist&#234;mico,
            usualmente identificados nos estudos que avaliaram progn&#243;stico (fun&#231;&#245;es renal e
            ventricular), bem como a etiologia chag&#225;sica. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, persistiram como
            marcadores os IECA e os betabloqueadores, tendo este um impacto maior.</p>
      <p>Ao lado da documenta&#231;&#227;o do valor do bloqueio neuro-hormonal promovendo o aumento da
            sobrevida, tamb&#233;m nesse estudo a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi acompanhada de pior
            progn&#243;stico, confirmando os achados de outros estudos brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Apesar dos grupos analisados (antes e ap&#243;s 2000) n&#227;o serem homog&#234;neos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>), devido &#224; natureza deste estudo
               (observacional e retrospectivo), o que mais chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o foi que, embora os
               pacientes do grupo, ap&#243;s 2000, eram mais graves (idade m&#233;dia maior, menor FEVE e
               menor PAS m&#233;dia), esse grupo &#8722; de maior gravidade &#8722; foi o que justamente apresentou
               os melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos no seguimento, com menor mortalidade e menores taxas
               de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Devemos levar em considera&#231;&#227;o que esses resultados s&#227;o
               observacionais e que outros fatores, como melhora na ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e
               cointerven&#231;&#245;es (por exemplo: cirurgia card&#237;aca e procedimentos intervencionistas),
               ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, n&#227;o foram quantificados e podem ter influenciado na melhora
               do progn&#243;stico, al&#233;m da maior taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o dos bloqueadores neuro-hormonais, em
               especial os betabloqueadores. Deve-se observar que um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o foi o
               fato ter termos realizado as an&#225;lises de sobrevida em pouco mais de 50% dos pacientes
               do estudo, dos quais t&#237;nhamos dispon&#237;veis os dados com rela&#231;&#227;o a terap&#234;utica
               utilizada. Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica, fizemos a an&#225;lise qualitativa, enquanto
               que a an&#225;lise quantitativa da dose, na alta e no seguimento, seriam importantes para
               avaliarmos a influ&#234;ncia da dose otimizada dessas medica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico dos
               pacientes. Entretanto, essas quest&#245;es poder&#227;o ser analisadas em futuros estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo apresentou ind&#237;cios de que, no mundo real, a sobrevida de portadores de
            Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca tem aumentado e de que a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com
            bloqueadores neuro-hormonais tem papel importante nessa melhora do progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica
               do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochia ME,
               Oliveira Jr. MT, Ramires JAF, Pereira-Barretto AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Del Carlo CH,
               Cardoso JN, Ochia ME, Oliveira Jr. MT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Del Carlo CH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
               manuscrito: Del Carlo CH, Ramires JAF, Pereira-Barretto AC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Cleland JG, Khand A, Clark A. The heart failure epidemic: exactly how
               big is it? Eur Heart J. 2001;22(8):623-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Khand</surname>
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              <surname>Clark</surname>
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              <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
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              <surname>Morgado</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
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              <surname>Eid</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Temporal Variation in the Prognosis and Treatment of
               Advanced Heart Failure - Before and After 2000</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722;
               Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;/Instituto do
               Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;/Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o -
               Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo USP, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Henrique Del Carlo,</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o,
               Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Avenida Dr.
               En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP,
               Brazil. E-mail: <email>dcarlo@cardiol.br</email>;
                  <email>carlos.carlo@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The treatment of heart failure has evolved in recent decades suggesting that
                  survival is increasing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify whether there has been improvement in the survival of patients with
                  advanced heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively compared the treatment and follow-up data from two cohorts of
                  patients with systolic heart failure admitted for compensation up to 2000 (n =
                  353) and after 2000 (n = 279). We analyzed in-hospital death, re-hospitalization
                  and death in 1 year of follow-up. We used Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test
                  for comparison between groups. The predictors of mortality were identified by
                  regression analysis through Cox proportional hazards model and survival analysis
                  by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The patients admitted until 2000 were younger, had lower left ventricular
                  impairment and received a lower proportion of beta-blockers at discharge. The
                  survival of patients hospitalized before 2000 was lower than those hospitalized
                  after 2000 (40.1% vs. 67.4%; p&lt;0.001). The independent predictors of mortality
                  in the regression analysis were: Chagas disease (hazard ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence
                  interval: 1.3-3.0), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (hazard ratio: 0.6;
                  95% confidence interval: 0.4-0.9), beta-blockers (hazard ratio: 0.3; 95%
                  confidence interval: 0.2-0.5), creatinine &#8805; 1.4 mg/dL (hazard ratio: 2.0; 95%
                  confidence interval: 1.3-3.0), serum sodium &#8804; 135 mEq/L (hazard ratio: 1.8; 95%
                  confidence interval: 1.2-2.7).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Patients with advanced heart failure showed a significant improvement in survival
                  and reduction in re-hospitalizations. The neurohormonal blockade, with
                  angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, had an important role
                  in increasing survival of these patients with advanced heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome of which evolution is known to have high
               morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In epidemiological studies, HF patients showed
               a significant reduction in quality of life and a worse evolution than many types of
                  cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Treatment with neurohormonal blockers has modified this history, reducing the high
               mortality, the rate of re-hospitalizations and improving quality of life in patients
               with this syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. This improvement has been
               demonstrated in clinical trials and controlled studies, but we do not know whether
               this improvement has also been observed in the real world, among patients in the
               institutions, clinics and offices, and particularly, we have no data on the Brazilian
                  population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Working in a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, we followed the evolution of HF patients
               in the last two decades and observed that the population we treated during these
               years has not changed substantially regarding characteristics, as the admission
               criteria have not changed. This fact allowed us to compares the outcome of patients,
               considering two periods: before and after the year 2000.</p>
        <p>This study sought to assess whether the outcomes of patients with HF changed when
               comparing the two periods and verify, among the studied variables, which were
               associated with prognosis of this syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A total of 632 hospitalized patients were prospectively studied in a tertiary
               hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, all with advanced HF, systolic dysfunction with ejection
               fraction &lt; 40%, in NYHA (New York Heart Association) III / IV. Patients in this
               hospital came from the emergency room and were transferred there when they did not
               compensate after the first measures or because they required inotropic support for
               compensation. These selection criteria for hospitalization led to the admission of
               more severe patients with severe clinical manifestation.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, including biochemical
               analysis, CBC, echocardiography and radiological examinations. Regarding the etiology
               of heart disease, patients were divided into three groups: those with chagasic
               etiology, those with ischemic etiology and those with nonischemic etiology. The
               diagnosis of Chagasic heart disease was established by the presence of positive
               serological reactions, and ischemic heart disease was confirmed by the presence of a
               history of heart attack, angina or confirmed by coronary angiography. In the absence
               of these characteristics, the patient was considered to have non-ischemic heart
               disease.</p>
        <p>These patients are part of a prospective study database of patients hospitalized in
               our service, due to advanced, decompensated HF and all met the same abovementioned
               inclusion criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Patients were included in different years, which allowed us to perform
               a temporal analysis regarding the evolution of prognosis and treatment of this
               syndrome. For the purpose of this analysis, performed retrospectively, the patients
               were divided into two groups: those admitted until December 31, 2000 and those
               admitted after that date. Patients included in the study admitted before 2000 were
               part of prospective studies in the years 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1999<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Patients enrolled after 2000 were studied in 2005 and 2006<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. We compared the characteristics of the two
               groups, considering clinical, laboratory, and evolution aspects.</p>
        <p>Patients were followed for 1 year, and the vital status of the patients, number of
               visits to the emergency room and need for rehospitalization were determined by
               telephone or by reviewing electronic medical records. The clinical outcome analyzed
               was mortality from all causes during the follow-up period.</p>
        <p>Among these patients, a subgroup had the treatment analyzed during and after
               discharge, and predictors of mortality were assessed in this subgroup, consisting of
               333 patients (52.7% of total)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. This subgroup was
               selected based on the availability of data on drug therapy used during
               hospitalization and pre-hospital discharge.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables were shown as means &#177; standard deviation and categorical
               variables as frequencies and percentages. We compared the characteristics of patients
               regarding mortality at the end of follow-up. Continuous variables were analyzed by
               Mann-Whitney U test and categorical variables by the chi-square test or Fisher exact
               test.</p>
        <p>Predictors of mortality were determined by uni- and multivariate analysis, using the
               Cox proportional hazards method. A regression model was constructed for the primary
               endpoint, adjusted for clinical and laboratory characteristics as well as those of
               administered drugs. The criterion for model variable selection was a p value &lt;
               0.200 in the univariate analysis. The final model was built using a stepwise forward
               procedure. All predictor variables with p &lt; 0.05 were mantained in the final
               model. Hazard ratio was shown, with the corresponding confidence interval of 95% (95%
               CI) and p value.</p>
        <p>Based on the follow-up data, survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier
               method. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software
               Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).</p>
        <p>P values are two-tailed and the significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of patients was 54.8 &#177; 15.1 years and most were males, 435 (68.8%). The
               mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 28.2 &#177; 7.2% and mean Systolic
               Blood Pressure (SBP) was 104.6 &#177; 22.9 mmHg. The most frequent cause of heart disease
               was non-ischemic, followed by chagasic and ischemic.</p>
        <p>Most patients had non-dialytic kidney failure.</p>
        <p>A total of 353 patients hospitalized from 1992 to December 31, 2000, and 279 patients
               hospitalized between 2005 and 2006 were included in the study.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>, shows the comparison of baseline
               characteristics between patients admitted until 2000 and after 2000.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of characteristics between the groups before and after
                     2000</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Population (n = 632)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Year of treatment</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Before 2000 (n = 353)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>After 2000 (n = 279)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 14.8</td>
                <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">435 (68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">255 (72.2)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (64.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">Etiology:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">132 (20.9)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (15.0)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (27.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Non-ischemic (non- chagasic)</td>
                <td align="center">312 (49.4)</td>
                <td align="center">173 (49.0)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (49.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.839</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Chagasic</td>
                <td align="center">188 (29.7)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (35.1)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">30.8 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">135.7 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">136.7 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">134.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">103.6 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">102.6 &#177; 21.9</td>
                <td align="center">105.0 &#177; 30.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.163</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortality (1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (41.8)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (56.7)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (22.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Patients hospitalized until the year 2000 were 7.5 years younger than those admitted
               after 2000 and had a less impaired LVEF and lower levels of plasma sodium. The
               percentage of patients with Chagas disease was higher in admissions until 2000.</p>
        <p>The survival of patients hospitalized until the year 2000 was 40.1% and 67.4%, among
               those hospitalized after the year 2000, with a 68% increase in the survival rate in
               the first year of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival of patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure before
                     and after the year 2000. The probability of survival at 1 year of follow-up was
                     40.1% in hospitalized patients before 2000 and 67.4% in hospitalized patients
                     after 2000 (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>To analyze the possible variables related to survival, we evaluated the data of 333
               patients (52.7% of the total). These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>. This analysis showed that 209 patients (62.8%) needed
               inotropes in the compensation period. At discharge, most patients were receiving a
               prescription of renin-angiotensin system blocker (72.4%) and a beta-blocker (59.8%).
               A total of 186 (55.9%) patients were treated with carvedilol and 13 patients (3.9%)
               with metoprolol succinate. When comparing the two groups, patients admitted until
               2000 received a lower proportion of beta-blocker prescriptions and a higher
               proportion of digoxin.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of patients in relation to the year of treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Population (n = 333)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Year of treatment</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Before 2000 (n = 70)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>After 2000 (n = 263)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">58.7 &#177; 15.4</td>
                <td align="center">54.2 &#177; 15.8</td>
                <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">213 (64.0)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (68.6)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (62.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">Etiology:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">94 (28.2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (28.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Non-ischemic (non-chagasic)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (48.9)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (47.1)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (49.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Chagasic</td>
                <td align="center">76 (22.8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27.1)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 11.4</td>
                <td align="center">31.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 42.5</td>
                <td align="center">72.9 &#177; 35.2</td>
                <td align="center">75.1 &#177; 44.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">136.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">135.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">136.7 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">105.3 &#177; 23.3</td>
                <td align="center">111.7 &#177; 25.4</td>
                <td align="center">103.5 &#177; 22.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">68.7 &#177; 18.1</td>
                <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 17.9</td>
                <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 17.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Medications:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dobutamine</td>
                <td align="center">187 (57.9)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (51.4)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (57.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dobutamine</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Levosimendan</td>
                <td align="center">16 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">241 (72.4)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (85.7)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">199 (59.8)</td>
                <td align="center">8(11.4)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (72.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Losartan</td>
                <td align="center">42 (12.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Nitrates</td>
                <td align="center">117 (35.2)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (55.7)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (29.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center">108 (32.5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (35.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">194 (58.6)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (92.8)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (49.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">48 (14.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (18.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center">261 (78.6)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (72.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td align="center">59 (17.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (22.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Clinical results:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortality in-Hospital</td>
                <td align="center">37 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (20.0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortality at follow-up (1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (31.8)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (62.9)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (23.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Rehospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">109 (32.8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (51.4)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (27.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Clinical events</td>
                <td align="center">168 (49.2)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (80.0)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (41.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (percentage).
                        LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP:
                        diastolic blood pressure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Clinical events, death or rehospitalization within 1 year.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In this analysis, patients admitted until the year 2000 had higher in-hospital
               mortality (20.0% vs 8.7%, p = 0.008) and a higher number of re-hospitalizations than
               those admitted after 2000 (51.4% vs. 27.9%, p &lt; 0.001). At 1 year of follow up,
               mortality of those admitted until the year 2000 was 62.9% vs. 23.6% for those
               hospitalized after 2000 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>The length of hospital stay did not differ between the two groups, being 28.3 &#177; 21.1
               days in those admitted until 2000 and 25.1 &#177; 16.7 days (p = 0.251) in those
               hospitalized after the year 2000.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">4</xref> show the comparison of patient characteristics regarding mortality at 1
               year of follow up and the univariate and multivariate regression analysis of
               predictors of death in this period. Chagasic etiology, presence of renal impairment
               (higher urea levels and creatinine), lower levels of sodium and nitrate use were
               predictors of increased mortality. Variables associated with reduced mortality were
               the prescription of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) and beta-blockers.
               In the multivariate regression analysis, five variables were identified as
               independent predictors of mortality, with three being associated with worse prognosis
               (Chagas disease, creatinine &#8805; 1.4 mg/dL, and sodium &#8804; 135 mEq/L) and two associated
               with improved prognosis: the prescription of ACEI and beta-blockers.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of patients in relation to 1-year mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>1-year mortality</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Yes (n = 106)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>No (n = 227)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center"> 58.2 &#177; 17.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 58.9 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Male gender</td>
                <td align="center"> 63 (59.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> 150 (66.1)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Etiology:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right"> Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center"> 27 (25.5)</td>
                <td align="center"> 67 (29.5)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right"> Non-ischemic (non-chagasic)</td>
                <td align="center"> 44 (41.5)</td>
                <td align="center"> 119 (52.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right"> Chagasic</td>
                <td align="center"> 35 (33.0)</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 (18.1)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center"> 28.9 &#177; 9.5</td>
                <td align="center"> 27.6 &#177; 12.1</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center"> 13.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center"> 13.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center"> 80.8 &#177; 42.8</td>
                <td align="center"> 71.8 &#177; 42.1</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.5 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center"> 135.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center"> 137.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center"> 103.1 &#177; 20.7</td>
                <td align="center"> 106.4 &#177; 24.5</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.505</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center"> 69.3 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 68.4 &#177; 19.3</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inotropic agents</td>
                <td align="center"> 75 (71.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> 127 (57.5)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ACEI</td>
                <td align="center"> 69 (65.1)</td>
                <td align="center"> 172 (75.8)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center"> 36 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center"> 163 (71.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Losartan</td>
                <td align="center"> 12 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center"> 30 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.649</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Nitrates</td>
                <td align="center"> 47 (44.3)</td>
                <td align="center"> 70 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center"> 38 (35.8)</td>
                <td align="center"> 70 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.333</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center"> 76 (71.7)</td>
                <td align="center"> 118 (52.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center"> 11 (10.4)</td>
                <td align="center"> 37 (16.3)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center"> 90 (84.9)</td>
                <td align="center"> 171 (75.3)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td align="center"> 18 (17.0)</td>
                <td align="center"> 41 (18.1)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.839</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (percentage).
                        LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP:
                        diastolic blood pressure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis regression (Cox) of predictors of
                     death</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Predictor (univariate analysis)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold><italic/> Hazard ratio </bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>95% Confidence Interval (95%CI)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Age &gt; 60 years</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 - 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Male gender</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 - 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">Etiology:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Ischemic</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 - 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Non-ischemic (non-chagasic) </td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 - 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right">Chagasic</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 - 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LVEF &lt; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 - 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.382</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 - 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Urea &#8805; 60 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinine &#8805; 1.4 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sodium &#8804; 135 mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 - 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> SBP &lt; 90 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 - 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inotropic agents</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 - 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 - 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Losartan</td>
                <td align="center">1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 - 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitrates</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 - 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydralazine</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 - 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 - 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 - 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 - 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.483</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 - 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Predictor (multivariate analysis)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold><italic/> Hazard ratio </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>95% confidence Interval</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine &#8805; 1,4 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 - 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagasic etiology</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 - 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.4 - 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 - 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium &#8804; 135 mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 - 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure;
                        ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref> show survival curves stratified for ACEI and beta-blockers. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>, the survival curve was stratified for
               the combined use of ACEI and beta-blockers, demonstrating improvement in survival of
               patients who received the combined therapy with the two medications.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival at 1 year of follow-up of patients hospitalized for decompensated
                     heart failure, according to the use of beta-blockers: 73.9% vs. 35.0% (p
                     &lt;0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival at 1 year of follow-up of patients hospitalized for decompensated
                     heart failure according to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors:
                     59.5% vs. 41.8% (p = 0.018).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival at 1 year of follow-up of patients hospitalized for heart failure,
                     according to the combined use of beta-blockers (BB) and angiotensin-converting
                     enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). Patients were stratified into four groups according
                     to the use of BB / ACEI: yes/yes, yes/no, no/yes, no/no. The probability of
                     survival was, respectively: 78.7%, 58.5%, 38.9% and 25.5% (p &lt;
                     0.001).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0495-40050-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>According to the results of this observational study, we observed that in this new
               century, the survival of patients with advanced HF has improved significantly, as
               well as the rates of re-hospitalization. Treatment with neurohormonal blockers,
               especially ACEI and beta-blockers, was associated with this increase in survival
               rates.</p>
        <p>Heart failure, in its advanced form, is a malignant disease with a higher mortality
               rate than a few types of cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Even with
               the current treatment, mortality can be high in the most severe forms, as it has an
               association with the intensity of the heart disease and its clinical
                  manifestations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Patients with advanced
               disease are referred to our institution, a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, which
               results in higher mortality than that observed in other institutions. Our current
               mortality rate is approximately 8% and we observed that approximately a quarter of
               patients who were discharged died in the first year of follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although this mortality rate is still high, when we compared data from patients
               hospitalized until the year 2000, we found a significant reduction. It should be
               noted that when comparing the characteristics of the study population in two periods,
               before and after 2000, we observed that they are quite similar, but the hospitalized
               population after 2000 shows alterations that indicate more pronounced clinical
               manifestations, such as higher levels of urea and creatinine at admission and lower
               LVEF. Despite these signs of greater severity, when comparing the two periods, there
               was a significant reduction in mortality, which decreased from 20% to the current
                  8.8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This reduction was probably due to
               more aggressive management of cardiac decompensation and the higher proportion of
               patients currently being treated with ACEI and beta-blockers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our institution, ACEI and beta-blockers are not systematically withdrawn at
               hospitalization for cardiac decompensation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
               In general, ACEI have their dose increased, as vasoconstriction is the major
               pathophysiological alteration in cardiac decompensation. The beta-blocker is
               maintained and in cases that need inotropes, the dose of the beta-blocker is halved,
               which results in the fact many patients continue taking 6.25 mg or 12.5 mg of
               carvedilol twice daily. In the multivariate analysis, the prescription of ACEI and
               beta-blockers was associated with reduced mortality. Therefore, the most intense
               neurohormonal blockade played an important role in this increase in in-hospital
               survival. Thus, although the mortality rate is still high, it is decreasing, when one
               considers the data from the two periods at our institution. It is noteworthy the fact
               that data from the National Health System (SUS) do not show the occurrence of the
               reduction we observed, but showing in fact, an increase in mortality (5.41 % to 6.97
               %) from 1992 to 2002, when analyzing all hospitalizations for HF in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>When comparing our rates with data from Europe and the United States in different
               registries of HF, mortality in our hospitals is higher in general. But much of this
               high mortality is probably due to the greater severity of patients admitted to our
               service. When comparing the characteristics of hospitalized patients, this greater
               severity can be observed among Brazilian patients.</p>
        <p>For instance, when we compare our data with those of the U.S. ADHERE registry, it can
               be seen that 74.9% of hospitalized patients in our hospital had systolic BP &lt; 115
               mm Hg, whereas in the ADHERE registry only 18.5% were hypotensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Low BP is an important prognostic marker in
               several studies, including the ADHERE registry. An important point to note is that,
               despite the higher overall mortality rate of our patients, when we analyzed the total
               number of more severe patients (BUN &gt; 43 mg/dL, BP &lt; 115 mmHg and creatinine
               &gt; 2.75 mg/dL), mortality did not differ significantly, with our patient population
               being numerically lower than that of the American study (14.0% vs. 15.3%), suggesting
               that our treatment, in addition to being adequate, have reduced the mortality a
               severe group of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Even regarding hospitals in Brazil, although data are scarce, we observed that
               mortality in our hospital, despite the greater severity of our cases, was lower than
               that observed in these other institutions. In Rio de Janeiro, among patients treated
               at the emergency room of a private institution, the mortality was 10.6% and, in Porto
               Alegre, a teaching hospital like ours, it was 11%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. These differences
               in mortality are probably due to selection criteria for admission and the period of
               data collection, but the numbers are very similar to ours.</p>
        <p>More significant, however, was the reduction in mortality at the follow-up. We
               observed a reduction in mortality in the first year of follow up, going from more
               than 50% to the current 23.6%, a relative reduction of approximately 50%. This result
               was similar to that observed in Spain, where mortality in the 1991-1996 period was
               24%, decreasing to 16% in 2000 and 2001<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
               Improved prognosis was also reported in Baltimore and Sweden, and in these studies,
               the authors reported that this improvement occurred after the establishment of
               treatment with ACEI and beta-blockers, but did not specifically analyze the role of
               their prescriptions, different from our study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>The year 2000 can be considered a watershed for the treatment of chronic HF, as in
               1999, two important studies were published on beta blockers in HF, the MERIT-HF and
               the CIBIS-II study, which reinforced the indication of beta-blockers for treatment of
               chronic HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. We observed this increase in the prescription in our hospital
               as, until 2000, at the outpatient clinic, the prescription of beta-blockers reached
               about 10% of patients, increasing 70% in the 2004 assessment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. This increased prescription of beta-blockers unquestionably
               played a key role in improving the prognosis of HF in our hospital.</p>
        <p>At the univariate analysis of predictors of mortality, it can be observed that the
               prescription of ACEI and beta-blockers was associated with improved prognosis.
               Markers of increased cardiac and systemic involvement, usually identified in studies
               evaluating prognosis (renal and ventricular function) were associated with a worse
               prognosis, as well as Chagas etiology. In the multivariate analysis, ACEI and beta
               blockers persisted as markers, with the latter having a greater impact.</p>
        <p>In addition to the recording of the neurohormonal blockade value promoting increased
               survival, this study also shows that Chagas disease was accompanied by worse
               prognosis, confirming the findings of other Brazilian studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Although the analyzed groups (before and after 2000) are not homogeneous (Table 2)
                  due to the nature of this study (observational and retrospective), it is
                  noteworthy the fact that, although patients in the group after 2000 were more
                  severe (older mean age, lower LVEF and lower mean SBP), this group - the most
                  severe - was precisely the one that had the best clinical outcomes at follow-up
                  with lower mortality and lower rates of re-hospitalization. One must consider that
                  these results are observational and that other factors such as improved treatment
                  adherence and cointerventions (e.g., cardiac surgery and interventional
                  procedures), after discharge, were not quantified and may have influenced the
                  improvement in prognosis, in addition to the higher rate of prescription of
                  neurohormonal blockers, particularly beta-blockers. It should be noted that a
                  possible selection bias was the fact that we performed analyses of survival in
                  little more than 50% of the study patients, of which data regarding therapy used
                  was available. Moreover, regarding therapy, we performed the qualitative analysis,
                  while the quantitative analysis of the dose at discharge and at follow-up would be
                  important to evaluate the influence of optimized dose of these medications on
                  patients' prognosis. However, these issues could be addressed in future
                  studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study provided some evidence that, in the real world, the survival of patients
               with heart failure has increased and that treatment optimization with neurohormonal
               blockers have had an important role in improving prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Del Carlo CH,
                  Cardoso JN, Ochia ME, Oliveira Jr. MT, Ramires JAF, Pereira-Barretto AC;
                  Acquisition of data: Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochia ME, Oliveira Jr. MT;
                  Statistical analysis: Del Carlo CH; Writing of the manuscript: Del Carlo CH,
                  Ramires JAF, Pereira-Barretto AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association </bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
