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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c9gPVgfJwnLZVTRJtLz8PHQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000054</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Hipometila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 est&#225; Associada ao Risco de Doen&#231;a
               Card&#237;aca Coronariana na Popula&#231;&#227;o Chinesa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wei</surname>
            <given-names>Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Shuchuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Su</surname>
            <given-names>Zhendong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Rongchao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Xiuping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Xueqi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harbin Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The Fourth Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated
               Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harbin Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Hematology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Harbin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated
               Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Xueqi Li, </bold>No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nan Gang. C&#243;digo Postal
               150001, Harbin. E-mail: <email>xueqi_li@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Wei L, Liu S,
                  Su Z, Cheng R, Bai X, Li X; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wei L, Su Z, Cheng R; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Wei L, Bai X, Li X; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wei L, Liu S, Su Z, Cheng
                  R, Bai X; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
                  Li X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Li Wei pelo the Fourth
                  Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>481</fpage>
      <lpage>488</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos: </title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o global do ADN de leuc&#243;citos no sangue tem sido associado ao
                  risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), com resultados inconsistentes em
                  diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Faltam dados semelhantes da popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, onde
                  diferentes fatores gen&#233;ticos, de estilo de vida e ambientais podem afetar a
                  metila&#231;&#227;o do ADN e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o risco de DCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Analisar se a metila&#231;&#227;o global est&#225; associada ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana na
                  popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos um total de 334 casos de DCC e 788 controles saud&#225;veis. A
                  metila&#231;&#227;o global do ADN de leuc&#243;citos de sangue foi estimada por meio da an&#225;lise
                  das repeti&#231;&#245;es do LINE-1 usando pirosequenciamento de bissulfito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Em uma an&#225;lise inicial restrita aos controles o n&#237;vel do LINE-1 diminui
                  significativamente com a idade avan&#231;ada, colesterol total elevado, e diagn&#243;stico
                  de diabetes. Na an&#225;lise de caso-controle, a redu&#231;&#227;o da metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 foi
                  associada ao aumento do risco de DCC, tendo a an&#225;lise por quartil revelado uma
                     <italic>odds ratio </italic>(IC 95%) de 0,9 (0,6-1,4), 1,9 (1,3-2,9) e 2,3 (1,6
                  3.5) para o terceiro, segundo e primeiro (o mais baixo) quartil (P da tend&#234;ncia
                  &lt; 0,001), respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quarto (o mais alto) quartil. A
                  metila&#231;&#227;o inferior (&lt; mediana) do LINE-1 esteve associada a 2,2 vezes (IC 95% =
                  1,7-3,0) o aumento de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. As estimativas de risco de DCC
                  menores relacionadas com o LINE-1 tenderam a ser mais fortes entre os indiv&#237;duos
                  com maior tercil de homociste&#237;na (P intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,042) e naqueles com diagn&#243;stico
                  de hipertens&#227;o arterial (P intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A hipometila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 est&#225; associada ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana na
                  popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. Fatores de risco de DCC potenciais tais como a idade avan&#231;ada,
                  colesterol total elevado, e diagn&#243;stico de diabetes podem ter impacto na metila&#231;&#227;o
                  global do ADN, exercendo, portanto, o seu efeito sobre o risco de doen&#231;a
                  coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Epigen&#233;tica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>metila&#231;&#227;o global</kwd>
        <kwd>LINE-1</kwd>
        <kwd>DNA de leuc&#243;citos do sangue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) constitui 90-95% de todos os casos de doen&#231;as
            cardiovasculares, sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A idade, o
            sexo, a dieta, tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o, a diabetes, a dislipidemia, a homociste&#237;na, a
            obesidade, a hist&#243;ria familiar de DCC e fatores gen&#233;ticos t&#234;m demonstrado desempenhar um
            papel importante na etiologia da DCC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A modifica&#231;&#227;o epigen&#233;tica, especialmente um padr&#227;o aberrante de metila&#231;&#227;o global do ADN,
            &#233; cada vez mais reconhecido como um fator chave para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a
            arterial coronariana. A hipometila&#231;&#227;o do ADN global pode induzir instabilidade gen&#244;mica
            e desregular a transcri&#231;&#227;o do gene, contribuindo assim para o desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias
            doen&#231;as humanas, incluindo DCC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Em modelos
            animais, a hipometila&#231;&#227;o global do ADN tem sido associada ao dep&#243;sito de lip&#237;dios na
            aorta, um preditor de futura aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, uma
            associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipometila&#231;&#227;o de ADN global e susceptibilidade &#224; aterosclerose
            subcl&#237;nica tem sido relatada em adultos jovens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
            Tamb&#233;m, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o global, medido em ADN de
            leuc&#243;citos no sangue tem sido associado a fatores de risco de doen&#231;a arterial
            coronariana, tais como a idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, defici&#234;ncia de folato,
            hiperhomociste&#237;na, maiores n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade e menores n&#237;veis de
            lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. V&#225;rios estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m relatado que
            o n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o global poderia ser um fator de risco determinante de DCC, mas os
            resultados foram inconsistentes em v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Dados semelhantes
            faltam na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, onde diferentes fatores gen&#233;ticos, de estilo de vida e
            ambientais podem afetar a metila&#231;&#227;o do ADN e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o risco de DCC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cerca de 55% do genoma humano &#233; constitu&#237;do por elementos repetitivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, incluindo aproximadamente 500.000 repeti&#231;&#245;es do
            LINE-1 o que representa aproximadamente 17% do genoma humano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Por causa da alta representa&#231;&#227;o em todo o genoma e a forte
            metila&#231;&#227;o em tecido normal, o LINE-1 tem sido utilizado como um marcador substituto para
            a estimativa dos n&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o do ADN global<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, investigamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o risco de DCC
            em uma popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. Tamb&#233;m examinamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e
            os potenciais fatores de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana, incluindo idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de
            massa corporal (IMC), colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, homociste&#237;na, tabagismo,
            hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, bem como o seu efeito modificador na estimativa de risco de DCC
            relacionado com o LINE-1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo de caso-controle incluiu 334 pacientes com DAC e 788 indiv&#237;duos controle
               do Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China desde mar&#231;o
               de 2007 a setembro de 2010. Todos os participantes eram indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o aparentados da
               popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa da etnia Han, e os controles foram pareados por frequ&#234;ncia com os
               casos por idade (&#177; 5 anos) e sexo. O diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi
               estabelecido pela evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de &#8805; 70% de estenose de uma grande art&#233;ria
               coron&#225;ria, ou &#8805; 50% da principal art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Os controles tinham um
               question&#225;rio de sa&#250;de regular e seu exame detalhado pela an&#225;lise do hist&#243;rico, exame
               f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma revelaram aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial
               coronariana ou outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Para ambos os grupos de DCC e de controle,
               foram exclu&#237;dos os doentes com angina pectoris esp&#225;stica, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica,
               e qualquer tipo de doen&#231;a auto-imune ou c&#226;ncer. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre idade, sexo,
               altura, peso, tabagismo e diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foram obtidas
               utilizando um question&#225;rio estruturado por meio de entrevistas pessoais. Fumante
               ocasional foi definido como um fumante de pelo menos 1 cigarro por dia durante pelo
               menos 6 meses. O IMC foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: peso em quilogramas dividido pelo
               quadrado da altura do corpo em metros (kg/m2). Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre colesterol total em
               soro, triglic&#233;ridos e homociste&#237;na em plasma foram coletadas com base em prontu&#225;rios
               m&#233;dicos. Consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de cada participante. O
               protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de revis&#227;o &#233;tica do Conselho de Revis&#227;o
               Institucional do hospital participante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de metila&#231;&#227;o do ADN dos elementos repetitivos do LINE-1</title>
        <p>O ADN gen&#243;mico foi extra&#237;do de leuc&#243;citos de sangue utilizando o kit de extra&#231;&#227;o de
               ADN de sangue QIAamp (Qiagen, Xangai, China), e em seguida modificado por meio do
               tratamento com bissulfito de s&#243;dio, utilizando o kit de metila&#231;&#227;o de ADN Zymo EZ
               (Zymo, CA, EUA), seguindo o protocolo do fabricante. Um m&#233;todo modificado de
               pirosequenciamento baseado em PCR originalmente descrito por Yang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> foi realizado para quantificar a metila&#231;&#227;o dos
               elementos repetitivos do LINE-1. Resumidamente, a PCR foi realizada num volume de
               rea&#231;&#227;o de 50 ul contendo 25 ul de GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega, WI, EUA), 1 pmol
               de <italic>forward primer</italic> (TGA TTT GTT AGG TGT GGG ATA TA), 1 pmol de
               biotina <italic>reverse primer</italic> (biotina-AAA AAA AAA ATC TTC CCT TTC), e 50
               ng de ADN gen&#243;mico tratados com bissulfito. As condi&#231;&#245;es c&#237;clicas de PCR foram 95&#176;C
               durante 30 s, 50&#176;C durante/ 30 s e 72 &#176;C durante 30 s para 40 ciclos. O produto da
               PCR foi ligado a esferas de sefarose estreptavidina (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala,
               Su&#233;cia). Estas esferas de sefarose contendo o produto de PCR ligado foram
               purificadas, lavadas, desnaturadas e novamente lavadas. Em seguida, 0,3 mM de
                  <italic>primer </italic>de pirosequenciamento (AGT TAG GTG TGG GAT ATA GT) foi
               recozido ao produto purificado de cadeia &#250;nica da PCR. O pirosequenciamento foi
               realizado utilizando o Sistema de Pirosequenciamento PSQ HS 96. Para todos os ensaios
               foram utilizados controles internos para verificar a convers&#227;o de bissulfito. Cada
               amostra foi analisada em duplicado e a sua m&#233;dia foi utilizada na an&#225;lise final. O
               grau de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 foi expresso em % de 5-Metilcitosina (%5 mC) sobre o
               total de citosinas (metiladas+ n&#227;o metiladas).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre as distribui&#231;&#245;es
            das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para as diferen&#231;as nas
            m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os casos de DCC e controles. Foram utilizados
            modelos de regress&#227;o linear para avaliar as diferen&#231;as no LINE-1 entre os controles em
            rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo, IMC, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, homociste&#237;na, tabagismo,
            hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica n&#227;o condicional para estimar
            a <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) para DCC e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). Os
            pontos de corte quartil e a mediana se basearam nas distribui&#231;&#245;es do LINE-1 entre os
            controles. Todos os modelos foram ajustados para idade (como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua),
            sexo e tabagismo (n&#227;o-fumante: sim vs n&#227;o). Ajustes adicionais por outras potenciais
            vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, incluindo IMC, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, homociste&#237;na,
            hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, n&#227;o alteraram materialmente as estimativas de risco. Portanto,
            estas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das nos modelos finais. A modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito por
            co-vari&#225;veis individuais foi avaliada por meio de testes de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a.
            Todos os testes foram bidirecionais e um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado
            significativo. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o Stata 10.1 (Stata
            Corporation, College Station, TX).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os fatores de risco potencial dos indiv&#237;duos do estudo caso e controle s&#227;o apresentados
            na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as
            significativas entre os casos de DCC e os controles nas distribui&#231;&#245;es de idade, sexo,
            IMC, ou triglicer&#237;deos. Quando comparados com os controles, os casos de DCC apresentaram
            maior n&#250;mero/ de fumantes ocasionais, e tenderam a ter n&#237;veis mais elevados de
            colesterol total e de homociste&#237;na. Os casos tamb&#233;m apresentaram diagn&#243;stico de
            hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Os efeitos do n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 nos potenciais
            fatores de risco entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. Como era esperado, o n&#237;vel do LINE-1
            reduziu-se significativamente com o aumento da idade (p = 0,016). Observamos tamb&#233;m que
            o colesterol total (p &lt; 0,001) e o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes (p &lt; 0,001) estiveram
            inversamente associados aos n&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1. N&#227;o foram observadas rela&#231;&#245;es
            estatisticamente significativas entre o n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o sexo,
            tabagismo, IMC, triglic&#233;ridos, homociste&#237;na, ou diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fatores potenciais de risco dos sujeitos do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Fatores potenciais de risco</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Casos, <italic>n </italic> (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Controles, <italic>n </italic> (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t01">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Idade (tercil), anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 59</td>
              <td align="center">96 (28,7)</td>
              <td align="center">266 (33,8)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-65</td>
              <td align="center">119 (35,6)</td>
              <td align="center">236 (29,9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 65</td>
              <td align="center">119 (35,6)</td>
              <td align="center">286 (36,3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Feminino</td>
              <td align="center">66 (19,8)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (19,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Masculino</td>
              <td align="center">268 (80,2)</td>
              <td align="center">638 (81,0)</td>
              <td align="center">0,78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Fumante ocasional</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">156 (47,4)</td>
              <td align="center">590 (75,4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">173 (52,6)</td>
              <td align="center">193 (24,6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (tercil), kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 22,0</td>
              <td align="center">97 (29,1)</td>
              <td align="center">262 (33,2)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>22,0-25,4</td>
              <td align="center">122 (36,5)</td>
              <td align="center">264 (33,6)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>25,4</td>
              <td align="center">115 (34,4)</td>
              <td align="center">262 (33,2)</td>
              <td align="center">0,36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Colesterol total (tercil), mmol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 2,9</td>
              <td align="center">57 (17,1)</td>
              <td align="center">262 (33,2)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2,9-4,8</td>
              <td align="center">123 (36,8)</td>
              <td align="center">263 (33,4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center">154 (46,1)</td>
              <td align="center">263 (33,4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Triglic&#233;ridos (tercil), mmol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">113 (33,8)</td>
              <td align="center">265 (33,7)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,1-1,6</td>
              <td align="center">111 (33,2)</td>
              <td align="center">258 (32,8)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 1,6</td>
              <td align="center">110 (33,0)</td>
              <td align="center">263 (33,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Homocisteina (tercil), &#956;mol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 9</td>
              <td align="center">70 (21,6)</td>
              <td align="center">241 (32,3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9-11</td>
              <td align="center">106 (32,7)</td>
              <td align="center">252 (33,7)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 11</td>
              <td align="center">148 (45,7)</td>
              <td align="center">254 (34,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">128 (38,3)</td>
              <td align="center">520 (66,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">206 (61,7)</td>
              <td align="center">268 (34,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">212 (63,5)</td>
              <td align="center">638 (81,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">122 (36,5)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (19,0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LINE-1 M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center">80,96 (2,40)</td>
              <td align="center">81,67 (2,46)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t01">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Valor de P obtido a partir de um teste x<sup>2</sup> comparando casos e
                     controles.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t01">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Valor de P obtido de um teste t de Student comparando casos e controles.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fatores de risco para DCC com os n&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o do
                  LINE-1 entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Potenciais fatores de risco</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>LINE-1 m&#233;dia (95% IC)*</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>valor de p*</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Idade (tercil), anos</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 59</td>
              <td align="center">266</td>
              <td align="center">81,58 (81,33-81,83)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>60-65</td>
              <td align="center">236</td>
              <td align="center">81,47 (81,22-81,72)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 65</td>
              <td align="center">286</td>
              <td align="center">81,21 (80,97-81,45)</td>
              <td align="center">0,016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t02">&#8225;</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Feminino</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">81,47 (81,14-81,81)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Masculino</td>
              <td align="center">638</td>
              <td align="center">81,40 (81,24-81,56)</td>
              <td align="center">0,46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Fumante ocasional</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t02">&#167;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">590</td>
              <td align="center">81,59 (81,41-81,76)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">193</td>
              <td align="center">81,05 (80,80-81,31)</td>
              <td align="center">0,35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (tercil), kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 22,0</td>
              <td align="center">262</td>
              <td align="center">81,41 (81,16-81,66)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>22,0-25,4</td>
              <td align="center">264</td>
              <td align="center">81,24 (80,99-81,48)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 25,4</td>
              <td align="center">262</td>
              <td align="center">81,58 (81,34-81,83)</td>
              <td align="center">0,54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Colesterol total (tercil), mmol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 2,9</td>
              <td align="center">262</td>
              <td align="center">81,83 (81,57-82,10)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2,9-4,8</td>
              <td align="center">263</td>
              <td align="center">81,57 (81,34-81,81)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center">263</td>
              <td align="center">80,95 (80,72-81,18)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Triglic&#233;ridos (tercil), mmol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">265</td>
              <td align="center">81,39 (81,15-81,64)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,1-1,6</td>
              <td align="center">258</td>
              <td align="center">81,43 (81,18-81,68)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 1,6</td>
              <td align="center">263</td>
              <td align="center">81,42 (81,18-81,67)</td>
              <td align="center">0,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Homocisteina (tercil), &#956;mol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 9</td>
              <td align="center">241</td>
              <td align="center">81,53 (81,26-81,80)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9-11</td>
              <td align="center">252</td>
              <td align="center">81,37 (81,12-81,63)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 11</td>
              <td align="center">254</td>
              <td align="center">81,41 (81,17-81,65)</td>
              <td align="center">0,91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">520</td>
              <td align="center">81,53 (81,34-81,72)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">268</td>
              <td align="center">81,25 (81,03-81,47)</td>
              <td align="center">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">638</td>
              <td align="center">81,59 (81,43-81,75)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sim</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">80,85 (80,56-81,14)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DCC: Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a. Ajustado para
                     idade, sexo e tabagismo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Apenas ajustado para sexo e tabagismo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t02">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Apenas ajustado para idade e tabagismo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn03t02">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Apenas ajustado para idade e sexo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os casos de DCC apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1
            comparando com os controles (m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o, DP): 80,96 (2,40) vs 81,67 (2,46), p
            &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). As an&#225;lises de LINE-1 em
            quartis, com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos controles, mostram que o n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o LINE-1
            esteve inversamente relacionado com o risco de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sujeitos no quarto (o mais alto) quartil
            de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1, as ODs (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) para DCC foram de 0,9 (95%
            IC, 0,6-1,4), 1,9 (95% IC, 1,3-2,9) e 2,3 (IC 95%, 1,6-3.5) para os indiv&#237;duos com
            metila&#231;&#227;o do terceiro, segundo e primeiro (o mais baixo) quartil (P tend&#234;ncia &lt;
            0,001), respectivamente. Ao utilizar o ponto de corte alternativo com base na mediana,
            os indiv&#237;duos com mais baixa (metila&#231;&#227;o &lt; mediana) do LINE-1 apresentaramtiveram
            2.2-vezes (95% IC, 1.7-3.0) maior risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em compara&#231;&#227;o com
            indiv&#237;duos com maior (&gt; mediana) metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de CHD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>LINE-1 (%5mC)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Casos, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Controles, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>OR (95% IC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t03">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Quartil</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q4 (&gt; 82,73)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (16,5)</td>
              <td align="center">197 (25,0)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q3 (81,52-82,72)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (14,7)</td>
              <td align="center">194 (24,6)</td>
              <td align="center">0,9 (0,6-1,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q2 (80,17-81,51)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (30,2)</td>
              <td align="center">199 (25,3)</td>
              <td align="center">1,9 (1,3-2,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Q1 (&lt; 80,16)</td>
              <td align="center">129 (38,6)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (25,1)</td>
              <td align="center">2,3 (1,6-3,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">P<sub>tend&#234;ncia</sub>&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Mediana</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t03">&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alta (&#8805; 81,52)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (31,1)</td>
              <td align="center">391 (49,6)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baixa (&lt; 81,52)</td>
              <td align="center">230 (68,9)</td>
              <td align="center">397 (50,4)</td>
              <td align="center">2,2 (1,7-3,0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03t03">
            <p>%5 mC: % de 5-metilcitosinadas; DCC: Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; IC: Intervalo
                     de confian&#231;a, ou, odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Ajustado para &#224; idade, sexo e tabagismo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Os quartis e a mediana das medidas LINE-1 foram baseadas em valores entre os
                     indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Quando s&#227;o estratificadas por potenciais fatores de risco, as estimativas de risco de
            DCC relacionadas com LINE-1 mais baixas tendem a ser mais elevadas entre os indiv&#237;duos
            com maior tercil de homociste&#237;na (OR = 3.2, 95% IC, 3,2-5,2) e naqueles com diagn&#243;stico
            de hipertens&#227;o arterial (OR = 3.1, 95% IC, 2,1-4,8) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). Foram observadas intera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas em
            rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana entre metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o n&#237;vel de
            homociste&#237;na (P intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,042), e entre metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e hipertens&#227;o (P
            intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,012). A estratifica&#231;&#227;o por outros fatores de risco potenciais, incluindo a
            idade (tercil), sexo (feminino, masculino) tabagismo (fumante ocasional: n&#227;o, sim), IMC
            (tercil), colesterol total (tercil), triglic&#233;ridos (tercil) e diagn&#243;stico de diabetes
            (n&#227;o, sim), produziu estimativas de risco compar&#225;veis (dados n&#227;o mostrados). As
            intera&#231;&#245;es entre metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e estes fatores sobre o risco de DCC n&#227;o foram
            estatisticamente significativas (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;vel do LINE-1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de DCC, por n&#237;vel de homociste&#237;na e
                  diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Fatores potenciais de risco</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>LINE-1*</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Casos, <italic>n </italic> (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Controles, <italic>n </italic> (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>OR (95% IC)</bold>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Homocisteina, &#956;mol/L</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">&lt; 9</td>
              <td align="center">Alta</td>
              <td align="center">24 (34,3)</td>
              <td align="center">126 (52,3)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center">46 (65,7)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (47,7)</td>
              <td align="center">2,2 (1,2-4,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">9-11</td>
              <td align="center">Alta</td>
              <td align="center">41 (38,7)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (45,6)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center">65 (61,3)</td>
              <td align="center">137 (54,4)</td>
              <td align="center">1,4 (0,9-2,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">&gt; 11</td>
              <td align="center">Alta</td>
              <td align="center">36 (24,3)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (53,1)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center">112 (75,7)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (46,9)</td>
              <td align="center">3,2 (2,0-5,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">Alta</td>
              <td align="center">51 (39,8)</td>
              <td align="center">251 (48,3)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center">77 (60,2)</td>
              <td align="center">269 (51,7)</td>
              <td align="center">1,5 (1,0-2,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td align="center">Alta</td>
              <td align="center">53 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (52,2)</td>
              <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Baixa</td>
              <td align="center">153 (74,3)</td>
              <td align="center">128 (47,8)</td>
              <td align="center">3,1 (2,1-4,8)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03t04">
            <p>DCC: Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; IC: Intervalo de confian&#231;a, ou, odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn01t04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>A m&#233;dia de LINE-1 foi medida com base em valores entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo
                     controle. Alta: &#8805; 81,52 (% 5 mC); Baixa: &lt; 81,52 (% 5mC).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="tfn02t04">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Ajustado para &#224; idade, sexo e tabagismo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo demonstramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa estatisticamente significativa entre
            o n&#237;vel de metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. O
            n&#237;vel de homociste&#237;na e o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o modificaram esta rela&#231;&#227;o inversa.
            Considerando-se que a DCC &#233; uma das doen&#231;as mais comuns, juntamente com a sua
               severidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, o fator de risco de
            hipometila&#231;&#227;o global pode ter um impacto consider&#225;vel na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. J&#225; que a
            metila&#231;&#227;o do DNA &#233; um mecanismo epigen&#233;tico revers&#237;vel, este marcador com base no sangue
            poderia oferecer novas e excitantes oportunidades para a preven&#231;&#227;o de base populacional
            da doen&#231;a coronariana, asim como para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o de DNA globais, avaliados em regi&#245;es repetidas de DNA derivado de
            leuc&#243;citos, foram relatados como associados ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana em popula&#231;&#245;es
            norte-americanas, de Singapura e da &#205;ndia, com observa&#231;&#245;es inconsistentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Em uma coorte de 712 idosos da popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana, a hipometila&#231;&#227;o
            do LINE-1 foi associada ao aumento do risco de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, tanto na an&#225;lise
            transversal como longitudinal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Isto &#233;
            consistente com os achados do presente estudo. No entanto, em nossos dados, tamb&#233;m houve
            rela&#231;&#245;es significativas entre as mulheres, assim como em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias entre
            metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana, que aportam mais dados ao que foi
            anteriormente observado na popula&#231;&#227;o americana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
            Por outro lado, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de Singapura, n&#237;veis mais elevados de metila&#231;&#227;o de
            Alu/Sat2 repetidos foram relatados em homens com hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou
            acidente vascular cerebral (n = 8) do que nos homens controle (n = 121)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>; Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o da &#205;ndia, em casos com doen&#231;a
            arterial coronariana (n = 137) foram relatados n&#237;veis mais elevados de metila&#231;&#227;o de
            seq&#252;&#234;ncias CCGG do que nos controles (n = 150)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
            O estilo de vida diferente, as exposi&#231;&#245;es ambientais, as origens gen&#233;ticas entre as
            popula&#231;&#245;es , e as diferen&#231;as de tamanho da amostra e elementos repetitivos de DNA alvo
            de medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hipometila&#231;&#227;o globais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, podem ter
            contribu&#237;do para os diferentes resultados entre estes estudos.</p>
      <p>O efeito modificador da idade nos n&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o do DNA global, de acordo com os
            dados anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, pode refletir os efeitos
            cumulativos que a exposi&#231;&#227;o ambiental pode ter nos fatores de risco de DCC. A
            hipometila&#231;&#227;o global en DNA de leuc&#243;citos tem sido associada &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a v&#225;rios tipos
            de poluentes ambientais como os hidrocarbonetos arom&#225;ticos polic&#237;clicos, a polui&#231;&#227;o
            atmosf&#233;rica, o carbono negro e os sulfatos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. O presente estudo
            tamb&#233;m mostrou que dois fatores de risco de DCC reconhecidos, o colesterol total elevado
            e o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, estiveram relacionados com a redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de metila&#231;&#227;o
            do LINE-1, apoiando ainda mais o papel de hipometila&#231;&#227;o do DNA no desenvolvimento da
            doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Em nossos dados, /n&#227;o foi registrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o n&#237;vel de
            homociste&#237;na ou diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o, o que difere de alguma forma do que foi
            observado anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. No entanto, observou-se que tanto o n&#237;vel de
            homociste&#237;na quanto o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o modificaram a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre
            metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para
            replicar estas descobertas e elucidar o mecanismo subjacente do n&#237;vel de homociste&#237;na e
            o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o em seu papel modificador na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a
            hipometila&#231;&#227;o global e o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve as vantagens de se basear em uma amostra relativamente grande de
            amostra, diagnosticar a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana por evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica e efetuar
            uma an&#225;lise quantitativa precisa, utilizando a metodologia de pirosequenciamento, o que
            &#233; adequado para aferir as mudan&#231;as sutis na metila&#231;&#227;o do DNA. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do
            presente estudo foi a natureza retrospectiva do desenho do estudo, ou seja, a coleta de
            amostras de sangue de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana ocorreu ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de
            DCC. Se o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana tivesse tido qualquer impacto
            directo ou indirecto na metila&#231;&#227;o global do DNA atrav&#233;s da mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida ou
            da exposi&#231;&#227;o ambiental do sujeito, poder&#237;amos ter observado uma associa&#231;&#227;o confusa ou
            enviesada entre a metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 e o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. No entanto,
            observaram-se estimativas de risco semelhantes, quando a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica
            foi restrita restringida a 212 casos de DCC rec&#233;m-diagnosticados, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os
            controles (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Al&#233;m disso, nossos achados de que os n&#237;veis de
            metila&#231;&#227;o do LINE-1 eram reduzidos em indiv&#237;duos controle com fatores de risco de DCC,
            tais como a idade avan&#231;ada, colesterol total elevado, e diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, indicam
            que a metila&#231;&#227;o reduzida do LINE-1 nos sujeitos controle de alto risco pode resultar de
            condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, nas an&#225;lises
            longitudinais do estudo de Baccarelli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,
            tem-se observado um menor aumento do risco aumentado de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica
            relacionado ao LINE-1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo corroboram que a hipometila&#231;&#227;o do DNA global medido em
            LINE-1 repetido est&#225; associada ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa.
            Fatores potenciais de risco de DCC tais como a idade avan&#231;ada, o colesterol total
            elevado e o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes podem ter impacto na metila&#231;&#227;o global do DNA,
            exercendo atrav&#233;s deles o seu efeito sobre o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">LINE-1 Hypomethylation is Associated with the Risk of
               Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wei</surname>
            <given-names>Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Shuchuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Su</surname>
            <given-names>Zhendong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Rongchao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Xiuping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Xueqi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated
               Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated
               Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Xueqi Li, </bold>No. 37 Yiyuan Street, Nan Gang. Postal Code
               150001, Harbin. E-mail: <email>xueqi_li@163.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Wei L, Liu S, Su Z, Cheng R, Bai X, Li X; Acquisition of data: Wei L, Su Z, Cheng
                  R; Statistical analysis: Wei L, Bai X, Li X; Writing of the manuscript: Wei L, Liu
                  S, Su Z, Cheng R, Bai X; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                  content: Li X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Li Wei, from the Fourth
                  Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Global methylation level in blood leukocyte DNA has been associated with the risk
                  of coronary heart disease (CHD), with inconsistent results in various populations.
                  Similar data are lacking in Chinese population where different genetic, lifestyle
                  and environmental factors may affect DNA methylation and its risk relationship
                  with CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives: </title>
          <p>To examine whether global methylation is associated with the risk of CHD in
                  Chinese population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> A total of 334 cases with CHD and 788 healthy controls were included. Global
                  methylation in blood leukocyte DNA was estimated by analyzing LINE-1 repeats using
                  bisulfite pyrosequencing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>In an initial analysis restricted to control subjects, LINE-1 level reduced
                  significantly with aging, elevated total cholesterol, and diagnosis of diabetes.
                  In the case-control analysis, reduced LINE-1 methylation was associated with
                  increased risk of CHD; analysis by quartile revealed odds ratios (95%CI) of 0.9
                  (0.6-1.4), 1.9 (1.3-2.9) and 2.3 (1.6-3.5) for the third, second and first
                  (lowest) quartile (P<sub>trend </sub>&lt; 0.001), respectively, compared to the
                  fourth (highest) quartile. Lower (&lt;median) LINE-1 methylation was associated
                  with a 2.2-fold (95%CI = 1.7-3.0) increased risk of CHD. The lower LINE-1-related
                  CHD risk estimates tended to be stronger among subjects with the highest tertile
                  of homocysteine (P<sub>interaction </sub>= 0.042) and those with diagnosis of
                  hypertension (P<sub>interaction </sub>= 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>LINE-1 hypomethylation is associated with the risk of CHD in Chinese population.
                  Potential CHD risk factors such as older age, elevated total cholesterol, and
                  diagnosis of diabetes may have impact on global DNA methylation, whereby exerting
                  their effect on CHD risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Epigenetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Global methylation</kwd>
        <kwd>LINE-1</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood leukocyte DNA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) constitutes 90-95% of all cases with cardiovascular
               diseases, which rank the leading cause of death in the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Age, sex,
               diets, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, homocysteine,
               obesity, family history of CHD and genetic factors have been characterized to play a
               major role in the CHD etiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Epigenetic modification, especially aberrant global DNA methylation pattern, is
               increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development of CHD. Global DNA
               hypomethylation may induce genomic instability and deregulate gene transcription,
               thereby contributing to the development of various human diseases including CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In animal models, global DNA hypomethylation
               has been associated with aortic lipid deposition, a predictor of future
                  atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Further, an association between global DNA
               hypomethylation and susceptibility to subclinical atherosclerosis has been reported
               in young adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In addition, in healthy
               subjects, global methylation level measured in blood leukocyte DNA has been
               associated with risk factors for CHD, such as aging, cigarette smoking, folate
               deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, higher levels of low density lipoprotein and lower
               levels of high density lipoprotein<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Several
               epidemiological studies have reported that global methylation level could be a
               determinant risk factor for CHD, but the results were inconsistent in various
                  populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Similar data are lacking in Chinese
               population where different genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors may affect
               DNA methylation and its risk relationship with CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>About 55% of human genome consists of repetitive elements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, including approximately 500,000 LINE-1 repeats which
               represent approximately 17% of the human genome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Because of high representation throughout the genome and heavy
               methylation in normal tissue, LINE-1 has been used as a surrogate marker for
               estimating global DNA methylation levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we have investigated the relationship between LINE-1
               methylation and the risk of CHD in a Chinese population. We also examined the
               association between LINE-1 methylation and potential risk factors for CHD including
               age, sex, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, triglyceride, homocysteine,
               smoking status, hypertension and diabetes, as well as their modifying effect on the
               LINE-1-related risk estimate for CHD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study participants</title>
          <p>This case-control study enrolled 334 patients with CHD and 788 control subjects
                  from the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China from
                  March 2007 to September 2010. All participants were unrelated individuals from the
                  Chinese Han population, and the controls were frequency-matched to the cases by
                  age (&#177; 5 years) and sex. The diagnosis of CHD was established by angiographic
                  evidence of &#8805;70% stenosis of 1 major coronary artery, or &#8805; 50% of the left main
                  coronary artery. The controls filled a regular health survey and their detailed
                  examination by history analysis, physical examination, electrocardiography, and
                  echocardiography revealed absence of CHD or other heart diseases. For both CHD and
                  control groups, subjects with spastic angina pectoris, peripheral artery disease,
                  and any kind of autoimmune-related disease or cancers were excluded. Information
                  on age, sex, height, weight, cigarette smoking, and diagnosis of hypertension and
                  diabetes was obtained by using a structured questionnaire through in-person
                  interviews. An ever-smoker was defined as a smoker of at least 1 cigarette per day
                  for at least 6 months. BMI was calculated using the formula: body weight in
                  kilograms divided by the square of body height in meters (kg/m<sup>2)</sup>.
                  Information on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and plasma homocysteine was
                  collected on the basis of medical records. Written informed consent was obtained
                  from each participant. The study protocol was approved by the ethics review
                  committee of the Institutional Review Board of the participant hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>DNA methylation analysis of LINE-1 repetitive elements</title>
          <p>Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes using the QIAamp DNA Blood
                  Extraction kit (Qiagen, Shanghai, China), and then modified by treatment with
                  sodium bisulfite using the Zymo EZ DNA Methylation kit (Zymo, CA, USA), following
                  the manufacturer's protocol. A modified method of PCR-based pyrosequencing
                  originally described by Yang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> was
                  performed to quantitate methylation of the LINE-1 repetitive elements. In brief,
                  PCR was carried out in a 50-&#956;l reaction volume containing 25 &#956;l of GoTaq Green
                  Master mix (Promega, WI, USA), 1 pmol of forward primer (TTT TGA GTT AGG TGT GGG
                  ATA TA), 1 pmol of biotinylated reverse primer (biotin-AAA ATC AAA AAA TTC CCT
                  TTC), and 50 ng of bisulfite-treated genomic DNA. PCR cycling conditions were 95&#176;C
                  for 30 s, 50&#176;C for 30 s and 72&#176;C for 30 s for 40 cycles. PCR product was bound to
                  streptavidin sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden). These
                  sepharose beads containing the bound PCR product were purified, washed, denatured
                  and washed again. Then, 0.3-&#956;M pyrosequencing primer (AGT TAG GTG TGG GAT ATA GT)
                  was annealed to the purified single-stranded PCR product. Pyrosequencing was
                  performed using the PSQ HS 96 Pyrosequencing System. For all assays we used
                  built-in controls to verify bisulfite conversion. Each sample was assayed in
                  duplicate and their average was used in final analysis. The degree of LINE-1
                  methylation was expressed as % 5-methylated cytosines (%5mC) over total
                  (methylated + unmethylated) cytosines.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Chi-square test was used to examine the differences in the distributions of
               categorical variables and Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for the differences in
               means of continuous variables between CHD cases and control subjects. Linear
               regression models were used to evaluate LINE-1 differences among controls in relation
               to age, sex, BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, homocysteine, smoking status,
               hypertension and diabetes. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate
               odds ratio (OR) for CHD and 95% confidence interval (CI). Quartile and median
               cut-points were based on LINE-1 distributions among controls. All models were
               adjusted for age (as a continuous variable), sex, and smoking status (ever-smoker:
               yes vs no). Further adjustment by other potential confounding variables, including
               BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, homocysteine, hypertension and diabetes, did
               not materially alter the risk estimates. Therefore, these variables were not included
               in the final models. Effect modification by individual covariates was assessed using
               likelihood-ratio tests. All tests were two-sided and a <italic>P</italic> value of
               &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were conducted using the
               Stata 10.1 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The potential risk factors of study subjects by case and control status are shown in
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>. No significant differences
               between CHD cases and control subjects were found in the distributions of age, sex,
               BMI, or triglyceride. When compared with the controls, CHD cases were more likely to
               be ever-smoker, and tended to have higher levels of total cholesterol and
               homocysteine. Cases also were likely to have diagnosis of hypertension and
               diabetes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potential risk factors of study subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Potential risk factors</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Cases, n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Controls, n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t05">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Age (tertile), years</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 59</td>
                <td align="center">96 (28.7)</td>
                <td align="center">266 (33.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-65</td>
                <td align="center">119 (35.6)</td>
                <td align="center">236 (29.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 65</td>
                <td align="center">119 (35.6)</td>
                <td align="center">286 (36.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">66 (19.8)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (19.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">268 (80.2)</td>
                <td align="center">638 (81.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ever-smoker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">156 (47.4)</td>
                <td align="center">590 (75.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">173 (52.6)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (24.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Body mass index (tertile), kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 22.0</td>
                <td align="center">97 (29.1)</td>
                <td align="center">262 (33.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22.0-25.4</td>
                <td align="center">122 (36.5)</td>
                <td align="center">264 (33.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 25.4</td>
                <td align="center">115 (34.4)</td>
                <td align="center">262 (33.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total cholesterol (tertile), mmol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">57 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">262 (33.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2.9-4.8</td>
                <td align="center">123 (36.8)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (33.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">154 (46.1)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (33.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglyceride (tertile), mmol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">113 (33.8)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (33.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.1-1.6</td>
                <td align="center">111 (33.2)</td>
                <td align="center">258 (32.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">110 (33.0)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (33.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Homocysteine (tertile), &#956;mol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 9</td>
                <td align="center">70 (21.6)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (32.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9-11</td>
                <td align="center">106 (32.7)</td>
                <td align="center">252 (33.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 11</td>
                <td align="center">148 (45.7)</td>
                <td align="center">254 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">128 (38.3)</td>
                <td align="center">520 (66.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">206 (61.7)</td>
                <td align="center">268 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">212 (63.5)</td>
                <td align="center">638 (81.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">122 (36.5)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (19.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mean LINE-1 (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">80.96 (2.40)</td>
                <td align="center">81.67 (2.46)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t05">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn03t05">
              <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>P value obtained from a X<sup>2</sup>-test comparing cases and controls.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t05">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>P value obtained from a Student's t-test comparing cases and controls.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The effects of potential risk factors on LINE-1 methylation level among control
               subjects are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>. As expected,
               LINE-1 level reduced significantly with increasing age (p = 0.016). We also observed
               that total cholesterol (p &lt; 0.001) and diagnosis of diabetes (p &lt; 0.001) were
               inversely associated with LINE-1 methylation levels. No statistically significant
               relationships were observed between LINE-1 methylation level and sex, smoking status,
               BMI, triglyceride, homocysteine, or diagnosis of hypertension.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relation of potential CHD risk factors to LINE-1 methylation levels among
                     control subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Potential risk factors</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LINE-1, mean (95% CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t06">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Age (tertile), years</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t06">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 59</td>
                <td align="center">266</td>
                <td align="center">81.58 (81.33-81.83)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-65</td>
                <td align="center">236</td>
                <td align="center">81.47 (81.22-81.72)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 65</td>
                <td align="center">286</td>
                <td align="center">81.21 (80.97-81.45)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn03t06">&#8225;</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">81.47 (81.14-81.81)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">638</td>
                <td align="center">81.40 (81.24-81.56)</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ever smoker</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn04t06">&#167;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">590</td>
                <td align="center">81.59 (81.41-81.76)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">193</td>
                <td align="center">81.05 (80.80-81.31)</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Body mass index (tertile), kg/m<sup>2</sup>
									</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 22.0</td>
                <td align="center">262</td>
                <td align="center">81.41 (81.16-81.66)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22.0-25.4</td>
                <td align="center">264</td>
                <td align="center">81.24 (80.99-81.48)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 25.4</td>
                <td align="center">262</td>
                <td align="center">81.58 (81.34-81.83)</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total cholesterol (tertile), mmol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">262</td>
                <td align="center">81.83 (81.57-82.10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2.9-4.8</td>
                <td align="center">263</td>
                <td align="center">81.57 (81.34-81.81)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">263</td>
                <td align="center">80.95 (80.72-81.18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglyceride (tertile), mmol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">265</td>
                <td align="center">81.39 (81.15-81.64)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.1-1.6</td>
                <td align="center">258</td>
                <td align="center">81.43 (81.18-81.68)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">263</td>
                <td align="center">81.42 (81.18-81.67)</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Homocysteine (tertile), &#956;mol/L</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 9</td>
                <td align="center">241</td>
                <td align="center">81.53 (81.26-81.80)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9-11</td>
                <td align="center">252</td>
                <td align="center">81.37 (81.12-81.63)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 11</td>
                <td align="center">254</td>
                <td align="center">81.41 (81.17-81.65)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">520</td>
                <td align="center">81.53 (81.34-81.72)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">268</td>
                <td align="center">81.25 (81.03-81.47)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No</td>
                <td align="center">638</td>
                <td align="center">81.59 (81.43-81.75)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Yes</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">80.85 (80.56-81.14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CHD: Coronary heart disease; CI: Confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Only adjusted for sex and smoking status.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn03t06">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Only adjusted for age and smoking status.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn04t06">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Only adjusted for age and sex.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>CHD cases had significantly reduced LINE-1 methylation level than controls (mean
               (standard deviation, SD): 80.96 (2.40) vs 81.67 (2.46), p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>). Analyses of LINE-1 in quartiles, based
               on the distribution in controls, show that the LINE-1 methylation level was inversely
               associated with the risk of CHD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>).
               Relative to subjects in the fourth (highest) quartile of LINE-1 methylation, ORs for
               CHD were 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.4), 1.9 (95% CI, 1.3-2.9) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.6-3.5) for
               the subjects with methylation in the third, second and first (lowest) quartile (<italic>P<italic/>
						<sub>trend </sub>
					</italic>&lt; 0.001), respectively. When using the alternative cut-point based on the
               median, individuals with lower (&lt;median) LINE-1 methylation had a 2.2-fold (95%
               CI, 1.7-3.0) increased risk of CHD compared with subjects with higher (&gt; median)
               LINE-1 methylation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LINE-1 methylation levels in relation to CHD risk</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>LINE-1 (%5mC)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Cases, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Controls, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>OR (95% CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t07">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Quartile</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q4(&gt; 82.73)</td>
                <td>55 (16.5)</td>
                <td>197 (25.0)</td>
                <td>1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q3(81.52-82.72)</td>
                <td>49 (14.7)</td>
                <td>194 (24.6)</td>
                <td>0.9 (0.6-1.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q2(80.17-81.51)</td>
                <td>101 (30.2)</td>
                <td>199 (25.3)</td>
                <td>1.9(1.3-2.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Q1(&lt; 80.16)</td>
                <td>129 (38.6)</td>
                <td>198 (25.1)</td>
                <td>2.3 (1.6-3.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>P<sub>trend</sub> &lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Median</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t07">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>High(&#8805; 81.52)</td>
                <td>104 (31.1)</td>
                <td>391 (49.6)</td>
                <td>1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Low(&lt; 81.52)</td>
                <td>230 (68.9)</td>
                <td>397 (50.4)</td>
                <td>2.2 (1.7-3.0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn03t07">
              <p>%5mC: % 5-methylated cytosines; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence
                        interval; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t07">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>The quartiles and the median of LINE-1 measures were based on values among
                        control subjects.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When stratified by potential risk factors, the lower LINE-1-related CHD risk
               estimates tended to be stronger among subjects with the highest tertile of
               homocysteine (OR = 3.2, 95% CI, 3.2-5.2) and those with diagnosis of hypertension (OR
               = 3.1, 95 %CI, 2.1-4.8) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).
               Statistically significant interactions in relation to CHD risk were observed between
               LINE-1 methylation and homocysteine level (<italic>P<italic/>
						<sub>interaction </sub>
					</italic>= 0.042), and between LINE-1 methylation and hypertension (<italic>P<italic/>
						<sub>interaction </sub>
					</italic>= 0.012). Stratification by other potential risk factors including age
               (tertile), sex (female, male), smoking status (ever-smoker: no, yes), BMI (tertile),
               total cholesterol (tertile), triglyceride (tertile), and diagnosis of diabetes (no,
               yes), produced comparable risk estimates (data not shown). The interactions between
               LINE-1 methylation and these factors on CHD risk were not statistically significant
               (data not shown).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LINE-1 level in relation to CHD risk, by homocysteine level and diagnosis
                     of hypertension</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Potential risk factors</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>LINE-1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t08">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Cases, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Controls, <italic>n </italic>(%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>OR (95% CI) </bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn02t08">&#8224;</xref>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Homocysteine, umol/L</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&lt; 9</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">24 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (52.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">46 (65.7)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (47.7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 (1.2-4.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">9-11</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">41 (38.7)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (45.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">65 (61.3)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (54.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 (0.9-2.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&gt; 11</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">36 (24.3)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (53.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">112 (75.7)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (46.9)</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 (2.0-5.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">No</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">51 (39.8)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (48.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">77 (60.2)</td>
                <td align="center">269 (51.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 (1.0-2.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">High</td>
                <td align="center">53 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (52.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low</td>
                <td align="center">153 (74.3)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (47.8)</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (2.1-4.8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn03t08">
              <p>CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn01t08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>The median of LINE-1 measure was based on values among control subjects.
                        High: &#8805; 81.52 (%5mC); Low: &lt; 81.52 (%5mC).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="tfn02t08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, we demonstrated a statistically significant, inverse
               relationship between LINE-1 methylation level and CHD risk in the Chinese population.
               Homocysteine level and diagnosis of hypertension modified this inverse relationship.
               Considering that CHD is one of the most common diseases, along with its severity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, the risk factor of global hypomethylation
               could have a sizable impact on public health. Because DNA methylation is a reversible
               epigenetic mechanism, this blood-based marker could offer exciting new opportunities
               for population-based CHD prevention as well as risk assessment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Global DNA methylation levels, assessed in repeat regions from leukocyte-derived DNA,
               have been reported to be associated with risk of CHD in American, Singapore, and
               Indian populations, with inconsistent observations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In a cohort of
               712 elderly men from American population, LINE-1 hypomethylation was associated with
               increased risk for ischemic heart disease in both cross-sectional and longitudinal
                  analyses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. This is consistent with the
               findings in the present study. However, in our data, there were also significant
               relationships among women as well as in different age groups between LINE-1
               methylation and CHD risk, which provide further data to what was previously observed
               in the American population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. On the other
               hand, in a Singapore population, higher methylation levels of Alu/Sat2 repeats were
               reported in males with a history of myocardial infarction or stroke (n = 8) than in
               control males (n = 121)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>; In an Indian
               population, higher methylation levels of CCGG sequences were reported in cases with
               coronary artery disease (n = 137) than in controls (n = 150)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The different lifestyle, environmental exposures, and genetic
               backgrounds among the populations, and differences in sample size and repetitive
               elements of DNA targeted for measuring global hypomethylation levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, might contributed to the different findings across these studies.</p>
        <p>The modifying effect of age on global DNA methylation levels, consistent with
               previous data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, may reflect age-related
               cumulative effects of enviromental exposures to risk factors for CHD. Global
               hypomethylation in leukocyte DNA has been associated with exposure to multiple types
               of enviromental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate air
               pollution, black carbon and sulfates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. The present study
               also showed that two recognized CHD risk factors, elevated total cholesterol and
               diagnosis of diabetes, were related to reduced LINE-1 methylation levels, further
               supporting a role of DNA hypomethylation in the development of CHD.</p>
        <p>In our data, there was a lack of association between LINE-1 methylation and
               homocysteine level or diagnosis of hypertension, which differs somewhat from what was
               observed previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. However, we observed that both homocysteine
               level and diagnosis of hypertension modified the inverse relationship between LINE-1
               methylation and CHD risk. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings
               and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of homocysteine level and diagnosis of
               hypertension on their modifying role in the association between global
               hypomethylation and CHD risk.</p>
        <p>Our study had the advantages of being based on a relatively large sample size,
               diagnosis of CHD by angiographic evidence, and accurate quantitative analysis using
               pyrosequencing methodology, which is suitable for measuring subtle changes in DNA
               methylation. The chief limitation of the present study was the retrospective nature
               of the study design, i.e., the collection of blood samples from CHD patients took
               place after their CHD diagnosis. If the diagnosis of CHD had any direct or indirect
               impact on global DNA methylation through changing subject's lifestyle or
               environmental exposure, we could have observed a confounded or biased association
               between LINE-1 methylation and CHD risk. However, similar risk estimates were
               observed when the logistic regression analysis was restricted to 212 newly diagnosed
               CHD cases as compared to controls (data not shown). Moreover, our finding that LINE-1
               methylation levels were reduced in control subjects with CHD risk factors such as
               older age, elevated total cholesterol, and diagnosis of diabetes, indicates that
               reduced LINE-1 methylation in high-risk control subjects may result from exposures
               related to the risk of CHD. In addition, in the longitudinal analyses in the study by
               Baccarelli et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, lower LINE-1-related
               increased risk of ischemic heart disease has been observed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The findings of the present study support global DNA hypomethylation measured in
               LINE-1 repeats is associated with the risk of CHD in the Chinese population.
               Potential CHD risk factors such as older age, elevated total cholesterol and
               diagnosis of diabetes may have impact on global DNA methylation, whereby exerting
               their effect on CHD risk.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
