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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DjQ7fkbnysVpBgrbV9jskKN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040055</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Impacto do uso de psicotr&#243;picos na dispers&#227;o do intervalo
               QT em pacientes adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Claudio</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelle Azevedo Nossar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penna</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Konder</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celoria</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Miguel Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Lopes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schneider</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Siuffo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa D'Or/IDOR</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D'Or/IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ,
               Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno de Queiroz Claudio</bold>, Rua Presidente Jo&#227;o Pessoa,
               95, apto. 801, bloco 1, Icara&#237;. CEP 24220-330, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil, E-mail:
                  <email>brunoqueiroz@cardiol.br</email>, <email>b_queiroz@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>465</fpage>
      <lpage>472</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT induzida por f&#225;rmacos tem sido associada a arritmias
                  ventriculares potencialmente fatais. Pouco se conhece sobre o uso de
                  psicotr&#243;picos, isolados ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com outros f&#225;rmacos, na dispers&#227;o do
                  QT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto do uso psicotr&#243;picos na dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT em pacientes
                  adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte observacional, envolvendo 161 pacientes hospitalizados em um
                  departamento de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital terci&#225;rio, estratificados em usu&#225;rios e n&#227;o
                  usu&#225;rios de psicotr&#243;picos. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de
                  f&#225;rmacos em uso foram coletados &#224; admiss&#227;o, bem como o eletrocardiograma de 12
                  deriva&#231;&#245;es, com a mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo e da dispers&#227;o do QT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT foi significativamente maior no grupo de usu&#225;rio de
                  psicotr&#243;picos comparado ao grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio (69,25 &#177; 25,5 ms vs. 57,08 &#177; 23,4 ms;
                  p = 0,002). O intervalo QT corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazzett tamb&#233;m se mostrou
                  maior no grupo de usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (439,79
                  &#177; 31,14 ms vs. 427,71 &#177; 28,42 ms; p = 0,011). A an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o linear
                  mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o n&#250;mero absoluto de psicotr&#243;picos utilizados e
                  a dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, com r = 0,341 e p &lt; 0,001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral estudada, o uso de psicotr&#243;picos se mostrou associado ao
                  aumento da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, e esse incremento se acentuou em fun&#231;&#227;o do
                  maior n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos utilizados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte s&#250;bita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="7"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A percep&#231;&#227;o e o interesse pela morte inesperada s&#227;o seculares. A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca
            recebeu sua primeira defini&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica em 1707 com Giovanni Lancisi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> em seu trabalho <italic>De subitaneis
               mortibus</italic>. A causa mais prevalente de morte s&#250;bita &#233; a doen&#231;a arterial
            coron&#225;ria, seguida das cardiomiopatias e causas primariamente el&#233;tricas do cora&#231;&#227;o,
            destacando-se a s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, cong&#234;nita ou adquirida &#8722; essa &#250;ltima induzida por
            f&#225;rmacos, na maioria das vezes. Dados indicam que o prolongamento do intervalo QT &#233; um
            dos principais respons&#225;veis na g&#234;nese da taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica ou torsades
            de pointes, mesmo em cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse prolongamento n&#227;o &#233; uma propriedade farmacol&#243;gica atribu&#237;da apenas
            aos antiarr&#237;tmicos. Recente coorte americana mostrou que 5 milh&#245;es de americanos est&#227;o
            expostos a drogas que prolongam o intervalo QT, sendo os antibi&#243;ticos e os
            psicotr&#243;picos, notadamente os antipsic&#243;ticos, os mais comuns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, nem todos os f&#225;rmacos que prolongam o intervalo QT aumentam o risco de
            arritmias ventriculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. &#201; aceito atualmente que
            a g&#234;nese do dist&#250;rbio el&#233;trico est&#225; relacionada ao bloqueio das correntes i&#244;nicas dos
            canais de pot&#225;ssio, notadamente nas c&#233;lulas M do ventr&#237;culo humano, com o subsequente
            prolongamento do intervalo e da Dispers&#227;o do Intervalo QT (DQT) ao eletrocardiograma
            (ECG), intimamente relacionado ao surgimento do tipo torsades de pointes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>O conceito de "dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT", definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o
            menor intervalo QT medidos ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, foi introduzido por Higham e
               Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990.
            Inicialmente proposto como &#237;ndice de instabilidade el&#233;trica, representaria a express&#227;o
            da varia&#231;&#227;o regional fisiol&#243;gica da recupera&#231;&#227;o da excitabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>A partir de ent&#227;o, a an&#225;lise da DQT foi aceita como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para a detec&#231;&#227;o
            da heterogeneidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sendo um marcador de arritmog&#234;nese,
            especialmente diante de um substrato isqu&#234;mico e nas arritmias ventriculares induzidas
            por droga. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; estudos relacionando-a como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico na
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pouco se conhece sobre o impacto na DQT com o uso espec&#237;fico dos antipsic&#243;ticos e suas
            associa&#231;&#245;es com outros f&#225;rmacos de a&#231;&#227;o no Sistema Nervoso Central ou
            cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo de coorte prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico, observacional, realizado em hospital da
               rede particular de sa&#250;de do Rio de Janeiro, com emerg&#234;ncia aberta, no per&#237;odo de
               setembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2013. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234;
               de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) da institui&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero 148/09).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Do total de pacientes admitidos na institui&#231;&#227;o, oriundos obrigatoriamente do servi&#231;o
               de emerg&#234;ncia, 194 preenchiam os crit&#233;rios iniciais de elegibilidade ao estudo. Ap&#243;s
               avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa, 33 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, sendo a amostra populacional
               composta por 161 pacientes.</p>
        <p>Os sujeitos da investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o sofreram interven&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do estudo. Foi
               preenchido, ent&#227;o, pelo investigador principal um termo de responsabilidade sobre o
               uso das informa&#231;&#245;es contidas em prontu&#225;rio e banco de dados, ocorrendo assim a
               dispensa do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelo CEP da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram adotados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo: idade &gt;
               40 anos; atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia e subsequente admiss&#227;o hospitalar por mais de 24
               horas, independente do motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG de, no m&#237;nimo, 12
               deriva&#231;&#245;es na emerg&#234;ncia; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares b&#225;sicos (glicemia,
               pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o adotados foram: pacientes portadores de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca
               artificial, provis&#243;ria ou definitiva; portadores da s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito;
               pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do c&#225;lcio; pacientes portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o
               atrial de qualquer etiologia e/ou arritmia ventricular frequente; pacientes em uso de
               antiem&#233;ticos, procin&#233;ticos e antimicrobianos que alteram a repolariza&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular.</p>
        <p>Na concep&#231;&#227;o do estudo e na constru&#231;&#227;o da metodologia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas que
               influenciassem concomitantemente o intervalo QT e sua dispers&#227;o foi motivo de an&#225;lise
               criteriosa. Assim, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes em uso cont&#237;nuo de outros f&#225;rmacos que
               prolongassem o intervalo QT, notadamente domperidona, bromoprida e
               metoclorpramida.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o amostral foi estratificada em dois grupos, de acordo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou
               n&#227;o de psicotr&#243;picos. O Grupo 1 (G1) foi composto de pacientes que n&#227;o faziam uso de
               psicotr&#243;picos, enquanto o Grupo 2 (G2) foi composto de pacientes usu&#225;rios de
               psicotr&#243;picos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica presente e pregressa, uso
               regular de f&#225;rmacos e hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas na admiss&#227;o. Foi definido como de uso
               cont&#237;nuo qualquer f&#225;rmaco com mais de sete dias de uso ininterrupto antes da admiss&#227;o
               hospitalar. Todos os antipsic&#243;ticos, antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes e f&#225;rmacos
               utilizados nas s&#237;ndromes demenciais utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o amostral foram
               considerados. Foram considerados antiarr&#237;tmicos todos os f&#225;rmacos pass&#237;veis de
               classifica&#231;&#227;o segundo Vaughan Williams.</p>
        <p>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado no momento da admiss&#227;o do paciente, ainda no
               servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia, sendo uma rotina em qualquer paciente acima de 40 anos
               sintom&#225;tico ou n&#227;o (protocolo do processo de acredita&#231;&#227;o do hospital pela Joint
               Commission).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial consistiu nas dosagens de glicose, pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio
               plasm&#225;ticos, documentados tamb&#233;m na admiss&#227;o. As glicemias encontradas n&#227;o
               respeitaram nenhum crit&#233;rio de jejum. O c&#225;lcio i&#244;nico foi documentado quando
               solicitado pela equipe da emerg&#234;ncia. Para as dosagens bioqu&#237;micas de magn&#233;sio e
               glicose, utilizou se o analisador Vitros 250 (Johnson &amp; Johnson, New Brunswick,
               Estados Unidos), pelo m&#233;todo de qu&#237;mica seca. As dosagens de pot&#225;ssio e c&#225;lcio
               i&#244;nico, foram realizadas pelo analisador Gem Premier 3000 (Instrumentation
               Laboratory, Bedford, Estados Unidos) com o m&#233;todo de eletrodo seletivo. Consideraram
               se os valores de normalidade desses exames aqueles determinados pelos protocolos da
               institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida da dispers&#227;o do QT</title>
        <p>O ECG de cada paciente foi registrado por aparelho convencional de tr&#234;s canais (HP &#8722;
               Hewlett Packard Company, Palo Alto, Estados Unidos), com velocidade de grava&#231;&#227;o de 25
               mm/s e registro das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es consideradas convencionais (D1, D2, D3, aVR, aVL,
               aVF, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5,V6). Foram exclu&#237;dos ECG que n&#227;o apresentaram um m&#237;nimo de
               nove deriva&#231;&#245;es com intervalo QT tecnicamente capazes de mensura&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo QT &#233;
               medido da primeira deflex&#227;o do complexo QRS at&#233; o final da onda T, definido como
               ponto de encontro do ramo descendente de T &#224; linha isoel&#233;trica. Na presen&#231;a de uma
               onda U, o final da onda T &#233; considerado como o nadir da deflex&#227;o formada pelas duas
               ondas. A presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo n&#227;o excluiu os pacientes do estudo. Os ciclos
               card&#237;acos sucedendo batimentos precoces (extrass&#237;stoles) foram abandonados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Define-se "dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT" como a
               diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT medido nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (m&#237;nimo de
               nove deriva&#231;&#245;es).</p>
        <p>Os ECG digitalizados foram analisados com o aux&#237;lio do software Preview&#174; vers&#227;o 5.5.2
               (719.25) (Apple Inc&#174;, Cupertino, Estados Unidos). Os tra&#231;ados tiveram sua
               magnifica&#231;&#227;o de 300% e a medida do QT foi feita de forma digital. Todos os tra&#231;ados
               eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram digitalizados em uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 200 dpi, sendo salvos em
               formato JPEG para permitir o uso da ferramenta de mensura&#231;&#227;o do programa Preview&#174;. Os
               ECG foram capturados pelo esc&#226;ner Epson Stylus TX105 (Long Beach, Estados Unidos) e
               ampliados durante a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria, as medidas
               do intervalo QT e da DQT podem ser realizadas simplesmente com o aux&#237;lio de uma lente
               de aumento triplicado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Foram realizadas duas medidas do intervalo e
               da DQT por quatro examinadores que desconheciam o caso cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, sendo
               considerada para an&#225;lise a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores encontrados.</p>
        <p>Diversas metodologias s&#227;o descritas na mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Neste estudo, foi utilizada como m&#233;todo de mensura&#231;&#227;o da DQT a
               diferen&#231;a entre o segundo maior e o segundo menor intervalo QT (m&#237;nimo de nove
                  deriva&#231;&#245;es)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, metodologia esta tamb&#233;m usada por Campbell e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Encontram-se na literatura
                  estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> utilizando a medida da DQT padr&#227;o ou corrigida pela frequ&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca. No presente estudo, utilizou-se a dispers&#227;o padr&#227;o do QT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados encontrados procedeu-se &#224;s an&#225;lises univariada,
               bivariada, de covari&#226;ncia e multivariada.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise univariada foi utilizada para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas,
               empregando-se tabelas de frequ&#234;ncias simples e percentual para as vari&#225;veis discretas
               e da m&#233;dia (m&#237;nimo m&#225;ximo), e representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica de histogramas e
                  <italic>box-plots</italic> para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A an&#225;lise bivariada foi
               empregada para: vari&#225;veis discretas, sendo utilizadas tabelas de conting&#234;ncias e os
               testes do qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e ML qui-quadrado, quando indicados; e
               vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, sendo utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, pareado
               ou n&#227;o, e Mann-Whitney. O teste de Levene foi usado para testar se as amostras
               estudadas apresentavam homocedasticidade, ou seja, se tinham a mesma vari&#226;ncia. Uma
               raz&#227;o F significante, nesse teste, indica que as diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dia, ou efeitos,
               provavelmente existem entre os grupos. No caso de amostras heteroced&#225;sticas, testes
               n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram utilizados, de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas da vari&#225;vel
               estudada. Foram utilizados os testes de Welch e Brow Forsythe na avalia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia
               do magn&#233;sio entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia foi utilizada com modelos de regress&#227;o e An&#225;lise de
               Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), empregando-se o ETA parcial quadrado (<italic>partial ETA
                  squared</italic> &#8722; &#951;2), que permite inferir que propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia total &#233;
               atribu&#237;da &#224; vari&#225;vel estudada (tamanho do efeito). An&#225;lise multivariada foi usada a
               partir de um modelo log-linear para vari&#225;veis discretas visando resolver e detectar a
               confus&#227;o de efeitos. Para evidenciar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas ou mais vari&#225;veis, foi
               usado o teste de Pearson. O modelo ANOVA foi escolhido para a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia
               entre os grupos de estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
        <p>De um total de 194 pacientes inicialmente selecionados, 161 preencheram os crit&#233;rios
               de inclus&#227;o estabelecidos e constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o amostral deste estudo. A causa
               mais prevalente de exclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (11) no tra&#231;ado
               eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, seguido de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (7), reposi&#231;&#227;o de
               c&#225;lcio sem o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do &#237;on mensurado (5), extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares
               frequentes (4), impossibilidade t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise do ECG (3), e hipercalcemia
               documentada (3).</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o amostral (n = 161) foi estratificada em dois grupos, segundo o uso ou n&#227;o
               de psicotr&#243;picos: G1 com pacientes que n&#227;o usavam psicotr&#243;picos (n = 85 pacientes) e
               G2 com usu&#225;rios de psicotr&#243;picos (n = 76 pacientes).</p>
        <p>Os motivos para a admiss&#227;o hospitalar dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>, por grupos. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia
               estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudados de acordo com os motivos de admiss&#227;o
                     hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Motivos da interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo 1 n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo 2 n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Qui-quadrado</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#245;es ortop&#233;dicas cir&#250;rgicas</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">51 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (59,21)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#245;es para cirurgia geral e urol&#243;gica</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">20 (23,53)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17,11)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sepse pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,41)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (15,79)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sepse urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,06)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,89)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">85 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>F&#225;rmacos utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref> apresentam respectivamente a frequ&#234;ncia dos psicotr&#243;picos e
               antiarr&#237;tmicos utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o amostral. Esse uso pode ter sido isolado ou
               em associa&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o houve pacientes em uso de digit&#225;licos na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral
               estudada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Psicotr&#243;picos utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Nome do sal</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pacientes em uso</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Nome do sal</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pacientes em uso</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Haloperidol</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Fenobarbital</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clorpromazina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Fenitoina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Levomepromazins</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Lamotriguina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risperidona</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Carbamazepina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clozapina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Oxcarbamazepina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quetiapina</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">Gabapentina</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Olanzapina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">&#193;cido valproico</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ziprasidona</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">Topiramato</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aripiprazol</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">Venlafaxina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prometazina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Memantina</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amitriptilina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Mirtazapina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Imipramina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Duloxetina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clomipramina</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Fluoxetina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doxepina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Paroxetina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desipramina</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">Sertralina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nortriptilina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Citalopram</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trazodona</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Escitalopram</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bupropiona</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Donepezil</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maprotilina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Rivastigmina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nefazodona</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">Galantamina</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antiarr&#237;tmicos utilizados pela popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vaughan-Williams</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Classe I</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Classe II</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classe III</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classe IV</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>----</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Betabloqueadores</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Amiodarona</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Sotalol</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Diltiazen</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Verapamil</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Psicotr&#243;picos + antiarritmicos</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiarritmicos</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral</title>
        <p>O sexo feminino foi mais prevalente no G2, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,04).
               Procurou-se verificar se, no G2, a diferen&#231;a por sexo teria impacto na DQT, n&#227;o tendo
               sido apresentada diferen&#231;a entre homens e mulheres em uso de psicotr&#243;picos (p =
               0,642). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade e o uso de psicotr&#243;picos.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito e doen&#231;a arterial
               coron&#225;ria conhecida n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre G1
               e G2.</p>
        <p>Nas vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, todos os pacientes estudados (n = 161) tiveram o n&#237;vel
               s&#233;rico de pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio e glicemia mensurados na admiss&#227;o ao servi&#231;o de
               emerg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos. Foram exclu&#237;dos
               do estudo pacientes com hiper e hipocalcemia. Cabe ressaltar que as glicemias
               plasm&#225;ticas n&#227;o foram mensuradas em jejum. Para melhor compreender o comportamento da
               vari&#226;ncia dos dois grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Levene. Dessa forma, glicose e
               pot&#225;ssio apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o homoced&#225;stica, enquanto o magn&#233;sio apresentou
               uma distribui&#231;&#227;o heteroced&#225;stica, tendo sido empregado o teste estat&#237;stico apropriado
               para cada situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
                  4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G1 (n = 85)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G2 (n = 76)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Teste estat&#237;stico</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">67,68 &#177; 12,68</td>
                <td align="center">74,43 &#177; 11,37</td>
                <td align="center">t = 3,540</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, %</td>
                <td align="center">50,60</td>
                <td align="center">34,20</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 4,395</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, %</td>
                <td align="center">49,40</td>
                <td align="center">65,80</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, %</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">39,50</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, %</td>
                <td align="center">25,90</td>
                <td align="center">23,70</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0,104</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, %</td>
                <td align="center">21,20</td>
                <td align="center">13,20</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1,796</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,29 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">4,31 &#177; 0,69</td>
                <td align="center">F = 0,493</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,88 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,95 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">F = 6,444 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">F = 1,194</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Amostra heteroced&#225;stica. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes
                        melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; F: raz&#227;o F de Levene.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comportamento da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT</title>
        <p>DQT foi significativamente maior no grupo usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos comparado ao grupo
               n&#227;o usu&#225;rio (p = 0,002). O intervalo QT corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazzett tamb&#233;m se
               mostrou maior no grupo usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p =
               0,011), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e comportamento da dispers&#227;o do intervalo
                     QT</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Grupo 1 (n = 85)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Grupo 2 (n = 76)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Teste <italic>t</italic>
									</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">57,08 &#177; 23,4</td>
                <td align="center">69,25 &#177; 25,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QT corrigido, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">427,71 &#177; 28,42</td>
                <td align="center">439,79 &#177; 31,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A vari&#226;ncia foi homog&#234;nea na DQT, no intervalo QT corrigido e na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
               entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia entre a idade e o uso de psicotr&#243;picos com o
               prop&#243;sito de determinar a m&#233;dia ajustada da DQT. Como medida de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia,
               foi utilizado o &#951;2. Ap&#243;s o ajuste da m&#233;dia (G2 = 68,38 &#177; 8,11 Milissegundos &#8722; ms e G1
               = 57,85 &#177; 7,22 ms), a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos permaneceu significativa (p =
               0,009).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do uso de m&#250;ltiplos psicotr&#243;picos na dispers&#227;o do QT</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral, 85 pacientes n&#227;o faziam uso de psicotr&#243;picos, 52 utilizavam um
               f&#225;rmaco, 16 pacientes usavam dois f&#225;rmacos simultaneamente, tr&#234;s pacientes faziam uso
               de tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos, quatro utilizavam quatro psicotr&#243;picos e um paciente do estudo
               utilizava cinco psicotr&#243;picos simultaneamente.</p>
        <p>Um modelo de regress&#227;o linear mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o n&#250;mero de
               psicotr&#243;picos utilizados e a DQT, com r = 0,341. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos e dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT. r =
                     0,341; valor de p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0465-40055-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A intensidade da associa&#231;&#227;o linear existente entre as vari&#225;veis foi quantificada. A
               correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson demonstrou existir correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o n&#250;mero de
               psicotr&#243;picos e a idade do paciente na DQT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
                  6</xref>). No modelo de regress&#227;o, quando s&#227;o analisados os dados em conjunto,
               obt&#233;m-se R = 0,329.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia cardiaca</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pot&#225;ssio</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Glicose</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Magn&#233;sio</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pearson</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
                <td align="center">-0,103</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">-0,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,195</td>
                <td align="center">0,471</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para melhor compreender a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas vari&#225;veis na DQT, prop&#244;s-se um
               modelo de regress&#227;o, seguido de um modelo ANOVA, para possibilitar a mensura&#231;&#227;o do
               Beta ajustado do n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos e idade, sendo a DQT a vari&#225;vel
               dependente.</p>
        <p>Quando os coeficientes s&#227;o ajustados, somente o n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos utilizados
               apresenta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica frente &#224; DQT (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral original, foi avaliado o impacto do uso simult&#226;neo de
               psicotr&#243;picos e antiarr&#237;tmicos comparado ao uso isolado dos antiarr&#237;tmicos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> pormenoriza o tipo de antiarr&#237;tmico
               utilizado segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Vaughan Williams, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a
               estat&#237;stica entre os subgrupos estudados. O uso combinado das duas classes de
               f&#225;rmacos aumenta de forma estatisticamente significativa o intervalo QT. Todavia, n&#227;o
               houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na DQT entre os dois subgrupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Impacto do uso simult&#226;neo de psicotr&#243;picos e antiarr&#237;tmicos vs. o uso
                     isolado de antiarr&#237;tmicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>An&#225;lise de subgrupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Amostra (n pacientes)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Intervalo QT</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Dispers&#227;o QT</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Psicotr&#243;picos + antiarritmicos</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">445,1 &#177; 23,77</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">63,55 &#177; 21,11</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,715</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiarritmicos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">421,7 &#177; 24,01</td>
                <td align="center">66,60 &#177; 23,22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do uso de psicotr&#243;picos na DQT, foi necess&#225;rio
            estudar, separadamente, as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, identificando a a&#231;&#227;o
            isolada e combinada desses f&#225;rmacos com outras drogas de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 25 anos, a DQT foi objeto de estudo de diversos autores, nos mais diversos
            cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, em indiv&#237;duos normais e cardiopatas. Tran e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, em estudo que avaliou a influ&#234;ncia da idade e do
            sexo na DQT, conclu&#237;ram que o estrog&#234;nio, embora n&#227;o altere o intervalo QT, reduz de
            forma significativa sua dispers&#227;o. Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, Alici e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> tamb&#233;m confirmaram esses achados. Na popula&#231;&#227;o
            avaliada neste estudo, os dados encontrados foram semelhantes.</p>
      <p>O uso de psicotr&#243;picos &#233; mais comum em mulheres idosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e, na casu&#237;stica aqui
            estudada, h&#225; um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de mulheres no G2. Nesse contexto, era
            esperado encontrar maior n&#250;mero do sexo feminino no grupo de usu&#225;rios de psicotr&#243;picos.
            Por essa raz&#227;o, analisou se a DQT separadamente, nos homens e nas mulheres, no grupo
            usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos, tendo sido maior nos homens (71,15 &#177; 26,91 ms) do que nas
            mulheres (68,26 &#177; 24,96 ms), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. &#201; conhecido que na faixa
            et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina estudada, a prote&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica n&#227;o &#233; mais t&#227;o presente.
            Assim, outros mecanismos foram estudados para entender esse fen&#244;meno. Ebert e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> demonstraram em modelo animal que as correntes
            i&#244;nicas em f&#234;meas, especificamente nos canais de pot&#225;ssio, s&#227;o significativamente
            menores que nos machos de uma mesma esp&#233;cie de ratos. Esse efeito se acentua na presen&#231;a
            de antiarr&#237;tmicos classe III, aumentando a DQT. Dessa forma, mulheres idosas s&#227;o
            particularmente mais suscet&#237;veis a altera&#231;&#245;es do QT, e esse fato deve ser considerado na
            prescri&#231;&#227;o de psicotr&#243;picos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica
            entre o grupo de n&#227;o usu&#225;rio e o de usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos na preval&#234;ncia de
            hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito e doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Nota-se
            preval&#234;ncia elevada dessas comorbidades na popula&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente 60,2%, 24,8% e
            17,4%. Isso pode estar relacionado &#224; faixa et&#225;ria da amostra, bem como pela forma de
            sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, realizada em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia. O perfil de pacientes
            atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia e o alinhamento da institui&#231;&#227;o explicam o grande n&#250;mero de
            pacientes cir&#250;rgicos ortop&#233;dicos. Cabe ressaltar que nenhum paciente foi admitido por
            s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, n&#227;o sendo este, portanto, um vi&#233;s.</p>
      <p>Importante destacar tamb&#233;m que as doses empregadas n&#227;o foram consideradas, por n&#227;o se
            tratar de informa&#231;&#227;o fidedigna, seja pela doen&#231;a de base do paciente ou pela presen&#231;a
            frequente de acompanhantes pouco informados sobre os f&#225;rmacos em uso. Esse fator,
            associado ao grande n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios de domperidona, bromoprida e metoclorpramida em
            regime cont&#237;nuo, justifica o grande tempo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, em prol de mitigar
            um eventual vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na presente pesquisa, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre uso de psicotr&#243;picos e o
            aumento da DQT no ECG. Houve tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre idade e DQT. A
            popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha idade m&#237;nima de 40 anos, todavia, na pr&#225;tica, ambos os grupos
            tinham m&#233;dia acima de 65 anos (G1 = 67,68 &#177; 12,68 anos e G2 = 74,43 &#177; 11,37 anos). O uso
            de psicotr&#243;picos aumenta com a idade, segundo dados levantados por Maia e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, semelhantemente &#224; casu&#237;stica aqui estudada. Ap&#243;s
            ajuste pela idade, bem como analisando separadamente a influ&#234;ncia da idade e do uso de
            psicotr&#243;picos na DQT, observou-se que somente o uso de psicotr&#243;picos permanecia com
            diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Outros autores tamb&#233;m confirmam esses dados.
            Mangoni e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstraram que a idade n&#227;o
            possui rela&#231;&#227;o com a DQT. Na presente amostra, tanto o uso de psicotr&#243;picos como o
            n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos obtiveram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a DQT. Dos 76 pacientes do
            grupo usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos, 24 usavam mais de um psicotr&#243;pico em associa&#231;&#227;o,
            correspondendo a 31,5% do grupo. Assim, 114 utiliza&#231;&#245;es foram documentadas, sendo o
            f&#225;rmaco mais frequente a quetiapina (20%). Foram encontrados valores de dispers&#227;o no
            grupo usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos acima de 60 ms, o que, na maioria dos estudos
            desenvolvidos at&#233; ent&#227;o, associa-se com aumento da morte cardiovascular. O Rotterdam
               Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> avaliou uma coorte de 2.358 homens e
            3.454 mulheres, durante per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de quatro anos, e observou que a presen&#231;a de DQT
            &gt; 60 ms esteve associada ao risco de morte card&#237;aca 2,5 vezes maior, risco de morte
            s&#250;bita 1,9 vez maior e risco de morte total 40% maior que o grupo com DQT &lt; 60 ms. Na
            casu&#237;stica estudada, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, a dispers&#227;o m&#233;dia do intervalo QT foi 57,85
            &#177; 7,22 ms no grupo n&#227;o usu&#225;rio e 68,38 &#177; 8,11 ms no grupo usu&#225;rio de psicotr&#243;picos,
            confirmando o risco envolvido no uso desses f&#225;rmacos.</p>
      <p>Cabe ainda ressaltar que a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o, seguida de amplia&#231;&#227;o dos registros
            eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, permitiu um alto n&#237;vel de resolu&#231;&#227;o, possibilitando uma aquisi&#231;&#227;o
            manual f&#225;cil, r&#225;pida e eficaz do intervalo QT e sua subsequente dispers&#227;o, com
            desprez&#237;vel varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador.</p>
      <p>Assim, o intervalo QTc e sua dispers&#227;o devem ser motivo de minuciosa investiga&#231;&#227;o na
            popula&#231;&#227;o geral, tanto em cen&#225;rios ambulatoriais, como cir&#250;rgicos e de emerg&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Os profissionais de sa&#250;de envolvidos na prescri&#231;&#227;o e no acompanhamento de
            pacientes usu&#225;rios de psicotr&#243;picos, especialmente os idosos, devem incluir
            rotineiramente o ECG na proped&#234;utica dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de observar com cautela a
            combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos utilizados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral estudada, o uso de psicotr&#243;picos, isolados ou utilizados com
            outros f&#225;rmacos, est&#225; associado ao aumento da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT. Quanto maior o
            n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos utilizados, maior &#233; a dispers&#227;o do QT. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva
            entre o n&#250;mero de psicotr&#243;picos usados por paciente e o aumento da dispers&#227;o do QT. A
            utiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de psicotr&#243;picos e antiarr&#237;tmicos est&#225; associada ao aumento do
            intervalo QT corrigido, mas n&#227;o &#224; dispers&#227;o do QT, quando comparada ao subgrupo de
            pacientes que utilizam apenas antiarr&#237;tmicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Claudio BQ, Albuquerque DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
               Claudio BQ, Penna F, Konder MT, Celoria BMJ, Souza LL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
               dados: Claudio BQ, Costa MAN, Penna F, Celoria BMJ, Souza LL, Schneider RS,
               Albuquerque DC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Claudio BQ, Pozzan R, Albuquerque FN,
               Albuquerque DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Claudio BQ, Albuquerque DC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
               manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Claudio BQ, Costa MAN,
               Albuquerque DC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Bruno de Queiroz Claudio pela
               Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of Psychotropic Drugs on QT Interval Dispersion in
               Adult Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Claudio</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelle Azevedo Nossar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penna</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Konder</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celoria</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Miguel Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Lopes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schneider</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Siuffo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa D'Or/IDOR</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D'Or/IDOR, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
               Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ,
               Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno de Queiroz Claudio</bold>, Rua Presidente Jo&#227;o Pessoa,
               95, apto. 801, bloco 1, Icara&#237;. Postal Code, 24220-330, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>brunoqueiroz@cardiol.br</email>, <email>b_queiroz@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Drug-induced increase in QT dispersion has been associated with potentially fatal
                  ventricular arrhythmias. Little is known about the use of psychotropic substances,
                  alone or in combination with other drugs on QT dispersion. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adults.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>An observational cohort study was designed involving 161 patients hospitalized
                  from an emergency department at a tertiary hospital, divided into psychotropic
                  users or non-users. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data and drugs used on a
                  regular basis were collected on admission, in addition to 12-lead
                  electrocardiogram with QT dispersion measurement. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>QT dispersion was significantly higher in the psychotropic user group compared to
                  non-users (69.25 &#177; 25.5 ms vs. 57.08 &#177; 23.4 ms; p = 0.002). The QT interval
                  corrected by Bazzett formula was also higher in the psychotropic drugs user group,
                  with statistical significance. (439.79 &#177; 31.14 ms vs. 427.71 &#177; 28.42 ms; p =
                  0.011). A regression analysis model showed a positive association between the
                  number of psychotropic drugs used and QT interval dispersion, with r = 0.341 and p
                  &lt; 0.001. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The use of psychotropic drugs was associated with increased QT dispersion and this
                  increase was accentuated, as the number of psychotropic drugs used was higher.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Torsades de Pointes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The perception and interest in unexpected death are secular. Sudden cardiac death
               received its first scientific definition in 1707 with Giovanni Lancisi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, in his work <italic>De mortibus
                  subitaneis</italic>. The most prevalent cause of sudden death is coronary artery
               disease, followed by cardiomyopathies and primarily electrical cardiac causes,
               especially the long QT syndrome, either congenital or acquired - the latter induced
               by drugs, in most cases. Data indicate that QT prolongation is a major contributor to
               the genesis of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or torsades de pointes, even in
               structurally normal hearts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This prolongation
               is not a pharmacological property attributed only to antiarrhythmic drugs. A recent
               American cohort showed that 5 million Americans are exposed to drugs that prolong the
               QT interval, with antibiotics and psychotropic drugs, especially antipsychotics,
               being the most common<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>However, not all drugs that prolong the QT interval increase the risk of ventricular
                  arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It is currently accepted that
               the electrical disturbance genesis is related to blockage of ionic currents of
               potassium channels, notably in M cells of the human ventricle, with subsequent QT
               interval prolongation and dispersion (QTD) on the electrocardiogram (ECG), closely
               related to the onset of torsades de pointes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>The concept of "QT interval dispersion", defined as the difference between the
               maximum and minimum QT interval measured at the 12-lead ECG, was introduced by Higham
               and Campbell<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> in the early 1990s. Initially
               proposed as an index of electrical instability, it represents the expression of
               physiological regional variation of myocardial excitability recovery.</p>
        <p>Since then, the analysis of QTD was accepted as a noninvasive method for the
               detection of ventricular repolarization heterogeneity, being a marker of
               arrhythmogenesis, especially in the presence of an ischemic substrate and
               drug-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, there have been studies
               associating it as a prognostic index in heart failure and hypertrophic
                  cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Little is known about the impact on QTD with the specific use of antipsychotics and
               its associations with other drugs acting on the central nervous or cardiovascular
               system.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characterization</title>
          <p>The present was a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study, carried
                  out in a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro, with an open emergency room, from
                  September 2009 to January 2013. The research protocol was approved by the
                  Institutional Research Ethics Committee (REC) (number 148/09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Of the total number of patients admitted at the institution, necessarily admitted
                  through the emergency room, 194 met the initial eligibility criteria for the
                  study. After careful evaluation, 33 patients were excluded and population sample
                  comprised 161 patients.</p>
          <p>The subjects of the investigation were not submitted to any interventions
                  resulting from the study. A liability form was completed by the main investigator
                  on the use of information contained in medical records and database, thus making
                  it unnecessary for patients to sign the Informed Consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The following inclusion criteria were used: age &gt; 40 years; emergency care and
                  subsequent hospital admission for more than 24 hours, regardless of the reason for
                  admission; performance of ECG with at least 12 leads in the emergency room;
                  performance of basic complementary laboratory tests (glucose, potassium and
                  magnesium).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were: patients with artificial cardiac pacing, either
                  temporary or permanent; patients with congenital long-QT syndrome; patients with
                  calcium metabolism alterations; patients with atrial fibrillation of any cause
                  and/or frequent ventricular arrhythmia; patients using antiemetics, prokinetics
                  and antibiotics that alter ventricular repolarization.</p>
          <p>According to the study design and construction of methodology, the use of
                  concomitant drugs that would influence QT interval and its dispersion was cause
                  for careful analysis. Thus, we excluded patients on continuous use of other drugs
                  that prolong the QT interval, especially domperidone, bromopride and
                  metoclopramide.</p>
          <p>The sample population was stratified into two groups according to the use or
                  nonuse of psychotropic drugs. Group 1 (G1) consisted of patients who were not
                  taking psychotropic drugs, while Group 2 (G2) consisted of patients taking
                  psychotropic drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigation procedures</title>
          <p>Demographic data, present and past medical history, information on regular use of
                  drugs and diagnostic hypotheses were collected on admission. Any drug that had
                  more than seven days of uninterrupted use before hospital admission was defined as
                  continuous use.</p>
          <p>All antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants and drugs used in dementia
                  syndromes used by the sample population were taken into account. All drugs subject
                  to classification according to Vaughan Williams were considered antiarrhythmic
                  drugs.</p>
          <p>A 12-lead ECG was performed on patient admission, while still in the emergency
                  department, being a routine procedure for any patient older than 40 years of age,
                  symptomatic or not (hospital accreditation process protocol by the Joint
                  Commission).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
          <p>Laboratory evaluation consisted of measurements of plasma glucose, potassium and
                  magnesium, also assessed on admission. Glycemia levels did not take into account
                  any criterion of fasting. Calcium ion was measured when requested by the emergency
                  team. A Vitros 250 analyzer (Johnson &amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, USA) was used
                  for biochemical measurement of magnesium and glucose, with the dry-chemical
                  method. The measurements of potassium and calcium ion were performed using a Gem
                  Premier 3000 analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, USA) using the
                  selective electrode method. Normal values of these tests were determined according
                  to the institution protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>QT dispersion measurement</title>
          <p>Each patient's ECG was recorded in three-channel conventional ECG equipment (HP -
                  Hewlett Packard Company, Palo Alto, United States) with recording speed of 25 mm/s
                  and recording of the 12 leads considered as conventional (D1, D2, D3, aVR , aVL,
                  aVF, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6). ECGs that did not have at least nine leads with a QT
                  interval technically capable of being measured were excluded. The QT interval is
                  measured from the first deflection of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave,
                  defined as the meeting point of the descending branch of T to the isoelectric
                  line. In the presence of a U wave, the end of the T wave is considered as the base
                  of deflection formed by the two waves. The presence of bundle branch block did not
                  exclude patients from the study.</p>
          <p>Cardiac cycles succeeding early beats (extrasystoles) were abandoned<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. "QT interval dispersion" is defined as the
                  difference between the maximum and minimum QT interval measured on the 12-lead (at
                  least nine leads).</p>
          <p>The digitized ECGs were analyzed with the help of Preview&#174; software, version 5.5.2
                  (719.25) (Apple Inc &#174;, Cupertino, USA). Tracings were submitted to a 300%
                  magnification and QT measurement was made digitally. All ECG tracings were
                  digitalized with a 200 dpi resolution and saved in JPEG format to allow use of the
                  Preview&#174; program measuring tool. ECGs were captured by an Epson Stylus TX105
                  scanner (Long Beach, United States) and amplified during digitalization.</p>
          <p>However, in daily clinical practice, the measurements of QT interval and QTD can
                  be performed simply with the aid of a triplicate magnifying glass<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Two QT interval and QTD measures were performed by four examiners
                  blinded to the clinical characteristics of patients and the arithmetic mean of the
                  values were considered for the analysis.</p>
          <p>Several methodologies have been described for the measurement of QT interval <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In this study, we used the difference between the second largest
                  and the second smallest QT interval (minimum of nine leads)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> to
                  measure QTD, a methodology also used by Campbell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Studies can be found in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> that used the standard measure of QTD or that corrected by heart
                  rate. In the present study, we used the default QT dispersion.</p>
          <p>Univariate, bivariate, covariance and multivariate analysis were used for the
                  statistical analysis of the data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Univariate analysis was used for the description of the studied variables, using
                  simple frequency and percentage tables for discrete variables and mean
                  (minimum-maximum), and graphical representation of histograms and box-plots for
                  continuous variables. Bivariate analysis was used for discrete variables, using
                  contingency tables and chi-square, Fisher exact and ML chi-square tests, when
                  indicated; the Student's <italic>t</italic> test, paired or not, and Mann-Whitney
                  test were used for continuous variables,.</p>
          <p>Levene's test was used to test whether the studied samples had homoscedasticity,
                  that is, whether they had the same variance. A significant F ratio in this test
                  indicates that the differences in mean, or effects, probably exist between the
                  groups. In the case of heteroscedastic samples, non-parametric tests were used
                  according to the characteristics of the studied variable. Welch and Brown-Forsythe
                  tests were used in the assessment of the mean magnesium levels between groups.</p>
          <p>Analysis of covariance was used with regression models and analysis of variance
                  (ANOVA), using the partial ETA squared (&#951;2), which allows inferring what
                  proportion of the total variance is attributed to the studied variable (effect
                  size). Multivariate analysis was used from a log-linear model for discrete
                  variables aiming to detect and resolve the confusion effects. Pearson's
                  correlation coefficient was used to demonstrate the correlation between two or
                  more variables. The ANOVA model was chosen for the analysis of variance between
                  the studied groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample population</title>
          <p>Of a total of 194 initially selected patients, 161 met the inclusion criteria and
                  constituted the sample population of this study. The most prevalent cause of
                  exclusion was the presence of atrial fibrillation (11) in the electrocardiogram,
                  followed by artificial cardiac stimulation (7), calcium replacement without the
                  measured serum level of calcium ion (5), frequent ventricular extrasystoles (4),
                  incapacity of analyzing the ECG due to technical problems (3), and documented
                  hypercalcemia.</p>
          <p>The sample population (n = 161) was stratified into two groups according to the
                  use or nonuse of psychotropic drugs: G1 consisting of patients who did not use
                  psychotropic drugs (n = 85 patients) and G2 consisting of users of psychotropic
                  drugs (n = 76 patients).</p>
          <p>The reasons for hospital admission of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 1</xref>, per group. There was no statistical significance
                  between the groups.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of groups according to the reasons for hospital
                        admission</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Reasons for hospital admission</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Group 1 n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Group 2 n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Chi-square</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Orthopedic surgical admissions</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (59.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Admissions for general and urological surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (23.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (17.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary sepsis</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (15.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urinary sepsis</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">161</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Drugs used by the sample population</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">3</xref> show the frequency of psychotropic drugs and antiarrhythmic
                  drugs used by the sample population. This use may have been isolated or in
                  associations. None of the patients from the sample population used digitalis.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Psychotropics used by the sample population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Salt name</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Patients using it</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Salt name</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Patients using it</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Haloperidol</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Phenobarbital</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chlorpromazine</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Phenytoin</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Levomepromazine</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Lamotrigine</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risperidone</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Carbamazepine</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clozapine</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxcarbazepine</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quetiapine</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">Gabapentin</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Olanzapine</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Valproic acid</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ziprasidone</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Topiramate</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aripiprazole</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Venlafaxine</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Promethazine</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Memantine</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amitriptyline</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Mirtazapine</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imipramine</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Duloxetine</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clomipramine</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Fluoxetine</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doxepin</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Paroxetine</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desipramine</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Sertraline</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nortriptyline</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Citalopram</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trazodone</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Citalopram</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bupropion</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Donepezil</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maprotiline</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Rivastigmine</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nefazodone</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Galantamine</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antiarrhythmic drugs used by the sample population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vaughan-Williams</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Class I</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Class II</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Class III</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Class IV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>----</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Beta-blockers</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Amiodarone</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Sotalol</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diltiazen</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Verapamil</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Psychotropics + Antiarrhythmics</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarrhythmics</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the sample population</title>
          <p>Female gender were more prevalent in G2, with statistical significance (p = 0.04).
                  We sought to determine whether, in G2, the gender difference would have an impact
                  the QTD, as there was no difference between men and women regarding psychotropic
                  drug use (p = 0.642). There was a positive correlation between age and the use of
                  psychotropic drugs.</p>
          <p>The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and known coronary artery
                  disease showed no statistically significant difference between G1 and G2.</p>
          <p>Regarding the laboratory variables, all patients (n = 161) had serum potassium,
                  magnesium and glucose levels measured on admission at the emergency service, with
                  no statistical difference between the two groups. The study excluded patients with
                  hyper- and hypocalcemia. It is noteworthy that plasma glucose levels were not
                  measured in fasting. Levene's test was used to better understand the behavior of
                  variance in the two groups.</p>
          <p>Therefore, glucose and potassium showed a homoscedastic distribution, whereas
                  magnesium had a heteroscedastic distribution, after using the appropriate
                  statistical test for each situation. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic, clinical and laboratory data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>G1 (n = 85)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>G2 (n = 76)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Statistical test</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean &#177; standard deviation</td>
                  <td align="center">67.68 &#177; 12.68</td>
                  <td align="center">74.43 &#177; 11.37</td>
                  <td align="center">t = 3.540</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, %</td>
                  <td align="center">50.60</td>
                  <td align="center">34.20</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 4.395</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender, %</td>
                  <td align="center">49.40</td>
                  <td align="center">65.80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH, %</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">39.50</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, %</td>
                  <td align="center">25.90</td>
                  <td align="center">23.70</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 0.104</td>
                  <td align="center">0.885</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">21.20</td>
                  <td align="center">13.20</td>
                  <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup> = 1.796</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium, mean &#177; standard deviation (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.29 &#177; 0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">4.31 &#177; 0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 0.493</td>
                  <td align="center">0.852</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium, mean &#177; standard deviation (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88 &#177; 0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 6.444 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t11">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycemia, mean &#177; standard deviation (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 46</td>
                  <td align="center">F = 1.194</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="tfn01t11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Heteroscedastic sample. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes
                           mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; F: Levene F ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>QT interval dispersion behavior</title>
          <p>QTD was significantly higher in the group of psychotropic drug users compared to
                  non-users (p = 0.002). The QT interval corrected by the Bazett's formula was also
                  higher in the group using psychotropic drugs, with statistical significance (p =
                  0.011), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 5</xref>. The variance
                  was homogeneous in QTD, in the corrected QT interval and heart rate between the
                  groups.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Electrocardiographic data and behavior of QT interval dispersion</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Group 1 (n = 85)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Group 2 (n = 76)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold><italic>t</italic> Test</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT interval dispersion, mean &#177; standard deviation (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.08 &#177; 23.4</td>
                  <td align="center">69.25 &#177; 25.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corrected QT interval, mean &#177; standard deviation (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">427.71 &#177; 28.42</td>
                  <td align="center">439.79 &#177; 31.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, mean &#177; standard deviation (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.379</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The analysis of covariance between age and use of psychotropic drugs was performed
                  aiming to determine the adjusted mean of the QTD. As measure of analysis of
                  variance, &#951;2 was used. After adjusting the mean (G2 = 68.38 &#177; 8.11 milliseconds -
                  ms and G1 = 57.85 &#177; 7.22 ms), the difference between the groups remained
                  significant (p = 0.009).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of use of multiple psychotropic drugs on QT dispersion</title>
          <p>In the sample population, 85 patients were not taking any psychotropic drugs, 52
                  used one drug, 16 patients used two drugs simultaneously, three patients used
                  three drugs, four used four psychotropic drugs and one patient in the study used
                  five psychotropic drugs simultaneously.</p>
          <p>A linear regression model showed a positive association between the number of
                  psychotropic drugs used and QTD, with r = 0.341. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Chart 1</xref>)</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between number of psychotropic agents and QT interval
                        dispersion. r = 0.341, p value &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0465-40055-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The intensity of the linear association between variables was quantified.
                  Pearson's linear correlation showed a positive correlation between the number of
                  psychotropic drugs and patient age in QTD ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table
                     6</xref>). In the regression model, when the data are analyzed together, R =
                  0.329.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pearson's linear correlation between the studied variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Number of psychotropic agents</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Heart rate</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Potassium</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Glucose</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Magnesium</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pearson</td>
                  <td align="center">0.341</td>
                  <td align="center">0.177</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.103</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p value</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center">0.195</td>
                  <td align="center">0.471</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495</td>
                  <td align="center">0.232</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>To better understand the association between these two variables in QTD, a
                  regression model was proposed, followed by an ANOVA model, to allow the
                  measurement of the adjusted Beta of the number of psychotropic drugs and age, with
                  QTD being the dependent variable.</p>
          <p>When the coefficients are adjusted, only the number of psychotropic drugs shows
                  statistical significance with QTD (p &lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>Of the original sample population, the impact of concurrent use of psychotropic
                  and antiarrhythmic drugs was evaluated, compared to the isolated use of
                  antiarrhythmics. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 3</xref> details the type
                  of antiarrhythmic drug used according to the classification of Vaughan Williams,
                  with no statistical difference between the studied subgroups. The combined use of
                  both classes of drugs showed a statistically significant increase in the QT
                  interval. However, there was no statistical difference in QTD between the two
                  subgroups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 7</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impact of concurrent use of psychotropic agents and antiarrhythmic drugs
                        vs. isolated use of antiarrhythmic drugs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Analysis of subgroups</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Sample (n. of patients)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>QT Interval</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>QT dispersion</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Psychotropic + antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">445.1 &#177; 23.77</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">63.55 &#177; 21.11</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.715</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarrhythmics</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">421.7 &#177; 24.01</td>
                  <td align="center">66.60 &#177; 23.22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Aiming to assess the impact of psychotropic drug use on QTD, it was necessary to
               study separately the clinical and demographic variables, identifying the isolated and
               combined action of these drugs with other cardiovascular action drugs. </p>
        <p>Over the past 25 years, the QTD has been studied by several authors in different
               clinical scenarios, in normal subjects and patients with heart disease. Tran et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in a study that evaluated the
               influence of age and sex on QTD, concluded that estrogen, athoughit does not change
               the QT interval, significantly reduces its dispersion. In a healthy population, Alici
               et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> also confirmed these findings. In the
               population evaluated in this study, the results were similar.</p>
        <p>The use of psychotropic drugs is more common in elderly women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and this
               population had a significantly higher number of women in G2.</p>
        <p>In this context, we expected to find a higher number of females in the group of
               psychotropic drug users. For this reason, the QTD was analyzed separately in men and
               women in the group of psychotropic drug users and it was greater in men (71.15 &#177;
               26.91 ms) than in women (68.26 &#177; 24.96 ms), with no statistical significance. It is
               known that in the age range of the female population, estrogen protection is not as
               present any more. Thus, other mechanisms were studied to understand this
               phenomenon.</p>
        <p>Ebert et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> demonstrated in an animal model
               that ionic currents in females, specifically in potassium channels, are significantly
               smaller than in males of the same species of rats. This effect is accentuated in the
               presence of class III antiarrhythmic drugs, increasing the QTD. Therefore, elderly
               women are particularly susceptible to changes in the QT interval and this fact should
               be considered when prescribing psychotropic drugs.</p>
        <p>Regarding comorbidities found in the population, there was no statistical difference
               between the groups of non-users and users of psychotropic drugs on the prevalence of
               hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. There was a high
               prevalence of these comorbidities in this population, respectively 60.2%, 24.8% and
               17.4%. This may be related to the age of the sample, as well as the patient selection
               method, carried out in the emergency room. The profile of emergency patients and
               institution alignment explain the high number of orthopedic surgical patients. It is
               noteworthy that no patient was admitted for acute coronary syndrome, which is
               therefore, not a bias.</p>
        <p>It is also worth mentioning that the doses used were not considered, as it was not
               considered reliable information, either due to the patient's underlying disease or
               the frequent presence of caregivers with little information about the drugs being
               used.</p>
        <p>This factor, together with the large number of users of domperidone, bromopride and
               metoclopramide in continuous use justifies the extended time of patient selection,
               aiming at attenuating a possible selection bias.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we observed a positive correlation between use of psychotropic
               drugs and increased QTD at the ECG. There was also a positive correlation between age
               and QTD. The population studied had a minimum age of 40 years; however, in practice,
               both groups had mean age &gt; 65 years (G1 = 67.68 &#177; 12.68 years and G2 = 74.43 &#177;
               11.37 years). The use of psychotropic drugs increases with age, according to data
               collected by Maia et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, similarly to the
               sample studied here. After adjusting for age, as well as analyzing separately the
               influence of age and the use of psychotropic drugs on QTD, it was observed that only
               the use of psychotropic drugs persisted with a statistically significant
               difference.</p>
        <p>Other authors also confirmed these findings. Mangoni et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrated that age has no association with QTD. In the
               present sample, both the use of psychotropic drugs and the number of psychotropic
               drugs had a positive correlation with QTD. Of the 76 patients in the psychotropic
               user group, 24 used a combination of more than one psychotropic drug, corresponding
               to 31.5% of the group. Thus 114 uses were documented, with the most frequent drug
               being Quetiapine (20%).</p>
        <p>Dispersion values &gt; 60 ms were found in the group using psychotropic drugs, which,
               in most studies performed to date, are associated with increased cardiovascular
               death. The Rotterdam Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> evaluated a
               cohort of 2,358 men and 3,454 women during a mean period of four years and observed
               that the presence of QTD &gt; 60 ms was associated with a 2.5-fold higher risk of
               cardiac death, 1.9-fold higher risk of sudden death and a 40% higher risk of overall
               death than in the group with QTD &lt;60 ms.</p>
        <p>In our study, after adjusting for age, the mean QT interval dispersion was 57.85 &#177;
               7.22 ms in the group of non-users and 68.38 &#177; 8.11 ms in the group of psychotropic
               drug users, confirming the risk involved in using these drugs.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that digitalization, followed by enlargement of electrocardiographic
               recordings, allowed a high level of resolution, enabling a manual, easy, quick and
               effective acquisition of the QT interval and its subsequent dispersion, with
               negligible interobserver variation.</p>
        <p>Thus, the QTc interval and its dispersion should be thoroughly investigated in the
               general population, in outpatient, as well as surgical and emergency settings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Health professionals involved in drug prescription and monitoring of
               patients taking psychotropic drugs, especially the elderly, should routinely include
               the ECG in the diagnosis routine of this population, in addition to carefully assess
               the combination of drugs used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the sample population studied, the use of psychotropic drugs, used alone or with
               other drugs, is associated with increased QT interval dispersion. The greater the
               number of psychotropic drugs used, the greater the QT dispersion. There was a
               positive correlation between the number of psychotropic drugs used per patient and
               increased QT dispersion. The simultaneous use of psychotropic and antiarrhythmic
               drugs is associated with the increase in the corrected QT interval, but not QT
               dispersion, when compared to the subgroup of patients that use only antiarrhythmic
               drugs.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Claudio BQ, Albuquerque DC; Acquisition of
                  data: Claudio BQ, Penna F, Konder MT, Celoria BMJ, Souza LL; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Claudio BQ, Costa MAN, Penna F, Celoria BMJ, Souza LL,
                  Schneider RS, Albuquerque DC; Statistical analysis: Claudio BQ, Pozzan R,
                  Albuquerque FN, Albuquerque DC; Writing of the manuscript: Claudio BQ, Albuquerque
                  DC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Claudio BQ,
                  Costa MAN, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruno de Queiroz Claudio
                  from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
