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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LMJRF73j6MqNQYdgZw5fS5j</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Fibrose e Arritmias Ventriculares na
               Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica sem Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Continentino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Abramoff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad - Universidade
               Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Frei Galv&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guaratinguet&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Frei Galv&#227;o, Guaratinguet&#225;, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRJ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e
               Pesquisa de Engenharia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Coppe - Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de
               P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa de Engenharia - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Marinho Tassi</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Gaffr&#233;e e
               Guinle, Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia. Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Tijuca. CEP: 20270-004,
               Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etassi@ibest.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tassi EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Tassi EM, Continentino MA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tassi EM, Continentino
                  MA, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento EM,
                  Pereira BB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Pedrosa RC; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tassi EM, Pedrosa
                  RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>456</fpage>
      <lpage>464</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar apresentam pior
                  progn&#243;stico independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. A
                  resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#233; atualmente o melhor m&#233;todo para detec&#231;&#227;o de
                  altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Quantificar a fibrose, por meio do realce tardio, pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica
                  card&#237;aca, em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda preservada ou minimamente comprometida (&gt; 45%) e detectar padr&#245;es de
                  depend&#234;ncia entre fibrose, altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda na presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Foram realizados eletrocardiograma, teste ergom&#233;trico, Holter e resson&#226;ncia
                  magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em 61 pacientes, separados em tr&#234;s grupos: (1)
                  eletrocardiograma normal e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca sem altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar;
                  (2) eletrocardiograma alterado e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca sem altera&#231;&#227;o
                  segmentar; e (3) resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar
                  independentemente de altera&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O n&#250;mero de pacientes com arritmia ventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de
                  pacientes em cada grupo, a porcentagem de fibrose e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda foram, respectivamente: no primeiro grupo, 4/26, 0,74% e 74,34%; no
                  segundo grupo, 4/16, 3,96% e 68,5%; e no terceiro grupo, 11/19, 14,07% e 55,59%.
                  Arritmia ventricular foi encontrada em 31,1% dos pacientes. Aqueles com e sem
                  arritmia ventricular apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda m&#233;dia de
                  59,87% e 70,18%, respectivamente, e fibrose de 11,03% e 3,01%, respectivamente.
                  Das vari&#225;veis altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, grupos, idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda e fibrose, a &#250;ltima foi a &#250;nica significativa para a presen&#231;a de arritmia
                  ventricular, com ponto de corte de 11,78% para massa fibrosada (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Mesmo em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda
                  preservada ou minimamente comprometida, a instabilidade el&#233;trica pode estar
                  presente. Fibrose &#233; a vari&#225;vel mais importante para a presen&#231;a de arritmia
                  ventricular, sendo sua quantidade proporcional &#224; complexidade dos grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) ainda apresenta marcada import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, devido ao contingente de infectados com potencial
            para desenvolvimento de formas graves. Estima-se que, no Brasil, haja de dois a tr&#234;s
            milh&#245;es de pessoas acometidas, sendo um ter&#231;o delas cardiopata, dos quais dois ter&#231;os
            minimamente comprometido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A taxa anual de morte em pacientes &#233; aproximadamente de 24/1.000 pacientes-ano, sendo
            que, em termos absolutos, a maioria dos pacientes possui Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo
            Esquerdo (FEVE) preservada ou minimamente comprometida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A morte s&#250;bita &#233; um dos principais modos de morte na DC e pode ocorrer em
            qualquer fase da doen&#231;a, sendo que 10% delas s&#227;o decorrentes de um primeiro evento
            arr&#237;tmico. Arritmias card&#237;acas complexas (Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares &gt; 10/hora e/ou
            taquicardia ventricular) s&#227;o marcadores de morte s&#250;bita na DC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que pacientes com DC com eletrocardiograma (ECG) normal possuem sobrevida
            semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, assim como estudos iniciais demonstram que pacientes
            com DC com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar com FEVE preservada possuem um pior progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>A Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo na atualidade para avalia&#231;&#227;o da
            fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> e para a detec&#231;&#227;o de
            altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>,agregando tamb&#233;m, por meio
            da t&#233;cnica do realce tardio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de
            fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, j&#225; sendo descrita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> sua
            capacidade em se detectarem altera&#231;&#245;es na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC).</p>
      <p>Pacientes com CCC e arritmias ventriculares possuem um pior progn&#243;stico e n&#227;o h&#225;
            qualquer estudo que correlacione a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detectada na RMC com a gravidade
            das arritmias em pacientes com DC, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada ou minimamente
            comprometida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados entre mar&#231;o e dezembro de 2010 no Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de
            Chagas de nosso hospital.</p>
      <p>O termo de consentimento foi obtido de todos pacientes do estudo, sendo o protocolo de
            pesquisa aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nosso hospital e de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de
            Helsinki.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com idade superior a 21 anos ou
            que j&#225; estivessem fora de &#225;rea end&#234;mica para DC por mais de 20 anos com sorologia
            positiva para DC, FEVE preservada ou minimamente reduzida (&gt; 45%) ao ecocardiograma e
            que possu&#237;ssem ECG, Teste Ergom&#233;trico (TE) e Holter de 24 horas realizados nos &#250;ltimos
            12 meses.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentassem: disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (<italic>clearance</italic>
            estimado de creatinina &lt; 30 mL/min), passado de abla&#231;&#227;o por estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico,
            diabetes ou mais que dois fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, TE
            compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, qualquer procedimento
            de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou perif&#233;rica ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RMC
            (marca-passo definitivo, cardiodesfibrilador implantado, clipe neurocir&#250;rgico ou
            implante coclear).</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o ECG e a RMC, sendo distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s
            grupos da seguinte forma: (1) ECG normal e RMC sem altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar (Grupo 1), (2)
            ECG alterado e RMC sem altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar (Grupo 2) e (3) RMC com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar
            independentemente do ECG (Grupo 3). O ECG foi considerado alterado caso houvesse
            bloqueio incompleto ou completo de qualquer ramo, bloqueio atrioventricular de qualquer
            tipo, ESV monom&#243;rficas ou polim&#243;rficas e Taquicardia Ventricular N&#227;o Sustentada (TVNS).
            A RMC era alterada pela presen&#231;a de qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar detect&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Instabilidade el&#233;trica foi considerada no Holter pela presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles
            ventriculares &gt; 30/hora, epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica sustentada
            (definida como ritmo ventricular com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt; 100 bpm e dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30
            segundos) ou epis&#243;dios de TVNS (definida como tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos consecutivos com
            dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30 segundos).</p>
      <p>No teste ergom&#233;trico, foram considerados, para an&#225;lise, apenas os testes de esfor&#231;o dos
            pacientes que atingiram 7 MET, limite definido como n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio (boa
            correla&#231;&#227;o entre o limiar anaer&#243;bio atingido e a carga atingida de 7 MET)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Dois observadores analisaram e compararam os
            registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio (ao redor de 7 MET),
            identificando em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es o per&#237;odo de 30 segundos com maior n&#250;mero de
            arritmias ventriculares e/ou epis&#243;dios de TVNS. Arritmias induzidas por esfor&#231;o foram
            definidas como aparecimento ou aumento &gt; 10% na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares
            no ECG durante exerc&#237;cio comparado com o repouso e/ou a presen&#231;a de TVNS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>A RMC foi realizada em um equipamento GE HDX de 1,5 Tesla (Wakeusha, Wisconsin), sendo
            adquiridas duas sequ&#234;ncias de pulso: a primeira foi cine-RMC <italic>(Steady-State Free
               Precession </italic>&#8722; SSFP) em eixo longo e eixo curto para mensura&#231;&#227;o e c&#225;lculo de
            massa, volumes e FEVE e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo Direito (FEVD). O corte mais
            basal no eixo curto foi posicionado logo ap&#243;s o anel atrioventricular, e todas as
            subsequentes pausas respirat&#243;rias em expira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foram adquiridas com 8 mm de
            espessura e com espa&#231;amento de 2 mm entre os demais cortes, at&#233; o &#225;pice de VE. Os
            par&#226;metros utilizados foram FOV (sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Field Of View</italic>) 400 mm,
            matriz 224 &#215; 224, 20-24 linhas/segmento, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal &lt; 50 ms, TR (Tempo de
            repeti&#231;&#227;o) = 3,9 ms, TE (Tempo de eco) = 1,5 ms, <italic>flip angle</italic> de 50&#176; e
            NEX (n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es) de 1.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 3 minutos da inje&#231;&#227;o de 0,3 mmol/kg de gadol&#237;nio (Dotarem(r), Guerbet), uma segunda
            sequ&#234;ncia realizada foi gradiente eco com recupera&#231;&#227;o de invers&#227;o (t&#233;cnica do realce
            tardio) em eixo longo e eixo curto, para pesquisar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica com os seguintes
            par&#226;metros: FOV 360 mm, matriz 224 &#215; 192, 24 linhas/segmento, TE = 2,9 ms, <italic>flip
               angle</italic> de 20&#176;, espessura de corte de 8 mm com espa&#231;amento de 2 mm e NEX de
            2.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>P&#243;s-processamento da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o e os c&#225;lculos de medidas de VE e VD foram realizados independentemente,
               por dois investigadores cegos sobre a qual grupo os pacientes pertenciam, em esta&#231;&#227;o
               de trabalho dedicada para exames cardiol&#243;gicos por RM, por meio de
                  <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico (Report CARD(r), vers&#227;o 3.6, GE).</p>
        <p>Imagens em di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole m&#225;ximas foram escolhidas na visualiza&#231;&#227;o cinem&#225;tica com
               o m&#225;ximo relaxamento e a m&#225;xima contra&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Para c&#225;lculo da massa
               ventricular, foram utilizadas as bordas endoc&#225;rdicas e epic&#225;rdicas em s&#237;stole e
               di&#225;stole finais sendo tra&#231;adas manualmente para cada corte, tanto para VE, quanto
               para VD. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram exclu&#237;dos das medidas volum&#233;tricas e
               acrescentados no c&#225;lculo da massa ventricular. Essas &#225;reas foram multiplicadas pela
               espessura do corte (8 mm + 2 mm do espa&#231;amento) e somadas aos diversos cortes para
               obter os volumes sist&#243;lico final e diast&#243;lico final, respectivamente. A FE foi
               calculada como volume diast&#243;lico final menos volume sist&#243;lico final dividido pelo
               volume diast&#243;lico final. Cada um dos 17 segmentos de VE foi classificado em
               normocin&#233;tico, hipocin&#233;tico, discin&#233;tico ou acin&#233;tico.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo da massa fibrosada, se presente, foi realizado por meio de aplicativo
               espec&#237;fico do <italic>software</italic> por meio da detec&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa de
               &#225;reas hiperintensas compat&#237;veis com a fibrose nas sequ&#234;ncias de realce tardio em eixo
               curto, sendo que o investigador tinha a liberdade de editar os limites da &#225;rea de
               fibrose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi feita utilizando-se &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica e
               curvas de sobrevida. &#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica &#233; um m&#233;todo baseado em
               regra de decis&#227;o e implementado em uma teoria de procedimentos de infer&#234;ncia
               condicional com sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. O n&#243; da &#225;rvore apresenta um valor de p que
               corresponde ao teste log-rank. A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o possui o objetivo de reduzir
               o grau de impureza ao encontrar o ponto que forne&#231;a a maior homogeneidade (maior
               probabilidade de pureza) dentro de um n&#243; e maior heterogeneidade entre os n&#243;s.
               Depois, um modelo log-linear foi utilizado para selecionar as vari&#225;veis mais
               significativas e para confirmar os resultados obtidos por meio da &#225;rvore de
               regress&#227;o. Para todo o estudo, foi utilizado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares foi considerada uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica de
               acordo com os achados do ECG, Holter e/ou TE.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise interobservador foi feita utilizando t&#233;cnica anal&#237;tica de sobrevida
               proposta por Luiz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> para acessar a
               fidedignidade das medidas quantitativas FE, massa de VE e gramatura de fibrose
               mioc&#225;rdica. Esse m&#233;todo implementa as curvas de Kaplan-Meier sem censurar dados nos
               quais as falhas ocorrem na diferen&#231;a absoluta entre os valores atribu&#237;dos dos
               observadores. Outro m&#233;todo aperfei&#231;oado proposto por Llorcae Delgado-Rodriguez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> tamb&#233;m foi utilizado. Esse m&#233;todo considera
               dois grupos de valores reais diferentes ao inv&#233;s das diferen&#231;as globais. A
               equival&#234;ncia das fun&#231;&#245;es dos dois observadores obtidas pelo m&#233;todo de Llorca foi
               avaliada usando-se o teste de Tarone-Ware, que &#233; um <italic>test ranking</italic>
               ponderado n&#227;o param&#233;trico.</p>
        <p>Depois, foi realizada a matriz de coeficiente de explica&#231;&#227;o, para medir a capacidade
               preditiva de uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua prever outra sendo analisadas: idade, FEVE, FEVD,
               fibrose e massa de VE. O <italic>software</italic> R foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise dos
               dados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Preencheram os crit&#233;rios para participar do estudo 61 pacientes (23 masculinos). Duas
            pacientes n&#227;o realizaram a fase p&#243;s-contraste (realce tardio), uma por dificuldade de
            acesso venoso e outra devido &#224; hist&#243;ria de atopia ao gadol&#237;nio; contudo elas realizaram
            a fase sem contraste (cine-RMC). A m&#233;dia da idade foi 62,32 anos (&#177; 10,43). O &#205;ndice de
            Massa Corporal da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 26,02. Quatro pacientes apresentaram
            altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, com eletrocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es, sendo, ent&#227;o, considerados do
            Grupo 3. Os grupos e a presen&#231;a de fibrose podem ser visualizados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados gerais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade m&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center">62,32 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC</td>
              <td align="center">26,02 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC Grupo 1</td>
              <td align="center">26,56 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC Grupo 2</td>
              <td align="center">25,29 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC Grupo 3</td>
              <td align="center">25,24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes com fibrose</td>
              <td align="center">27 (45,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Grupo 1 (ECG normal e RMC sem AS)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (42,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Grupo 2 (ECG alterado e RMC sem AS)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (26,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Grupo 3 (RMC com AS)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (31,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Arritmia ventricular (TE ou Holter)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (31,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes com fibrose no Grupo 1</td>
              <td align="center">5 (19,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes com fibrose no Grupo 2</td>
              <td align="center">7 (43,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes com fibrose no Grupo 3</td>
              <td align="center">15 (78,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes com fibrose e arritmia ventricular</td>
              <td align="center">13 (68,4%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01t01">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECG: eletrocardiograma; RMC: resson&#226;ncia
                     magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; AS: altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar; TE: teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>, evidenciam-se a frequ&#234;ncia de
            altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e a presen&#231;a de fibrose em cada uma das paredes de VE pela RMC.
            Altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar foi detectada em 19 pacientes (31,1%). Houve 113 segmentos alterados
            (10,89% do total de 1.037 segmentos poss&#237;veis), sendo as paredes inferior apical (9,7%),
            &#237;nfero-lateral medial (10,6%) e basal (7,9%) e &#225;pex de VE as mais prevalentes
            (9,7%).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) O n&#250;mero em cada segmento indica o n&#250;mero de pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o
                  segmentar em cada um dos 17 segmentos de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em cinza, os
                  segmentos com maior frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar. (B) N&#250;mero de pacientes com
                  fibrose em cada um dos 17 segmentos. Em cinza, os segmentos com maior frequ&#234;ncia
                  de fibrose.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Em 27 pacientes, detectou-se fibrose (45,8%) pela RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia da gramatura de fibrose foi de 15,02 g. Observaram-se 87
            segmentos com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel (8,67% do total de 1.003 segmentos
            poss&#237;veis), sendo a parede &#237;nfero-lateral basal de VE a mais prevalente (19,5%).</p>
      <p>Foi detectada instabilidade el&#233;trica ao Holter ou TE em 19 pacientes (32%) e a presen&#231;a
            de fibrose ou altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar detect&#225;vel, nesse grupo de pacientes, &#233; mais bem
            demonstrada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>. Dos pacientes com
            instabilidade el&#233;trica, 78,9% tiveram altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e/ou fibrose pela RMC. Dos 42
            pacientes sem instabilidade el&#233;trica, apenas 14 pacientes apresentavam fibrose
            mioc&#225;rdica e oito altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Arritmia ventricular ao Holter ou teste ergom&#233;trico e presen&#231;a de
                  fibrose.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A FEVE e a quantidade de fibrose em cada grupo podem ser visualizadas no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e quantidade de fibrose nos diversos grupos. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular, foram identificados: quatro pacientes no
            Grupo 1; quatro pacientes no Grupo 2; e o restante (11 pacientes) no Grupo 3.</p>
      <p>Na concord&#226;ncia interobservador para detec&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares no repouso e no
            esfor&#231;o, obteve-se um valor Kappa de 0,87 (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95% =
            0,72-0,92). A concord&#226;ncia intraobservador teve valor Kappa de 0,93 (IC95% =
            0,74-0,99).</p>
      <p>A discord&#226;ncia interobservador utilizando o m&#233;todo de Llorca evidenciou que as vari&#225;veis
            FEVE, FEVD e massa n&#227;o foram significativas (0,4 e 0,09 respectivamente; p = 0,5);
            apenas a vari&#225;vel fibrose em porcentagem mostrou-se significativa, com p = 0,007 at&#233;
            obten&#231;&#227;o de 6% do valor absoluto da diferen&#231;a do resultado obtido, &#8722; ap&#243;s isso n&#227;o houve
            diferen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises categ&#243;ricas da presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e da detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose
            interobservador apresentaram valor Kappa de 0,96 para ambas. As vari&#225;veis utilizadas na
            primeira &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>) foram
            altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar pela RM, grupos (1, 2 e 3), idade, FEVE, arritmia ventricular e
            fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel significativa na &#225;rvore de
            classifica&#231;&#227;o para a presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular com um ponto de corte de 11,78% de
            massa fibrosada (p &lt; 0,001). Na segunda &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da altera&#231;&#227;o
            segmentar pela RM e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, foram consideradas tamb&#233;m as intera&#231;&#245;es dessas
            vari&#225;veis com os grupos (1, 2 e 3). O Grupo 3 separou a maioria dos pacientes com
            arritmia ventricular (p &lt; 0,001), como pode ser melhor observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o demonstrando ser a fibrose a vari&#225;vel mais
                  significante para presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular com ponto de corte de
                  11,78%.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o por grupos demonstrando que o grupo com altera&#231;&#227;o
                  segmentar (Grupo 3) engloba a maior parte de pacientes com arritmia
                  ventricular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, a matriz de coeficiente de explica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 4</xref>), possibilitando calcular o R<sup>2</sup> das vari&#225;veis
            analisadas entre si sem o uso de uma vari&#225;vel resposta (no caso, a arritmia
            ventricular), mostrando que a FEVE foi inversamente proporcional &#224; fibrose
               (R<sup>2</sup> de -0,37) e a FEVE com FEVD foram proporcionais entre si
               (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,30).</p>
      <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o (valores em R2). Quanto mais ovalado melhor &#233; a
                  correla&#231;&#227;o. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O presente estudo evidencia e mostra objetivamente que, mesmo no paciente com DC com
            fun&#231;&#227;o de VE preservada ou minimamente comprometida, a instabilidade el&#233;trica pode estar
            presente. Esta foi demonstrada pela presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares induzida por
            esfor&#231;o ou espont&#226;neas em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes (32%) e, mais ainda, mostrou uma boa
            correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a FEVE e a presen&#231;a de fibrose (R<sup>2</sup> de -0,37), visto
            que, dos 19 pacientes com instabilidade el&#233;trica, 15 (79%) apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o
            segmentar. Ademais, a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, por meio da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e da &#225;rvore de
            classifica&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou ser a vari&#225;vel mais significante para a presen&#231;a de arritmia
            ventricular. A vantagem da &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que, al&#233;m de apontar a vari&#225;vel
            mais relevante, ela calcula o ponto de corte (no caso, 11,78% de massa fibrosada). No
            grupo com fibrose &gt; 11,78%, houve apenas dois pacientes sem arritmia ventricular (p
            &lt; 0,001), podendo interpretar que pacientes com fibrose superior a essa porcentagem
            possuem um risco aumentado de apresentar arritmia ventricular frequente.</p>
      <p>Segundo Myerburg e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, h&#225; necessidade de
            tr&#234;s fatores para a morte s&#250;bita el&#233;trica: o substrato arritmog&#234;nico, os eventos
            deflagradores e as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais. &#201; no primeiro item que se contextualiza a
            relev&#226;ncia do processo fibr&#243;tico. No paciente com DC, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar claramente
            esses tr&#234;s fatores: o substrato arritmog&#234;nico seria representado pelas zonas fibr&#243;ticas
            e inflamat&#243;rias do mioc&#225;rdio; os eventos deflagradores, pelas extrass&#237;stoles
            ventriculares t&#227;o presentes; e as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, pelas mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas do
            sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
      <p>Arritmia ventricular na DC est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e pacientes com
            disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e arritmias ventriculares complexas possuem o pior progn&#243;stico. A
            presen&#231;a de instabilidade el&#233;trica ventricular em paciente com FEVE preservada e
            altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar &#233; pouco estudada.</p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que os 19,2% dos pacientes do Grupo 1 (ECG normal e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o
            segmentar pela RM) que possu&#237;am fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel pela RMC pudessem estar em
            uma fase inicial de CCC. Especialmente porque quatro deles apresentavam arritmia
            ventricular. De acordo com estudos patol&#243;gicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, o processo inicial &#233;
            uma miocardite com fibrose que, em alguns casos, evolui para altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e
            disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada de baixo risco por qualquer escore progn&#243;stico. Mesmo
            assim, 45,7% deles apresentavam fibrose mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel pela RMC. A presen&#231;a e a
            quantidade de fibrose foram maiores nos pacientes do Grupo 3 (altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar pela
            RMC independentemente de altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG). Esse grupo tamb&#233;m apresentou mais pacientes
            com arritmia ventricular, podendo denotar, de forma subjetiva, um maior potencial
            arritmog&#234;nico.</p>
      <p>H&#225; poucos estudos prospectivos de CCC com RMC. Recentemente, Regueiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, em um estudo descritivo, mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o de
            ECG alterado, com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar, com aumento da massa fibrosada e com disfun&#231;&#245;es
            ventriculares esquerda e direita. Mello e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>avaliaram pacientes com CCC pela RMC e mostraram que a fibrose em mais de dois
            segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos de VE com padr&#227;o transmural estava mais associada com taquicardia
            ventricular.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os segmentos mais acometidos por fibrose tamb&#233;m foram os que mais
            tiveram altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Isso sugere uma rela&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica entre denerva&#231;&#227;o
            simp&#225;tica, fibrose e hipocinesia. A rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre essas vari&#225;veis pode ajudar a
            entender o processo fisiopatol&#243;gico e &#233; objeto de estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto interessante &#233; a confiabilidade do exame de imagem. O ecocardiograma &#233;
            examinador-dependente e a variabilidade interobservador &#233; conhecida como limita&#231;&#227;o do
            exame. A RMC &#233; conhecida por sua alta reprodutibilidade. Neste estudo, a variabilidade
            interobservador foi &lt; 5% para FEVE e FEVD, n&#227;o sendo significante (p = 0,5 e 0,4,
            respectivamente). A massa fibrosada, em porcentagem, teve uma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica de
            6%; contudo, uma variabilidade dessa magnitude, ao relacionar a pouca quantidade m&#233;dia
            de fibrose encontrada (15,02 g), pode ser considerada de pequena relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e
            cient&#237;fica, pois se colocando em desvio padr&#227;o, ela estaria englobada entre 15,02g &#177; 0,9
            g. Ademais, se considerada como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, esta possuiria uma correla&#231;&#227;o
            excelente (Kappa = 0,96).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Os pacientes neste estudo n&#227;o se submeteram &#224; cineangiocoronariografia para excluir
               doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria como causa da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, pacientes com
               diabetes e dois ou mais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria foram exclu&#237;dos,
               reduzindo tal probabilidade. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve pacientes com anormalidades
               sugestivas de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria no TE ou RMC. Recentemente, Carvalho e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>mostraram uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de
               doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria em pacientes com DC.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos epis&#243;dios de morte s&#250;bita ocorre entre as idades de 20 a 50 anos e em
               homens. Isso difere da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, que foi composta predominantemente por
               mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 63 anos, fato que pode subestimar eventos progn&#243;sticos.
               Mas, mesmo assim, neste grupo de baixo risco, houve substrato significativo para a
               presen&#231;a de arritmias (altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar e presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica).</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular incluiu a presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stole ventricular
               frequente &gt; 30/h, o que pode ser realmente considerado de pouca relev&#226;ncia
               cl&#237;nica. No entanto, a inten&#231;&#227;o de nosso trabalho foi avaliar o mecanismo da
               deflagra&#231;&#227;o da instabilidade ventricular precoce (fibrose e altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar), e
               n&#227;o o impacto cl&#237;nico imediato.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar pela resson&#226;ncia
            magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, com arritmia ventricular em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica
            cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>Mesmo em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada ou
            minimamente alterada, o substrato arritmog&#234;nico j&#225; pode estar presente. A fibrose
            mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#233; a vari&#225;vel mais importante
            associada &#224; arritmia ventricular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Marco Lauzi, da Guerbet, pelo fornecimento do gadol&#237;nio (Dotarem(r))
            utilizado nesta pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
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      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado parcialmente por FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado de Eduardo Marinho Tassi pela Faculdade de
               Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship between Fibrosis and Ventricular Arrhythmias
               in Chagas Heart Disease Without Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Continentino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Abramoff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad - Universidade
               Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Frei Galv&#227;o, Guaratinguet&#225;, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Coppe - Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de
               P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa de Engenharia - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Marinho Tassi</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Gaffr&#233;e e
               Guinle, Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia. Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Tijuca. Postal Code:
               20270-004, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>etassi@ibest.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tassi EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC;
                  Acquisition of data: Tassi EM, Continentino MA; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Nascimento EM, Pereira BB, Pedrosa RC;
                  Statistical analysis: Nascimento EM, Pereira BB; Writing of the manuscript: Tassi
                  EM, Continentino MA, Pedrosa RC; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Tassi EM, Pedrosa RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Patients with Chagas disease and segmental wall motion abnormality (SWMA) have
                  worse prognosis independent of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Cardiac
                  magnetic resonance (CMR) is currently the best method to detect SWMA and to assess
                  fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To quantify fibrosis by using late gadolinium enhancement CMR in patients with
                  Chagas disease and preserved or minimally impaired ventricular function (&gt;
                  45%), and to detect patterns of dependence between fibrosis, SWMA and LVEF in the
                  presence of ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Electrocardiogram, treadmill exercise test, Holter and CMR were carried out in 61
                  patients, who were divided into three groups as follows: (1) normal
                  electrocardiogram and CMR without SWMA; (2) abnormal electrocardiogram and CMR
                  without SWMA; (3) CMR with SWMA independently of electrocardiogram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The number of patients with ventricular arrhythmia in relation to the total of
                  patients, the percentage of fibrosis, and the LVEF were, respectively: Group 1,
                  4/26, 0.74% and 74.34%; Group 2, 4/16, 3.96% and 68.5%; and Group 3, 11/19, 14.07%
                  and 55.59%. Ventricular arrhythmia was found in 31.1% of the patients. Those with
                  and without ventricular arrhythmia had mean LVEF of 59.87% and 70.18%,
                  respectively, and fibrosis percentage of 11.03% and 3.01%, respectively. Of the
                  variables SWMA, groups, age, LVEF and fibrosis, only the latter was significant
                  for the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, with a cutoff point of 11.78% for
                  fibrosis mass (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Even in patients with Chagas disease and preserved or minimally impaired
                  ventricular function, electrical instability can be present. Regarding the
                  presence of ventricular arrhythmia, fibrosis is the most important variable, its
                  amount being proportional to the complexity of the groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (CD) remains epidemiologically important<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, because of the high number of infected individuals who can
               develop severe forms of the disease. In Brazil, two to three million people are
               estimated to be affected, one third of whom have heart disease, of whom, two thirds
               are minimally impaired<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>The annual death rate is approximately 24/1,000 patients-year, and most patients have
               preserved or minimally impaired left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Sudden death is common in CD, can occur in any
               phase of that disease, and 10% result from a first arrhythmic event. Complex cardiac
               arrhythmias (ventricular extrasystoles &gt; 10/hour and/or ventricular tachycardia)
               are markers of sudden death in CD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Patients with CD and normal electrocardiogram (ECG) are known to have survival rate
               similar to that of the general population, and initial studies have shown that those
               with CD, segmental wall motion abnormality and preserved LVEF have worse
                  prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is currently the best method to assess
               ventricular function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> and to detect segmental
               wall motion abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; by adding the
               delayed enhancement technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, it can assess
               myocardial fibrosis. The ability of delayed enhancement CMR to detect abnormalities
               in chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD) has already been reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Patients with CCHD and ventricular arrhythmia have a worse prognosis, and there is no
               study correlating the myocardial fibrosis detected on CMR with the severity of
               arrhythmias in patients with CD and preserved or minimally impaired ventricular
               function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Patients were recruited between March and December 2010 at the CD Outpatient Clinic
               at our hospital.</p>
        <p>All patients from this study provided written informed consent, and the research
               protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital, in accordance with the
               Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: asymptomatic patients older than 21 years or
               those outside an endemic area of CD for more than 20 years with positive serology for
               CD, preserved or minimally reduced (&gt; 45%) LVEF on echocardiogram, who had
               undergone ECG, treadmill exercise test (TET) and 24-hour Holter in the previous 12
               months.</p>
        <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded: renal dysfunction
               (estimated creatinine clearance &lt; 30 mL/min); previous ablation via
               electrophysiological study; diabetes or more than two risk factors for coronary
               artery disease; atrial fibrillation; TET compatible with myocardial ischemia;
               previous myocardial infarction; any myocardial or peripheral revascularization
               procedure; contraindication to undergo CMR (permanent pacemaker, implanted cardiac
               defibrillator, neurosurgical clips, or cochlear implants).</p>
        <p>Patients were classified according to ECG and CMR findings, and distributed into
               three groups as follows: 1) Group 1 - normal ECG and no segmental wall motion
               abnormality on CMR; 2) Group 2 - altered ECG and no segmental wall motion abnormality
               on CMR; and 3) Group 3 - segmental wall motion abnormality on CMR regardless of ECG.
               The ECG was considered altered in the presence of any incomplete or complete
               bundle-branch block, any type of atrioventricular block, mono- or polymorphic
               ventricular extrasystole , and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). The CMR
               was considered altered in the presence of any segmental wall motion abnormality.</p>
        <p>On Holter, the following situations were considered electrical instability: presence
               of ventricular extrasystoles &gt; 30/hour; episodes of monomorphic sustained
               ventricular tachycardia (defined as ventricular rhythm with heart rate &gt; 100 bpm
               and duration &gt; 30 seconds); and episodes of NSVT (defined as three or more
               consecutive beats with duration &lt; 30 seconds).</p>
        <p>Regarding the TET, only the tests of patients reaching 7 MET, limit defined as a
               submaximal exercise level (good correlation between the anaerobic threshold achieved
               and the 7-MET load achieved), were considered for analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Two observers analyzed and compared the ECGs at rest and
               during exercise (around 7 MET), identifying in both situations the 30-second period
               with the greatest number of ventricular arrhythmias and/or NSVT episodes.
               Exertion-induced arrhythmias were defined as the appearance of ventricular
               arrhythmias on ECG during exercise as compared to rest, or an increase &gt; 10% in
               their incidence, and/or presence of NSVT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The CMR was performed in a 1.5-Tesla GE HDX scanner (Wakeusha, Wisconsin, USA), and
               two pulse sequences were acquired: the first was a cine-CMR using Steady-State Free
               Precession (SSFP) in long- and short-axis projections to measure and calculate mass,
               volumes, LVEF and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). The most basal slice in
               the short axis was positioned right after the atrioventricular ring, and all
               subsequent respiratory pauses at maximum exhalation were acquired with 8-mm slice
               thickness and 2-mm slice spacing up to the LV apex. The parameters used were: field
               of view (FOV) of 400 mm; matrix of 224 &#215; 224; 20-24 lines/segment; temporal
               resolution &lt; 50 ms; repetition time (RT) = 3.9 ms, echo time (ET) = 1.5 ms; flip
               angle of 50&#176;; and NEX of 1.</p>
        <p>Three minutes after injecting 0.3 mmol/kg of gadolinium (Dotarem(r), Guerbet), an
               echo-gradient sequence was performed with inversion recovery (delayed enhancement) in
               the long- and short-axis projections to investigate myocardial fibrosis with the
               following parameters: FOV of 360 mm; matrix of 224 &#215; 192; 24 lines/segment; ET = 2.9
               ms; flip angle of 20&#176;; 8-mm slice thickness; 2-mm slice spacing; and NEX of 2.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance postprocessing</title>
          <p>The LV and RV measurements and calculations were performed independently by two
                  researchers blinded to the patient's groups, at a workstation dedicated to CMR,
                  using specific software (Report CARD(r), 3.6 version, GE).</p>
          <p>Maximum diastole and systole images were chosen on cinematic display at maximum
                  relaxation and maximum contraction, respectively. Ventricular mass was calculated
                  by using manual tracings of endocardial and epicardial borders at end-systole and
                  end-diastole for each slice for both LV and RV. Papillary muscles were excluded
                  from volume measurements and added to ventricular mass calculation. Such areas
                  were multiplied by slice thickness (8 mm + 2 mm of slice spacing) and added to
                  several slices to obtain end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, respectively. The
                  EF was calculated as follows: end-systolic volume subtracted from end-diastolic
                  volume and divided by end-diastolic volume. Each of the 17 LV wall segments was
                  classified as normokinetic, hypokinetic, dyskinetic or akinetic.</p>
          <p>The calculation of fibrosis mass was performed by using a specific applicative of
                  the software for semiquantitative detection of hyperintense areas compatible with
                  fibrosis on short-axis delayed enhancement sequences. The researcher was free to
                  edit the limits of the area of fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analysis comprised a nonparametric classification tree and
                  survival curves. The nonparametric classification tree method is based on a
                  decision rule approach, implemented with a theory of conditional inference
                  procedures and selection of variables. The node of the classification tree has a p
                  value that corresponds to the log-rank test. The classification tree is aimed at
                  reducing the impurity degree by finding the point that provides greater
                  homogeneity (higher probability of purity) inside a node and greater heterogeneity
                  between nodes. Then, a log-linear model is used to select the most significant
                  variables and to confirm the results obtained by using a regression tree. The 5%
                  significance level was adopted for the entire study.</p>
          <p>The presence of ventricular arrhythmias was considered a categorical variable
                  according to ECG, Holter and/or TET findings.</p>
          <p>Interobserver analysis was performed using the survival analytical technique
                  proposed by Luiz et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> to assess the
                  reliability of the quantitative measures of EF, LV mass and myocardial fibrosis.
                  That method uses Kaplan-Meier curves without data censoring, in which the failures
                  occur in the absolute difference between the values attributed to the observers.
                  Another improved method proposed by Llorca and Delgado-Rodriguez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> was also used. It considers two groups of
                  different real values rather than global differences. The equivalence of functions
                  of the two observers obtained through Llorca's method was evaluated by using
                  Tarone-Ware test, a nonparametric weighted log-rank statistic.</p>
          <p>Then the explanation coefficient matrix was performed to measure the predictive
                  capacity of a continuous variable to predict another, and the following were
                  assessed: age; LVEF; RVEF; fibrosis; and LV mass. The R software was used for data
                  analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Sixty-one patients (23 men) participated in the study. Two women did not undergo the
               post-contrast phase (delayed enhancement) as follows: one due to difficulty in the
               venous access and another due to history of allergy to gadolinium; they, however,
               underwent the noncontrast phase (cine-CMR). The patients' mean age was 62.32 &#177; 10.43
               years. The body mass index of the population studied was 26.02. Four patients showed
               segmental wall motion abnormality with no ECG abnormalities, being then considered
               Group 3. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref> shows the number of patients
               with fibrosis in the three groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mean age</td>
                <td align="center">62.32 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td align="center">26.02 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 1 BMI</td>
                <td align="center">26.56 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 2 BMI</td>
                <td align="center">25.29 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 3 BMI</td>
                <td align="center">25.24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of patients with fibrosis</td>
                <td align="center">27 (45.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 1 (normal ECG and no SWMA on CMR)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (42.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 2 (abnormal ECG and no SWMA on CMR)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Group 3 (SWMA on CMR)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventricular arrhythmia (TET or Holter)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patients with fibrosis in Group 1</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patients with fibrosis in Group 2</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patients with fibrosis in Group 3</td>
                <td align="center">15 (78.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Patients with fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmia</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68.4%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t02">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; ECG: electrocardiogram; CMR: cardiac magnetic
                        resonance imaging; SWMA: segmental wall motion abnormality; TET treadmill
                        exercise test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 1</xref> shows the number of patients with
               segmental wall motion abnormality and fibrosis in each LV wall segment according to
               the CMR findings. Segmental wall motion abnormality was detected in 19 patients
               (31.1%). Abnormality was identified in 113 wall segments (10.89% of the 1,037
               possible segments), and the segments most frequently affected were: infero-apical
               (9.7%); infero-lateral-medial (10.6%); basal (7.9%); and LV apex (9.7%).</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representation of the 17 left ventricular wall segments. (A) The figure in
                     each segment indicates the number of patients with segmental wall motion
                     abnormality. The grey color represents the segments most frequently affected by
                     segmental wall motion abnormality. (B) Number of patients with fibrosis in each
                     left ventricular wall segment. The grey color represents the segments most
                     frequently affected by fibrosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>On CMR, fibrosis was detected in 27 patients (45.8%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 1</xref>), the mean amount of fibrosis being 15.02 g. Detectable
               myocardial fibrosis was observed in 87 segments (8.67% of the 1,003 possible
               segments), the infero-lateral-basal LV wall segment being the most often affected
               (19.5%).</p>
        <p>Electrical instability was detected on Holter or TET in 19 patients (32%), and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Graph 1</xref> shows the presence of fibrosis or
               segmental wall motion abnormality in that group of patients. Of the patients with
               electrical instability, 78.9% had segmental wall motion abnormality and/or fibrosis
               on CMR. Of the 42 patients without electrical instability, only 14 patients had
               myocardial fibrosis and 8 had segmental wall motion abnormality.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ventricular arrhythmia on Holter or treadmill exercise test and presence of
                     fibrosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Graph 2</xref> shows the amount of fibrosis and the
               LVEF in each group.</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ejection fraction and amount of fibrosis in the different groups. LVEF:
                     left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The presence of ventricular arrhythmia in the groups was as follows: four patients in
               Group 1; four patients in Group 2; and 11 patients in Group 3.</p>
        <p>Regarding interobserver agreement to detect ventricular arrhythmias at rest and
               during exertion, a kappa of 0.87 was obtained [95% confidence interval (95% CI):
               0.72-0.92). Kappa for intraobserver agreement was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.74-0.99).</p>
        <p>The interobserver disagreement by using Llorca's method showed that the variables
               LVEF, RVEF and mass were not significant (0.4 and 0.09 respectively; p = 0.5). Only
               the variable 'percentage of fibrosis' showed significance (p = 0.007) up to 6% of the
               absolute value of the difference of the result, after which there was no
               difference.</p>
        <p>The categorical analyses of the presence of segmental wall motion abnormality and
               detection of fibrosis had an interobserver kappa of 0.96. The variables used in the
               first classification tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 2</xref>) were:
               segmental wall motion abnormality on CMR; groups (1, 2 and 3); age; LVEF; ventricular
               arrhythmia; and myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis was the only significant
               variable in the classification tree for the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, with
               a cutoff point of 11.78% for fibrosis mass (p &lt; 0.001). In addition to segmental
               wall motion abnormality on CMR and myocardial fibrosis, the second classification
               tree considered the interactions of those variables with the groups (1, 2 and 3).
               Group 3 gathered the majority of patients with ventricular arrhythmia (p &lt; 0.001)
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification tree showing that fibrosis is the most significant variable
                     for the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, with a cutoff point of
                     11.78%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification tree per group, showing that the group with segmental wall
                     motion abnormality (Group 3) had the majority of patients with ventricular
                     arrhythmia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The explanation coefficient matrix was built (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure
                  4</xref>), enabling R<sup>2</sup>calculation of the variables analyzed without
               using a response variable (ventricular arrhythmia, in the case), and showing that
               LVEF was inversely proportional to fibrosis (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.37), while LVEF and
               RVEF were proportional to each other (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.30).</p>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation matrix (values as R2). The more oval the tracing, the better
                     the correlation. LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection
                     fraction; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0456-40052-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study shows objectively that, even in patients with CD and preserved or
               minimally impaired LV function, electrical instability can occur. It was demonstrated
               by the presence of exertion-induced or spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in one
               third of the patients (32%). In addition, a good inverse correlation between LVEF and
               fibrosis (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.37) was identified, because of the 19 patients with
               electrical instability, 15 (79%) had segmental wall motion abnormality. Moreover, by
               using logistic regression and tree classification, myocardial fibrosis was identified
               as the most significant variable for the presence of arrhythmia ventricular. The
               advantage of the classification tree is that, in addition to identifying the most
               relevant variable, it calculates the cutoff point (11.78% for fibrosis mass). In the
               group with fibrosis &gt; 11.78%, only two patients had no ventricular arrhythmia (p
               &lt; 0.001), which might mean that patients with a greater percentage of fibrosis
               have an increased risk for frequent ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>According to Myerburg et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, three factors
               are required for electrical sudden death: arrhythmogenic substrate; triggering
               events; and functional changes. Fibrosis plays a relevant role in the first factor.
               In patients with CD, those three factors can be clearly identified: the
               arrhythmogenic substrate is represented by the myocardial fibrosis and inflammation;
               the triggering events, by the frequent ventricular extrasystoles; and the functional
               changes, by the autonomous nervous system physiological changes.</p>
        <p>Ventricular arrhythmia in CD is associated with ventricular dysfunction, and patients
               with ventricular dysfunction and complex ventricular arrhythmias have worse
               prognosis. The presence of ventricular electrical instability in patients with
               preserved LVEF and segmental wall motion abnormality is little studied.</p>
        <p>It is possible that the 19.2% of Group 1 patients who had myocardial fibrosis
               detectable on CMR could be in an initial phase of CCHD, especially because four of
               them had ventricular arrhythmia. According to pathological studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the initial process is myocarditis with fibrosis, which can progress
               to segmental wall motion abnormality and ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Our population is considered of low risk according to any prognostic score.
               Nevertheless, 45.7% of them have myocardial fibrosis detectable on CMR. The presence
               and amount of fibrosis were higher in Group 3 patients. That group also had more
               patients with ventricular arrhythmia, which could indirectly mean a higher
               arrhythmogenic potential.</p>
        <p>Prospective studies on CCHD using CMR are scarce. Recently, Regueiro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, in a descriptive study, have shown the
               association of ECG changes (with segmental wall motion abnormality) with the increase
               in fibrosis mass and right and left ventricular dysfunctions. Mello et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, assessing patients with CCHD on CMR, have
               shown that transmural fibrosis in more than two LV myocardial segments was more often
               associated with ventricular tachycardia.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the segments most often affected by fibrosis were also those
               with more segmental wall motion abnormalities. This suggests a topographical
               relationship between sympathetic denervation, fibrosis and hypokinesia. The temporal
               relationship between those variables can help to understand the pathophysiological
               process and should be the object of future studies.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting the reliability of the imaging test. Echocardiography is
               examiner-dependent and its interobserver variability is a well-known limitation. The
               CMR is known for its high reproducibility. In this study, the interobserver
               variability was &lt; 5% for LVEF and RVEF, thus, not significant (p = 0.5 and 0.4,
               respectively). The percentage of fibrosis mass showed a statistical difference of 6%;
               however, a variability of such magnitude, regarding the small mean fibrosis amount
               found (15.02 g), can be of little clinical and scientific relevance, because,
               considering the standard deviation, it would be 15.02g &#177; 0.9 g. In addition, if
               regarded as categorical variable, it would have an excellent correlation (kappa =
               0.96).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The patients in this study have not undergone coronary cineangiography to exclude
                  coronary arterial disease as the cause of myocardial fibrosis. However, patients
                  with diabetes and two or more risk factors for coronary arterial disease were
                  excluded, thus reducing that probability. In addition, no patients with
                  abnormalities suggestive of coronary arterial disease on TET or CMR were
                  identified. Recently, Carvalho et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have
                  shown a small prevalence of coronary arterial disease in patients with CD.</p>
          <p>Most episodes of sudden death occur between the ages of 20 and 50 years in men.
                  This differs from our population, mainly comprised by women with a mean age of 63
                  years, a fact that can underestimate prognostic events. Nevertheless, in that
                  low-risk group, there was significant substrate for the presence of arrhythmias
                  (segmental wall motion abnormality and presence of myocardial fibrosis).</p>
          <p>The definition of ventricular arrhythmia includes the presence of frequent
                  ventricular extrasystoles &gt; 30/h, which can be considered of little clinical
                  relevance. However, this study was aimed at assessing the triggering mechanism of
                  early ventricular instability (fibrosis and segmental wall motion abnormality),
                  rather than the immediate clinical impact.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>On CMR, both myocardial fibrosis and segmental wall motion abnormality were
               associated with ventricular arrhythmia in patients with CCHD.</p>
        <p>Even in patients with CCHD and preserved or minimally impaired ventricular function,
               the arrhythmogenic substrate can be present. Myocardial fibrosis detected on CMR is
               the most important variable associated with ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank Dr. Marco Lauzi, from Guerbet, for providing the gadolinium (Dotarem(r))
               used in this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Marinho Tassi
                  from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
