<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">q6ZwtfgmJ88XKrFv36x6DGm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040056</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Prote&#237;na C-Reativa Incrementa o Valor Progn&#243;stico do Escore
               GRACE em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Isis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ruan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
               P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
               Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina
               19/402, Gra&#231;a. CEP 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil, E-mail:
                  <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>;
               <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>449</fpage>
      <lpage>455</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O valor progn&#243;stico incremental da dosagem plasm&#225;tica de Prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR)
                  em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Escore GRACE n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes
                  coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que a medida de PCR na admiss&#227;o incrementa o valor
                  progn&#243;stico do escore GRACE em pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 290 indiv&#237;duos, internados consecutivamente por SCA, os quais
                  tiveram material plasm&#225;tico colhido na admiss&#227;o para dosagem de PCR por m&#233;todo de
                  alta sensibilidade (nefelometria). Desfechos cardiovasculares durante
                  hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram definidos pela combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito, infarto n&#227;o fatal ou
                  angina refrat&#225;ria n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi 15% (18
                  &#243;bitos, 11 infartos, 13 anginas), tendo a PCR apresentado estat&#237;stica-C de 0,60
                  (95% IC = 0,51 - 0,70; p = 0,034) na predi&#231;&#227;o desses desfechos. Ap&#243;s ajuste para o
                  Escore GRACE, PCR elevada (definida pelo melhor ponto de corte) apresentou
                  tend&#234;ncia a associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos hospitalares (OR = 1,89; 95% IC = 0,92 - 3,88;
                  p = 0,08). No entanto, a adi&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel PCR elevada no modelo GRACE n&#227;o
                  promoveu incremento significativo na estat&#237;stica-C, a qual variou de 0,705 para
                  0,718 (p = 0,46). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco significativa
                  com a adi&#231;&#227;o da PCR no modelo preditor (reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida = 5,7%; p = 0,15).
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Embora PCR possua associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos hospitalares, esse marcador
                  inflamat&#243;rio n&#227;o incrementa o valor progn&#243;stico do Escore GRACE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes acometidos por s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do
            segmento ST (SCA), o fen&#244;meno inflamat&#243;rio dificulta a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa
            ateroscler&#243;tica, tornando-os vulner&#225;veis a eventos coronarianos recorrentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Esse &#233; o racional para o valor progn&#243;stico de
            marcadores inflamat&#243;rios em SCA. Dentre esses marcadores, a Prote&#237;na C-Reativa de alta
            sensibilidade (PCR) &#233; o mais bem estudado como preditor de risco na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. De fato, s&#227;o v&#225;rios os estudos que demonstram
            associa&#231;&#227;o entre PCR e risco cardiovascular em pacientes com SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, no entanto, n&#227;o &#233; crit&#233;rio suficiente para definir utilidade
            cl&#237;nica. A utilidade de um novo biomarcador depende da demonstra&#231;&#227;o de seu valor
            incremental aos modelos progn&#243;sticos utilizados tradicionalmente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Previamente, nosso grupo demonstrou que a PCR
            incrementa modestamente o Escore de Risco TIMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.
            Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o Escore GRACE se estabeleceu como modelo multivariado de melhor
               acur&#225;cia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. No entanto, o valor incremental da
            PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GRACE n&#227;o est&#225; comprovado.</p>
      <p>No intuito de testar a hip&#243;tese de que a medida de PCR incrementa o valor progn&#243;stico do
            Escore GRACE, esse marcador foi medido na admiss&#227;o de pacientes com SCA sem
            supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e eventos recorrentes foram registrados
            prospectivamente. Como medidas de valor incremental, an&#225;lises discriminat&#243;rias
            (estat&#237;stica-C) e de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida foram utilizadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente admitidos na Unidade Coronariana de dois hospitais
               terci&#225;rios entre agosto de 2007 e dezembro de 2011, com diagn&#243;stico de angina
               inst&#225;vel ou infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, foram candidatos ao
               Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (RESCA). O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o desse
               Registro &#233; definido por desconforto precordial t&#237;pico e em repouso, nas &#250;ltimas 48
               horas, associado a pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) marcador de
               necrose mioc&#225;rdica positivo, definido por troponina T &#8805; 0,01 ug/L ou troponina I &gt;
               0,034 g/L, o que correspondem a valores acima do percentil 99<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; 2)
               altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas, consistindo de invers&#227;o de onda T (&#8805; 0,1
               mV) ou infradesnivelamento transit&#243;rio do segmento ST (&#8805; 0,05 mV); 3) doen&#231;a arterial
               coronariana previamente documentada, definida por hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou
               angiografia pr&#233;via demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 50%. Foram exclu&#237;dos
               pacientes cujas amostras de plasma da admiss&#227;o foram insuficientes para dosagem da
               PCR ou que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo. O protocolo est&#225; em conformidade
               com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, foi liberado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da
               Institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e
               esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dosagem de Prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade</title>
        <p>A dosagem de PCR de alta sensibilidade foi realizada em amostra de sangue colhida
               imediatamente ap&#243;s chegada do paciente ao hospital, visando m&#237;nimo atraso entre
               in&#237;cio dos sintomas e coleta do material. O plasma foi congelado a -70 &#186;C para
               dosagem simult&#226;nea das amostra. Utilizou-se o m&#233;todo de nefelometria (Dade-Behring,
               Newark, Delaware, EUA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A equipe assistente
               n&#227;o teve conhecimento do valor da PCR durante o internamento do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore GRACE</title>
        <p>Para os c&#225;lculos do Escore GRACE, foram utilizados dados cl&#237;nicos da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do
               paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados nas
               primeiras 6 horas de atendimento, dosagens de troponina T referentes &#224;s primeiras 12
               horas de atendimento e o valor da primeira creatinina plasm&#225;tica. Eleva&#231;&#227;o de
               marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica como componente dos escores foi definido como
               troponina acima do percentil 99<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A
               classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip foi tamb&#233;m aplicada aos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel a fim
               de que o Escore GRACE fosse calculado. O Escore GRACE consiste de oito vari&#225;veis:
               cinco delas computadas de forma semiquantitativa, ou seja, diferente peso para cada
               estrato de <italic>idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, creatinina
                  plasm&#225;tica e classe de Killip</italic>; tr&#234;s delas computadas de forma dicot&#244;mica
                  (<italic>infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose
                  mioc&#225;rdica, parada card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o</italic>). O escore final pode variar de 0
               a 372<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido pela combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o
               fatal ou angina refrat&#225;ria n&#227;o fatal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Infarto n&#227;o fatal foi
               registrado durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o quando da eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina acima do
               percentil 99, em pacientes cujos valores estavam negativos nas primeiras 24 horas.
               Para pacientes com infarto na admiss&#227;o, um novo pico de CK-MB (&gt; 50% do valor
               pr&#233;vio e acima do valor normal) foi necess&#225;rio para a defini&#231;&#227;o de reinfarto.
               Eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose induzidos por procedimento coronariano percut&#226;neo
               ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi registrado como evento recorrente. Angina
               refrat&#225;ria durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi definida por dor precordial recorrente, pelo
               menos duas vezes, a despeito do uso de nitratos e duplo produto controlado.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes foram contatados por telefone ap&#243;s 30 dias, 6 meses, e
               anualmente para detec&#231;&#227;o do combinado de &#243;bito cardiovascular, reinternamento por
               infarto ou por angina inst&#225;vel. O reinternamento foi identificado no contato
               telef&#244;nico e o motivo verificado em entrevista com paciente e dados do prontu&#225;rio.
               Morte cardiovascular foi definida como morte s&#250;bita ou internamento cardiovascular
               seguido de morte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, foi constru&#237;da uma curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) dos
               valores de PCR como preditores de desfecho cardiovascular. Uma vez demonstrada
               acur&#225;cia pela curva ROC, o melhor ponto de corte foi identificado. Esse ponto de
               corte foi utilizado para definir <italic>PCR elevada</italic>, que entrou em modelo
               de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica juntamente com o Escore GRACE. Caso <italic>PCR
                  elevada</italic> alcan&#231;asse signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no n&#237;vel 10% (p &lt; 0,10),
               seria criado o novo Escore GRACE-PCR, a partir da adi&#231;&#227;o de pontos quando a PCR
               estivesse elevada. Os pontos adicionais foram determinados pela raz&#227;o entre o
               coeficiente de regress&#227;o da <italic>PCR elevada</italic> pelo coeficiente de
               regress&#227;o do Escore GRACE.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise discriminat&#243;ria, as estat&#237;sticas-C dos modelos GRACE e GRACE-PCR foram
               comparadas pelo teste de Hanley McNeil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A
               calibra&#231;&#227;o dos modelos foi descrita pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Al&#233;m disso, foi
               avaliada a capacidade do novo modelo (GRACE-PCR) em reclassificar corretamente a
               informa&#231;&#227;o do modelo GRACE tradicional (risco alto <italic>versus</italic> risco
               baixo). Para defini&#231;&#227;o de risco, foi utilizado o melhor ponto de corte de cada modelo
               em nossa amostra. Na an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de
               Pencina (<italic>Net Reclassification Improvement</italic> - NRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura
                  1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma da an&#225;lise dos dados. PCR: Prote&#237;na c-reativa; ROC:
                     Caracter&#237;sticas de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0449-40056-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os valores de PCR foram descritos em mediana e Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ) e
               comparados entre grupos pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Valor de P
               estatisticamente significante foi definido como &lt; 0,05. Foi utilizado o
                  <italic>software</italic> SPSS Vers&#227;o 21 (IBM North America, New York, NY).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
        <p>A amostra foi dimensionada para oferecer poder estat&#237;stico para duas an&#225;lises
               predefinidas. Primeiro, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, na qual foi avaliado o
               valor preditor da PCR, independentemente do Escore GRACE. Como essa an&#225;lise requer
               duas covari&#225;veis (PCR elevada e GRACE), s&#227;o necess&#225;rios 20 desfechos para manter a
               rela&#231;&#227;o recomendada de 10 desfechos por covari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Segundo, a compara&#231;&#227;o das estat&#237;sticas-C do GRACE
                  <italic>versus</italic> GRACE-PCR: partindo do pressuposto de coeficiente de
               correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores dos dois modelos de 0,95, para obter um poder estat&#237;stico
               de 80% (alfa unicaudal de 0,05) na detec&#231;&#227;o de 0,05 de superioridade da estat&#237;stica-C
               (por exemplo, 0,65 <italic>versus</italic> 0,70) do modelo mais completo (GRACE-PCR),
               s&#227;o necess&#225;rios 42 desfechos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Dessa forma,
               foram inclu&#237;dos sequencialmente o n&#250;mero de pacientes necess&#225;rios para totalizar 42
               desfechos hospitalares, o suficiente para as duas an&#225;lises aqui descritas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra selecionada</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 290 pacientes, idade 68 &#177; 13 anos, 52% do sexo feminino, 53% com
               diagn&#243;stico de infarto sem supradesnivelamento do ST e o restante com angina
               inst&#225;vel. o Escore GRACE apresentou mediana de 115 (IIQ = 94 - 140), sendo 43% baixo
               risco, 32% m&#233;dio risco e 25% alto risco. A mediana do tempo entre o in&#237;cio do sintoma
               e a dosagem de PCR foi de 6,7 horas (IIQ = 3,3 - 24). A PCR apresentou mediana de 4,5
               mg/L (IIQ = 1,4 - 13 mg/L), indicando atividade inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada pelo quadro
               cl&#237;nico agudo. A incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares na fase hospitalar foi 15%
               (18 &#243;bitos cardiovasculares, 11 infartos n&#227;o fatais, 13 anginas refrat&#225;rias n&#227;o
               fatais). Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, 244 pacientes foram seguidos por 518 &#177; 446 dias,
               apresentando incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares de 24% (11 &#243;bitos
               cardiovasculares, 18 internamentos por infarto e 28 internamentos por angina).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor progn&#243;stico da prote&#237;na C-reativa</title>
        <p>Os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com desfecho hospitalar apresentaram mediana da PCR de 9,1
               mg/L (IIQ = 2,1 - 22 mg/L), significativamente superior &#224; mediana de 4,3 mg/L (IIQ =
               1,3 - 11 mg/L) observada nos pacientes livre de desfechos (p = 0,034). A capacidade
               preditora da PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos hospitalares ficou caracterizada por
               estat&#237;stica-C de 0,60 (95% IC = 0,51 - 0,70). Nessa an&#225;lise, a defini&#231;&#227;o de PCR
               elevada que apresentou melhor acur&#225;cia correspondeu a ponto de corte de 8,83
               mg/L.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas mostrou que o grupo com PCR elevada apresentou
               m&#233;dia de idade modestamente maior, maior preval&#234;ncia de troponina positiva e Killip
               maior que 1, todas vari&#225;veis contempladas pelo Escore GRACE, n&#227;o se fazendo
               necess&#225;rio que essas entrassem no modelo multivariado. Vari&#225;veis n&#227;o contempladas
               pelo GRACE, assim como vari&#225;veis do tratamento foram semelhantes entre os grupos
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Quando a PCR foi ajustada para
               o Escore GRACE, sua signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi reduzida para valor lim&#237;trofe (OR =
               1,9; 95% IC = 0,92 = 3,9; p = 0,08). Nesse modelo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o coeficiente de
               regress&#227;o do GRACE pelo coeficiente da PCR foi 30. Sendo assim, na constru&#231;&#227;o do
               escore GRACE-PCR foram somados 30 pontos quando PCR se mostrou elevada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes com e sem prote&#237;na
                     C-reativa elevada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PCR &#8805; 8,83 mg/L</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>PCR &lt; 8,83 mg/L</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Amostra</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">199</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">48 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">38 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina positiva</td>
                <td align="center">62 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desvio do segmento ST</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">29 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Clearance</italic> de creatinina (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore GRACE</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tratamento Hospitalar</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">87 (97%)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel/Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">80 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (93%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enoxaparina subcut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">76 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heparina n&#227;o fracionada venosa</td>
                <td align="center">3 (88%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista da GP IIb/IIIa</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">69 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">67 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">85 (96%)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (98%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">27 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>PCR: Prote&#237;na c-reativa; GP: Plaquet&#225;rio glicoprote&#237;na.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Diferentemente da fase hospitalar, os valores de PCR n&#227;o apresentaram acur&#225;cia
               preditora para desfechos cardiovasculares no seguimento tardio, com estat&#237;stica-C de
               0,51 (95% IC = 0,42 - 0,59; p = 0,90). O mesmo ocorreu quando apenas os desfechos
               duros de &#243;bito e infarto n&#227;o fatal foram considerados (estat&#237;stica-C = 0,59; 95% IC =
               0,49 - 0,69; p = 0,11).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor incremental da prote&#237;na C-reativa na fase hospitalar</title>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel PCR elevada no modelo GRACE n&#227;o promoveu incremento
               significativo na estat&#237;stica-C, a qual variou de 0,705 para 0,718 (p = 0,46) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). O Escore GRACE apresentou calibra&#231;&#227;o
               satisfat&#243;ria, com qui-quadrado pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow de 7,5 (p = 0,48). Ap&#243;s
               inclus&#227;o da PCR elevada no modelo, n&#227;o houve melhora da calibra&#231;&#227;o, que evoluiu para
               qui-quadrado de 12,1 e valor de p = 0,15 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
                  2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas ROC entre GRACE e GRACE-PCR mostra semelhantes
                     estat&#237;stica-C entre os dois escores (p = 0,46).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0449-40056-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica contendo GRACE e PCR na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos
                     hospitalares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Coeficiente &#174;</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold><italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (95% IC)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR elevada (dicot&#244;mica)</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
                <td align="center">1,89 (0,92</td>
                <td align="center">- 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore GRACE (num&#233;rica)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01</td>
                <td align="center">- 1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PCR: Prote&#237;na c-reativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE pela prote&#237;na C-reativa</title>
        <p>Dentre os 42 pacientes que apresentaram desfechos hospitalares, dois foram
               reclassificados erradamente de alto para baixo risco, enquanto n&#227;o houve
               reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta. Isso resultou em &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida negativo
               para os pacientes com desfechos (- 4,8%).</p>
        <p>Dentre os 248 pacientes livres de desfecho hospitalar, 26 foram reclassificados
               corretamente de alto para baixo risco, sem reclassifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta. Isso resultou
               em &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o liquida positivo para pacientes sem desfechos
               (10,5%).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise final, quando todos os pacientes foram considerados, o &#237;ndice de
               reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida foi 5,7% (p = 0,15), indicando que a PCR n&#227;o tem valor como
               vari&#225;vel reclassificadora do Escore GRACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela
                  3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida pelo escore GRACE-PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
                     Escore GRACE na defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o para Mais</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o para Menos</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>NRI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">- 4,8%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem Desfecho</td>
                <td align="center">248</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">10,5%</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">290</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">5,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo de coorte prospectiva testou o valor progn&#243;stico da PCR mensurada na
            admiss&#227;o de pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Consistente com
            estudos pr&#233;vios, a PCR se associou a desfechos cardiovasculares na fase hospitalar. No
            entanto, a an&#225;lise do valor incremental da PCR indicou aus&#234;ncia de utilidade desse
            marcador na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Essa aparente contradi&#231;&#227;o entre associa&#231;&#227;o com desfecho e a
            aus&#234;ncia de valor incremental necessita ser interpretada.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese inflamat&#243;ria como mecanismo da g&#234;nese e instabiliza&#231;&#227;o de placas
            ateroscler&#243;ticas ganhou for&#231;a na d&#233;cada de 1990 com base em estudos experimentais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, seguido de evid&#234;ncias da associa&#231;&#227;o da PCR com
            risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Na
            d&#233;cada de 2000, v&#225;rios estudos foram publicados em revistas de impacto, favor&#225;veis ao
            valor progn&#243;stico da PCR em pacientes com SCA. Esses estudos foram analisados sob a
            forma de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise por nosso grupo, a qual foi publicada em
               2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Ao contr&#225;rio da postura entusi&#225;stica de
            alguns autores, conclu&#237;mos naquela revis&#227;o que n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncias definitivas do valor
            progn&#243;stico incremental da PCR. Isso porque apenas dois trabalhos haviam feito avalia&#231;&#227;o
            incremental (de car&#225;ter preliminar)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, tendo o restante se
            limitado a comprova&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
      <p>Devemos salientar que associa&#231;&#227;o independente n&#227;o &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o suficiente para afirmar a
            utilidade de um biomarcador. Interromper a avalia&#231;&#227;o do preditor nessa etapa,
            considerando-o validado para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, tem sido equ&#237;voco comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A quest&#227;o mais importante &#233; se o novo marcador
            de risco tem utilidade incremental aos modelos aplicados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Essa
            resposta deve ser obtida pela compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de um modelo preditor que utiliza
            vari&#225;veis usuais com o desempenho de um modelo alternativo resultante da incorpora&#231;&#227;o do
            novo marcador ao modelo tradicional. Ou seja, ao inserir uma nova vari&#225;vel a um escore
            de risco, o quanto melhora o desempenho desse escore? A forma mais comum de se avaliar
            essa quest&#227;o &#233; a medida do incremento da estat&#237;stica-C ap&#243;s incorpora&#231;&#227;o do novo
            biomarcador, o que n&#227;o foi realizado pela maioria dos trabalhos daquela revis&#227;o. Al&#233;m
            disso, realizamos a an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida, a qual identifica as
            reclassifica&#231;&#245;es corretas (para cima em paciente que vir&#225; a ter desfecho, e para baixo
            em pacientes livres de desfecho) e subtrai das incorretas. Esse m&#233;todo traz a no&#231;&#227;o da
            propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em que o advento do novo biomarcador promoveu uma mudan&#231;a correta
            de ideia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu risco.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, dois novos trabalhos foram publicados. Um estudo espanhol, onde
            Lopes-Cuenca e cols. n&#227;o demonstraram incremento da PCR na estat&#237;stica-C do GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; e um estudo franc&#234;s, em que He e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> aparentam demonstrar dados positivos. No entanto,
            analisando em detalhe, percebemos que os dados de He e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> sugerem a mesma conclus&#227;o negativa de nosso estudo. Quanto ao
            valor discriminat&#243;rio, aqueles autores descrevem um modesto incremento na estat&#237;stica-C,
            de 0,795 para 0,823. Embora essa diferen&#231;a tenha sido estatisticamente significante, sua
            magnitude &#233; de pequena relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Em segundo lugar, os autores valorizam uma
            reclassifica&#231;&#227;o correta de 12%. No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; calculada a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida na
            qual se subtraem as corretas pelas incorretas. Caso isso fosse feito, provavelmente
            seria conclu&#237;do por aus&#234;ncia de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o. No presente estudo, realizamos an&#225;lise
            de estat&#237;stica-C e aplicamos corretamente o m&#233;todo de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de Pencina,
            concluindo de maneira realista pela aus&#234;ncia de utilidade cl&#237;nica em se incorporar a PCR
            na rotina de pacientes com SCA.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, a aparente contradi&#231;&#227;o entre o entusiasmo dos estudos iniciais e as
            evid&#234;ncias mais recentes se explica pela falta de an&#225;lise criteriosa que os primeiros
            estudos realizaram de seus pr&#243;prios dados. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o amadurecimento da
            comunidade cient&#237;fica quando ao conceito de utilidade de um novo biomarcador tornou mais
            rigorosa a an&#225;lise dos dados, que em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia deve contemplar valor incremental.
            A PCR n&#227;o passa pelo crivo dessa an&#225;lise e nosso trabalho &#233; mais uma evid&#234;ncia nesse
            sentido.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; seu tamanho amostral, o que faz que nossos dados
            n&#227;o possam ser consideramos definitivos quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de qualquer incremento
            progn&#243;stico com a PCR. Por outro lado, devemos salientar que o presente resultado se
            alinha com os estudos pr&#233;vios, que n&#227;o demonstraram melhora substancial da
               estat&#237;stica-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, nosso n&#250;mero de desfechos tornou o
            poder estat&#237;stico suficiente para identificar algum incremento clinicamente relevante da
            estat&#237;stica-C. Quanto ao seguimento tardio, houve perda de 16% da amostra, o que n&#227;o &#233;
            desejado. Por outro lado, salientamos que esse seguimento representa um objetivo
            secund&#225;rio do estudo e seria pouco prov&#225;vel que houvesse tamanha diferen&#231;a de
            caracter&#237;sticas nesses 46 pacientes sem seguimento, a ponto de modificar um resultado
            antes totalmente negativo.</p>
      <p>Devemos reconhecer que esses dados n&#227;o afastam definitivamente a utilidade de outros
            marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tais como citocinas. Em trabalho pr&#233;vio, nosso grupo
            demonstrou potencial valor de um escore inflamat&#243;rio composto de v&#225;rias marcadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e neste ano um estudo espanhol mostrou incremento
            e reclassifica&#231;&#227;o bastante significativos com interleucina-6 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O limitado valor incremental da PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Escore GRACE sugere n&#227;o ser indicada a
            incorpora&#231;&#227;o desse novo biomarcador na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de pacientes com SCA sem
            supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia LCL, Silva A, Noya-Rabelo MM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
               dados: Vasconcelos I, Garcia G, Kalil F, Silva A, Oliveira R, Carvalhal M, Freitas C,
               Ferreira F; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo
               MM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Correia LCL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo
               MM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia
               LCL, Vasconcelos I, Garcia G, Kalil F, Silva A, Carvalhal M, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo
               MM.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis.
               Circulation. 2002;105(9):1135-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maseri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Inflammation and atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1135</fpage>
          <lpage>1143</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd,
               Criqui M, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Heart
               Association. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to
               clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from
               the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association.
               Circulation. 2003;107(3):499-511.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mensah</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Criqui</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease:
                  application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare
                  professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American
                  Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>499</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Correia LC, Esteves JP. C-Reactive protein and outcomes in acute
               coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol.
               2011;97(1):76-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">C-Reactive protein and outcomes in acute coronary
                  syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Hlatky MA, Greenland P, Arnett DK, Ballantyne CM, Criqui MH, Elkind
               MS, et al. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a
               scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation.
               2009;119(17):2408-16. Erratum in Circulation. 2009;119(25):e606.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hlatky</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenland</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnett</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Criqui</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkind</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of
                  cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart
                  Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2408</fpage>
          <lpage>2416</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in Circulation. 2009;119(25):e606</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Correia LC, Lima JC, Rocha MS, D'Oliveira Junior A, Pericles Esteves
               J. Does high-sensitivity C-reactive protein add prognostic value to the TIMI-Risk
               Score in individuals with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes? Clin Chim Acta.
               2007;375(1-2):124-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pericles Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Does high-sensitivity C-reactive protein add prognostic
                  value to the TIMI-Risk Score in individuals with non-ST elevation acute coronary
                  syndromes?</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Correia LC, Freitas R, Bittencourt AP, Souza AC, Almeida MC, Leal J,
               et al. [Prognostic value of GRACE scores versus TIMI score in acute coronary
               syndromes]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(5):613-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <trans-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of GRACE scores versus TIMI score in
                  acute coronary syndromes</trans-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>619</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Apple FS, Pearce LA, Smith SW, Kaczmarek JM, Murakami MM. Role of
               monitoring changes in sensitive cardiac troponin I assay results for early diagnosis
               of myocardial infarction and prediction of risk of adverse events. Clin Chem.
               2009;55(5):930-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Apple</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaczmarek</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murakami</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Role of monitoring changes in sensitive cardiac troponin
                  I assay results for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and prediction of
                  risk of adverse events</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>930</fpage>
          <lpage>937</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Apple FS, Quist HE, Doyle PJ, Otto AP, Murakami MM. Plasma 99th
               percentile reference limits for cardiac troponin and creatine kinase MB mass for use
               with European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus
               recommendations. Clin Chem. 2003;49(8):1331-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Apple</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quist</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doyle</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murakami</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Plasma 99th percentile reference limits for cardiac
                  troponin and creatine kinase MB mass for use with European Society of
                  Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus
                  recommendations</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1331</fpage>
          <lpage>1336</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Correia LC, Lima JC, Gerstenblith G, Magalh&#227;es LP, Moreira A, Barbosa
               O Jr, et al. Correlation between turbidimetric and nephelometric methods of measuring
               C-reactive protein in patients with unstable angina or non-ST elevation acute
               myocardial infarction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81(2):133-6,129-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstenblith</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between turbidimetric and nephelometric
                  methods of measuring C-reactive protein in patients with unstable angina or non-ST
                  elevation acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>136</lpage>
          <page-range>133-6,129-32</page-range>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP,
               et al; Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators. Predictors of hospital
               mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med.
               2003;163(19):2345-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dabbous</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieper</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry
                  of acute coronary events</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>163</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2345</fpage>
          <lpage>2353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver
               operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology.
               1983;148(3):839-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanley</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNeil</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating
                  characteristic curves derived from the same cases</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>843</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, D'Agostino RB Jr, Vasan RS. Evaluating
               the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to
               reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27(2):157-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
              <suffix>Sr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker:
                  from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond</article-title>
          <source>Stat Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Demidenko E. Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression
               with binary interaction. Stat Med. 2008;27(1):36-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demidenko</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression
                  with binary interaction</article-title>
          <source>Stat Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, Pepys MB, Thompson SG, Collins
               R, et al; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. C-reactive protein concentration and
               risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant
               meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9709):132-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaptoge</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Angelantonio</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowe</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pepys</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary
                  heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant
                  meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>9709</issue>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Oltrona L, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Spinola A, Chiodo F, Pezzano A.
               C-reactive protein elevation and early outcome in patients with unstable angina
               pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(8):1002-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oltrona</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ardissino</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merlini</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spinola</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiodo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pezzano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">C-reactive protein elevation and early outcome in
                  patients with unstable angina pectoris</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1002</fpage>
          <lpage>1006</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Tzoulaki I, Liberopoulos G, Ioannidis JP. Assessment of claims of
               improved prediction beyond the Framingham risk score. JAMA.
               2009;302(21):2345-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tzoulaki</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ioannidis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of claims of improved prediction beyond the
                  Framingham risk score</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>302</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2345</fpage>
          <lpage>2352</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Lopez-Cuenca A, Manzano-Fernandez S, Lip GY, Casas T,
               S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;nez M, Mateo-Mart&#237;nez A, et al. Interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity
               C-reactive protein for the prediction of outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation acute
               coronary syndromes. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2013;66(3):185-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Cuenca</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manzano-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casas</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mateo-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
                  for the prediction of outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary
                  syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>185</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. He LP, Tang XY, Ling WH, Chen WQ, Chen YM. Early C-reactive protein
               in the prediction of long-term outcomes after acute coronary syndromes: a
               meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Heart. 2010;96(5):339-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>XY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>WQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Early C-reactive protein in the prediction of long-term
                  outcomes after acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of longitudinal
                  studies</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Correia LC, Andrade BB, Borges VM, Clar&#234;ncio J, Bittencourt AP,
               Freitas R, et al. Prognostic value of cytokines and chemokines in addition to the
               GRACE Score in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chim Acta.
               2010;411(7-8):540-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clar&#234;ncio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of cytokines and chemokines in addition
                  to the GRACE Score in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>411</volume>
          <issue>7-8</issue>
          <fpage>540</fpage>
          <lpage>545</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Does C-reactive Protein Add Prognostic Value to GRACE Score
               in Acute Coronary Syndromes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Isis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ruan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
               P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
               Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina
               19/402, Gra&#231;a. Postal Code 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>;
               <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The incremental prognostic value of plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in
                  relation to GRACE score has not been established in patients with acute coronary
                  syndrome (ACS) with non-ST segment elevation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the hypothesis that CRP measurements at admission increases the prognostic
                  value of GRACE score in patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 290 subjects, consecutively admitted for ACS, with plasma material
                  obtained upon admission CRP measurement using a high-sensitivity method
                  (nephelometry) were studied. Cardiovascular outcomes during hospitalization were
                  defined by the combination of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal
                  refractory angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The incidence of cardiovascular events during hospitalization was 15% (18 deaths,
                  11 myocardial infarctions, 13 angina episodes) with CRP showing C-statistics of
                  0.60 (95% CI = 0.51-0.70, p = 0.034) in predicting these outcomes. After
                  adjustment for the GRACE score, elevated CRP (defined as the best cutoff point)
                  tended to be associated with hospital events (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.92 to 3.88, p
                  = 0.08). However, the addition of the variable elevated CRP in the GRACE model did
                  not result in significant increase in C-statistics, which ranged from 0.705 to
                  0.718 (p = 0.46). Similarly, there was no significant reclassification of risk
                  with the addition of CRP in the predictor model (net reclassification = 5.7 %, p =
                  0.15).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Although CRP is associated with hospital outcomes, this inflammatory marker does
                  not increase the prognostic value of the GRACE score.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>C-Reactive protein</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute coronary syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with non-ST-segment elevation, the
               inflammatory phenomenon hinders the atherosclerotic plaque stabilization, making it
               vulnerable to recurring coronary events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. This
               is the rationale for the prognostic value of inflammatory markers in ACS. Among these
               markers, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is the best studied as a risk
               predictor in clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Actually,
               several studies have shown an association between CRP and cardiovascular risk in
               patients with ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>The prognostic association, however, is not a sufficient criterion to define the
               clinical usefulness. A new biomarker usefulness depends on the demonstration of its
               incremental value in prognostic models traditionally used in clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Our group previously demonstrated that CRP
               modestly increases the TIMI risk score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In
               recent years, the GRACE score has shown to be the multivariate model with the best
                  accuracy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. However, the incremental value
               of CRP in relation to GRACE score is yet to be established.</p>
        <p>To test the hypothesis that the measurement of CRP increases the prognostic value of
               the GRACE score, this marker was measured at admission in patients with ACS with
               non-ST segment elevation and recurrent events were recorded prospectively.
               Discriminatory analysis (C-statistics) and net reclassification were used as measures
               of incremental value.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample Selection</title>
          <p>Individuals consecutively admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of two tertiary
                  hospitals between August 2007 and December 2011, with a diagnosis of unstable
                  angina or myocardial infarction with non-ST segment elevation, were candidates for
                  the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry (RESCA). The inclusion criteria for this
                  registry is defined by typical chest discomfort and at rest in the past 48 hours,
                  associated with at least one of the following: 1) positive myocardial necrosis
                  marker, defined by troponin T &#8805; 0.01 ug/L or troponin I &gt; 0.034 g/L, which
                  correspond to values above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>; 2)
                  ischemic electrocardiographic alterations, consisting of T-wave inversion (&#8805; 0.1
                  mV) or transient ST-segment depression (&#8805; 0.05 mV); 3) previously documented
                  coronary artery disease, defined as history of myocardial infarction or previous
                  angiography demonstrating coronary obstruction &#8805; 50%. We excluded patients whose
                  admission plasma samples were insufficient for CRP measurement and those that
                  refused to participate in the study. The protocol complies with the Declaration of
                  Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution and
                  all patients signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein measurement</title>
          <p>The measurement of hs-CRP was carried out in a blood sample collected immediately
                  after hospital admission, aiming at attaining minimum delay between symptom onset
                  and material collection. The plasma was frozen at -70&#176;C for simultaneous
                  measurement of the sample. The nephelometry method (Dade - Behring, Newark,
                  Delaware, USA) was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The assistant
                  team was blinded to the CRP values during patient hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>GRACE score</title>
          <p>To calculate the GRACE score, patients' clinical data collected at the emergency
                  department, electrocardiograms performed within 6 hours of treatment, troponin T
                  measurements related to the first 12 hours of care and the value of the first
                  plasma creatinine were used. Elevation of myocardial necrosis marker as component
                  of the scores was defined as troponin &gt; 99<sup>th</sup> percentile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The Killip classification was also applied
                  to patients with unstable angina so that the GRACE score could be calculated. The
                  GRACE score consists of eight variables: five of them are computed
                  semiquantitatively, i.e., different weight for each stratum of age, systolic blood
                  pressure, heart rate, plasma creatinine and Killip class; three of them computed
                  dichotomously (ST-segment depression, myocardial necrosis marker elevation,
                  cardiac arrest on admission). The final score can range from 0 to 372<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was defined by the combination of cardiovascular death,
                  nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal refractory angina during
                  hospitalization. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was recorded during
                  hospitalization when there was elevation of troponin &gt; the 99<sup>th</sup>
                  percentile in patients whose values were negative in the first 24 hours. For
                  patients with infarction on admission, a new CK-MB peak (&gt;50% of the previous
                  value and above the normal value) was required for the definition of reinfarction.
                  Elevation of necrosis markers induced by percutaneous coronary procedure or CABG
                  was not recorded as a recurrent event. Refractory angina during hospitalization
                  was defined by recurrent chest pain at least twice, despite the use of nitrates
                  and controlled double product.</p>
          <p>Additionally, patients were contacted by telephone after 30 days, 6 months, and
                  annually thereafter for the detection of combined cardiovascular death, myocardial
                  infarction or readmission for unstable angina. Readmission was identified by
                  telephone contact and the reason was checked through an interview with the patient
                  and medical record data. Cardiovascular death was defined as sudden death or
                  cardiovascular hospitalization followed by death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Initially, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of CRP levels was
                  constructed to be used as predictors of cardiovascular outcome. Once the accuracy
                  by the ROC curve was demonstrated, the best cutoff point was identified.</p>
          <p>This cutoff was used to define <italic>elevated</italic> CRP, which was entered
                  into a logistic regression model with the GRACE score. If elevated CRP reached
                  statistical significance at the 10% level (p &lt; 0.10), a new GRACE-CRP score
                  would be created, by adding points when CRP was elevated. Additional points were
                  determined by the ratio between the regression coefficient of elevated CRP and the
                  regression coefficient of the GRACE score.</p>
          <p>In the discriminant analysis, C-statistics of the GRACE and GRACE-CRP models were
                  compared by the Hanley - McNeil test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The
                  calibration of the models was described by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Furthermore,
                  we evaluated the capacity of the new model (GRACE- CRP) to correctly reclassify
                  information from the traditional GRACE model (high risk <italic>versus</italic>
                  low risk). The best cutoff from each model in our sample was used for risk
                  definition. The Pencina method (Net Reclassification Improvement-NRI) was used in
                  the net reclassification analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of data analysis. CRP: C-reactive protein; ROC: Receiver
                        operating characteristic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0449-40056-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>CRP values were described as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared
                  between groups by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Statistically significant
                  p value was defined as &lt; 0.05. SPSS software, version 21 (IBM North America,
                  New York, NY) was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>The sample was sized to provide statistical power for two predefined statistical
                  analysis. First, the logistic regression analysis, in which we evaluated the
                  predictive value of CRP, regardless of the GRACE score. As this analysis requires
                  two covariates (elevated CRP and GRACE), 20 outcomes are necessary to maintain the
                  recommended ratio of 10 outcomes per covariable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Second, comparison of the GRACE C-statistics
                     <italic>versus</italic> GRACE-CRP: assuming a correlation coefficient between
                  the values of two models of 0.95 for a statistical power of 80% (one-tailed alpha
                  of 0.05) in the detection of 0.05 superiority of C-statistics (e.g., 0.65
                     <italic>versus</italic> 0.70) of the most complete model (GRACE- CRP) a total
                  of 42 outcomes are required<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Thus, we
                  sequentially included the number of patients necessary to total 42 hospital
                  outcomes, which was enough for both analyses described herein.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selected sample</title>
          <p>A total of 290 patients aged 68 &#144;&#177; 13 years, 52 % females, 53% with a
                  diagnosis of myocardial infarction with non-ST segment elevation and the rest with
                  unstable angina were studied. The GRACE score showed a median of 115 (IQR =
                  94-140), with 43% being low risk, 32% medium risk and 25% high risk. The median
                  time between symptom onset and CRP measurement was 6.7 hours (IQR = 3.3 to 24).
                  CRP showed a median of 4.5 mg/L (IQR = 1.4 to 13 mg/L), showing increased
                  inflammatory activity exacerbated by the acute clinical picture. The incidence of
                  cardiovascular outcomes during hospitalization was 15% (18 cardiovascular deaths,
                  11 nonfatal AMIs, 13 cases of nonfatal refractory angina). After discharge, 244
                  patients were followed for 518 &#144;&#177; 446 days, with an incidence of
                  cardiovascular outcomes of 24% (11 cardiovascular deaths, 18 hospitalizations for
                  AMI and 28 hospitalizations for angina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic value of C-reactive protein</title>
          <p>Patients who developed hospital outcome showed median CRP of 9.1 mg/L (IQR = 2.1
                  to 22 mg/L), significantly higher than the median of 4.3 mg/L (IQR = 1.3 to 11 mg/
                  L) observed in patients free of outcomes (p = 0.034). The predictive capacity of
                  CRP in relation to hospital outcomes was characterized by C-statistics of 0.60
                  (95% CI = 0.51-0.70). In this analysis, the definition of elevated CRP that showed
                  the best accuracy corresponded to a cutoff of 8.83 mg/L.</p>
          <p>Analysis of clinical characteristics showed that the group with elevated CRP had
                  modestly older mean age, higher prevalence of positive troponin and Killip &gt; 1,
                  all variables found in the GRACE score, not requiring their entering the
                  multivariate model. Variables not covered by GRACE, as well as treatment
                  variables, were similar between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
                     1</xref>). When the CRP was adjusted for the GRACE score, statistical
                  significance was reduced to a borderline value (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 0.92- 3.9, p =
                  0.08). In this model, the association between the GRACE regression coefficient and
                  the CRP coefficient was 30. Thus, at the construction of the GRACE-CRP score 30
                  points were added when CRP was elevated.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics between patients with and without
                        elevated C-reactive protein</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CRP &#8805; 8.83 mg/L</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>CRP &lt; 8.83 mg/L</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sample</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">199</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ST segment elevation</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip &gt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE score</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">113 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>In-Hospital treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (97%)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel /Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (89%)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Subcutaneous enoxaparin</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intravenous unfractionated heparin</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GP IIb / IIIa antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (76%)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (96%)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percutaneous coronary intervention</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery bypass grafting</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CRP: C-reactive; GP: Platelet dycoprotein.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Different from the in-hospital phase, CRP values showed no predictive accuracy for
                  cardiovascular outcomes in the late follow-up, with C-statistics of 0.51 (95 % CI
                  = 0.42 to 0.59, p = 0.90). The same occurred when only the hard endpoints of death
                  and nonfatal myocardial infarction were considered (C -statistics = 0.59, 95% CI =
                  0.49-0.69, p = 0.11).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incremental value of CRP during hospitalization</title>
          <p>The addition of the variable elevated CRP to the GRACE model did not result in
                  significant increase in C-statistics, which ranged from 0.705 to 0.718 (p = 0.46)
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref>). The GRACE score showed
                  satisfactory calibration with |<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> using the
                  Hosmer - Lemeshow test of 7.5 (p = 0.48). After inclusion of elevated CRP in the
                  model, there was no improvement in calibration, which evolved into |<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> of 12.1 and p value = 0.15 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of ROC curves between GRACE and GRACE-CRP shows similar
                        C-statistics between the two scores (p = 0.46).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0449-40056-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression model containing GRACE and CRP in predicting
                        hospital outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Coefficient &#174;</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Odds Ratio (95% CI)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elevated CRP (dichotomy)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.638</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89 (0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">- 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE score (numeri`cal)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 (1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">- 1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CI: confidence interval</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reclassification of the GRACE score by C-reactive protein</title>
          <p>Among the 42 patients who had hospital outcomes, two were wrongly reclassified
                  from high to low risk, whereas there was no correct reclassification. This
                  resulted in negative net reclassification index for patients with outcomes (-
                  4.8%).</p>
          <p>Among the 248 patients free of hospital outcomes, 26 were correctly reclassified
                  from high to low risk, with no incorrect reclassifications. This resulted in a
                  positive net reclassification index for patients without outcomes (10.5 %).</p>
          <p>In the final analysis, when all patients were considered, the net reclassification
                  index was 5.7 % (p = 0.15), indicating that CRP has no value as reclassifying
                  variable of the GRACE score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of net reclassification by CRP-GRACE score in relation to the
                        GRACE score for the definition of high risk</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Reclassification for more</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Reclassification for less</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>NRI</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outcome</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">- 4.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No outcome</td>
                  <td align="center">248</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">290</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>CI: confidence interval</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This prospective cohort study tested the prognostic value of CRP measured at
               admission of patients with ACS with non-ST segment elevation. Consistent with
               previous studies, CRP was associated with cardiovascular outcomes during
               hospitalization. However, CRP incremental analysis indicated the lack of usefulness
               for this marker in clinical practice. This apparent contradiction between association
               with outcome and the lack of incremental value needs to be interpreted.</p>
        <p>The strength of the inflammatory hypothesis as a mechanism of genesis and
               destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques increased in the 1990s, based on
               experimental studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, followed by evidence of
               the association of CRP with cardiovascular risk in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. In the 2000s, several studies were published
               in journals of high impact, favorable to the prognostic value of CRP in patients with
               ACS. These studies were analyzed as a systematic review and meta-analysis by our
               group, which was published in 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Unlike
               the enthusiastic attitude of some authors, our review concluded that there was no
               conclusive evidence of the incremental prognostic value of CRP. Moreover, only two
               studies had made incremental evaluation (preliminary studies)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, while the
               remainder was limited to the assessment of independent association .</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that an independent association is not enough to establish the
               usefulness of a biomarker. To interrupt the predictor evaluation at this stage,
               considering it validated for clinical use, has been a common error<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The most important question is whether the
               new risk marker has incremental usefulness in models applied in clinical practice.
               This response should be obtained by comparing the performance of a predictive model
               that uses the usual variables with the performance of an alternative model resulting
               from the incorporation of the new marker into the traditional model. That is, after
               inserting a new variable to a risk score, how much does the performance of this score
               improve? The most common way to evaluate this question is to measure the increase in
               C-statistics after incorporation of the new biomarker, which was not done by most of
               the studies in that review. Furthermore, we analyzed the net reclassification, which
               identifies the correct reclassifications (upwards in a patient that will have an
               outcome and downwards in a patient without outcome) and subtract from the incorrect
               ones. This method shows the proportion of patients in which the advent of the new
               biomarker promoted a correct change in relation to the risk.</p>
        <p>Over the past three years, two new studies have been published. A Spanish study where
               Lopes-Cuenca et al. showed no increase in CRP in the C-statistics of GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and a French study, in which He et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> seem to have demonstrated positive data.
               However, when analyzing the details, one can see that the data of He et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> suggest the same negative conclusion of our
               study. As for the discriminatory value, those authors describe a modest increase in
               C-statistics, from 0.795 to 0.823. Although this difference was statistically
               significant, its magnitude is of little clinical relevance. Second, the authors take
               into account a correct reclassification of 12%. However, the net reclassification in
               which the incorrect are subtracted from the correct is not calculated. If this had
               been done, absence of reclassification would have been the conclusion. In the present
               study, we performed C-statistical analysis and correctly applied the Pencina method
               of reclassification, concluding realistically for the absence of clinical usefulness
               in incorporating CRP into the routine assessment of patients with ACS.</p>
        <p>Thus, the apparent contradiction between the enthusiasm of initial studies and recent
               evidence is explained by the lack of careful analysis that the first studies
               performed in their own data. In recent years, the evolution of the scientific
               community regarding the concept of usefulness of a new biomarker has become stricter
               regarding data analysis, which ultimately should include incremental value. The CRP
               is not approved according to this analysis and our study is further evidence in this
               direction.</p>
        <p>The main limitation of this study is its sample size, and thus, our data cannot be
               considered definitive regarding the lack of any prognosis increment with CRP. On the
               other hand, we must emphasize that this result is in line with previous studies,
               which showed no significant improvement in C-statistics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In
               addition, our number of outcomes resulted in enough statistical power to identify any
               clinically relevant increase in C-statistics. As for the late follow-up, there was a
               loss of 16% in the sample, which is not desirable. Moreover, we emphasize that this
               follow-up represents a secondary objective of the study and it is unlikely that there
               would be such difference regarding the characteristics of 46 patients without
               follow-up to the point of modifying a prior entirely negative result.</p>
        <p>We must acknowledge that these data do not definitively rule out the usefulness of
               other inflammatory markers such as cytokines. In a previous study, our group
               demonstrated the potential value of a composite score with several inflammatory
                  markers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and this year a Spanish study
               showed very significant increase and reclassification with interleukin - 6 in
               relation to GRACE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The limited incremental value of CRP in relation to GRACE score suggests that the
               incorporation of this new biomarker in clinical practice for patients with ACS with
               non-ST-segment elevation is not indicated.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia LCL, Silva A, Noya-Rabelo MM;
                  Acquisition of data: Vasconcelos I, Garcia G, Kalil F, Silva A, Oliveira R,
                  Carvalhal M, Freitas C, Ferreira F; Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Correia LCL, Carvalhal M, Noya-Rabelo MM; Statistical analysis: Correia LCL;
                  Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo MM; Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL, Vasconcelos I, Garcia G, Kalil
                  F, Silva A, Carvalhal M, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo MM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
