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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HKpJNBx6r6DH6GZFJcHNHGM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Efeitos da Esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o em Compara&#231;&#227;o com a Manuten&#231;&#227;o do
               Ped&#237;culo da Art&#233;ria Radial sobre a Pat&#234;ncia e Fluxo P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios do
               Enxerto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonini</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo C. Arnal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Antoninho Sanfins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaccur</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdulmassih</surname>
            <given-names>Camilo</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinkhuysen</surname>
            <given-names>Jarbas Jackson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor), Faculdade de Medicina
               da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: R&#244;mulo C&#233;sar Arnal Bonini,</bold> Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca
               do Hospital Regional - Rua Winston Churchill, 234, apto 1402. CEP 19013-710,
               Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>romulobonini@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses </bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>441</fpage>
      <lpage>448</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O enxerto de art&#233;ria radial (AR) foi o segundo enxerto arterial a ser introduzido
                  na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A t&#233;cnica de esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o
                  da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) pode, de fato, alterar a capacidade de
                  fluxo do enxerto com potenciais vantagens, o que leva &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de que o
                  comportamento da AR, como enxerto coronariano, seja semelhante ao da ATIE
                  esqueletizada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou enxertos aortocoron&#225;rios "livres" de AR, quer esqueletizados,
                  quer com tecidos adjacentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo randomizado comparando 40 pacientes
                  distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos. No grupo I, foram utilizadas art&#233;rias radiais
                  esqueletizadas (20 pacientes), e no grupo II, art&#233;rias radiais com tecidos
                  adjacentes (20 pacientes). Ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, os pacientes foram
                  submetidos a medidas da velocidade de fluxo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As principais vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas foram: di&#226;metro interno, comprimento e fluxo
                  sangu&#237;neo livre da AR. Os di&#226;metros m&#233;dios dos enxertos de AR calculados atrav&#233;s
                  de angiografia quantitativa no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato foram semelhantes, assim
                  como as vari&#225;veis de medidas de velocidade de fluxo. Por outro lado, a
                  cinecoronariografia mostrou a presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o em um enxerto de AR e estenose
                  em cinco enxertos de AR no GII, enquanto que apenas um caso de estenose em um
                  enxerto de AR no GI (p = 0,045).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados mostram que tanto as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e
                  anatomopatol&#243;gicas quanto o desempenho hemodin&#226;mico dos enxertos livres de art&#233;ria
                  radial, quer preparados de forma esqueletizada ou com tecidos adjacentes, s&#227;o
                  semelhantes. Entretanto, pode-se observar um maior n&#250;mero de les&#245;es n&#227;o
                  obstrutivas quando a AR &#233; preparada com tecidos adjacentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Enxerto Radial</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pat&#234;ncia Angiogr&#225;fica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="5"/>
        <table-count count="1"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O enxerto de art&#233;ria radial (AR) foi o segundo enxerto arterial a ser introduzido na
            pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, tendo apresentado, inicialmente, resultados angiogr&#225;ficos desfavor&#225;veis. No
            entanto, com mudan&#231;as na t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e o uso de vasodilatadores para a preven&#231;&#227;o
            de vasoespasmo, a AR passou a ser utilizada de forma segura e com bons resultados no
            tratamento das doen&#231;as coronarianas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o esqueletizada da AR foi introduzida por Taggart et cols. em 2001<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, com base nos bons resultados obtidos com a
            esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) introduzida por Cunningham et
            cols. em 1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vidas quanto aos efeitos
            da ATIE pediculada na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e, a despeito desses excelentes
            resultados, a t&#233;cnica de esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o da ATIE pode, de fato, alterar a capacidade de
            fluxo do enxerto com potenciais vantagens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, o que leva &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de que o comportamento da
            AR, como enxerto coronariano, seja semelhante ao da ATIE esqueletizada.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, de forma randomizada, o desempenho
            hemodin&#226;mico e funcional dos enxertos aortocoron&#225;rios de AR, quer preparados de forma
            esqueletizada, quer com tecidos adjacentes, atrav&#233;s de angiografia p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e
            fluxometria realizada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Foram tamb&#233;m comparadas as
            caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e anatomopatol&#243;gicas desses enxertos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Pacientes e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o de vinte pacientes por grupo,
               de acordo com a t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o e preparo da AR (Grupo I - enxerto de AR
               esqueletizada e Grupo II - enxerto de AR com tecidos adjacentes). Foram inclu&#237;dos
               pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel, ou antecedente de
               infarto n&#227;o agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST) ap&#243;s
               discuss&#227;o livre e clara dos riscos, alternativas, e benef&#237;cios percebidos com as
               cirurgias. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e pelo
               Conselho de Revis&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da institui&#231;&#227;o e registrado no Conselho Nacional de
               &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP). Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento
               livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados pacientes com cineangiografia mostrando estenoses coronarianas
               acima de 70% e boa anatomia distal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> em pelo
               menos dois ramos principais, incluindo o territ&#243;rio da circunflexa, e testes de Allen
               cl&#225;ssico e modificado negativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> no antebra&#231;o no qual
               seria realizada a dissec&#231;&#227;o da AR. Foram aplicados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de
               exclus&#227;o: (a) idade acima de 70 anos; (b) obesidade grave; (c) teste de Allen
                  positivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; (d) pacientes com f&#237;stula arteriovenosa para hemodi&#225;lise,
               vasculite ou doen&#231;a de Raynaud; (e) AR apresentando calcifica&#231;&#245;es macroscopicamente
               vis&#237;veis ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica difusa; (f) reopera&#231;&#227;o; (g) procedimento
               adicional; (h) fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo gravemente diminu&#237;da; (i)
               contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o uso de bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio; (j) contraindica&#231;&#227;o
               para angiografia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; (j) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem
               supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; (k) pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal
               ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados quarenta pacientes para o estudo, sendo que todos apresentavam
               angina classe 2-4 segundo a Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense. As vari&#225;veis infarto
               do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) pregresso, n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, idade, sexo, diabetes
               mellitus, hipertens&#227;o e outras caracter&#237;sticas foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos e
               est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. Todos os
               pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de forma eletiva.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo I ( n = 20)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Grupo II ( n = 20)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (M/F)</td>
                <td align="center">17/3</td>
                <td align="center">16/4</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial (n)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (95%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,605</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (n)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (n)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,723</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (n)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,752</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina est&#225;vel (n)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio (n)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 23,76</td>
                <td align="center">89,1 &#177; 21,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,862</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de anoxia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 16,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasc CE arterial (n)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total vasos revasc. (n)</td>
                <td align="center">3,25 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ATID (n)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Veia safena (n)</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e protocolo farmacol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram operados sob circula&#231;&#227;o extracorporeal, hipotermia leve
               (32-34&#186;C) e pin&#231;amento intermitente da aorta. Logo ap&#243;s a retirada da circula&#231;&#227;o
               extracorp&#243;rea, foi feita administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de nitroglicerina por 48 horas, que
               foi posteriormente substitu&#237;da por antagonista de canal de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>Foram realizados dissec&#231;&#227;o e preparo da AR concomitantemente &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o da ATIE. A
               t&#233;cnica de dissec&#231;&#227;o da AR utilizada foi aquela proposta por Reyes et cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, e a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o, quando utilizada, foi
               feita no antebra&#231;o com o aux&#237;lio de tesoura; os vasos colaterais foram ligados com
               fio de algod&#227;o 4-0. Foi realizado preenchimento intraluminal dos enxertos de AR com
               sangue heparinizado e papaverina t&#243;pica. A ATIE foi usada para enxertar a art&#233;ria
               descendente anterior esquerda e todas as AR foram usadas para enxertar a art&#233;ria
               marginal obtusa, o ramo intermedi&#225;rio ou o primeiro ramo diagonal com les&#245;es &gt;
               75%. Os enxertos de AR foram anastomosados proximalmente na aorta (retroa&#243;rtico),
               atrav&#233;s de orif&#237;cio realizado com um bisturi, por meio de sutura cont&#237;nua com
               polipropileno 6-0 ou 7-0, e distalmente aos ramos coronarianos, por meio de
               anastomose t&#233;rmino-lateral cont&#237;nua com fio de propileno 7-0. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria
               direita e seus ramos, bem como as art&#233;rias com les&#245;es &gt; 75%, receberam enxertos de
               veia safena.</p>
        <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis intraoperat&#243;rias: comprimento e fluxo livre
               da AR. Foi ainda realizado exame anatomopatol&#243;gico para an&#225;lise do comportamento
               endotelial da AR nos dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes receberam infus&#227;o de mononitrato de isossorbida (0,8 mg/kg por
               minuto) e diltiazem (2 mg/kg por minuto) no intraoperat&#243;rio e at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s a
               cirurgia, seguidos de uma dose oral de, respectivamente, 20 mg e 180 mg/dia, al&#233;m de
               antiplaquet&#225;rios por pelo menos 6 meses. A ocorr&#234;ncia de IM foi monitorada por
               eletrocardiogramas e an&#225;lises seriadas de CK-MB s&#233;rica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia e protocolo de fluxometria</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a angiografia e fluxometria entre o s&#233;timo e d&#233;cimo
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. O exame foi realizado atrav&#233;s do acesso femoral. Os enxertos foram
               analisados por um cardiologista experiente e classificados de acordo com a presen&#231;a
               ou aus&#234;ncia de: estenose n&#227;o obstrutiva (&lt; 50%), estenose obstrutiva (&gt; 50%), e
               oclus&#227;o total.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do pico de velocidade e o fluxo do enxerto de AR foram registrados na por&#231;&#227;o
               inicial (a 3 cm da anastomose proximal) da AR nos dois grupos. Para essas medidas,
               foi utilizado um fio-guia de Doppler de 12 MHz de 0,014 polegadas (0,035 cm) de
               di&#226;metro, e 175 cm de comprimento (Flowire; Cardiometrics Inc)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Os registros foram feitos em repouso e em hiperemia, que foi
               induzida atrav&#233;s da inje&#231;&#227;o de 30 &#181;g de adenosina diretamente no enxerto. A reserva
               de fluxo do enxerto consistiu na raz&#227;o entre os picos de velocidade em hiperemia e em
               repouso. Calculou-se o fluxo sangu&#237;neo na por&#231;&#227;o proximal dos enxertos pelo m&#233;todo de
                  Doucette<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia de tempo do
               pico de velocidade e da &#225;rea transversal do enxerto, a qual foi obtida ap&#243;s
               determina&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro por angiografia quantitativa para an&#225;lise do contorno
               marginal. Foram calculadas as dimens&#245;es absolutas, tomando-se o di&#226;metro do cateter
               diagn&#243;stico como refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou como porcentagens, e foram
               analisados atrav&#233;s do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, teste do qui quadrado ou
               teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. O tamanho amostral foi projetado para um
               poder de 90% para identificar uma diferen&#231;a de 10% na pat&#234;ncia do enxerto, com n&#237;vel
               de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados
               significativos, conforme determinados atrav&#233;s do programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o
               13.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cada grupo foi constitu&#237;do por 20 pacientes. N&#227;o houve mortalidade hospitalar. As
            vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela
               1</xref>. As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (cinco casos),
            taquicardia supraventricular parox&#237;stica (um caso), broncopneumonia (um caso),
            reopera&#231;&#227;o devido a sangramento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (dois casos), infec&#231;&#227;o da
            incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (um caso). O comprimento dos enxertos de AR no per&#237;odo intraoperat&#243;rio
            foi, em m&#233;dia, de 171 &#177; 22,5 mm no GI, e de 163,5 &#177; 24,4 mm no GII (p = 0,414); o volume
            sist&#243;lico da AR livre, calculado com press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia semelhante, foi de 84,6 &#177;
            53.1 mL/min no GI, e de 95,5 &#177; 63,3 mL/min no GII (p = 0,627). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as
            entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exames anatomopatol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Foi realizada cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato em trinta e nove
               pacientes. No momento do procedimento, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial,
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ou no hemat&#243;crito entre os grupos. A pat&#234;ncia global pr&#233;via foi
               semelhante entre os grupos (p = NS), sendo de 100% no GI (n = 19), e de 95% no GII (n
               = 20). No entanto, houve diferen&#231;a na pat&#234;ncia perfeita (p = 0,045) devido ao fato de
               que o GI apresentou apenas um enxerto de AR com estenose n&#227;o obstrutiva (&lt; 50%),
               enquanto que o GII apresentou cinco enxertos de AR com estenose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), al&#233;m de uma oclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Art&#233;ria radial pediculada com les&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutiva no ter&#231;o
                     proximal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Art&#233;ria radial pediculada oclu&#237;da proximalmente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia quantitativa</title>
        <p>O di&#226;metro proximal m&#233;dio da AR foi de 2,66 &#177; 0,11 mm no GI, e de 2,53 &#177; 0,05 mm no
               GII, com IC de 95% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Di&#226;metro angiogr&#225;fico proximal interno m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria radial (p = 0,492).
                     M&#233;dia &#177; IC 95%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As velocidades de pico m&#233;dias da AR em repouso foram de 18,92 &#177; 1,75 cm/s no GI, e de
               18 &#177; 1,9 cm/s no GII. A reserva de fluxo do enxerto de AR foi de 2,12 &#177; 0.11 no GI, e
               de 2,01 &#177; 0,1 no GII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>). O fluxo
               sangu&#237;neo na por&#231;&#227;o inicial da AR foi de 54,92 &#177; 7,66 mL/min no GI, e de 44,19 &#177; 5,13
               mL/min no GII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio da art&#233;ria radial (p = 0,624). M&#233;dia &#177; IC
                     95%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxo sangu&#237;neo da art&#233;ria radial em repouso (p = 0,435). M&#233;dia &#177; IC
                     95%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as entre as caracter&#237;sticas cir&#250;rgicas dos
            enxertos de AR. Taggart et cols. identificaram algumas vantagens da AR esqueletizada,
            prevendo claramente seu comprimento, oferecendo assim uma op&#231;&#227;o ao cirurgi&#227;o quanto &#224;
            escolha do tipo de anastomose (usando-a para mais de um enxerto sequencialmente, ou como
            extens&#227;o para outros vasos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Neste estudo,
            embora n&#227;o tenhamos encontrado diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos quanto ao
            comprimento da AR, a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o nos permitiu uma melhor no&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do
            enxerto. Rukosujem observou diferen&#231;as no comprimento da AR esqueletizada em rela&#231;&#227;o a
            AR com tecidos adjacentes dissecadas com o aux&#237;lio de tesoura e pin&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as anat&#244;micas ou anatomopatol&#243;gicas entre os grupos, incluindo les&#227;o
            endotelial grave devido a eletrocauteriza&#231;&#227;o e espessamento da &#237;ntima. Rukosujem
            observou um n&#250;mero maior de les&#245;es endoteliais em pacientes cujas AR foram
            esqueletizadas com bisturi ultrass&#244;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Achouh e Acar discutiram os achados de acompanhamento de 629 enxertos de art&#233;ria radial
            realizados ao longo de 20 anos. Houve estenose focal em 3% das AR, ao passo que o sinal
            da corda foi observado em 0,9%. A pat&#234;ncia geral dos enxertos foi de 83%. A pat&#234;ncia do
            enxerto diminuiu exponencialmente durante o primeiro ano de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e
            posteriormente de forma linear com baixo atrito, sugerindo aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a do enxerto
               radial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a angiografia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria mostrou evid&#234;ncias de pat&#234;ncia global
            semelhante entre os grupos, mas diferen&#231;a na pat&#234;ncia perfeita, devido a um maior n&#250;mero
            de estenoses n&#227;o obstrutivas (&lt; 50%) e a uma oclus&#227;o nos enxertos de AR com tecidos
            adjacentes. Atrav&#233;s de uma inspe&#231;&#227;o visual mais confi&#225;vel, a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o permite a
            identifica&#231;&#227;o de espasmos ou &#225;reas com les&#245;es, que podem n&#227;o ser vis&#237;veis nos enxertos
            com tecidos adjacentes, melhorando, assim, a qualidade angiogr&#225;fica do enxerto. A
            diferen&#231;a entre a pat&#234;ncia global e perfeita da AR com tecidos adjacentes tem sido
            demonstrada desde a d&#233;cada de 1990 por diversos autores. Parolari et cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> publicaram uma revis&#227;o de literatura apresentando
            uma pat&#234;ncia global m&#233;dia precoce de 98,1%, e pat&#234;ncia perfeita de 90,8% dos enxertos de
            AR com tecidos adjacentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Relataram, ainda,
            taxas de pat&#234;ncia global m&#233;dia e perfeita de 93,3% e de 78,8%, respectivamente, entre 6
            e 36 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Diferen&#231;as semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram observadas por outros
               autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Corroborando os achados de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, Amano et cols, em uma s&#233;rie
            n&#227;o rand&#244;mica de casos, demonstraram uma pat&#234;ncia total da AR em, respectivamente, 98,6%
            e 98,9% para AR esqueletizada e com tecidos adjacentes, enquanto que a pat&#234;ncia perfeita
            foi de, respectivamente, 96,5% e 84,9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Em
            2004, Hirose et cols. tamb&#233;m publicaram os achados angiogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s seguimento de um
            ano mostrando que 20 pacientes que receberam AR esqueletizada apresentaram uma taxa de
            pat&#234;ncia perfeita de 95,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ali e cols. conclu&#237;ram que a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o da AR oferece bons resultados quanto &#224;
            pat&#234;ncia. Assim, se for utilizada como conduto em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, a AR
            pode ser preparada tanto na forma esqueletizada quanto na de ped&#237;culo; no entanto, o
            estudo desses autores sugeriu que a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o pode conferir uma maior pat&#234;ncia ao
            conduto radial em compara&#231;&#227;o com a t&#233;cnica de ped&#237;culo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tokuda et cols. demonstraram que, para enxertos para o sistema coron&#225;rio
            esquerdo, um fluxo m&#233;dio &lt; 15 m&gt;/min, e &lt; 20 mL/min para enxertos para o
            sistema coronariano direito foram preditivos de fal&#234;ncia do enxerto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Os di&#226;metros internos proximais dos enxertos de AR, calculados
            por angiografia quantitativa, foram semelhantes neste estudo. N&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias
            comparando o di&#226;metro interno proximal das AR. No entanto, quando esse par&#226;metro foi
            analisado em ATIE esqueletonizadas e pediculadas, atrav&#233;s de angiografia quantitativa,
            observou-se aumento significativo do di&#226;metro interno proximal com a esqueletiza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Webb e cols. relataram um di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria radial por angiografia coron&#225;ria
            quantitativa de aproximadamente 2,7 m em 15 casos ap&#243;s 5 anos de acompanhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis de fluxo (fluxo sangu&#237;neo intravascular, m&#233;dia de pico de
            velocidade, reserva de fluxo do enxerto de AR) atrav&#233;s da fluxometria por Doppler no
            per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os dois
            grupos do estudo. A metodologia de Doppler intravascular empregada neste estudo para a
            obten&#231;&#227;o de dados (velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo) &#233; altamente confi&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O comportamento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo do enxerto de
            ATIE para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda j&#225; foi estudado por Akasaka et cols,
            atrav&#233;s de fluxometria por Doppler, em 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,
            tendo os autores demonstrado que o fluxo sangu&#237;neo foi de 62 &#177; 17 mL/min em repouso e a
            reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio, de 1,8 &#177; 0,3 mL/min. Resultados semelhantes tamb&#233;m foram
            obtidos por Gurn&#233; e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Comparando duas
            estrat&#233;gias de dissec&#231;&#227;o da ATIE - esqueletizada e pediculada, e usando fluxometria
            intraoperat&#243;ria, Takami et cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> encontraram
            fluxo superior (42,6 &#177; 29,1 mL/min) na ATIE esqueletizada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ATIE pediculada
            (26,4 &#177; 16,1 mL/min)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Por outro lado, Rukosujew
            e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> calcularam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo
            perivascular livre em 40 pacientes que receberam AR esqueletizada ou com tecidos
            adjacentes e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do
            que foi observado no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Webb e cols. calcularam um valor basal de fluxo sangu&#237;neo m&#233;dio do enxerto coronariano
            de 35 mL/min em enxerto de art&#233;ria radial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A
            reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio tamb&#233;m tem sido uma vari&#225;vel cada vez mais utilizada para a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coronarianas e resultados deinterven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas. &#192; semelhan&#231;a
            do que ocorre com o pico de velocidade m&#233;dio, pode haver grandes varia&#231;&#245;es desse
            par&#226;metro em pacientes com art&#233;rias angiograficamente normais. Com base na experi&#234;ncia
            com a an&#225;lise da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio na ATIE, e relatado por Webb et cols, a
            reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio m&#233;dia em enxerto de radial foi 2,3 com o uso de medidas de
               velocidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a reserva de fluxo do enxerto foi de 2,12 &#177; 0.11 no GI, e de 2,01 &#177; 0,1 no
            GII, o que pode ser considerado satisfat&#243;rio, demonstrando assim uma perspectiva
            promissora da adaptabilidade da AR a diferentes territ&#243;rios coronarianos.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, os resultados do presente estudo, com um grupo selecionado de pacientes, nos
            permitem afirmar que o desempenho morfol&#243;gico, funcional e hemodin&#226;mico dos enxertos
            aortocoronarianos de AR para os ramos coron&#225;rios esquerdos &#233; semelhante, quer tenham
            sido preparados de forma esqueletizada, quer pediculada.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o e estenose observada com os enxertos
            pediculados pode comprometer seu desempenho em longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bonini RCA, Moreira, LFP;
               Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bonini RCA, Staico R; Obten&#231;&#227;o
               de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bonini RCA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
               quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Bonini RCA, Dinkhuysen JJ, Moreira, LFP; Realizou
               cirurgia: Issa M, Arnoni AS, Chaccur P, Abdulmassih Neto C, Dinkhuysen JJ, Paulista
               PP, Souza LCB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento </bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de R&#244;mulo C. Arnal Bonini pela Faculdade de
               Medicina da USP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of Skeletonized versus Pedicled Radial Artery on
               Postoperative Graft Patency and Flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonini</surname>
            <given-names>R&#244;mulo C. Arnal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Antoninho Sanfins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaccur</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdulmassih</surname>
            <given-names>Camilo</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinkhuysen</surname>
            <given-names>Jarbas Jackson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor), Faculdade de Medicina
               da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: R&#244;mulo C&#233;sar Arnal Bonini,</bold> Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia
               Cardiovascular do Hospital Regional. Rua Winston Churchill, 234, apto. 1.402, Jardim
               Paulistano. Postal Code 19013-710, Presidente Prudente, SP <italic>-</italic> Brazil
               E-mail: <email>romulobonini@terra.com.br</email>. </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Radial artery (RA) was the second arterial graft introduced in clinical practice
                  for myocardial revascularization. The skeletonization technique of the left
                  internal thoracic artery (LITA) may actually change the graft's flow capacity with
                  potential advantages. This leads to the assumption that the behavior of the RA, as
                  a coronary graft, is similar to that of the LITA, when skeletonized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated 'free' aortic-coronary radial artery (RA) grafts, whether
                  skeletonized or with adjacent tissues.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective randomized study comparing 40 patients distributed into two groups
                  was conducted. In group I, we used skeletonized radial arteries (20 patients), and
                  in group II, we used radial arteries with adjacent tissues (20 patients). After
                  the surgical procedure, patients underwent flow velocity measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The main surgical variables were: RA internal diameter, RA length, and free blood
                  flow in the radial artery. The mean RA graft diameters as calculated using
                  quantitative angiography in the immediate postoperative period were similar, as
                  well as the flow velocity measurement variables. On the other hand, coronary
                  cineangiography showed the presence of occlusion in one RA graft and stenosis in
                  five RA grafts in GII, while GI presented stenosis in only one RA graft (p =
                  0.045).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>These results show that the morphological and pathological features, as well as
                  the hemodynamic performance of the free radial artery grafts, whether prepared in
                  a skeletonized manner or with adjacent tissues, are similar. However, a larger
                  number of non-obstructive lesions may be observed when RA is prepared with
                  adjacent tissues.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Diseases / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Radial Artery / abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Radial Artery / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Patency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Radial artery (RA) was the second arterial graft introduced in clinical practice for
               myocardial revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Initially, it
               presented unfavorable angiographic results. However, with changes in the surgical
               technique and the use of spasm-preventing vasodilators, RA started to be used safely
               and with good results in the treatment of coronary diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>RA skeletonized dissection was introduced by Taggart et al in 2001<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, based on the good results obtained with
               skeletonization of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA), which started with
               Cunningham et al in 1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. There is no
               question about the effects of pedicled LITA for myocardial revascularization, and
               notwithstanding these excellent results, the skeletonization technique of LITA may
               actually change the graft's flow capacity with potential advantages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. This leads to the assumption that the behavior of the RA, as a coronary
               graft, is similar to that of the LITA, when skeletonized.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the purpose of this study was to randomly compare the hemodynamic and
               functional performance of RA aorto-coronary grafts, prepared in a skeletonized manner
               or with adjacent tissues, by means of post-surgical angiography and flowmetry
               performed in the immediate postoperative period. Morphological and pathological
               features of these grafts were also compared.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This study was designed as a randomized clinical trial with distribution of twenty
                  patients per group, according to RA dissection technique and preparation (Group I
                  - skeletonized RA graft and Group II - RA graft with adjacent tissues). Patients
                  diagnosed with stable angina, unstable angina, or a history of non-acute
                  myocardial infarction (with or without ST-segment elevation) were included after
                  free and clear discussion of risks, alternatives, and perceived benefits of the
                  operations. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Research Ethics
                  Committee and Scientific Review Board, and registered on the National Council of
                  Research Ethics (CONEP). All patients gave written informed consent.</p>
          <p>Patients with cineangiographic exams showing coronary stenoses above 70% and good
                  distal anatomy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> in at least two main
                  branches including the circumflex territory, and negative classic and modified
                  Allen test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> in the forearm, which is intended for RA
                  dissection, were selected. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (a) age
                  over 70 years; (b) severe obesity; (c) positive Allen test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; (d)
                  patients with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis, vasculitis, or Raynaud's
                  disease; (e) RA presenting macroscopically visible calcifications or diffuse
                  atherosclerotic disease; (f) redo operation; (g) additional procedure; (h)
                  severely depressed left ventricular function; (i) contraindications for use of
                  calcium-channel blockers; (j) contraindication for postoperative angiography; (j)
                  acute myocardial infarct with or without ST-segment elevation; (k) patients with
                  kidney failure, or peripheral arterial disease.</p>
          <p>Forty patients were selected for this study. All patients had angina class 2-4
                  according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Previous myocardial infarction
                  (MI), number of diseased vessels, age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and
                  others characteristics were similar for both groups and are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>. All patients were operated on
                  electively.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and surgical variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left"/>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Group I ( n = 20)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Group II (n = 20)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p-Value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (y)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (M/F)</td>
                  <td align="center">17/3</td>
                  <td align="center">16/4</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High Blood Pressure (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.605</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.749</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.723</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking habit (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.752</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stable Angina (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPB Time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 23.76</td>
                  <td align="center">89.1 &#177; 21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.862</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anoxia Time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 16.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial Graft Revasc. (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Revasc. Vessels (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.25 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RITA (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saphenous veins(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical technique and pharmacological protocol </title>
          <p>All patients were operated on under cardiopulmonary bypass with mild hypothermia
                  (32-34&#176;C) and intermittent aortic cross-clamping. Soon after discontinuation of
                  cardiopulmonary bypass, intravenous nitroglycerin was administered for 48 hours,
                  and replaced by an oral calcium-channel antagonist after this period.</p>
          <p>The RA was dissected and prepared concomitantly with LITA dissection. The RA
                  dissection technique was that proposed by Reyes et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, and skeletonization, when applied, was performed out of
                  the forearm with the use of scissors; collateral vessels were ligated using
                  4.0-cotton suture. Intraluminal filling of the RA grafts was performed using
                  heparin-treated blood, and topical papaverine. LITA was used to graft the left
                  anterior descending artery and all RA were used to graft the obtuse marginal
                  artery, the intermediate branch or the first diagonal branch with lesions &gt;
                  75%. RA grafts were anastomosed proximally in the aorta (retro-aortic), through
                  the orifice performed with a scalpel, using continuous suture with 6.0 or 7.0
                  polypropylene, and distally to the coronary branches, using continuous end-to-side
                  anastomosis with 7.0 polypropylene suture. The right coronary artery and its
                  branches, as well as arteries with lesions &gt; 75% received saphenous vein
                  grafts.</p>
          <p>The following intraoperative variables were analyzed: RA length and free RA flow.
                  Pathological examination of RA endothelial behavior was also performed in both
                  groups.</p>
          <p>All patients received isosorbide mononitrate (0.8 mg/kg per min) and diltiazem (2
                  mg/kg per min) infused intraoperatively and up to 24 h after operation, followed
                  by 20 mg and 180 mg/day orally, respectively, in addition to antiplatelet therapy
                  for at least 6 months. The incidence of MI was monitored by electrocardiograms and
                  serial analyses of serum CK-MB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiography and flowmetry protocol</title>
          <p>Patients underwent angiography and flowmetry between postoperative days 7 and 10.
                  The test was performed via the femoral access. The grafts were analyzed by a
                  senior cardiologist and classified according to presence or absence of:
                  non-obstructive stenosis (&lt; 50%), obstructive stenosis (&gt; 50%) and total
                  occlusion.</p>
          <p>The average peak velocity and the RA graft flow were recorded in the initial
                  portion (3 cm of the proximal anastomosis) of the RA in both groups. For these
                  measurements, we used a 12-MHz Doppler guide of 0.014 inches (0.035 cm) in
                  diameter, and 175 cm in length (Flowire; Cardiometrics Inc)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The records were performed at rest and in hyperemia, which
                  was induced by the injection of 30 &#181;g of adenosine directly into the graft. Graft
                  flow reserve consisted of the ratio between the peak velocities in hyperemia and
                  at rest. The blood flow at the proximal portion of the grafts was calculated using
                  the Doucette method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, with the time
                  average of peak velocity and the cross-sectional area of the graft. This area was
                  obtained after determining the diameter by quantitative angiography for the
                  analysis of the margin contour. Absolute dimensions were calculated, using the
                  diagnostic catheter diameter as reference.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or as percentages, and were
                  analyzed using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test, chi-square or Fisher's exact
                  test, when appropriate. The sample size was projected for a 90% power to identify
                  a 10% difference in graft patency, with the significance level set at 5%. P values
                  lower than 0.05 were considered significant, as determined using the SPSS for
                  Windows, version 13.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Each group comprised 20 patients. There was no hospital mortality. The surgical
               variables are shown in T<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref>. The
               postoperative complications were: atrial fibrillation (five cases), paroxysmal
               supraventricular tachycardia (one case), bronchial pneumonia (one case), re-operation
               due to bleeding in the immediate post-operative period (two cases), surgical wound
               infection (one case). The length of the RA grafts in the intraoperative period was
               171 &#177; 22.5 mm, on average, in GI, and 163.5 &#177; 24.4 mm in GII (p = 0.414); and the
               free RA stroke volume, as calculated with a similar mean blood pressure, was 84.6 &#177;
               53.1 ml/min in GI, and 95.5 &#177; 63.3 ml/min in GII (p = 0.627). There were no
               differences between the groups as regards pathological examinations.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic data</title>
          <p>Thirty-nine patients underwent cardiac catheterization in the immediate
                  postoperative period. At the moment of the procedure, there were no variations in
                  blood pressure, heart rate, and hematocrit between the groups. The previous global
                  patency between the groups was similar (p = NS), of 100% in GI (n = 19), and of
                  95% in GII (n = 20); however, perfect patency was different (p = 0.045) due to the
                  fact that GI presented only one RA graft with non-obstructive stenosis (&lt; 50%),
                  while GII presented five RA grafts with stenosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 1</xref>), in addition to one occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pedicled radial artery with non-obstructive lesion in the proximal
                        third.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pedicled radial artery proximally occluded.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative Angiography</title>
          <p>The mean proximal diameter of the RA was 2.66 &#177; 0.11 mm in GI, and 2.53 &#177; 0.05 mm
                  in GII, with 95% CI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean proximal internal angiographic diameter of the radial artery (p =
                        0.492). Mean &#177; 95% CI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The average peak velocities in the initial portion of the RA at rest was 18.92 &#177;
                  1.75 cm/s in GI, and 18 &#177; 1.9 cm/s in GII. The RA graft flow reserve was 2.12 &#177;
                  0.11 in GI, and 2.01 &#177; 0.1 in GII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure
                  4</xref>). The blood flow in the initial portion of the RA was 54.92 &#177; 7.66 ml/min
                  in GI, and 44.19 &#177; 5.13 in GII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure
                  5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary Flow Reserve of the radial artery (p = 0.624). Mean &#177;
                        95%CI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Blood flow of the radial artery at rest (p = 0.435). Mean &#177; 95%
                        CI.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0441-40016-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study did not demonstrate differences between the surgical
               characteristics of RA grafts. Taggart et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
               identified some advantages of the skeletonized RA, anticipating clearly its length,
               providing an option for the surgeon to choose the type of anastomosis (using it for
               more than one graft, sequentially, or also serving as an extension for other
                  vessels)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In this study, although we did
               not find any statistical differences between the groups regarding the RA length,
               skeletonization provided us with a better notion of the graft extension. Rukosujem
               observed the difference in the length of the skeletonized RA in relation to RAs with
               adjacent tissues, dissected with the use of scissors and clips<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>There were no anatomical and pathological differences between the groups. This
               includes severe endothelial lesion due to electrocauterization and intimal
               thickening. Rukosujem observed a larger number of endothelial lesions in patients
               that had RA skeletonized with ultrasonic scalpels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Achouh and Acar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> discussed the follow-up
               results of 629 radial artery grafts performed over 20 years. Focal stenosis occurred
               in 3% of RAs, while string signs were observed in 0.9%. Overall graft patency was
               83%. Graft patency decreased exponentially during the first postoperative year, but
               patency declined at a linear rate with low attrition afterwards, suggesting a lack of
               radial graft disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the postoperative angiography showed evidences of a similar
               global patency between the groups, but a difference in perfect patency, due to the
               larger number of non-obstructive stenosis (&lt;50%) and to an occlusion in the RA
               grafts with adjacent tissues. Skeletonization allows, thorough more faithful visual
               inspection, the identification of spasms or areas with lesions, which may not be
               visible in the grafts with adjacent tissues, thus improving the angiographic quality
               of the graft.</p>
        <p>The difference between the global and perfect patency of the RA with adjacent tissues
               has been demonstrated since the 1990's by several authors. Parolari et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> published a literature review presenting an
               early global average patency of 98.1%, and perfect patency of 90.8% of RA grafts with
               adjacent tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The authors also reported
               average global and perfect patency rates of 93.3% and 78.8%, respectively, between 6
               and 36 months after surgery. Similar differences were also observed by other
                  authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Corroborating the results of our angiographic investigation, Amano et al, in a
               non-random series of cases, found RA total patency of 98.6% and 98.8%, respectively,
               for skeletonized RA and with adjacent tissues; while perfect patency was of 96.5% and
               84.9%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Hirose et al showed
               early angiographic results of skeletonized RA with ultrasonic scalpels of 96% for
               perfect patency (free of stenosis), with no differences in comparison to the patency
               of other arterial grafts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In 2004, Hirose et
               al also published angiographic outcomes of a one-year follow-up, showing that 20
               patients who received skeletonized RA presented a perfect patency rate of 95.2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ali et al concluded that skeletonization of the RA provides valuable patency results.
               Therefore, if the RA is to be used as a conduit in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
               surgery, it may be harvested in either a skeletonized or pedicled fashion, however,
               their study suggested that skeletonitazion may offer the radial conduit some patency
               benefit when compared to the pedicled technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tokuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> found that for
               grafts to the left coronary system, a mean flow &lt; 15 ml/min, and for grafts to the
               right coronary system, a mean flow &lt; 20 ml/min were predictive of graft
               failure.</p>
        <p>The proximal internal diameters of the RA grafts, as calculated using the
               quantitative angiographic method were similar in this study. There is no previous
               information comparing the internal proximal diameter of RAs. However, when this
               parameter was analyzed in the skeletonized and pediculated LITA using quantitative
               angiography, a significant increase in the proximal internal diameter with
               skeletonization was described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Webb et al reported a radial artery diameter by quantitative coronary angiography of
               approximately 2.7 mm in 15 cases after a 5-year follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the analysis of the flow variables (intravascular blood flow, average peak
               velocity, RA graft flow reserve) using intravascular Doppler flowmetry in the
               immediate postoperative period, we did not observe any statistical difference between
               the two study groups. The intravascular Doppler methodology employed in this study
               for the collection of data (blood flow velocity) is highly reliable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The behavior of blood flow of the LITA graft
               to the left anterior descending artery had already been studied by Akasaka et al
               using Doppler flowmetry in 1995<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. They showed
               that the blood flow was of 62&#177;17 ml/min at rest and the coronary flow reserve, of 1.8
               &#177; 0.3. Similar results were also observed by Gurn&#233; et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Takami and Ina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
               compared two strategies for the dissection of LITA - skeletonized and pediculated,
               and, using intraoperative flowmetry, they found a superior flow (42.6 &#177; 29.1 ml/min)
               of skeletonized LITA in relation to pediculated LITA (26.4 &#177; 16.1 ml/min)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. On the other hand, Rukosujew et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> calculated the perivascular free blood flow in
               40 patients who received either skeletonized RA or with adjacent tissues, and found
               no statistical differences between the groups, similar to the results observed in the
               current study.</p>
        <p>Webb et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> calculated a mean coronary graft
               volume blood flow baseline of 35 ml/min in graft radial artery. The coronary flow
               reserve has also been a variable increasingly used for the assessment of coronary
               lesions and outcomes of percutaneous interventions. Similarly to average peak
               velocity, this parameter may display large variations in patients with
               angiographically normal arteries. Based on the experience with the analysis of
               coronary flow reserve in LITA, and reported by Webb et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, the mean coronary flow reserve in radial graft was 2.3 with
               the use of velocity measurements.</p>
        <p>In this study the RA graft flow reserve was 2.12&#177;0.11 in GI, and of 2.01&#177;0.1 in GII.
               We can conclude that it was satisfactory in this study, thus demonstrating a
               significant perspective of RA adaptability to different coronary territories.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, the results of the present study, with a selected group of patients,
               allow us to state that the morphologic, functional and hemodynamic performances of RA
               aorto-coronary grafts to left coronary branches are similar, whether it is prepared
               in a skeletonized or pedicled manner. However, the higher frequency of obstruction
               and stenosis occurring in pedicled grafts may pose a limitation to their long-term
               performance.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Bonini RCA,
                  Moreira, LFP; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Bonini RCA, Staico R; Obtaining funding and Writing of the manuscript: Bonini RCA;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bonini RCA,
                  Dinkhuysen JJ, Moreira, LFP; Performed surgery: Issa M, Arnoni AS, Chaccur P,
                  Abdulmassih Neto C, Dinkhuysen JJ, Paulista PP, Souza LCB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by R&#244;mulo C. Arnal Bonini
                  from Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
