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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QydgG5SGRFd9LXqrg3Dv6yg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040044</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudo Pr&#233;-Cl&#237;nico de Stent com Pol&#237;mero Biodegrad&#225;vel e
               Libera&#231;&#227;o Abluminal de Sirolimus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takimura</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Kiyochi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Homem M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Magualh&#227;es Craveiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Julliana Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Francisco Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Curado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morato</surname>
            <given-names>Spero Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurindo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Rafael Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
               Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Scitech Produtos M&#233;dicos Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Scitech Produtos M&#233;dicos Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lasertools Tecnologia Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lasertools Tecnologia Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Celso Kiyochi Takimura,</bold> Avenida A&#231;oc&#234; 92, apto. 162,
               Indian&#243;polis. CEP 04075-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>celsotakimura@hotmail.com</email>,
                  <email>celso.takimura@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold> Os autores Celso Kiyochi Takimura,
                  Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo e Pedro Alves Lemos Neto s&#227;o cosultores
                  cient&#237;ficos da Scitech produtos m&#233;dicos. Os autores Luciano Curado e Spero Penha
                  Morato s&#227;o empregados da Scitech produtos m&#233;dicos.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <fpage>432</fpage>
      <lpage>440</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Stents recobertos com pol&#237;meros bioabsorv&#237;veis e f&#225;rmacos apenas na face abluminal
                  podem ser mais seguros que stents farmacol&#243;gicos com pol&#237;meros permanentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Relatar os resultados experimentais com o stent Inspiron(r), um stent recoberto
                  com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus apenas da face abluminal,
                  recentemente aprovado para uso cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram implantados 45 stents nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de 15 porcos e, no 28&#176; dia
                  p&#243;s-implante, foram obtidos os resultados angiogr&#225;ficos, de ultrassonografia
                  intracoron&#225;ria e de histomorfologia. Cinco grupos foram avaliados: Grupo I (nove
                  stents sem recobrimento); Grupo II (nove stents com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel nas
                  faces luminal e abluminal); Grupo III (oito stents com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel na
                  face abluminal); Grupo IV (nove stents com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus nas
                  faces luminal e abluminal); e Grupo V (dez stents com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e
                  sirolimus na face abluminal exclusivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observamos, para os Grupos I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente: porcentual de
                  estenose de 29 &#177; 20; 36 &#177; 14; 33 &#177; 19; 22 &#177; 13 e 26 &#177; 15 (p = 0,443); perda
                  luminal tardia (em mm) de 1,02 &#177; 0,60; 1,24 &#177; 0,48; 1,11 &#177; 0,54; 0,72 &#177; 0,44 e
                  0,78 &#177; 0,39 (p = 0,253); &#225;rea neointimal (em mm2) de 2,60 &#177; 1,99; 2,74 &#177; 1,51;
                  2,74 &#177; 1,30; 1,30 &#177; 1,14 e 0,97 &#177; 0,84 (p = 0,001; Grupos IV e V versus Grupos I,
                  II e III) e porcentual de &#225;rea neointimal de 35 &#177; 25; 38 &#177; 18; 39 &#177; 19; 19 &#177; 18 e
                  15 &#177; 12 (p = 0,001; Grupo IV e V versus Grupo I, II e III). Os escores de inj&#250;ria
                  e inflama&#231;&#227;o foram baixos e sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O stent Inspiron(r) foi seguro e inibiu significativamente a hiperplasia
                  neointimal observada no 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-implante em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Sirolimo</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos anos 2002 e 2003, os stents coron&#225;rios farmacol&#243;gicos Cypher(r) (Cordis Corp, Miami
            Lakes, Estados Unidos) e Taxus(r) (Boston Scientific, Natick, Estados Unidos) foram
            aprovados para uso cl&#237;nico e proporcionaram um grande avan&#231;o no tratamento percut&#226;neo de
            estenoses coron&#225;rias, pela acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de reestenose intra-stent e
            da necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Entretanto, a
            ocorr&#234;ncia de casos de trombose tardia e muito tardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> ap&#243;s o implante dessas
            pr&#243;teses foi um alerta para a seguran&#231;a desses stents farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>Entre os m&#250;ltiplos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos apontados como predisponentes para
            trombose tardia e muito tardia, destacam-se: retardo na endoteliza&#231;&#227;o das hastes,
            remodelamento positivo com m&#225;-aposi&#231;&#227;o adquirida, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e rea&#231;&#227;o
            inflamat&#243;ria pela presen&#231;a de pol&#237;mero dur&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Objetivando suplantar as limita&#231;&#245;es e os eventos adversos relacionados aos stents de
            primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, foram desenvolvidos diversos novos stents farmacol&#243;gicos. Esses novos
            stents apresentam varia&#231;&#245;es na constitui&#231;&#227;o da liga met&#225;lica, na espessura das hastes,
            no desenho das malhas, no pol&#237;mero carreador do f&#225;rmaco, na classe e dose do f&#225;rmaco ou
            no local de libera&#231;&#227;o deste da superf&#237;cie do stent.</p>
      <p>Formulou-se a hip&#243;tese de que, ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco e a degrada&#231;&#227;o do pol&#237;mero
            biodegrad&#225;vel, permaneceria na parede arterial apenas a plataforma met&#225;lica (&#224;
            semelhan&#231;a de um stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico), reduzindo as taxas de trombose tardia e muito
            tardia desses stents, sem preju&#237;zo da efic&#225;cia antirreesten&#243;tica. A libera&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmaco
            apenas da superf&#237;cie abluminal (superf&#237;cie do stent em contato com a parede do vaso)
            poderia ainda prevenir o retardo da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o das hastes do stent, outro dos
            mecanismos apontados como causadores de trombose.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho apresentou dados pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos do stent Inspiron(r) (Scitech(r) Produtos
            M&#233;dicos Ltda., Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil), um stent constitu&#237;do de liga cromo-cobalto L605,
            com revestimento apenas na face abluminal de uma mistura de sirolimus e pol&#237;mero
            biodegrad&#225;vel, recentemente aprovado para uso cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo experimental, compararam-se os resultados observados em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias
            porcinas, por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria e
            histomorfologia, no 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-implante do stent Inspiron(r), stents com pol&#237;mero e com
            sirolimus, nas faces luminal e abluminal, e com stents n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#201;ticos</title>
        <p>Este protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa
               Institucional e foi realizado em conformidade com as normas de Boas Pr&#225;ticas
               Laboratoriais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Esp&#233;cie Animal</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados 15 porcos juvenis provenientes de granja comercial, n&#227;o
               ateroscler&#243;ticos, com peso m&#233;dio de 28,9 kg (26 a 31,5 kg), que receberam &#225;cido
               acetilsalic&#237;lico (200 mg) e clopidogrel (300 mg) por via oral 1 dia antes dos
               implantes dos stents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stents</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados 45 stents pr&#233;-montados produzidos pela Scitech(r) Produtos M&#233;dicos
               Ltda., com di&#226;metros de 2,5, 3,0 e 3,5 mm e comprimento de 19 mm. Esses stents s&#227;o
               constitu&#237;dos de liga cromo-cobalto L605, com hastes finas (espessura de 75 &#181;m),
               formando an&#233;is com c&#233;lulas curtas (1,1 mm) ligadas entre si por hastes de 65 &#181;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#192; exce&#231;&#227;o de 9 stents sem nenhum recobrimento por pol&#237;mero ou f&#225;rmaco, os demais
               stents foram recobertos com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel, uma mistura de poli(&#225;cido l&#225;tico)
               e poli(&#225;cido l&#225;ctico-co-&#225;cido glic&#243;lico), com espessura dessa camada de 5 &#181;m e
               degrada&#231;&#227;o em &#225;gua e em CO<sub>2</sub> em 6 a 9 meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Detalhe da malha met&#225;lica (imagem esquerda), espessuras das hastes (imagem
                     superior direita) e do pol&#237;mero (imagem inferior direita) do stent coron&#225;rio de
                     cromo-cobalto L605 (Scitech<sup>&#169;</sup> Produtos M&#233;dicos Ltda., Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s,
                     Brasil).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O f&#225;rmaco utilizado nos stents farmacol&#243;gicos foi o sirolimus, com libera&#231;&#227;o de 60%
               na primeira semana e de 90% em at&#233; 4 semanas. A dose de sirolimus utilizada foi de
               8,8 &#181;g por mm de stent, no stent liberador de sirolimus da superf&#237;cie luminal e
               abluminal do stent, ou de 4,4 &#181;g por mm de stent, no stent liberador de sirolimus da
               face abluminal exclusivamente (stent Inspiron(r)).</p>
        <p>Assim, cinco tipos de stents foram avaliados: nove stents sem recobrimento por
               pol&#237;mero ou f&#225;rmaco antiproliferativo (Grupo I, stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico); nove stents
               recobertos com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel nas faces luminal e abluminal (Grupo II); oito
               stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel na face abluminal (Grupo III); nove
               stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus nas faces luminal e
               abluminal (Grupo IV) e dez stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus
               na face abluminal exclusivamente (Grupo V, stent Inspiron(r)).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de Implante dos Stents</title>
        <p>Foram administradas pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#245;es anest&#233;sicas por via intramuscular (ketamina 3
               mg/kg e midazolan 0,5 mg/kg). A seguir, ap&#243;s infus&#227;o endovenosa de tiopental, os
               animais foram submetidos &#224; entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, manuten&#231;&#227;o do
               plano anest&#233;sico com isofluorano e monitora&#231;&#227;o dos seus ritmos card&#237;acos, frequ&#234;ncias
               card&#237;acas e da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
        <p>A via de acesso arterial para o procedimento de implante dos stents foi obtida por
               dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral comum, com pun&#231;&#227;o arterial sob vis&#227;o direta e inser&#231;&#227;o
               de introdutor valvulado 6 French. Sob fluoroscopia (Philips BV - Holanda),
               manipulou-se um cateter terap&#234;utico Judkins Right 6 French para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o
               seletiva das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, o que foi seguido da administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria
               de nitroglicerina (200 &#181;g) e de uma angiografia coron&#225;ria, na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua
               anterior esquerda com 45 graus.</p>
        <p>A seguir, foi inserido fio-guia 0,014 polegadas Choice PT(r) (Boston Scientific,
               Natick, Estados Unidos), com posicionamento da extremidade distal na art&#233;ria
               coron&#225;ria-alvo, e, seguindo sorteio pr&#233;vio, foi realizado implante de um stent por
               art&#233;ria, preferencialmente em um segmento arterial com poucos ramos laterais e sem
               redu&#231;&#227;o luminal acentuada, com press&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o suficiente para alcan&#231;ar uma
               rela&#231;&#227;o di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o do stent: art&#233;ria de 1,1:1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados individuais do procedimento de implante dos stents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Animal n&#250;mero</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria-alvo</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Tamanho do stent (mm) (di&#226;metro x comprimento)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Press&#227;o de implanta&#231;&#227;o (ATM)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">1</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">2</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">3</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">4</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">31,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">5</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">28,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">6</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">7</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">8</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">9</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">10</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">27,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">11</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">12</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">27,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">13</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">14</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">15</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">31,5</td>
                <td align="center">CD</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CX</td>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DA</td>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 x 19</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CD: art&#233;ria coronaria direita; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; DA: art&#233;ria
                        descendente anterior; Grupo I: stents sem recobrimento; Grupo II: stents com
                        pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel nas faces luminal e abluminal; Grupo III: stents com
                        pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel abluminal; Grupo IV: stents com pol&#237;mero
                        bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus nas faces luminal e abluminal; Grupo V: stents com
                        pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus na face abluminal exclusivamente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>P&#243;s-Procedimento</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os animais foram observados quanto &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e
               receberam antibioticoterapia profil&#225;tica por via intramuscular com benzilpenicilina
               1.200.000 unidades e gentamicina 40 mg. Foram extubados quando bem acordados,
               enviados para baias individuais e, posteriormente, receberam ra&#231;&#227;o comercial para
               su&#237;nos em crescimento (Cooper(r), S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e &#225;gua
                  <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Por 28 dias, foram administradas medica&#231;&#245;es
               antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rias (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg ao dia e clopidogrel 75 mg
               ao dia) por via oral; al&#233;m disso receberam cuidados veterin&#225;rios di&#225;rios, com
               observa&#231;&#227;o e anota&#231;&#227;o do estado geral do animal, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, aceita&#231;&#227;o
               da dieta, presen&#231;a de febre, assim como diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de eventual infec&#231;&#227;o
               da ferida operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>No 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-implante, os animais retornaram ao laborat&#243;rio de experimenta&#231;&#227;o
               animal e foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria de controle com angiografia
               coron&#225;ria quantitativa e a estudo com ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria. A eutan&#225;sia
               foi realizada com aprofundamento do grau de anestesia e inje&#231;&#227;o letal endovenosa de
               cloreto de pot&#225;ssio (30 a 40 mL).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Processamento Histol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s eutan&#225;sia e toracotomia paramediana esquerda, os cora&#231;&#245;es de cada animal foram
               cuidadosamente removidos, com m&#237;nima manipula&#231;&#227;o, para evitar compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca
               dos stents, e o sangue das cavidades card&#237;acas foi lavado com &#225;gua pot&#225;vel e soro
               fisiol&#243;gico 0,9%, sendo realizada em seguida infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10% na
               raiz da aorta sob press&#227;o de 100 mmHg por 30 minutos. Os segmentos arteriais contendo
               os stents foram dissecados do tecido adjacente, removidos e colocados em solu&#231;&#227;o de
               formol a 10% por 24 horas e, a seguir, em &#225;lcool absoluto a 70%. Esses segmentos
               arteriais contendo os stents foram desidratados em solu&#231;&#245;es alco&#243;licas, inclu&#237;dos em
               resinas pl&#225;sticas de metacrilato e, subsequentemente, submetidos a cortes
               transversais (espessura m&#233;dia de 3,5 &#181;m), com l&#226;mina de tungst&#234;nio, em micr&#243;tomo
               apropriado (RM 2265, Leica, Alemanha).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria Quantitativa</title>
        <p>Todas as angiografias dos implantes do stents e dos reestudos de 28 dias foram
               analisadas por meio de angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa <italic>off-line
               </italic>com <italic>software</italic> CASS II (Pie Medical, Maastrich, Holanda), com
               a determina&#231;&#227;o dos Di&#226;metros Luminais M&#237;nimos (DLM, em mm), Di&#226;metros de Refer&#234;ncia
               (DR, em mm), estenoses angiogr&#225;ficas porcentuais (%) e perdas luminais tardias (em
               mm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados cateteres de ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria Atlantis(r) SR Pro de
               40 MHz (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, Estados Unidos) com recuo automatizado a 0,5
               mm/s. As imagens adquiridas foram analisadas por meio do <italic>software</italic> de
               mensura&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio equipamento de ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria (Ilab(r), Boston
               Scientific, Natick, MA, Estados Unidos), com determina&#231;&#227;o, por planimetria, das &#225;reas
               luminais (em mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, &#225;reas dos stents (em mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, &#225;reas de hiperplasia neointimal (em mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e &#225;reas de hiperplasia neointimal porcentuais
               (%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histomorfologia</title>
        <p>Foram obtidas tr&#234;s l&#226;minas histol&#243;gicas por ter&#231;o de segmento de stent (proximal,
               m&#233;dio e distal). Essas l&#226;minas foram coradas com hematoxilina-eosina e pela colora&#231;&#227;o
               de Verhoeff para fibras el&#225;sticas; posteriormente, elas foram submetidas a an&#225;lises
               histomorfol&#243;gicas. Essas an&#225;lises foram realizadas sem o conhecimento da
               identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo de stent implantado e foram utilizados escores
               semiquantitativos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e grau de
                  inj&#250;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados quantitativos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana.
               Ap&#243;s verificada a normalidade dos dados, efetuaram-se o c&#225;lculo da An&#225;lise de
               Vari&#226;ncia Simples (<italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA), para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre
               os grupos, e an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic>, quando detectadas diferen&#231;as
               estatisticamente significantes entre esses grupos. Foi utilizado o
                  <italic>software</italic>
					<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0,
               para an&#225;lise dos dados, e foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o dos stents teve sucesso em todas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias-alvo, sem
               ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es nos procedimentos de implante dos stents, assim como na
               recupera&#231;&#227;o imediata p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        <p>Um animal (n&#250;mero 10) morreu no sexto dia p&#243;s-procedimento de implante de stents.
               Estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o concluiu como a causa do &#243;bito um infarto agudo
               do mioc&#225;rdio inferior por oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, na qual fora
               implantado um stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel na face luminal e abluminal
               (stent do Grupo II). As outras art&#233;rias - a descendente anterior e a circunflexa - e
               os stents a&#237; implantados apresentavam-se p&#233;rvios e sem trombos intraluminais
               firmemente aderentes. Essa morte precoce determinou uma taxa de mortalidade precoce
               de 6,6% (um animal em 15), representativa, de acordo com um Consenso de
               Investigadores (taxa deve ser menor que 10%), de "boa t&#233;cnica de implante e
               tecnologia do stent"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>No 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-implante dos stents, a angiografia coron&#225;ria de controle, nos animais
               sobreviventes, revelou segmentos arteriais com stents p&#233;rvios e sem imagem sugestiva
               de trombo.</p>
        <p>Os achados de angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa, ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria e
               de histopatologia s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
               2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados de angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa, ultrassonografia
                     intracoron&#225;ria e histomorfologia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>I (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>II (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>III (N = 8)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IV (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>V (N = 10)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>DR basal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,59 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,62 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,63 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,61 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o de insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o (ATM)</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,79 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,83 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center">2,71 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLM ao final do procedimento (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,67 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">2,74 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">2,69 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">2,59 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DR na angiografia de controle (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,30 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,49 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,48 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">2,54 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLM na angiografia de controle (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,95 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose porcentual (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perda luminal tardia (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,48</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea da luz (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4,49 &#177; 2,16</td>
                <td align="center">4,29 &#177; 1,53</td>
                <td align="center">4,33 &#177; 1,40</td>
                <td align="center">5,77 &#177; 3,32</td>
                <td align="center">6,03 &#177; 2,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea do vaso (mn<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6,95 &#177; 1,40</td>
                <td align="center">6,90 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">6,97 &#177; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea do stent (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">7,09 &#177; 1,40</td>
                <td align="center">7,03 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">7,07 &#177; 0,87</td>
                <td align="center">7,07 &#177; 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 &#177; 1,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea neointimal (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,60 &#177; 1,99</td>
                <td align="center">2,74 &#177; 1,51</td>
                <td align="center">2,74 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea neointimal percentual (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inflama&#231;&#227;o (mediana) (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inj&#250;ria Schwartz (mediana) (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Grupo IV versus Grupos I, II, III e Grupo V versus Grupos I, II, III.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Grupo I: stents sem recobrimento; Grupo II: stents com pol&#237;mero
                        bioabsorv&#237;vel nas faces luminal e abluminal; Grupo III: stents com pol&#237;mero
                        bioabsorv&#237;vel abluminal; Grupo IV: stents com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e
                        sirolimus nas faces luminal e abluminal; Grupo V: stents com pol&#237;mero
                        bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus na face abluminal exclusivamente; DR: di&#226;metro de
                        refer&#234;ncia; DLM: di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria Quantitativa</title>
        <p>&#192; angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa, as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias su&#237;nas apresentaram, no
               procedimento de implanta&#231;&#227;o dos stents, um di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia em torno de 2,6 mm.
               A press&#227;o de insufla&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o dos stents foi, em m&#233;dia, de 8,5 ATM (5 a 12
               ATM; p = 0,348), alcan&#231;ando-se a rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o:art&#233;ria de 1,1:1 para causar uma
               inj&#250;ria &#224; parede arterial de grau moderado.</p>
        <p>Na angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa do controle angiogr&#225;fico no 28&#176; dia
               p&#243;s-procedimento, n&#227;o se observou nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante
               entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrassografia Intracoron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>&#192; ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria, observou-se, no 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-implante, uma adequada
               aposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes dos stents em todos os casos. Observou-se, ainda, uma &#225;rea da luz
                  (mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> maior nos stents farmacol&#243;gicos
               (Grupos IV e V), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos stents controle (Grupos I, II e III), com
               signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,001). De forma semelhante, a &#225;rea neointimal e a
               &#225;rea neointimal porcentual foram significativamente menores nesses stents
               farmacol&#243;gicos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos stents-controle (p = 0,001 para as compara&#231;&#245;es dos
               Grupos IV e V individualmente <italic>versus</italic> Grupos I, II e III), conforme
               demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rea do l&#250;men (mm<sup>2</sup>), &#225;rea neointimal (mm<sup>2</sup>) e &#225;rea
                     neointimal porcentual (%) observada nos grupos experimentais I a V. * Valor de
                     p &lt; 0,05 para Grupo IV versus Grupo I, II e III e Grupo V versus Grupo I, II
                     e III.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A hiperplasia neointimal observada nos stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e
               sirolimus apenas na face abluminal (Grupo V, stent Inspiron(r)) foi equivalente &#224;
               observada nos stents com o mesmo recobrimento nas faces luminal e abluminal do stent
               (Grupo IV), com aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,913).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histomorfologia</title>
        <p>Os escores de inj&#250;ria e inflama&#231;&#227;o foram baixos e sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
               significativas entre os grupos (p = 0,999). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
                  3</xref> mostra imagens histol&#243;gicas representativas da hiperplasia neointimal no
               28&#176;dia p&#243;s-implante de um stent n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (&#224; esquerda) e de um stent
               farmacol&#243;gico (&#224; direita) em art&#233;rias.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cortes transversais de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas aos 28 dias de implante
                     de stent bare metal (Grupo I, &#224; esquerda) e de stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero
                     biodegrad&#225;vel e elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus da face abluminal (Grupo V) (&#224; direita).
                     Aumento de 40X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o para desenvolvimento e aperfei&#231;oamento
            de stents coron&#225;rios s&#227;o importantes, para se obter uma ideia inicial do desempenho
            mec&#226;nico, perfil de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia dos stents, al&#233;m de constitu&#237;rem estudos
            requeridos por ag&#234;ncias reguladoras para aprova&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos para uso
               cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apesar de todos os benef&#237;cios dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, que
            revolucionaram o tratamento da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria ateroscler&#243;tica, cresceram os
            questionamentos sobre a seguran&#231;a em longo prazo desses dispositivos, sobretudo em
            rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombose tardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a inicial redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, observada &#224;
            &#233;poca, novos esfor&#231;os se concentraram no desenvolvimento de stents, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de
            diferentes ligas met&#225;licas (cromo-cobalto e platina-cromo), novos pol&#237;meros
            biocompat&#237;veis ou biodegrad&#225;veis, e a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novos f&#225;rmacos (everolimus,
            zotarolimus e biolimus A9), visando aumentar a seguran&#231;a desses dispositivos.</p>
      <p>Apesar da fisiopatologia da trombose de stents ser multifatorial, v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias
            animais e cl&#237;nicas apontaram para a presen&#231;a de pol&#237;meros dur&#225;veis como desencadeadora
            de inflama&#231;&#227;o e retardo no reparo vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.
            Essas evid&#234;ncias impulsionaram o desenvolvimento de stents com pol&#237;meros biodegrad&#225;veis
            e tamb&#233;m stents bioabsorv&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>Observou-se, no presente trabalho pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas, que os
            stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel e com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus apenas de sua
            face abluminal (Grupo V, stent Inspiron(r)) apresentaram, quantitativamente, hiperplasia
            neointimal semelhante a dos stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero e sirolimus em suas faces
            luminal e abluminal (Grupo IV). Os grupos com stents liberadores de sirolimus (Grupos IV
            e V) apresentaram menor &#225;rea neointimal em rela&#231;&#227;o aos stents sem libera&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmaco
            (Grupos I, II e III). N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os cinco grupos quanto aos escores
            de inj&#250;ria e inflama&#231;&#227;o, evidenciando que o pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e o f&#225;rmaco
            antiproliferativo utilizados foram seguros e efetivos.</p>
      <p>O stent farmacol&#243;gico Inspiron(r) tem como caracter&#237;stica ser constitu&#237;do por liga
            met&#225;lica de cromo-cobalto L605, recobrimento com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel e elui&#231;&#227;o de
            sirolimus da face abluminal exclusivamente. Possivelmente, por ser recoberto com
            pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel, possui maior seguran&#231;a que os stents com pol&#237;meros permanentes.
            Em meta-an&#225;lise de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando as taxas de trombose de
            stent at&#233; 4 anos ap&#243;s o uso dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel Yukon
            (Translumina, Hechingen, Alemanha) e Biomatrix(r) Flex (Biosensors International,
            Singapura) com o stent com pol&#237;mero permanente Cypher(r) (Cordis Corp, Miami Lakes, Fl,
            Estados Unidos), os stents com pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel apresentaram menos trombose
            definitiva do stent, menos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e menor revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo do
            que o stent Cypher(r) com pol&#237;mero dur&#225;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudo experimental em modelo porcino, que comparou a atividade endotelial e escores de
            inflama&#231;&#227;o em animais submetidos a implante do stent Nobori(r), recoberto com pol&#237;mero
            bioabsorv&#237;vel e biolimus apenas em sua face abluminal, com o stent Cypher(r), obteve
            aumento do relaxamento endotelial, redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nion super&#243;xido e menor
            inflama&#231;&#227;o nos segmentos coron&#225;rios no grupo que recebeu o stent Nobori(r)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recentes dados, entretanto, sugerem que a presen&#231;a de pol&#237;mero dur&#225;vel <italic>per
               se</italic> n&#227;o determina maior risco de trombose tardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Em estudo
            experimental, Kolandaivelu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observaram
            que stent farmacol&#243;gico com pol&#237;mero dur&#225;vel (XIENCE) apresentou menor trombogenicidade
            precoce que stent met&#225;lico correspondente (Multilink Vision), ou seja, o recobrimento
            com pol&#237;mero e f&#225;rmaco conferiu efeito protetor para a trombogenicidade aguda. Fatores
            como o desenho do stent e espessura das hastes emergem como outros importantes fatores
            na predisposi&#231;&#227;o de trombose do stent.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios outros stents foram desenvolvidos utilizando pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel e f&#225;rmacos
            antiproliferativos liberados apenas da face abluminal. Exemplos desses stents s&#227;o os
            stents de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel Nobori(r) (Terumo Corp., Jap&#227;o) e o Biomatrix(r) (Biosensors
            International, Singapura) com elui&#231;&#227;o de biolimus A9, o stent de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel
            JACTAX(r) (Boston Scientific, Natick, Estados Unidos) com elui&#231;&#227;o de paclitaxel, e o
            stent de cromo-cobalto Firehawk(r) (MicroPort Medical, Shangai, China) com elui&#231;&#227;o de
            sirolimus.</p>
      <p>O stent Inspiron(r) tem sido estudado extensivamente em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o com
            resultados compar&#225;veis a outros stents farmacol&#243;gicos no que se refere a seguran&#231;a,
            endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes dos stents e hiperplasia neointimal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos j&#225; est&#227;o em andamento para avaliar a efic&#225;cia desse novo stent
            farmacol&#243;gico. Os resultados cl&#237;nicos iniciais do stent Inspiron(r) (INSPIRON I)
            revelaram uma boa resposta angiogr&#225;fica, com perda luminal tardia de 0,18 mm,
            ultrassonogr&#225;fica com porcentagem de obstru&#231;&#227;o neointimal de 8,2% e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do
            vaso-alvo de 0%.</p>
      <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado (DESTINY) est&#225; em curso comparando o stent Inspiron(r) com o
            stent Biomatrix(r) e prev&#234; a inclus&#227;o de 165 pacientes randomizados 2:1 (stent
            Inspiron(r) <italic>versus</italic> Biomatrix(r)).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo utilizou como modelo art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas sadias, o que
               pode n&#227;o representar a evolu&#231;&#227;o em segmento vascular com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.
               Modelos animais ateroscler&#243;ticos foram desenvolvidos em coelhos e porcos, entretanto,
               s&#227;o modelos ainda pouco utilizados em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos para o desenvolvimento e o
               aperfei&#231;oamento de stents coron&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>A ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria foi utilizada apenas no controle de 28 dias
               p&#243;s-implante dos stents com o objetivo de avaliar a hiperplasia neointimal
               intra-stent, n&#227;o tendo sido utilizado este m&#233;todo para guiar a implanta&#231;&#227;o dos
               stents. No entanto, os achados de angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa, apesar das
               conhecidas limita&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo da angiografia, revelaram que os stents foram
               implantados adequadamente (rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o:art&#233;ria de 1,1:1) e os achados de
               ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria mostraram adequada aposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes dos stents em
               todos os casos.</p>
        <p>Tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica &#233; um m&#233;todo amplamente utilizado em pesquisa de
               valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica e cl&#237;nica de novos stents, por&#233;m esse m&#233;todo, &#224; &#233;poca da
               realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel para uso em experimenta&#231;&#227;o
               animal em na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo experimental, os stents farmacol&#243;gicos recobertos com sirolimus e pol&#237;mero
            bioabsorv&#237;vel em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas apresentaram menor hiperplasia neointimal
            quando comparados a stents n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos de controle. O stent recoberto com
            pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel e sirolimus liberado apenas da face abluminal (stent Inspiron(r))
            apresentou mesma efic&#225;cia antiproliferativa neointimal que o stent com sirolimus
            liberado das faces luminal e abluminal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento do Estudo</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos (SCTIE)/Departamento de
               Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (DECIT) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS), Conselho Nacional de
               Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
               (FINEP) do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (MCT) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa
               do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Takimura CK, Campos CAH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Takimura
               CK, Campos CAH, Campos JC, Gutierrez PS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Takimura
               CK, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Takimura CK; Rascunho do manuscrito: Takimura CK, Craveiro
               PHM; Supervis&#227;o/ como investigador principal: Takimura CK; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
               manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campos CAH, Craveiro PHM,
               Borges TFC, Curado L, Morato SP, Laurindo FRM, Lemos Neto PA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado parcialmente por SCTIE/ DECIT do Minist&#233;rio da
               Sa&#250;de, CNPQ, FINEP, FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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                  eluidor de biolimus a9 em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias porcinas</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invasiva</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Takimura CK, Watanabe IS, Laurindo FR, Gutierrez PS, Aiello VD,
               Morato SP, et al. Assessment of stent strut endothelialization in iliac arteries of
               rabbits. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(6):1123-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takimura</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurindo</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morato</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of stent strut endothelialization in iliac
                  arteries of rabbits</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>1128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="SA1">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Preclinical Study of a Biodegradable Polymer-based Stent
               with Abluminal Sirolimus Release</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takimura</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Kiyochi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Homem M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Magualh&#227;es Craveiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Julliana Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Francisco Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Curado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morato</surname>
            <given-names>Spero Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurindo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Rafael Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv3">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da
               Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Scitech Produtos M&#233;dicos Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Scitech Produtos M&#233;dicos Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lasertools Tecnologia Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lasertools Tecnologia Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Celso Kiyochi Takimura,</bold> Avenida A&#231;oc&#234; 92, apto. 162,
               Indian&#243;polis. CEP 04075-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>celsotakimura@hotmail.com</email>,
                  <email>celso.takimura@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors Celso Kiyochika Takimura, Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo Alves and
                  Pedro Lemos Neto are scientific consultants of Scitech Medical Products. The
                  authors Luciano Spero Penha Morato Curado and are employed of Scitech Medical
                  Products.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Bioabsorbable polymer stents with drug elution only on the abluminal surface may
                  be safer than durable polymer drug-eluting stents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To report the experimental findings with the Inspiron(tm) stent - a bioabsorbable
                  polymer-coated stent with sirolimus release from the abluminal surface only,
                  recently approved for clinical use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>45 stents were implanted in the coronary arteries of 15 pigs. On day 28 after
                  implantation, angiographic, intracoronary ultrasonographic and histomorphological
                  data were collected. Five groups were analyzed: Group I (nine bare-metal stents);
                  Group II (nine coated with bioabsorbable polymer on the luminal and abluminal
                  surfaces); Group III (eight stents coated with bioabsorbable polymer on the
                  abluminal surface); Group IV (nine stents with bioabsorbable polymer and sirolimus
                  on the luminal and abluminal surfaces); and Group V (ten stents with bioabsorbable
                  polymer and sirolimus only on the abluminal surface).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The following results were observed for Groups I, II, III, IV and V, respectively:
                  percentage stenosis of 29 &#177; 20; 36 &#177; 14; 33 &#177; 19; 22 &#177; 13 and 26 &#177; 15 (p = 0.443);
                  late lumen loss (in mm) of 1.02 &#177; 0.60; 1.24 &#177; 0.48; 1.11 &#177; 0.54; 0.72 &#177; 0.44 and
                  0.78 &#177; 0.39 (p = 0.253); neointimal area (in mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
						<sup>))</sup> of 2.60 &#177; 1.99; 2.74 &#177; 1.51; 2.74 &#177; 1.30; 1.30 &#177; 1.14
                  and 0.97 &#177; 0.84 (p = 0.001; Groups IV and V versus Groups I, II and III); and
                  percentage neointimal area of 35 &#177; 25; 38 &#177; 18; 39 &#177; 19; 19 &#177; 18 and 15 &#177; 12 (p =
                  0.001; Groups IV and V versus Groups I, II and III). Injury and inflammation
                  scores were low and with no differences between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The Inspiron(tm) stent proved to be safe and was able to significantly inhibit the
                  neointimal hyperplasia observed on day 28 after implantation in porcine coronary
                  arteries.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Sirolimus</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In the years of 2002 and 2003, the Cypher(tm) (Cordis Corp, Miami Lakes, USA) and
               Taxus(tm) (Boston Scientific, Natick, USA) drug-eluting coronary stents were approved
               for clinical use and provided a major breakthrough in the percutaneous treatment of
               coronary stenoses, thanks to a significant reduction of the incidence of in-stent
               restenosis and of the need for a new target-vessel revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. However, the occurrence of cases of late and very late thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> after implantation was an alert for the safety of these drug-eluting
               stents.</p>
        <p>Among the multiple pathophysiological processes pointed as predisposing factors for
               late and very late thrombosis are: delayed strut endothelialization; positive
               remodeling with acquired poor apposition; endothelial dysfunction; and inflammatory
               reaction due to the presence of a durable polymer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>With the purpose of overcoming the limitations and adverse events related to
               first-generation stents, several new drug-eluting stents have been developed. These
               new stents show variations either in the composition of the alloy, in the strut
               thickness, in the mesh design, in the drug-carrying polymer, in the drug class and
               dosage, or in the place on the stent surface from which the drug is released.</p>
        <p>We hypothesized that, after drug release and degradation of the biodegradable
               polymer, only the metallic platform would remain in the arterial wall (like in a
               bare-metal stent), thus reducing the late and very late thrombosis rates of these
               stents, without compromising the anti-restenotic efficacy. Drug release from the
               abluminal surface only (stent surface in contact with the vessel wall) could also
               prevent delayed endothelialization of the stent struts, which is another mechanism
               pointed as responsible for thrombosis.</p>
        <p>This study presents preclinical data on the Inspiron(tm) stent (Scitech (r) Medical
               Products Inc., Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brazil) - a stent composed of a chromium-cobalt L605
               alloy, which is coated with a sirolimus and biodegradable polymer mixture only on its
               abluminal surface, and was recently approved for clinical use.</p>
        <p>In this experimental study, the results observed in porcine coronary arteries by
               means of angiographic, intracoronary ultrasonographic, and histomorphological
               assessment on day 28 after implantation of the Inspiron(tm) stent versus stents with
               polymer and sirolimus on the luminal and abluminal surfaces, and bare-metal stents
               were compared.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee and
                  was carried out according to the Good Laboratory Practices guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal species</title>
          <p>A total of 15 non-atherosclerotic juvenile pigs from a commercial farm were used.
                  Their mean weight was 28.9 kg (26 to 31.5 kg), and they received oral
                  acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg) and clopidogrel (300 mg) one day prior to stent
                  implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stents</title>
          <p>Forty five pre-assembled stents manufactured by Scitech(tm) Medical Products,
                  Inc., with 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5-mm diameters and 19-mm length were used. These stents
                  are made of a chromium-cobalt L605 alloy, and have a thin strut
                     (75-<italic>&#181;</italic>m thickness), forming rings with short cells (1.1 mm)
                  linked to each other by 65-<italic>&#181;</italic>m struts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
          <p>Except for 9 stents with no polymer or drug coating, the other stents were coated
                  with biodegradable polymer, a mixture of poly (lactic acid) and poly (lactic
                  acid-co-glycolic acid); this layer was 5-<italic>&#181;</italic>m thick, and water- and
                     CO<sub>2 </sub>degradable within 6 to 9 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Detail of the metal mesh (left), strut thickness (top right), and
                        polymer (bottom right) of the chromium-cobalt L605 coronary stent
                           (Scitech<sup>&#169;</sup> Medical Products Inc., Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s,
                        Brazil).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The drug used in the drug-eluting stents was sirolimus, with 60% release in the
                  first week and 90% within up to 4 weeks. The sirolimus dose used was 8.8
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>g per mm of stent in the sirolimus-releasing stent from the
                  luminal and abluminal stent surfaces; or 4.4 <italic>&#181;</italic>g per mm of stent,
                  on the sirolimus-releasing stent only from the abluminal surface (Inspiron(tm)
                  stent).</p>
          <p>Thus, five types of stents were assessed: nine stents without polymer or
                  antiproliferative drug coating (Group I, bare-metal stent); nine bioabsorbable
                  polymer-coated stents on the luminal and abluminal surfaces (Group II); eight
                  bioabsorbable polymer-coated stents on the abluminal surface (Group III); nine
                  bioabsorbable polymer and sirolimus coated stents on the luminal and abluminal
                  surfaces (Group IV) and ten bioabsorbable polymer- and sirolimus-coated stents
                  only on the abluminal surface (Group V, Inspiron(tm) stent).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stent implantation procedure</title>
          <p>Intramuscular preanesthetic medications were administered (ketamine 3 mg/kg and
                  midazolam 0.5 mg/kg). Then, after intravenous infusion of thiopental, the animals
                  underwent endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, maintenance of the
                  anesthetic plan with isoflurane and monitoring of their heart rhythms, heart
                  rates, and oxygen saturation.</p>
          <p>An arterial line for the stent implantation procedure was obtained by dissecting
                  the common femoral artery, with arterial puncture under direct visualization and
                  insertion of a 6-French valved introducer. Under fluoroscopy (Philips BV - The
                  Netherlands), a 6-French Judkins Right therapeutic catheter was manipulated for
                  selective catheterization of the coronary arteries; next, intracoronary
                  nitroglycerin (200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g) was administered and coronary angiography
                  was performed in the left anterior oblique view at 45 degrees.</p>
          <p>Then, a 0.014-inch Choice PR(tm) guidewire (Boston Scientific, Natick, USA) was
                  inserted with its distal tip positioned in the target-coronary artery. Following a
                  previous raffle, one stent per artery was implanted, preferably in an arterial
                  segment with few lateral branches and without significant lumen reduction and
                  deployment pressure enough to reach a stent deployment balloon diameter: artery
                  rate of 1.1:1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Individual data on the stent implantation procedure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Animal number</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Target coronary-artery</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Group</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Stent size (mm) (diameter x length)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Implantation pressure (ATM)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">1</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">2</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">3</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">4</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">31.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">5</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">28.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">6</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">7</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">8</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">9</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">10</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">27.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">11</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">26.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">12</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">27.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">13</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">14</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">26.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">15</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">31.5</td>
                  <td align="center">CD</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CX</td>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DA</td>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 x 19</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>RC: right coronary artery; CX: circumflex artery; AD: anterior descending
                           artery; Group I: bare-metal stents; Group II: stents with bioabsorbable
                           polymer on the luminal and abluminal surfaces; Group III: stents with
                           bioabsorbable polymer on the abluminal surface; Group IV: stents with
                           bioabsorbable polymer and sirolimus on the luminal and abluminal
                           surfaces; Group V: stents with bioabsorbable polymer and sirolimus only
                           on the abluminal surface.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-Procedure follow-up</title>
          <p>After the procedure, the animals were observed regarding their anesthetic recovery
                  and were given prophylactic intramuscular antibiotic therapy with benzyl
                  penicillin 1,200,000 units and gentamicin 40 mg. They were extubated when well
                  awake, and sent to individual pens. They later received commercial feed for
                  growing pigs (Cooper(tm), S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and water
                     <italic>ad libitum</italic>. For 28 days, oral antiplatelet agents were
                  administered (acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg a day and clopidogrel 75 mg a day); the
                  animals were seen daily by veterinarians, who observed them and made notes on
                  their general status, level of physical activity, feed intake, and presence of
                  fever; they also diagnosed and treated occasional surgical wound infections.</p>
          <p>On day 28 after stent implantation, the animals were sent back to the animal
                  experimentation laboratory and underwent control coronary angiography with
                  quantitative coronary angiography and intracoronary ultrasonography. They were
                  euthanized by deepening the level of anesthesia and administration of a lethal
                  intravenous injection of potassium chloride (30 to 40 mL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological processing</title>
          <p>After euthanasia and left paramedian thoracotomy, the heart of each animal was
                  carefully removed, with minimal handling, to prevent external stent compression;
                  the blood in the cardiac chambers was washed out with drinking water and 0.9%
                  saline solution. A 10% formaldehyde solution was then infused in the aortic root
                  at a 100-mmHg pressure for 30 minutes. The arterial segments containing the stents
                  were dissected from the adjacent tissues, removed, and placed in a 10%
                  formaldehyde solution for 24 hours, and later, in 70% absolute alcohol. These
                  arterial segments containing the stents were desiccated in alcohol solutions,
                  embedded in methacrylate plastic resins, and subsequently subjected to cross
                  sections (mean thickness of 3.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>m), with a tungsten knife in a
                  proper microtome (RM 2265, Leica, Germany).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>All angiographies of the stent implants and the control studies performed at day
                  28 were analyzed by means of off-line quantitative coronary angiography using the
                  CASS II software (Pie Medical, Maastrich, The Nederlands). The minimum lumen
                  diameter (MLD, in mm), reference diameters (RD, in mm), percentage angiographic
                  stenosis (%), and late lumen losses (in mm) were determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracoronary ultrasonography</title>
          <p>40-MHZ Atlantis(tm) SR Pro (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA) intracoronary
                  sonography catheters were used, with automatic pull back at 0.5 mm/s. The images
                  acquired were analyzed by the built-in measurement software of the intracoronary
                  ultrasound imaging system (Ilab(r), Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA); using
                  planimetry, the lumen areas (in mm<sup>2</sup>), stent areas (in mm<sup>2</sup>),
                  neointimal hyperplasia areas (in mm<sup>2</sup>), and percentage neointimal
                  hyperplasia areas (%) were determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histomorphology</title>
          <p>Three histological slides were obtained per third of stent segment (proximal,
                  mid-, and distal). These slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff's
                  method for elastic fibers; later, they underwent histomorphological analyses.
                  These analyses were blind as regards the type of stent implanted and
                  semiquantitative scores were used for the assessment of inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, fibrin deposits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, and degree of injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Quantitative data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median. After
                  verifying that the data were normally distributed, the simple analysis of variance
                  (one-way ANOVA) was calculated for comparison of the means between the groups;
                  post-hoc analysis was carried out when statistically significant differences were
                  observed between these groups. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
                  (SPSS) software, version 20.0, was used for data analysis and the significance
                  level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Financial disclosure</title>
          <p>Office of Science and Technology and Strategic Inputs (SCTIE)/Department of
                  Science and Tecnnology (DECIT) of the Ministry of Health (MS), National Council of
                  Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Studies and Projects Financer
                  (FINEP) of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) and Foundation for
                  Research Support of the State of S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The stents were successfully implanted in all target coronary arteries, with no
               complications during the implantation procedures or in the immediate post-procedure
               period.</p>
        <p>One animal (number 10) died on day six after stent implantation. The death cause
               determined by pathological study of the heart was acute inferior myocardial
               infarction due to occlusion of the right coronary artery in which a stent coated with
               biodegradable polymer on the luminal and abluminal surfaces had been implanted (Group
               II stent). The other arteries - anterior descending and circumflex, and the stents
               implanted in these arteries, were patent, with no firmly adherent intraluminal
               thrombi. This early death determined an early mortality rate of 6.6% (one in 15
               animals), which, according to an Investigators Consensus, is representative of "good
               implantation technique and stent technology"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
               (rate should be lower than 10%).</p>
        <p>On day 28 after stent implantation, control coronary angiography performed in the
               surviving animals showed arterial segments with patent stents and no image suggestive
               of thrombus.</p>
        <p>Findings of quantitative coronary angiography, intracoronary ultrasonography and
               histopathology are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of quantitative coronary angiography, intracoronary ultrasonography
                     and histomorphology</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>I (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>II (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>III (N = 8)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>IV (N = 9)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>V (N = 10)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Baseline RD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.59 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">2.62 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">2.63 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">2.61 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center">2.50 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Ballon inflation pressure (ATM)</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Balloon diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 0.27</td>
                <td align="center">2.79 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 0.32</td>
                <td align="center">2.83 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">2.71 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Balloon/artery ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> MLD at procedure termination (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.67 &#177; 0.23</td>
                <td align="center">2.74 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">2.69 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">2.73 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">2.59 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> RD on control angiography (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.30 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">2.49 &#177; 0.32</td>
                <td align="center">2.39 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">2.48 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">2.54 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> MLD on control angiography (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.61</td>
                <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.45</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.49</td>
                <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Percentage stenosis (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0.443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Late lumen loss(mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.60</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.48</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.44</td>
                <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luminal area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4.49 &#177; 2.16</td>
                <td align="center">4.29 &#177; 1.53</td>
                <td align="center">4.33 &#177; 1.40</td>
                <td align="center">5.77 &#177; 3.32</td>
                <td align="center">6.03 &#177; 2.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vessel area (mn<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6.95 &#177; 1.40</td>
                <td align="center">6.90 &#177; 1.27</td>
                <td align="center">6.97 &#177; 0.87</td>
                <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 1.10</td>
                <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 1.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">7.09 &#177; 1.40</td>
                <td align="center">7.03 &#177; 1.27</td>
                <td align="center">7.07 &#177; 0.87</td>
                <td align="center">7.07 &#177; 1.10</td>
                <td align="center">7.00 &#177; 1.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neointimal area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2.60 &#177; 1.99</td>
                <td align="center">2.74 &#177; 1.51</td>
                <td align="center">2.74 &#177; 1.30</td>
                <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 1.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.84</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentage neointimal area (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn01t04">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inflammation (median) (min-max)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Schwartz injury (median) (min-max)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1 - 3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.999</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="tfn01t04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Group IV versus Groups I, II, III and Group V versus Groups I, II, III.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Group I: bare-metal stents; Group II: stents with bioabsorbable polymer on
                        the luminal and abluminal surfaces; Group III: stents with bioabsorbable
                        polymer on the abluminal surface; Group IV: stents with bioabsorbable
                        polymer and sirolimus on the luminal and abluminal surfaces; Group V: stents
                        with bioabsorbable polymer and sirolimus only on the abluminal surface; RD:
                        reference diameter; MLD: minimum lumen diameter.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>On quantitative coronary angiography, the porcine coronary arteries had a
                  reference diameter of approximately 2.6 mm during the stent implantation
                  procedure. The inflation pressure for stent implantation was, on average, of 8.5
                  ATM (5 to 12 ATM; p = 0.348), reaching a balloon: artery ratio of 1.1:1 to cause
                  moderate injury to the arterial wall.</p>
          <p>Control quantitative coronary angiography on day 28 after the procedure did not
                  show any statistically significant difference between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracoronary ultrasonography</title>
          <p>On intracoronary ultrasonography, adequate stent strut apposition was observed in
                  all cases on day 28 after implantation. Also, statistically significant larger
                  luminal areas (mm<sup>2</sup>) were observed in the drug-eluting stents (Groups IV
                  and V) in relation to control stents (Groups I, II and III) (p = 0.001). Likewise,
                  the neointimal area and percentage neointimal area were significantly smaller in
                  these drug-eluting stents in relation to control stents (p = 0.001 for comparisons
                  of Groups IV and V individually versus Groups I, II and III), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Luminal area (mm<sup>2</sup>), neointimal area (mm<sup>2</sup>), and
                        percentage neointimal area (%) observed in the experimental groups I to V. *
                        p value &lt; 0.05 for Group IV versus Groups I, II and III, and Group V
                        versus Groups I, II and III.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The neointimal hyperplasia observed in the stents coated with bioabsorbable
                  polymer and sirolimus only on the abluminal surface (Group V, Inspiron(tm) stent)
                  was equivalent to that observed in stents with the same coating on the luminal and
                  abluminal surfaces (Group IV), with no statistically significant difference (p =
                  0.913).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histomorphology</title>
          <p>The injury and inflammation scores were low and showed no statistically
                  significant differences between the groups (p = 0.999). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 3</xref> shows histological images of the neointimal
                  hyperplasia on day 28 after implantation of a bare-metal stent (on the left) and
                  of a drug-eluting stent (on the right) in arteries.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cross-sectional views of porcine coronary arteries on day 28 after
                        bare-metal stent implantation (Group I, left) and biodegradable
                        polymer-coated stent with sirolimus elution on the abluminal surface (Group
                        V) (right). Magnification 40X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0432-40044-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Preclinical studies in laboratory animals for the development and improvement of
               coronary stents are important to provide an initial idea of the mechanical
               performance, safety and efficacy profile of the stents, in addition to being required
               by regulatory agencies for the approval of these devices for clinical use<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Despite all the benefits from the first-generation drug-eluting stents which brought
               a revolution in the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary disease, questions arose on
               the long-term safety of these devices, especially in relation to late thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>After the initial reduction in the number of drug-eluting stents implantation
               observed at that time, new efforts have focused on the development of stents with the
               use of different alloys (chromium-cobalt and platinum-chromium), new biocompatible or
               biodegradable polymers, and the incorporation of new drugs (everolimus, zotarolimus
               and biolimus A9), aiming to increase the safety of these devices.</p>
        <p>Although the pathophysiology of stent thrombosis is multifactorial, several animal
               and clinical evidences have pointed to the presence of durable polymers as
               responsible for inflammation and delayed vascular repair<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. These evidences have fostered the development of
               biodegradable polymer-based stents and bioabsorbable stents.</p>
        <p>In the present preclinical study on porcine coronary arteries, we observed that
               biodegradable polymer-coated stents with sirolimus release only from the abluminal
               surface (Group V, Inspiron(tm) stent) showed neointimal hyperplasia quantitatively
               similar to that of polymer and sirolimus-coated stents on the luminal and abluminal
               surfaces (Group IV). The groups with sirolimus-releasing stents (Groups IV and V)
               showed lower neointimal area in relation to the bare-metal stents (Groups I, II and
               III). No difference was observed between the five groups in relation to the injury
               and inflammation scores, thus showing that both the bioabsorbable polymer and the
               antiproliferative drug used were safe and effective.</p>
        <p>The Inspiron(tm) eluting-stent is characterized by being composed of a
               chromium-cobalt L605 alloy, biodegradable polymer coating, and sirolimus elution only
               on the abluminal surface. Possibly because of being coated with a biodegradable
               polymer, it is safer than durable-polymer stents. In a meta-analysis of randomized
               clinical trials comparing stent thrombosis rates up to 4 years after use of the Yukon
               (Translumina, Hechingen, Germany) and Biomatrix(tm) Flex (Biosensors International,
               Singapore) biodegradable polymer-based drug-eluting stents versus the Cypher(tm)
               (Cordis Corp, Miami Lakes, Fl, USA) durable-polymer stent, the biodegradable
               polymer-based stents showed less definitive stent thrombosis, less clinical endpoints
               and less target-lesion revascularization than the Cypher(tm) durable-polymer
                  stent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>An experimental study in a porcine model compared the endothelial activity and
               inflammation scores in animals undergoing Nobori(tm) stent implantation - a stent
               coated with bioabsorbable polymer and biolimus only on its abluminal surface, to that
               of animals undergoing Cypher(tm) stent implantation, and found increased endothelial
               relaxation, decreased production of superoxide anion, and less inflammation in the
               coronary segments in the group receiving the Nobori(tm) stent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recent findings, however, suggest that the presence of a durable polymer per se does
               not determine a greater risk of late thrombosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In an
               experimental study, Kolandaivelu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
               observed that drug-eluting stents with durable polymer (XIENCE) showed less early
               thrombogenicity than a corresponding bare-metal stent (Multilink Vision), i.e.,
               polymer and drug coating provided a protective effect for acute thrombogenicity.
               Factors such as the stent design and strut thickness emerged as other important
               factors predisposing stent thrombosis.</p>
        <p>Several other stents using biodegradable polymer and antiproliferative drugs released
               only from the abluminal surface have been developed. Examples of these stents are the
               stainless steel biolimus A9-eluting Nobori(tm) (Terumo Corp., Japan) and
               Biomatrix(tm) (Biosensors International, Singapore) stents ; the stainless steel
               paclitaxel-eluting JACTAX(tm) stent (Boston Scientific, Natick, USA) , and the
               chromium-cobalt sirolimus-eluting Firehawk(tm) stent (MicroPort Medical, Shanghai,
               China).</p>
        <p>The Inspiron(tm) stent has been extensively studied in experimental animals with
               results comparable to those of other drug-eluting stents as regards safety,
               stent-strut endothelialization, and neointimal hyperplasia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Clinical studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of this new drug-eluting
               stent. The preliminary clinical results of the Inspiron(tm) stent (INSPIRON I) have
               shown a good angiographic response, with late lumen loss of 0.18 mm; good
               ultrasonographic response, with percentage neointimal obstruction of 8.2%; and
               target-vessel revascularization of 0%.</p>
        <p>A randomized clinical trial (DESTINY) comparing the Inspiron(tm) stent with
               Biomatrix(tm) stent is currently being conducted, expected to include 165 randomized
               patients 2:1 (Inspiron(tm) stent versus Biomatrix(tm)).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The model used in the present study was healthy porcine coronary arteries, which
                  may not represent the progression in a vascular segment with atherosclerotic
                  disease. Atherosclerotic animal models have been developed in rabbits and pigs;
                  however, these models are still uncommonly used in preclinical studies for the
                  development and improvement of coronary stents.</p>
          <p>Intracoronary ultrasonography was used only in the control on day 28 after stent
                  implantation with the purpose of assessing in-stent neointimal hyperplasia, and
                  not to guide stent implantation. However, despite the known limitations of
                  quantitative coronary angiography, the findings of this method revealed that the
                  stents were adequately implanted (balloon: artery ratio of 1.1:1) and the
                  intracoronary ultrasonographic findings showed adequate stent strut apposition in
                  all cases.</p>
          <p>Optical coherence tomography is a method that has been widely used in preclinical
                  and clinical validation studies of new stents; however, this method was not yet
                  available for experimental animal use in our institution at the time the study was
                  carried out.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this experimental study, the drug-eluting stents coated with sirolimus and
               bioabsorbable polymer in porcine coronary arteries showed less neointimal hyperplasia
               when compared to control bare-metal stents. The bioabsorbable polymer-based stent
               with sirolimus released only from its abluminal surface (Inspiron(tm) stent) showed
               the same neointimal antiproliferative efficacy as the stent with sirolimus released
               from both the luminal and abluminal surfaces.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Takimura CK, Campos CAH; Acquisition of
                  data: Takimura CK, Campos CAH, Campos JC, Gutierrez PS; Statistical analysis:
                  Takimura CK; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Takimura CK; Writing of the
                  manuscript: Takimura CK, Craveiro PHM; Supervision / as principal investigator:
                  Takimura CK; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Campos
                  CAH, Craveiro PHM, Borges TFC, Curado L, Morato SP, Laurindo FRM, Lemos Neto
                  PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by SCTIE/ DECIT do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, CNPQ,
                  FINEP, FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
