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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SGWYxG3Nn7TDTw6vBntPG9C</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">I Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade
               Brasileira de Cardiologia - Resumo Executivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jadelson Pinheiro de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Harry</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Visconde de Piraj&#225;
               330/1114. CEP 22410-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email> ;
                  <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O autor Harry Correa Filho declara possuir conflito com as empresas: Pfizer, Astra
                  Zeneca.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>420</fpage>
      <lpage>431</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Socioecon&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/normas</kwd>
        <kwd>Guias Informativos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="25"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="0"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Brasil tem hoje seu maior enfrentamento na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de: o cen&#225;rio pand&#234;mico da
            morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de verificaram a ocorr&#234;ncia,
            em 2010, de 326 mil mortes por Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV), ou seja, cerca de 1.000
            mortes/dia, das quais 200 mil deveram-se exclusivamente &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e
            a doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, refletindo um cen&#225;rio dram&#225;tico e longe de um controle
            minimamente aceit&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Muitas s&#227;o as raz&#245;es para chegarmos &#224; presente situa&#231;&#227;o. Entre elas, est&#227;o pol&#237;ticas
            p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de na preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV aqu&#233;m das necessidades da popula&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224;
            conhecida falta de infraestrutura na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e permitindo que afec&#231;&#245;es
            preven&#237;veis percam seu momento ideal de combate, particularmente nas regi&#245;es mais
            carentes.</p>
      <p>Acrescente-se ao presente cen&#225;rio os conhecidos fatores socioculturais, como o consumo
            excessivo de alimentos ricos em calorias pela popula&#231;&#227;o, associado &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica
            e, como consequ&#234;ncia, o desenvolvimento de obesidade e de diabetes, associado ao excesso
            de sal na dieta. Esses fatores contribuem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e
            s&#227;o decisivos para a elevada preval&#234;ncia das DCV, sem que esta tenha oportunidade de
            orienta&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida.</p>
      <p>Em que pesem os esfor&#231;os das sociedades m&#233;dicas, em parcerias com governo e
            universidade, de elaborarem valiosos documentos contendo planos estrat&#233;gicos de
            preven&#231;&#227;o e combate &#224;s DCV, diretrizes simples e objetivas, que sejam de f&#225;cil acesso e
            manejo &#224;s equipes de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s, fazem-se necess&#225;rias, a fim de que seja poss&#237;vel
            colocar em pr&#225;tica aquilo que h&#225; muito vem sendo discutido por t&#233;cnicos e cientistas,
            entretanto com resultados modestos.</p>
      <p>Pela primeira vez, foi reunido, em documento &#250;nico, um compilado de diretrizes e
            consensos, a maioria j&#225; publicada em v&#225;rias outras diretrizes de especialidades, que
            propiciar&#225; ao cl&#237;nico acesso f&#225;cil &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e
            secund&#225;ria das DCV. Para tanto, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) reuniu
            m&#233;dicos especialistas com vasta experi&#234;ncia em a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o para a elabora&#231;&#227;o do
            presente documento<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01">*</xref>.</p>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 1 apresenta a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular para preven&#231;&#227;o e
            tratamento da aterosclerose. Nele, os autores trazem &#224; discuss&#227;o quest&#245;es como, por
            exemplo, o evento coron&#225;rio agudo ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica
            em pelo menos metade dos indiv&#237;duos que apresentam essa complica&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, a
            identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial para a
            preven&#231;&#227;o efetiva com a correta defini&#231;&#227;o das metas terap&#234;uticas, especialmente os
            crit&#233;rios para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de alto risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). Para tanto, os autores discutem os chamados escores de
            risco por meio dos quais o risco global &#233; calculado, possibilitando ao cl&#237;nico
            quantificar e qualificar o risco individual de seus pacientes, tanto mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref>) quanto homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">5</xref>). A combina&#231;&#227;o desses diversos escores permite ao
            cl&#237;nico uma melhor estimativa de risco, estratificando o risco por etapas: presen&#231;a de
            doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica significativa ou de seus equivalentes, c&#225;lculo do escore de
            risco, fatores agravantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Quadro 1</xref>) e
            estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco pelo tempo de vida. Os autores prop&#245;em um algoritmo simplificado
            para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, que est&#225; exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Poucas s&#227;o as recomenda&#231;&#245;es listadas como
            grau I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A, dado que as demais recomenda&#231;&#245;es ainda carecem de estudos
            mais abrangentes e com seguimento de longo prazo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco de eventos coron&#225;rios
                  (fase 1)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica arterial coron&#225;ria, cerebrovascular ou obstrutiva
                        perif&#233;rica, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (eventos cardiovasculares), e ainda
                        na forma subcl&#237;nica documentada por metodologia diagn&#243;stica.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o arterial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabete melito tipo 1 e tipo 2.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontos de acordo com o risco global, para mulheres</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HDL-C </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PAS (n&#227;o tratada)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PAS (tratada)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Fumo</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>-3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-2</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">60+</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-1</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">50-59</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">30-34</td>
              <td align="center">45-49</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 160</td>
              <td align="center">120-129</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">35-44</td>
              <td align="center">160-199</td>
              <td align="center">130-139</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">35-39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">140-149</td>
              <td align="center">120-129</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">200-239</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">130-139</td>
              <td align="center">Sim</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">40-44</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">240-279</td>
              <td align="center">150-159</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">Sim</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">45-49</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">280+</td>
              <td align="center">160+</td>
              <td align="center">140-149</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">150-159</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td align="center">50-54</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">160+</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">55-59</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9</td>
              <td align="center">60-64</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10</td>
              <td align="center">65-69</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11</td>
              <td align="center">70-74</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12</td>
              <td align="center">75+</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pontos</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risco cardiovascular global em 10 anos, para mulheres</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Risco (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Risco (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8804; -2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">10,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-1</td>
              <td align="center">1,0</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">13,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center">1,5</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">15,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">1,7</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">18,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center">2,0</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">21,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">24,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">2,8</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">28,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">3,3</td>
              <td align="center">21+</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9</td>
              <td align="center">5,3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10</td>
              <td align="center">6,3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11</td>
              <td align="center">7,3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12</td>
              <td align="center">8,6</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Atribui&#231;&#227;o de pontos de acordo com o risco global, para homens</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HDL-C</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>PAS (n&#227;o tratada)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold> PAS (tratada)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Fumo</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Risco (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>-2</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">60+</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-1</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">50-59</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">30-34</td>
              <td align="center">45-49</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 160</td>
              <td align="center">120-129</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">35-44</td>
              <td align="center">160-199</td>
              <td align="center">130-139</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">35-39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
              <td align="center">200-239</td>
              <td align="center">140-159</td>
              <td align="center">120-129</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">240-279</td>
              <td align="center">160+</td>
              <td align="center">130-139</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">Sim</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">280+</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">140-159</td>
              <td align="center">Sim</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">40-44</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">160+</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">45-49</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="10"> 7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">50-54</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="10"> 9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10</td>
              <td align="center">55-59</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11</td>
              <td align="center">60-64</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12</td>
              <td align="center">65-69</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="10"> 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>14</td>
              <td align="center">70-74</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>15</td>
              <td align="center">75+</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pontos</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial
                     sist&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risco cardiovascular global em 10 anos, para homens</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Risco (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Pontos</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Risco (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8804;-3 ou menos</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">15,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-2</td>
              <td align="center">1,1</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">18,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>-1</td>
              <td align="center">1,4</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">21,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">1,6</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">25,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td align="center">1,9</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">29,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td align="center">2,3</td>
              <td align="center">18+</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td align="center">2,8</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td align="center">3,3</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td align="center">4,7</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td align="center">5,6</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>8</td>
              <td align="center">6,7</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>9</td>
              <td align="center">7,9</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>10</td>
              <td align="center">9,4</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>11</td>
              <td align="center">11,2</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>12</td>
              <td align="center">13,2</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Quadro 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fatores agravantes de risco</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Hist&#243;ria Familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura
                        (parente de primeiro grau masculino &lt; 55 anos ou feminino &lt; 65
                        anos)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica de acordo com a
                        International Diabetes Federation 24,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/min) ou macroalbumin&#250;ria (&gt;300
                        mg/min)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Proteina-C reativa de alta sensibilidade &gt; 3 mg//L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226; Evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Estenose/espessamento de car&#243;tida (EMI) &gt; 1mm26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio &gt; 100 ou &gt; percentil 75 para idade ou
                        sexo27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#205;ndice tornozelo braquial (ITB) &lt; 0,9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. ERG: estratifica&#231;&#227;o do
                  risco global; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CV: cardiovascular; RTV: risco por
                  tempo de vida</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0420-40067-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t07">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na
                  preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Manifesta&#231;&#245;es clinicas da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica ou de seus equivalentes
                        (como a presen&#231;a de diabetes melito tipos 1 ou 2, ou de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica
                        significativa), mesmo em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, possuem risco &gt; 20% em 10
                        anos de apresentar novos eventos cardiovasculares ou de um primeiro evento
                        cardiovascular.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Os pacientes classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio e que apresentem
                        hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura ser&#227;o reclassificados
                        para risco alto.</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; S&#227;o considerados como de risco INTERMEDI&#193;RIO, homens com risco calculado
                        &gt;5% e &lt;20% e mulheres com risco calculado &gt;5% e &lt;10% de
                        ocorr&#234;ncia de algum dos eventos citados.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; S&#227;o considerados de ALTO RISCO, aqueles com risco calculado &gt; 20% para
                        homens e &gt;10% para mulheres no per&#237;odo de 10 anos.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Nos indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio devem-se utilizar os fatores
                        agravantes, que quando presentes (pelo menos um desses fatores)
                        reclassificam o individuo para a condi&#231;&#227;o de alto risco (Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Classe
                        IIa, nivel de evid&#234;ncia B).</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Uso do Risco pelo Tempo de Vida em indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco e de risco
                        intermedi&#225;rio, a partir dos 45 anos.</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 2 aborda o tabagismo, maior fator de risco evit&#225;vel. Sabe-se que 50% das
            mortes dos indiv&#237;duos fumantes poderiam ser evitadas com a aboli&#231;&#227;o do h&#225;bito de fumar,
            sendo a maioria dessas mortes por DCV. Nesse cap&#237;tulo, os autores discutem as medidas de
            preven&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. Dados da Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as
            Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico (VIGITEL) divulgados em abril de 2012 revelaram
            avan&#231;os no controle do tabagismo no Brasil, com 14,8% de fumantes acima de 18 anos de
            idade. Eles tratam tamb&#233;m da preven&#231;&#227;o primordial do tabagismo, enumerando os fatores
            que contribuem para a inicia&#231;&#227;o de fumar e propondo estrat&#233;gias pr&#225;ticas para seu
            combate. Os autores seguem discutindo t&#233;cnicas de como tratar a depend&#234;ncia psicol&#243;gica
            do fumante com formas de abordagem comportamental geral e espec&#237;fica. Trazem, ainda,
            instrumentos que ajudam na avalia&#231;&#227;o e na compreens&#227;o do perfil do paciente por meio de
            escalas universalmente consagradas, entre elas a de Prochaska e Di Clemente e a de
            Fagerstr&#246;m. Finalmente, abordam, de maneira pr&#225;tica, as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento
            farmacol&#243;gico do tabagismo, entre elas os repositores de nicotina, bupropiona e
            vareniclina, al&#233;m dos medicamentos de segunda linha (nortriptilina), com suas poss&#237;veis
            associa&#231;&#245;es. O grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia dessas estrat&#233;gias
            encontram-se sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 7</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t08">
        <label>Tabela 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia para o tratamento do fumo na
                  preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226;&#160;&#160;O fumo &#233; um fator de risco independente para
                        doen&#231;a cardiovascular, portanto deve ser evitado</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226;&#160;&#160;A exposi&#231;&#227;o passiva ao tabaco aumenta o risco de
                        doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e deve ser evitada</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#8226;&#160;&#160;Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico do tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Repositor de nicotina</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Cloridrato de bupropiona</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Tartarato de vareniclina</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No Cap&#237;tulo 3, foram discutidos, de forma cr&#237;tica, os reais benef&#237;cios das preven&#231;&#245;es
            prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria das DCV, com evid&#234;ncia de comprova&#231;&#227;o da dieta, da suplementos e
            das vitaminas, buscando informar o cl&#237;nico de como orientar sua comunidade a escolher e
            consumir tais produtos. Al&#233;m dos suplementos, foram avaliados &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega-3,
            vitaminas B, C, D e E, folatos, &#225;cidos alfa-linol&#234;nico e carotenoides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t09">
        <label>Tabela 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resumo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para n&#227;o consumo de suplementos de vitaminas para a
                  preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o consumo de &#225;cidos graxos
                  polinsaturados &#244;mega-3</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de beneficio da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina A ou
                        beta-caroteno para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de doen&#231;a
                        cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Suplementos de vitamina B e &#225;cido f&#243;lico n&#227;o s&#227;o efetivos para preven&#231;&#227;o
                        de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de beneficio da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina C para
                        preven&#231;&#227;o, progress&#227;o ou mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o &#233; recomendada a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a
                        cardiovascular em pessoas com niveis sangu&#237;neos normais desta vitamina. Da
                        mesma forma, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que sua suplementa&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com
                        defici&#234;ncia prevenir&#225; a DCV</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Suplementa&#231;&#227;o com &#244;mega-3 marinho (2-4 g/dia) ou at&#233; em doses mais
                        elevadas deve ser recomendada para hipertrigliceridemia grave (&gt; 500
                        mg/dl), com risco de pancreatite, refrat&#225;ria a medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas e
                        tratamento medicamentoso.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pelo menos 2 refei&#231;&#245;es a base de peixe por semana, como parte de uma
                        dieta saud&#225;vel, devem ser recomendadas para diminuir o risco cardiovascular.
                        Tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente dirigida para indiv&#237;duos de alto risco,
                        como os que j&#225; apresentaram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o se recomenda a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de EPA +DHA para indiv&#237;duos sob risco de
                        doen&#231;a cardiovascular utilizando tratamentos preventivos baseados em
                        evid&#234;ncias</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Estimular o consumo de &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados &#244;mega-3 de origem
                        vegetal, como parte de uma dieta saud&#225;vel, pode ser recomendado para reduzir
                        o risco cardiovascular, embora o real beneficio desta recomenda&#231;&#227;o seja
                        discut&#237;vel e as evid&#234;ncias n&#227;o sejam conclusivas.</td>
              <td align="center">IIb</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o se recomenda a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com ALA para a preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV.</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 4 aborda a obesidade, o sobrepeso e a transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, bem como as
            consequ&#234;ncias para a morbimortalidade cardiovascular de sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o
            arterial, as dislipidemias, o diabetes tipo 2, as osteoartrites e o c&#226;ncer. Os graus de
            recomenda&#231;&#227;o e os n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia, para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a secund&#225;ria, est&#227;o
            descritos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 9</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">10</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t10">
        <label>Tabela 9</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resumo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para obesidade e sobrepeso na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da
                  doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Tr&#234;s refei&#231;&#245;es (caf&#233; da manh&#227;, almo&#231;o e jantar) e dois lanches saud&#225;veis
                        por dia</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Ficar atento aos r&#243;tulos dos alimentos e escolher aqueles com menores
                        quantidades de gorduras trans</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Evitar refrigerantes e sucos industrializados, bolos, biscoitos doces e
                        recheados, sobremesas doces e outras guloseimas</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Dar prefer&#234;ncia ao consumo de &#225;gua nos intervalos das refei&#231;&#245;es</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Fazer pelo menos 30 minutos de atividade fisica todos os dias</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Aqueles com tend&#234;ncia a obesidade ou com perfil familiar, devem fazer
                        45-60 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada por dia; os que
                        foram obesos e perderam peso devem fazer 60-90 minutos para evitar recuperar
                        o peso</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Evitar o consumo excessivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t11">
        <label>Tabela 10</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resumo das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para obesidade e sobrepeso na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da
                  doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Dieta com uma redu&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica de aproximadamente 500 kcal/dia</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Intensifica&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos como caminhada, ciclismo, nata&#231;&#227;o,
                        aer&#243;bica, 30 a 45 minutos, 3 a 5 vezes na semana</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">&#8226; Minimizar atividades sedent&#225;rias, como ficar sentado por
                        longos per&#237;odos assistindo televis&#227;o, no computador ou jogando
                        videogames</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Incentivar a alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel para crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Usar sibutramina para perda de peso em pacientes com doen&#231;a
                        cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Cirurgia bari&#225;trica para pacientes selecionados</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 5 sumariza as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS)
            ressaltando sua import&#226;ncia para o desenvolvimento de diversas patologias, como a doen&#231;a
            arterial coron&#225;ria, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e a renal
            cr&#244;nica, entre outras. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 11</xref> apresenta a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de rotina dos pacientes hipertensos, enquanto a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 12</xref>, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar. A decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica deve
            considerar o risco adicional apresentado pelo paciente. As medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas
            s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 13</xref>, sendo listadas
            por seu grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>, est&#225; representado o algoritmo de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico baseado
            nos est&#225;gios da hipertens&#227;o apresentados pelo paciente. A monoterapia pode ser iniciada
            com qualquer classe de medicamento, por&#233;m s&#243; se consegue obter o controle da HAS em um
            ter&#231;o dos casos com essa estrat&#233;gia. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Quadro 2</xref>
            demonstra as metas a serem atingidas em conformidade com as caracter&#237;sticas dos
            pacientes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t12">
        <label>Tabela 11</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de rotina para o paciente hipertenso </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; An&#225;lise de Urina</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pot&#225;ssio plasm&#225;tico</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Creatinina plasm&#225;tica</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Estimativa do ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Glicemia de jejum</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Colesterol total, HDL-C, triglicer&#237;deos plasm&#225;ticos</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; &#193;cido &#218;rico plasm&#225;tico</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Eletrocardiograma convencional</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t13">
        <label>Tabela 12</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar para o paciente hipertenso</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Radiografia de t&#243;rax</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td>&#8226; hipertensos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 sem HVE no ECG</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; hipertensos com suspeita clinica de IC</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Microalbuminuria</td>
              <td>&#8226; hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Hipertensos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Hipertensos com dois ou + fatores de risco</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Ultrassonografia de car&#243;tida</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Teste ergom&#233;trico na suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hemoglobina glicada</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Velocidade de onda de pulso</td>
              <td align="center">IIb</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, ECG: eletrocardiograma, IC:
                     insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t14">
        <label>Tabela 13</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico no paciente hipertenso</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Nivel de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Dieta</td>
              <td>&#8226; DASH</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Mediterr&#226;neo</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#8226; Vegetariana</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">S&#243;dio - consumo di&#225;rio de 2g</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">&#193;lcool - n&#227;o ultrapassar 30g de etanol ao dia</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Atividade f&#237;sica - 30 minutos/dia dia/3 vezes por
                        semana(minimo)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Controle do peso - IMC entre 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m2</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Controle do estresse psicossocial</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Equipe multiprofissional</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension IMC: &#237;ndice de massa
                     corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo do tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial segundo a VI Diretrizes
                  Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0420-40067-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t15">
        <label>Quadro 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Metas a serem atingidas em conformidade com as caracter&#237;sticas
                  individuais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Categoria</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Considerar</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Hipertensos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 com risco cardiovascular baixo e m&#233;dio</td>
              <td>&lt; 140/90 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Hipertensos e comportamento lim&#237;trofe com risco cardiovascular alto e
                        muito alto, ou com 3 ou mais fatores de risco, DM, SM ou LOA</td>
              <td>130/80 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Hipertensos com insufici&#234;ncia renal com protein&#250;ria &gt; 1,0 g/l</td>
              <td>130/80 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DM: diabetes melito; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; LOA: les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 6 teve por objetivo discutir as dislipidemias, buscando, ap&#243;s a
            estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do indiv&#237;duo, o estabelecimento das metas terap&#234;uticas, de
            acordo com o n&#237;vel de risco global (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio ou alto). Metas espec&#237;ficas s&#227;o
            listadas para os pacientes de risco alto e intermedi&#225;rio. Pacientes de baixo risco
            cardiovascular devem ter as metas individualizadas, de acordo com o julgamento cl&#237;nico e
            com os valores referenciais do perfil lip&#237;dico. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 14</xref> aborda as estrat&#233;gias envolvendo mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabela 15</xref> lista as alternativas farmacol&#243;gicas
            baseadas em seu grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t16">
        <label>Tabela 14</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso da dislipidemia na preven&#231;&#227;o
                  cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Controle do LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Atingir o valor recomendado do LDL-C (meta prim&#225;ria)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o s&#227;o propostas metas para o HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Redu&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de &#225;cidos graxos saturados, &#225;cidos graxos trans e
                        ingest&#227;o de fitoster&#243;is (2- 3 g/dia) e de fibras sol&#250;veis</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Aumento da atividade f&#237;sica</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Redu&#231;&#227;o do peso e aumento da ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de soja e substitui&#231;&#227;o
                        dos &#225;cidos graxos saturados pelos mono e poli-insaturados</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Atingir o valor recomendado do colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (meta secund&#225;ria)</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Terapia apropriada quando triglic&#233;rides acima de 500 mg/dl para redu&#231;&#227;o
                        do risco de pancreatite e terapia individualizada quando triglic&#233;rides entre
                        150 e 499 mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; N&#227;o s&#227;o propostas metas para as apolipoprote&#237;nas ou para a lipoprote&#237;na
                        (a)</td>
              <td align="center">II</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t17">
        <label>Tabela 15</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico das dislipidemias</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Estatinas como primeira op&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa na preven&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;ria e
                        secund&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Uso de fibratos em monoterapia ou em associa&#231;&#227;o a estatina para preven&#231;&#227;o
                        de doen&#231;as microvasculares em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Associa&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba ou resinas &#224;s estatinas quando a meta de LDL-C
                        n&#227;o &#233; alcan&#231;ada</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Associa&#231;&#227;o de niacina &#224;s estatinas</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Uso de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3 para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center">III</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 7 discute o diabetes destacando sua elevada preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta,
            na qual atinge at&#233; 13,5% em alguns munic&#237;pios, o que poderia representar uma popula&#231;&#227;o
            atual de cerca 17 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com diabetes. Esses n&#250;meros est&#227;o em eleva&#231;&#227;o,
            em raz&#227;o de fatores como o crescimento e o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, a urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, o
            sedentarismo e a obesidade crescentes. Nesse importante cap&#237;tulo, os autores discutem
            medidas essenciais para a preven&#231;&#227;o, incluindo mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, que podem ser
            vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela 16</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t18">
        <label>Tabela 16</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es na dieta e atividade f&#237;sica no diabete para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pelo menos 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cios comedidos associados &#224; dieta
                        moderada e restri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica para prevenir DM em indiv&#237;duos de risco</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Em raz&#227;o dos efeitos da obesidade na resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, a perda de
                        peso &#233; um importante objetivo terap&#234;utico em indiv&#237;duos com risco de
                        desenvolver DM.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Redu&#231;&#227;o das gorduras para menos de 30% da ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica e redu&#231;&#227;o
                        na ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica nos indiv&#237;duos acima do peso</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi revista no Cap&#237;tulo 8. Embora com v&#225;rias vers&#245;es de defini&#231;&#227;o
            da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, o crit&#233;rio adotado nessa diretriz foi o do posicionamento
            conjunto de v&#225;rias organiza&#231;&#245;es internacionais acerca do tema. Os autores discutem os
            aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos acerca de sua preval&#234;ncia, abordando diferentes grupos
            populacionais, e aspectos relacionados ao risco cardiovascular e metab&#243;lico, al&#233;m dos
            fatores de risco para a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Tabela
               17</xref> descreve o grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia das interven&#231;&#245;es na
            s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t19">
        <label>Tabela 17</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es na s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Recomenda-se a redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% a 10% do peso em um ano e manuten&#231;&#227;o da
                        perda do peso posteriormente.</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Dieta com baixa quantidade de gordura total e saturada, assim como de
                        gordura trans, al&#233;m de incluir quantidades adequadas de fibras</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Atividade f&#237;sica por um per&#237;odo n&#227;o inferior a 30 min/dia,
                        preferencialmente de 45-60 min/dia, 5 dias/semana</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Indiv&#237;duos com comprometimento da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose em terapia
                        medicamentosa podem ter redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva na incid&#234;ncia de SM ou
                        DM2</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Para indiv&#237;duos com risco metab&#243;lico e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal al&#233;m dos
                        limites preconizados recomenda-se a redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% a 10% do peso em um
                        ano</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Sugere-se a ingest&#227;o de menos de 7% do total de calorias de gordura
                        saturada e menos de 200 mg/dia de colesterol na dieta</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No Cap&#237;tulo 9, s&#227;o discutidos os pap&#233;is da atividade f&#237;sica, do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e do
            esporte na preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV. Sabe-se que o indiv&#237;duo fisicamente ativo tende a ser mais
            saud&#225;vel, com maior qualidade e expectativa de vida. Assim, os n&#237;veis recomendados de
            exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico est&#227;o listados na Tabela 18. S&#227;o tamb&#233;m abordados os riscos da pr&#225;tica
            da atividade f&#237;sica, al&#233;m de princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e as
            estrat&#233;gias para incentivar o encaminhamento, a implementa&#231;&#227;o e a ades&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t20">
        <label>Tabela 18</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;veis recomendados de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para promo&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de
                  (adaptado de Powell KE et al.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Coment&#225;rio</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 150 min/semanais de intensidade leve a moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Algum</td>
              <td align="center">Algum exerc&#237;cio &#233; certamente prefer&#237;vel ao sedentarismo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>150-300 min/semanais de intensidade moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Substancial</td>
              <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio de maior dura&#231;&#227;o e/ou intensidade confere maiores
                        benef&#237;cios</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 300 min/semanais de intensidade moderada a alta</td>
              <td align="center">Adicional</td>
              <td align="center">Informa&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica atual n&#227;o delimita claramente um
                        limite superior para os benef&#237;cios ou para que se torne danoso para um dado
                        indiv&#237;duo aparentemente saud&#225;vel</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 10 discute os fatores psicosociais na preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV. Iniciando com a
            defini&#231;&#227;o do conceito, o cap&#237;tulo discute as condi&#231;&#245;es psicossocias frequentemente
            associadas ao risco cardiovascular, como baixa condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, falta de apoio
            social, estresse no trabalho e na vida familiar, depress&#227;o, ansiedade, hostilidade e
            personalidade tipo D. Discute tamb&#233;m o grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia da
            abordagem dos fatores psicossociais na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Tabela 19</xref>), e para a ades&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Tabela
               20</xref>), abordando os m&#233;todos cognitivo-comportamentais e apontando os "Dez passos
            estrat&#233;gicos" para melhorar o aconselhamento para mudan&#231;as comportamentais, al&#233;m de
            propor interven&#231;&#245;es sobre depress&#227;o, ansiedade e ang&#250;stia como armas potenciais para a
            ader&#234;ncia &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Quadro
            3</xref>), que, por sua vez, tamb&#233;m podem ser melhoradas com simples medidas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t21">
        <label>Tabela 19</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia na abordagem dos fatores
                  psicossociais na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Mudan&#231;a comportamental com estrat&#233;gia cognitivo-comportamental
                        (motivacional)</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Integra&#231;&#227;o de educa&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;giasmotivacionais com equipe
                        multiprofissional sempre que poss&#237;vel</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Consulta psicol&#243;gica ou psiqui&#225;trica para casos mais expressivos de
                        dist&#250;rbio</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco psicossociais</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e psicoter&#225;pico nos pacientes com depress&#227;o,
                        ansiedade, hostilidade de grande repercuss&#227;o objetivando melhor qualidade de
                        vida, apesar da falta de evid&#234;ncias</td>
              <td align="center">IIb</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t22">
        <label>Quadro 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia cl&#237;nica para melhorar a ades&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Estrat&#233;gias para melhorar a ades&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Simplificar a posologia</td>
              <td>&#8226; Diminuir o n&#250;mero de comprimidos e o de doses ao dia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Diminuir os custos</td>
              <td>&#8226;&#160;Medicamentos de menor custo &#8226;&#160;Medicamentos gen&#233;ricos
                        &#8226;&#160;Subs&#237;dios governamentais e programas de baixo custo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada</td>
              <td>&#8226;&#160;Prestar informa&#231;&#245;es claras sobre os benef&#237;cios, poss&#237;veis efeitos
                        adversos e dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento &#8226;&#160;Avaliar, sem julgar ou criticar, a
                        presen&#231;a de m&#225; ades&#227;o &#8226;&#160;Verificar ativamente a presen&#231;a de poss&#237;veis
                        efeitos colaterais (p. ex.:disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, tosse, sangramento)
                        &#8226;&#160;Evitar utilizar termos t&#233;cnicos e sobrecarregar o paciente com muita
                        informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Estrat&#233;gias comportamentais</td>
              <td>&#8226;&#160;Incorporar o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es &#224; rotina dos pacientes, adequando a
                        posologia &#224;s atividades, refei&#231;&#245;es e hor&#225;rio que costuma dormir
                        &#8226;&#160;Utilizar porta-comprimidos, dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos de alerta,
                        di&#225;rios, embalagens com calend&#225;rio &#8226;&#160;Grupos de suporte pela internet
                        &#8226;&#160;Refor&#231;o positivo (incentivos, recompensas) &#8226;&#160;Orientar
                        automonitoramento &#8226;&#160;Aconselhamento motivacional</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t23">
        <label>Tabela 20</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia na ades&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias em
                  preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, estilo de vida e medicamentosa</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Avalia&#231;&#227;o e identifica&#231;&#227;o das causas da falta de ades&#227;o para definir
                        orienta&#231;&#245;es adequadas</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Uso de estrat&#233;gias comportamentais e motivacionais para os pacientes com
                        falta de ades&#227;o persistente</td>
              <td align="center">II a</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 11 discute a dislipidemia, a obesidade e a HAS na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia.
            Estudos brasileiros populacionais v&#234;m demonstrando preval&#234;ncia de 10 a 35% de
            dislipidemia em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Tabela
               21</xref> aponta os valores de refer&#234;ncia para lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas nas crian&#231;as
            e adolescentes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t24">
        <label>Tabela 21</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para l&#237;pides e lipoprote&#237;nas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes
               </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Aceit&#225;vel</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Lim&#237;trofe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Alto (p95)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Baixo (p5)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>CT</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
              <td align="center">170-199</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 200</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
              <td align="center">110-129</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 130</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>n-HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">123</td>
              <td align="center">123-143</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 144</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (0-9a)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
              <td align="center">75-99</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (10-19a)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
              <td align="center">90-129</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 130</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
              <td align="center">35-45</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo A1</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 120</td>
              <td align="center">110-120</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Apo B</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
              <td align="center">90-109</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 110</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Tabela 22</xref>. As mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida constituem
            a recomenda&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica inicial da HAS prim&#225;ria em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. O
            tratamento medicamentoso est&#225; indicado para indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica,
            hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da HAS, diabetes tipos 1 e 2, e HAS
            persistente a despeito da ado&#231;&#227;o das medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, situa&#231;&#227;o na qual tais
            medidas s&#227;o coadjuvantes do tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t25">
        <label>Tabela 22</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Percentil de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;hipertens&#227;o(9)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">90 a &lt; 95 ou PA &gt; 120 x 80 mm Hg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal alta (10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HAS est&#225;gio 1</td>
              <td align="center">95 a 99 acrescido de 5 mm Hg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HAS est&#225;gio 2</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 99 acrescido de 5 mm Hg</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de obesidade ou de excesso de peso na crian&#231;a &#233; cl&#237;nico, devendo ser
            estabelecido por meio da hist&#243;ria e do exame f&#237;sico, seguidos da compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados
            antropom&#233;tricos com par&#226;metros populacionais, por meio de curvas de &#205;ndice de Massa
            Corporal (IMC) para idade. A preven&#231;&#227;o inclui nutri&#231;&#227;o adequada durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o,
            est&#237;mulo ao aleitamento materno, identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco familiares,
            acompanhamento cuidadoso do crescimento e desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a, mudan&#231;a de
            h&#225;bitos, especialmente na ado&#231;&#227;o de uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e do aumento global
            daatividade f&#237;sica. &#201; importante envolver toda a fam&#237;lia da crian&#231;a, pais, professores e
            profissionais de sa&#250;de, al&#233;m de contar com uma equipe multidisciplinar.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica dos estudos de efetividade das interven&#231;&#245;es para promo&#231;&#227;o de
            atividade f&#237;sca na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica (mais particularmente em adolescentes)
            demonstrou melhores resultados, quando h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es na escola que envolvem a
            fam&#237;lia ou a comunidade e a&#231;&#245;es educacionais que envolvem pol&#237;ticas ambientais e de
            sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es e seus n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia para a preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV em crian&#231;as e
            adolescentes est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">Tabela 23</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t26">
        <label>Tabela 23</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o </bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Rastreamento da obesidade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Rastreamento da obesidade por meio do IMC em crian&#231;as a partir dos 6 anos,
                        oferecendo ou encaminhando a interven&#231;&#245;es comportamentais intensivas
                        dirigidas &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de um peso saud&#225;vel</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">I</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td>Incluir pergunta sobre hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC precoce na anamnese para
                        identificar crian&#231;as em risco</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226;</td>
              <td>Se identificada hist&#243;ria familiar, est&#225; indicada a avalia&#231;&#227;o de todos os
                        membros da familia, principalmente os pais</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#8226;</td>
              <td>Em crian&#231;as a partir de 2 anos com IMC &gt; 85&#176; Percentil</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">I</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Refor&#231;ar as orienta&#231;&#245;es preventivas (ver adiante)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Identificar complica&#231;&#245;es e fatores de risco: PAS, sintomas de doen&#231;a da
                        ves&#237;cular biliar, diabetes, apneia do sono, hipotireoidismo,</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>problemas ortop&#233;dicos, perfil lip&#237;dico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#8226;</td>
              <td>Em crian&#231;as a partir de 2 anos com IMC &gt; 85&#176;-94&#176; percentil</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">I</td>
              <td rowspan="6" align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Todas as medidas acima mais:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>regula&#231;&#227;o do ganho de peso e da ingesta de gorduras, com aten&#231;&#227;o para
                        nutri&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>tratamento dos fatores de risco e complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>abordagem multidisciplinar de moderada a alta intensidade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>testar aspartato transaminase (AST), aspartato alanina transaminase (ALT) e
                        glicemia em crian&#231;as &gt; 10 anos de idade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#8226;</td>
              <td>Em crian&#231;as a partir de 2 anos com IMC &gt; 95&#176; percentil</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">I</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Todas as medidas acima, mais:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Objetivo de longo prazo manter IMC &lt; 85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Considerar abordagens mais agressivas se estrat&#233;gias conservadoras
                        falharem</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">I</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Testar ureia e creatinina 2/2 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:hidden">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Nutri&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Leite/outras bebidas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Aleitamento materno exclusivo at&#233; os 6 meses de idade</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Dos 12 aos 24 meses, transi&#231;&#227;o para leite com teor reduzido de
                        gordura (2% ou desnatado) n&#227;o aromatizado</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Dos 2 aos 21 anos, a principal bebida deve ser o leite
                        desnatado n&#227;o aromatizado</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Evitar bebidas a&#231;ucaradas, estimular a ingesta de &#225;gua</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Gorduras na dieta</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">A ingest&#227;o de gorduras por crian&#231;as com menos de 12 meses de
                        idade n&#227;o deve ser restringida sem indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Dos 12 aos 24 meses, transi&#231;&#227;o para refei&#231;&#245;es da fam&#237;lia, com
                        gorduras 30% da ingesta cal&#243;rica total, sendo 8%-10% de gorduras
                        saturadas</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Dos 2 aos 21 anos, gorduras 25-30% da ingesta cal&#243;rica total,
                        sendo 8-10% de gorduras saturadas</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Evitar gorduras trans</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Colesterol &lt; 300 mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Outros</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Dos 2 aos 21 anos, estimular a ingesta de fibras na dieta,
                        limitar ingesta de s&#243;dio e estimular h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis: refei&#231;&#245;es em
                        fam&#237;lia,caf&#233; da manh&#227;, limitar lanches r&#225;pidos</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Pais devem criar um ambiente que promova a atividade f&#237;sica e
                        limite as atividades sedent&#225;rias, e servirem como modelos</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Limitar as atividades sedent&#225;rias, especialmente TV/v&#237;deo</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Atividade fisica moderada a vigorosa todos os dias</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No Cap&#237;tulo 12, s&#227;o discutidos t&#243;picos relacionados &#224; legisla&#231;&#227;o e &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o dos
            fatores de risco para DCV. Os autores abordam as leis sanit&#225;rias espec&#237;ficas, discutindo
            qual &#233; o papel efetivo na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e na preven&#231;&#227;o, por meio da cria&#231;&#227;o de
            ambientes saud&#225;veis, al&#233;m de abordar a import&#226;ncia da vigil&#226;ncia, da preven&#231;&#227;o, da
            assist&#234;ncia, da reabilita&#231;&#227;o e da promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>O Cap&#237;tulo 13 traz &#224; discuss&#227;o t&#243;picos espec&#237;ficos da abordagem da preven&#231;&#227;o da DCV
            associada com doen&#231;as autoimunes, influenza, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a arterial
            obstrutiva, fatores socioecon&#244;micos, apneia obstrutiva do sono, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e
            periodontite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">Tabela 24</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t27">
        <label>Tabela 24</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a abordagem de situa&#231;&#245;es especiais de preven&#231;&#227;o
                  cardiovascular</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Classe</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Indicar a vacina&#231;&#227;o contra influenza anualmente para pacientes com doen&#231;a
                        coronariana ou cerebrovascular estabelecida, independentemente da idade</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Indicar a vacina&#231;&#227;o contra influenza anualmente para pacientes com alto
                        risco para eventos coronarianos, por&#233;m sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular
                        estabelecida, independentemente da idade</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica devem ser considerados de risco muito
                        alto para a abordagem dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo necess&#225;rio
                        avaliar fatores como o grau de redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG)
                        e a presen&#231;a de comorbidades</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva devem ser considerados de risco
                        muito alto, semelhante ao da doen&#231;a coronariana manifesta, para a abordagem
                        dos fatores de risco cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center">I</td>
              <td align="center">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Os indicadores socioecon&#243;micos devem ser investigados na avalia&#231;&#227;o
                        cl&#237;nica e considerados na abordagem do paciente para melhorar a qualidade de
                        vida e o progn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio.</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Todos os pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono devem ser considerados
                        potenciais candidatos a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, ser submetidos a estratifica&#231;&#227;o
                        do risco cardiovascular e tratados conforme estimativa de risco
                        observada</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Todos os homens com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til devem ser considerados como
                        potenciais candidatos a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e devem ser submetidos a
                        estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e tratados conforme estimativa de
                        risco observada</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8226; Pacientes com periodontite devem ser considerados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o do
                        risco cardiovascular e tratamento intensivo local</td>
              <td align="center">IIa</td>
              <td align="center">B</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Portanto, disponibilizamos, para a classe m&#233;dica, uma diretriz que re&#250;ne, numa &#250;nica
            publica&#231;&#227;o, de forma compilada e atualizada, o somat&#243;rio de t&#243;picos de preven&#231;&#227;o
            essenciais, que possa ser utilizada como guia de refer&#234;ncia nas a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o da
            DCV para benef&#237;cio dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Andrade JP, Correa Filho H,
               Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Correa Filho H,
               Oliveira GMM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sim&#227;o AF, Correa Filho H, Saraiva
               JFK, Oliveira GMM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Correa Filho H,
               Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
               intelectual importante: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Andrade JP, Correa Filho H, Saraiva
               JFK, Oliveira GMM; Revis&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira GMM.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es e teses de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn01">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Para ter acesso ao documento completo com as refer&#234;ncias solicitamos acessar o link:
                  <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/consenso/2013/Diretriz_Prevencao_Cardiovascular.asp">http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/consenso/2013/Diretriz_Prevencao_Cardiovascular.asp</ext-link>
				</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">I Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian
               Society of Cardiology - Executive Summary</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jadelson Pinheiro de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Harry</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Visconde de Piraj&#225;
               330/1114. Postal Code 22410-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email> ;
                  <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The author Harry Correa Filho declares have conflict with the companies: Pfizer,
                  Astra Zeneca.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Promotion</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/guidelines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Brazil currently faces a major health challenge: the pandemic scenario of
               cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. According to Brazilian Health Ministry data,
               326,000 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occurred in 2010, corresponding
               to approximately 1,000 deaths/day, 200,000 deaths due exclusively to ischemic heart
               and cerebrovascular diseases, reflecting a gloomy scenario far from the minimally
               acceptable control.</p>
        <p>This current scenario can be attributed to many reasons, such as the insufficiency
               and inadequacy of public health policies for CVD prevention, leading to the
               well-known lack of infrastructure in primary health care, hindering the fight against
               preventable affections, mainly in the neediest areas.</p>
        <p>In addition, it is worth mentioning the well-known sociocultural factors, such as the
               excessive consumption of high-caloric foods in association with physical inactivity,
               and, consequently, the development of obesity and diabetes, and excessive salt
               intake. Those factors contribute to the development of arterial hypertension, being
               decisive to the high prevalence of CVD and no opportunity to provide instructions on
               lifestyle changes.</p>
        <p>The medical societies, in partnership with governments and universities, have
               endeavored to elaborate valuable documents containing strategic plans of CVD
               prevention and fight. However, simple and objective guidelines, which can be easily
               accessed and managed by health care personnel, are required to implement that which
               has been long discussed by specialists and scientists, although with modest
               results.</p>
        <p>For the first time, guidelines and consensus documents, most of which already
               published in several other guidelines of specialties, have been gathered in a single
               document to provide the clinician with easy access to the recommendations for primary
               and secondary CVD prevention. For that, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) has
               gathered specialized physicians with large experience in preventive actions to
               elaborate the present document.</p>
        <p>Chapter 1 presents the cardiovascular risk stratification for atherosclerosis
               prevention and treatment. In this chapter, the authors discuss questions such as
               acute coronary event as the first manifestation of atherosclerotic disease in at
               least half of the individuals with that complication. Thus, the identification of
               predisposed asymptomatic individuals is crucial to the effective prevention with
               correct definition of therapeutic goals, especially the criteria to identify
               high-risk patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 1</xref>). The authors
               discuss the so-called risk scores, through which the overall risk is calculated,
               enabling the clinician to quantify and qualify the patients' individual risk, for
               both women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t29">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">3</xref>) and men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t31">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t32">5</xref>). The combination
               of those different scores allow the clinician to better estimate the risk,
               stratifying it gradually: presence of significant atherosclerotic disease or its
               equivalents; calculation of risk score; aggravating factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t33">Chart 1</xref>) and risk stratification based on lifespan. The authors
               propose a simplified algorithm for cardiovascular risk stratification, which is
               exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>. The recommendations
               listed as class I and level of evidence A are few, because the other recommendations
               still require more comprehensive studies with long-term follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t34">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t28">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Criteria to identify patients at high risk for coronary events (phase
                     1)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Atherosclerotic coronary artery, cerebrovascular or obstructive
                           peripheral diseases with clinical manifestations (cardiovascular events)
                           and still in the subclinical form, documented by use of diagnostic
                           methodology;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arterial revascularization procedures;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chronic kidney disease.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t29">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scoring according to overall risk for women</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SBP (untreated)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SBP (treated)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Smoking</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>-3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">60+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">50-59</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">30-34</td>
                <td align="center">45-49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 160</td>
                <td align="center">120-129</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">35-44</td>
                <td align="center">160-199</td>
                <td align="center">130-139</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">35-39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">140-149</td>
                <td align="center">120-129</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">200-239</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">130-139</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">40-44</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">240-279</td>
                <td align="center">150-159</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">45-49</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">280+</td>
                <td align="center">160+</td>
                <td align="center">140-149</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">150-159</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">50-54</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">160+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">55-59</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">60-64</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">65-69</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">70-74</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">75+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; SBP:
                        systolic blood pressure</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t30">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall cardiovascular risk in 10 years for women</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Risk (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Risk (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804;-2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;1</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-1</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">13.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">15.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">18.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">24.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">28.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">21 +</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">6.3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">7.3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">8.6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t31">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scoring according to overall risk for men</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SBP (untreated)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>SBP (treated)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Smoking</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>-2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">60+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">50-59</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">30-34</td>
                <td align="center">45-49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 160</td>
                <td align="center">120-129</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">35-44</td>
                <td align="center">160-199</td>
                <td align="center">130-139</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">35-39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
                <td align="center">200-239</td>
                <td align="center">140-159</td>
                <td align="center">120-129</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">240-279</td>
                <td align="center">160+</td>
                <td align="center">130-139</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">280+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">140-159</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">40-44</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">160+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">45-49</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8"> 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">50-54</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8"> 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">55-59</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">60-64</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">65-69</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8"> 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14</td>
                <td align="center">70-74</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>15</td>
                <td align="center">75+</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; SBP:
                        systolic blood pressure</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t32">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall cardiovascular risk in 10 years for men</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Risk (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Points</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Risk (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804;-3 or less</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;1</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">15.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-2</td>
                <td align="center">1.1</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">18.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-1</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">25.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">29.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">18+</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td align="center">5.6</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9</td>
                <td align="center">7.9</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10</td>
                <td align="center">9.4</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11</td>
                <td align="center">11.2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12</td>
                <td align="center">13.2</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t33">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aggravating risk factors</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Family history of early coronary artery disease (male
                           first-degree relative &lt; 55 years-old or female first-degree relative
                           &lt; 65 years-old);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the
                           International Diabetes Federation;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/min) or macroalbuminuria
                           (&gt;300 mg/min);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Left ventricular hypertrophy;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; High-sensitivity C-reactive protein &gt; 3 mg/L;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Evidence of subclinical atherosclerotic disease:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>carotid stenosis/thickening &gt; 1mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>coronary calcium score &gt; 100 or &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile for
                           age or sex</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>ankle-brachial test &lt; 0.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. ERG: estratifica&#231;&#227;o do
                     risco global; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CV: cardiovascular; RTV: risco
                     por tempo de vida</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0420-40067-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t34">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendation and level of evidence for risk
                     stratification in cardiovascular prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease or equivalents
                           (type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus and significant chronic kidney disease),
                           even in primary prevention, have a risk &gt; 20% in 10 years of new
                           cardiovascular events or of the first cardiovascular event</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Patients classified as intermediate-risk with a family history of
                           early cardiovascular disease will be reclassified as high-risk</td>
                <td align="center">Ila</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Men with a calculated risk for any of the events cited &gt;5% and
                           &lt;20% and women with that calculated risk &gt;5% and &lt;10% are
                           considered intermediate-risk</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Men with a calculated risk &gt;20% and women with that calculated risk
                           &gt;10% are considered high-risk</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; For individuals at intermediate risk, aggravating factors should be
                           used, and when present (at least one) reclassify the individual as
                           high-risk</td>
                <td align="center">Ila</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use of risk according to lifespan for low- and intermediate-risk
                           individuals aged &gt;45 years</td>
                <td align="center">Ila</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 2 approaches tobacco smoking, the major avoidable risk factor. It is known
               that 50% of the deaths of smokers, most of which caused by CVD, could be prevented
               with smoking cessation. In this chapter, the authors discuss preventive measures for
               tobacco use. Data from the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection Against
               Chronic Diseases via Telephone Inquiry (VIGITEL, in Portuguese), disclosed on April
               2012, revealed advances in tobacco use control in Brazil, with 14.8% of smokers older
               than 18 years. They also approached the primordial prevention of tobacco use,
               enumerating factors that contribute to smoking initiation and proposing practical
               strategies for its combat. In addition, the authors discuss techniques to treat the
               psychological dependence of smokers with general and specific behavioral approaches.
               Furthermore, this chapter presents instruments to help to assess and understand the
               patient's profile by using universally accepted scales, such as Prochaska and Di
               Clemente's and Fagerstr&#246;m's. Finally, the authors approach, in a practical way,
               pharmacological treatment strategies of tobacco use, such as nicotine replacement
               with bupropion and varenicline, in addition to second-line drugs (nortriptyline),
               with their possible associations. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t35">Table 7</xref>
               summarizes the classification of recommendation and level of evidence of those
               strategies.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t35">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendation and level of evidence for the treatment of
                     smoking in cardiovascular prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Smoking is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular
                           disease, therefore should be avoided</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Passive tobacco exposure increases the risk for
                           cardiovascular diseases and should be avoided</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#8226; Pharmacological treatment of smoking</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>Nicotine replacement</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>Bupropion hydrochloride</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>Varenicline tartrate</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 3 discusses the real benefits of primary and secondary CVD prevention, with
               evident confirmation of diet, supplements and vitamins, aiming at helping the
               clinician to guide the community in choosing and consuming those products. In
               addition to supplements, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins B, C, D and E, folates,
               alpha-linolenic acids and carotenoids were assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t36">Tables 8</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t36">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of the recommendations for not using vitamin supplements to prevent
                     cardiovascular disease (CVD) and recommendations for the consumption of
                     products rich in omega-3 fatty acids</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; There is no evidence that supplementation of vitamin A or
                           beta-carotene is beneficial to the primary or secondary prevention of
                           CVD</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Supplementations of vitamin B and folic acid are not effective to the
                           primary or secondary prevention of CVD</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; There is no evidence that supplementation of vitamin C is beneficial
                           to CVD prevention, progression or mortality</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Supplementation of vitamin D is not recommended to CVD prevention in
                           individuals with normal serum levels of that vitamin. Likewise, there is
                           no evidence that supplementation in individuals with deficiency of that
                           vitamin will prevent CVD.</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Marine omega-3 supplementation (2-4g/day) or even at higher doses
                           should be recommended for severe hypertriglyceridemia (&gt;500mg/dL), at
                           risk for pancreatitis, refractory to nonpharmacological measures and drug
                           treatment</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; At least two fish-based meals per week, as part of a healthy diet, are
                           recommended to reduce the cardiovascular risk. That is particularly
                           recommended for high-risk individuals, such as those with previous
                           myocardial infarction.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
                           acid (DHA) is not recommendedfor individuals at risk for cardiovascular
                           disease undergoing evidence-based preventive treatment.</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; The consumption of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids of vegetable
                           origin, as part of a healthy diet, should be recommended to reduce the
                           cardiovascular risk, although the real benefit of that recommendation is
                           arguable and the evidence is inconclusive.</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation is not recommended for
                           cardiovascular disease prevention.</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 4 approaches obesity, overweight and nutrition transition, as well as the
               consequences for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of their association with
               arterial hypertension, dyslipidemias, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritides and cancer.
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t37">Tables 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t38">10</xref> list the classification of recommendation and levels of
               evidence for primary and secondary prevention.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t37">
          <label>Table 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of the recommendations for obesity and overweight in cardiovascular
                     disease primary prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Three healthy meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and two snacks per
                           day</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Read food labels and choose those with the lowest amounts of trans
                           fats</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Avoid sodas and industrialized juices, cakes, cookies and stuffed
                           cookies, sweet desserts and other sweet treats</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Prefer having water between meals</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Exercise at least 30 minutes per day, everyday</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Individuals with a tendency to obesity or with a familial trend should
                           exercise moderately 45-60 minutes per day; those previously obese, who
                           lost weight, should exercise 60-90 minutes to prevent regaining
                           weight</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Avoid the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t38">
          <label>Table 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of the recommendations for obesity and overweight in cardiovascular
                     disease secondary prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Dietary caloric reduction of approximately 500 kcal/day</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Intensification of physical activity, such as walking, biking,
                           swimming, aerobic exercises, 30-45 minutes, 3 to 5 times a week.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Reduce sedentary activities, such as being seated for long periods
                           watching TV, at computers or playing video games</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Encourage healthy eating for children and adolescents</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Sibutramine for weight loss in patients with cardiovascular
                           disease</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Bariatric surgery for selected patients</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 5 summarizes the recommendations for systemic arterial hypertension (SAH),
               emphasizing its importance for the development of several pathologies, such as
               coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease and chronic kidney
               disease. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t39">Table 11</xref> shows the routine initial
               assessment of hypertensive patients, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t40">Table
                  12</xref>, its complementary assessment. Therapeutic decision should consider the
               patient's additional risk. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t41">Table 13</xref> shows
               nonpharmacological measures, which are listed according to their recommendation class
               and level of evidence. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref> shows the
               algorithm of pharmacological treatment based on the patients' hypertension stages.
               Monotherapy can be initiated with any drug class, but SAH control is only achieved in
               one-third of the cases with that strategy. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42">Chart
                  2</xref> shows the goals to be met according to patients' characteristics.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t39">
          <label>Table 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Routine initial assessment of the hypertensive patient</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Urinalysis</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Serum potassium</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Serum creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Estimated glomerular filtration rate</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Fasting glycemia</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Total cholesterol, HDL-C, serum triglycerides</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Serum uric acid</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Conventional electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t40">
          <label>Table 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complementary assessment of hypertensive patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Chest X-ray</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Echocardiography:</td>
                <td>&#8226; stage 1 and 2 hypertensives without LVH on ECG</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>&#8226; hypertensives with clinical suspicion of HF</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Microalbuminuria:</td>
                <td>&#8226; hypertensives and diabetic individuals</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>&#8226; hypertensives with metabolic syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>&#8226; hypertensives with 2 or + risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carotid ultrasound</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Treadmill test when coronary artery disease is
                           suspected</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Glycosylated hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulse wave velocity</td>
                <td/>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; ECG: electrocardiogram; HF: heart
                        failure</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t41">
          <label>Table 13</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nonpharmacological treatment of hypertensive patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diet</td>
                <td>&#8226; DASH</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Mediterranean</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#8226; Vegetarian</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Sodium: daily intake of 2g</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Alcohol: do not exceed 30g of ethanol per day</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Physical activity: 30 minutes/day/3 times a week
                           (minimum)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Body weight control: BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
                              kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Psychosocial stress control</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Multiprofessional team</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; BMI: body mass index</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo do tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial segundo a VI Diretrizes
                     Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-05-0420-40067-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t42">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Blood pressure goals according to individual characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Category</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Consider</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Stage 1 and 2 hypertensives at low and moderate CV risk</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 140/90 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Hypertensives and borderline behavior with high and very high CV risk,
                           or with 3 or + risk factors, DM, MS or TOL</td>
                <td align="center">130/80 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Hypertensives with kidney failure and proteinuria &gt; 1.0 g/L</td>
                <td align="center">130/80 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CV: cardiovacular; DM: diabetes mellitus; MS: metabolic syndrome; TOL:
                        target-organ lesions.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 6 was aimed at discussing dyslipidemias, in an attempt to, after stratifying
               the individual risk, establish the therapeutic goals according to the overall risk
               level (low, intermediate or high). Specific goals are listed for high- and
               intermediate-risk patients. Patients at low cardiovascular risk should have their
               goals individualized at their clinician's discretion and according to lipid reference
               values. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t43">Table 14</xref> presents strategies for
               lifestyle changes. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t44">Table 15</xref> lists the
               pharmacological alternatives based on their recommendation class and level of
               evidence.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t43">
          <label>Table 14</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the nonpharmacological treatment of dyslipidemia in
                     cardiovascular prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Control LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Meet the recommended LDL-C level (primary goal)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; No goals proposed for HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, and
                           consume phytosterols (2-3 g/day) and soluble fibers</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Increase physical activity</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Reduce body weight and increase the ingestion of soy proteins; replace
                           saturated fatty acids with mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Meet the recommended non-HDL-cholesterol level (secondary goal)</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use proper therapy when triglyceride levels &gt; 500 mg/dL to reduce
                           the risk of pancreatitis, and use individualized therapy when
                           triglyceride levels are between 150 and 499 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; No goals proposed for apolipoproteins or lipoprotein(a)</td>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t44">
          <label>Table 15</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of dyslipidemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Statins as the first drug option in primary and secondary
                           prevention</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use fibrates in monotherapy or in association with statins to prevent
                           microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Association of ezetimibe or resins with statins when the LDL-C goal is
                           not met</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Association of niacin with statins</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention</td>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 7 discusses diabetes, emphasizing its high prevalence in the adult
               population, up to 13.5% in some municipalities, which could represent a current
               population of 17 million individuals with diabetes. Those numbers are increasing due
               to factors such as population growth and aging, and increasing urbanization,
               sedentary lifestyle and obesity. This important chapter discusses essential measures
               for prevention, such as lifestyle changes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t45">Table
                  16</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t45">
          <label>Table 16</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dietary and physical activity interventions in diabetes mellitus (DM) to
                     prevent cardiovascular disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Moderate physical exercise for at least 150 minutes in association
                           with moderate diet and energy restriction to prevent DM in individuals at
                           risk</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Because of the effects of obesity on insulin resistance, weight loss
                           is an important therapeutic goal for individuals at risk for DM</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Reduction in fat to less than 30% of the energy ingestion and reduced
                           energy ingestion for overweight individuals</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 8 provides a review on metabolic syndrome. There are several versions of the
               metabolic syndrome definition, and this guideline adopted the joint position paper of
               several international organizations on the topic. The authors discuss the
               epidemiological aspects of its prevalence, approaching different population groups,
               and aspects related to cardiovascular and metabolic risks, in addition to metabolic
               syndrome risk factors. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t46">Table 17</xref> shows the
               recommendation class and level of evidence of interventions in metabolic
               syndrome.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t46">
          <label>Table 17</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Interventions in metabolic syndrome (MS) to prevent cardiovascular
                     disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Indication</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; A 5%-10% reduction in body weight in one year and long-term
                           maintenance of weight lossare recommended</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; A diet with low amounts of total, saturated and trans fats, in
                           addition to adequate amounts of fibers, is recommended</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Physical activity for at least 30 minutes/day, preferably 45-60
                           minutes/day, 5 days a week, is recommended</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance on drug therapy can have a
                           more expressive reduction in the incidence of MS or type 2 diabetes
                           mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Individuals at metabolic risk and with abdominal circumference beyond
                           the recommended limits should undergo a 5%-10% body weight reduction in
                           one year</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Ingestion of less than 7% of total calories from saturated fat and of
                           less than 200 mg/day of cholesterol in the diet is recommended</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 9 discusses the role played by physical activity, physical exercise and
               sports in CVD prevention. Physically active individuals tend to be healthier and have
               better quality of life and longer life expectancy. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47">Table 18</xref> lists the recommended physical exercise levels. In addition, the
               risks of physical activity are approached, as well as the basic principles for
               exercise prescription and strategies to encourage referral, implementation and
               adherence.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t47">
          <label>Table 18</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommended exercise levels for health promotion and maintenance</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Exercise characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Health benefits </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Comments</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; &lt; 150 min/week of mild to moderate intensity</td>
                <td align="center">some</td>
                <td align="center">some exercise is certainly better than a sedentary
                           lifestyle</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; 150-300 min/week of moderate intensity</td>
                <td align="center">substantial</td>
                <td align="center">longer-duration and/or more intense exercise provides
                           more benefits</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; &gt; 300 min/week of moderate to high intensity</td>
                <td align="center">additional</td>
                <td align="center">Current scientific data specifyan upper limit neither for
                           benefits nor for damages to an additional apparently healthy
                           individual</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 10 discusses psychosocial factors in CVD prevention. Beginning with the
               definition of the concept, the chapter discusses the psychosocial conditions
               frequently associated with cardiovascular risk, such as low socioeconomic status,
               lack of social support, stress at work place and family life, depression, anxiety,
               hostility and type D personality. In addition, it assesses the recommendation class
               and level of evidence of approaching the psychosocial factors in primary prevention
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t48">Table 19</xref>) and for adherence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t50">Table 20</xref>) by using cognitive-behavioral methods
               and indicating the 'ten strategic steps' to improve counseling for behavioral
               changes. Interventions on depression, anxiety and distress are also proposed as
               potential tools for adherence to preventive strategies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t49">Chart 3</xref>), which can also be improved with the simple
               measures.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t48">
          <label>Table 19</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendation and level of evidence in approaching
                     psychosocial factors in primary prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Behavioral changes with cognitive-behavioral strategy (motivational)
                           I</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Integration of education and motivational strategies with a
                           multiprofessional team whenever possible I</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Psychological or psychiatric consultation for more severe cases I</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Assessment of psychosocial risk factors IIa</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy for patients with severe
                           depression, anxiety and hostility, aimed at improving ^ the quality of
                           life, despite lack of evidence</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t49">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical strategy to improve adherence</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Strategies to improve adherence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Simplify dosage regimen</td>
                <td>&#8226; Reduce the number of tablets and doses per day</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">&#8226; Reduce costs</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Lower cost drug</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Generic drugs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;Government subsidies and low-cost programs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">&#8226; Proper communication</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Provide clear information about the
                           benefits, possible adverse effects and duration of treatment</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Assess without judging or
                           criticizing the presence of poor adherence</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Assess actively the presence of
                           possible side effects (sexual dysfunction, cough, bleeding)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;Avoid using technical terms and overloading the patient with a
                           lot of information</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">&#8226; Behavioral strategies</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Incorporate the use of drugs to the
                           patients' routine, suiting the dosage regimen to activities, meals and
                           bedtime</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Use tablet holders, electronic alarm
                           devices, diaries, packages with calendars</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Online support groups</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Positive reinforcement (incentives,
                           rewards)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;Self-monitoring</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;Motivation counseling</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t50">
          <label>Table 20</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendation and level of evidence of adherence to
                     strategy in cardiovascular prevention, lifestyle and medication</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Assess and identify the causes of lack of adherence to define the
                           proper orientation</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Use behavioral and motivational strategies for patients with
                           persistent lack of adherence</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 11 approaches dyslipidemia, obesity and SAH in childhood and adolescence.
               Brazilian population studies have shown a 10%-35% prevalence of dyslipidemia in
               children and adolescents. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t51">Table 21</xref> shows the
               reference values for lipids and lipoproteins in those age groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t51">
          <label>Table 21</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reference values for lipids and lipoproteins in children and
                     adolescents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Acceptable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Borderline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>High (p95)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Low (p5)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TC</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                <td align="center">170-199</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 200</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                <td align="center">110-129</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 130</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n-HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">123-143</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 144</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (0-9a)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
                <td align="center">75-99</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 100</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (10-19a)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
                <td align="center">90-129</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 130</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                <td align="center">35-45</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo A1</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 120</td>
                <td align="center">110-120</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apo B</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
                <td align="center">90-109</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 110</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; n-HDL-C:
                        non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C:
                        high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo A1: apolipoprotein A1; Apo B:
                        apolipoprotein B.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Table 22 shows the classification of SAH for children and adolescents. Changes in
               lifestyle are the initial therapeutic recommendation for primary SAH in children and
               adolescents. Pharmacological treatment is indicated for individuals with symptomatic
               hypertension, secondary hypertension, SAH target-organ lesion, types 1 and 2 diabetes
               mellitus, and persistent SAH despite the adoption of nonpharmacological measures, a
               situation in which such measures are an adjunct to the pharmacological treatment.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t52">
          <label>Table 22</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of arterial blood pressure in children and
                     adolescents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Percentile of systolic or diastolic blood pressure</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prehypertension (9)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">90 to &lt;95 or &#8805; 120x80 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal-high (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stage 1 SAH</td>
                <td align="center">95 to 99 increased by 5 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stage 2 SAH</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 99 increased by 5 mm Hg</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The diagnosis of obesity or overweight in children is clinical, and should be
               established via history and physical exam, followed by comparison of anthropometric
               data with population parameters, by using curves of body mass index (BMI) for age.
               Prevention comprises adequate nutrition during pregnancy, breastfeeding
               encouragement, identification of familial risk factors, careful child's growth and
               development follow-up, habit changes, especially the adoption of a healthy diet and
               global increase in physical activity. It is important to involve the child's entire
               family, parents, teachers and health care professionals, in addition to count on a
               multidisciplinary team.</p>
        <p>The systematic analysis of studies on the effectiveness of interventions to promote
               physical activity in the pediatric age group (more particularly adolescents) has
               shown better results when the actions associate school, family and community, and
               when the educational actions involve environmental and health policies.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t53">Table 23</xref> shows the recommendations and their
               levels of evidence to prevent CVD in children and adolescents.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t53">
          <label>Table 23 </label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of recommendation and level of evidence for the presence of
                     cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in children and adolescents</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold> Level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Obesity screening</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Obesity screening by use of BMI in children
                           &gt; 6 years, providing or indicating intensive behavioral interventions
                           directed to achieving a healthy weight</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">I</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Ask about early CAD family history to
                           identify children at risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>In the presence of positive family history, assess all family members,
                           especially the parents</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3" valign="top">&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">In children aged &gt; 2 years with BMI &gt;
                              85<sup>th</sup> percentile:</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">I</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Reinforce preventive instructions (see
                           below)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Identify complications and RF: SBP, gallbladder disease symptoms,
                           diabetes, sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, orthopedic disorders, lipid
                           profile</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5" valign="top">&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">In children aged &gt; 2 years with BMI &gt;
                              85<sup>th</sup>- 94<sup>th</sup> percentile,all measures above
                           plus:t</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">I</td>
                <td rowspan="5" align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">control of weight gain and fat ingestion,
                           focusing on nutrition and developmen</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">treatment of RF and complications</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">multidisciplinary approach of moderate to
                           high intensity</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">measure aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
                           alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and blood sugar in children &gt; 10 years
                           of age</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>In children aged &gt; 2 years with BMI &gt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile,
                           all measures above plus: Long-term objective: maintain BMI &lt; 85</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td style="border-bottom:hidden">Consider more aggressive approaches if
                           conservative strategies fail</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">I</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
                <td>Check urea and creatinine every 2 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Nutrition - Milk/other beverages</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exclusive maternal breastfeeding for the first 6 months</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">From the 12th to the 24th month, transition to non-aromatic
                           low-fat milk (2% or skim)</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">From 2 to 21 years of age, non-aromatic skim milk should be
                           the major beverage</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Avoid sugar beverages, encourage water ingestion</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dietary fat</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fat ingestion by infants should not be restricted without
                           medical indication</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">From the 12th to the 24th month, transition to family meals
                           with fat corresponding to 30% of the total caloric ingestion, 8%-10% of
                           which of saturated fat</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">From 2 to 21 years of age, fat should correspond to 25%-30%
                           of the total caloric ingestion, 8%-10% of which of saturated fat</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Avoid trans fat</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Cholesterol &lt; 300 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Others</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">From 2 to 21 years of age, encourage fiber ingestion, limit
                           sodium ingestion and encourage healthy life habits: family meals,
                           breakfast, limit fast snacks</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Physical activity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Parents should create an environment that promotes physical
                           activity and limit sedentary activities, and be role models</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Limit sedentary activities, especially TV/video</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Moderate to vigorous physical activity every day</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; RF: risk factors; SBP:
                        systolic blood pressure</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Chapter 12 discusses topics related to legislation and prevention of CVD risk
               factors. The authors approach specific sanitary laws, discussing their effective role
               in health promotion and prevention, by creating healthy environments, in addition to
               emphasizing the importance of surveillance, prevention, health care, rehabilitation
               and health promotion</p>
        <p>Chapter 13 discusses specific aspects of prevention of CVD associated with autoimmune
               diseases, influenza, chronic kidney disease, obstructive arterial disease,
               socioeconomic factors, obstructive sleep apnea, erectile dysfunction and
               periodontitis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t54">Table 24</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t54">
          <label>Table 24</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendation for approaching special conditions in cardiovascular disease
                     prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Recommendation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>class</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>level of evidence</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; In the context of preventing cardiovascular events, the benefit of
                           using more strict therapeutic targets, especially due to the presence of
                           autoimmune diseases, is uncertain.</td>
                <td align="center">IIb</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Annual influenza vaccination for patients with established coronary
                           artery or cerebrovascular disease, regardless of age</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Annual influenza vaccination for patients at high risk for coronary
                           events, but with no cardiovascular disease, regardless of age.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Patients with chronic kidney disease should be considered at very high
                           risk for cardiovascular risk factors, requiring the assessment of
                           glomerular filtration rate reduction and presence of co-morbidities.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Patients with obstructive arterial disease should be considered at
                           very high risk, similarly to that of manifest coronary artery disease,
                           for approaching cardiovascular risk factors.</td>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Socioeconomic indicators should be investigated in clinical assessment
                           and considered when approaching a patient, to improve quality of life and
                           the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; All patients with obstructive sleep apnea should be considered as
                           potential candidates to primary prevention, undergo cardiovascular risk
                           stratification and be treated according to estimated risk.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; All men with erectile dysfunction should be considered as potential
                           candidates to primary prevention, undergo cardiovascular risk
                           stratification and be treated according to estimated risk.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Patients with periodontitis should be considered for cardiovascular
                           risk stratification and intensive local treatment.</td>
                <td align="center">IIa</td>
                <td align="center">B</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We provide the medical class with a guideline that gathers, in one single
               publication, compiled and updated essential prevention topics to be used as a
               reference in CVD prevention.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Andrade JP, Correa
                  Filho H, Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Acquisition of data: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB,
                  Correa Filho H, Oliveira GMM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sim&#227;o AF,
                  Correa Filho H, Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Writing of the manuscript: Sim&#227;o AF,
                  Pr&#233;coma DB, Correa Filho H, Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Sim&#227;o AF, Pr&#233;coma DB, Andrade JP, Correa
                  Filho H, Saraiva JFK, Oliveira GMM; Revision of the manuscript: Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>To access the complete document with references requested access the link:
                     <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/consenso/2013/Diretriz_Prevencao_Cardiovascular.aspIntroduction">http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/consenso/2013/Diretriz_Prevencao_Cardiovascular.aspIntroduction</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
