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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JKG6rYWFw5k3BW6YmWVmZ5m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Guiada por Isquemia: o Reflexo
               Oculoisqu&#234;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de
                  P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
                  Salvador, BA; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
                  Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina,
               19/402, Gra&#231;a. CEP 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e40</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, a indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o a partir da
         detec&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias esten&#243;ticas, independentemente do quadro cl&#237;nico,
         tem sido denominada <italic>reflexo oculoesten&#243;tico</italic>. Essa express&#227;o foi cunhada de
         forma ir&#244;nica por Topol E. e Nissen S., no intuito de alertar sobre o fato de que nem toda
         obstru&#231;&#227;o necessita ser abordada invasivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
         Pelo menos do ponto de vista acad&#234;mico, esse reflexo parece superado, sendo hoje
         considerado uma atitude m&#233;dica exagerada (<italic>overtreatment</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. No entanto, permanece a cren&#231;a de que a demonstra&#231;&#227;o
         de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por m&#233;todos complementares &#233; indicativa da necessidade de
         revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ao que denominaremos <italic>reflexo oculoisqu&#234;mico</italic>. </p>
    <p>Imaginemos um indiv&#237;duo assintom&#225;tico, submetido a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de rotina, a
         qual demonstra isquemia em dois territ&#243;rios arteriais. Baseado nesse resultado, o paciente
         &#233; submetido a coronariografia, que identifica estenoses de 75% em ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da
         descendente anterior e em ter&#231;o proximal da coron&#225;ria direta. Embora assintom&#225;tico, com boa
         fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o m&#233;dico indica implante de <italic>stent </italic>farmacol&#243;gico em
         ambas as les&#245;es. A justificativa &#233; a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica identificada em ambos
         os territ&#243;rios vasculares. </p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese do benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em casos desse tipo &#233; embasada na associa&#231;&#227;o
         entre presen&#231;a/extens&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e pior progn&#243;stico, o que caracteriza
         isquemia como marcador de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. No entanto, a ideia de que intervir em um marcador
         de risco necessariamente garantir&#225; benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico &#233; um exemplo de heur&#237;stica de
            normaliza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Esse erro cognitivo ocorre quando
         o m&#233;dico acredita que a simples corre&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros (isquemia) necessariamente implicar&#225;
         benef&#237;cio para o paciente. Nesse cen&#225;rio, para que uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana se fa&#231;a
         indicada, seu benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico precisa ser demonstrado por estudos que comprovem
            <italic>intera&#231;&#227;o</italic> entre presen&#231;a de isquemia e efic&#225;cia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
         mioc&#225;rdica. No presente artigo, revisaremos as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que testaram o
            <italic>reflexo oculoisqu&#234;mico</italic> pela an&#225;lise de intera&#231;&#227;o em ensaios cl&#237;nicos
         randomizados. </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</title>
      <p>Na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados demonstram, via de regra,
            que revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o previne eventos cardiovasculares maiores, tais como
            morte ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Faz-se necess&#225;rio avaliar o que dizem esses
            ensaios cl&#237;nicos a respeito de pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Ou seja, se submetidos
            &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, portadores de isquemia teriam benef&#237;cio adicional no que
            tange a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores? </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio cl&#237;nico COURAGE</title>
      <p>O mais citado ensaio cl&#237;nico nesse cen&#225;rio &#233; o COURAGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, o qual comparou de forma randomizada e por <italic>inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar
            </italic>a conduta inicial de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana com <italic>stent versus
            </italic>controle, e ambos os grupos foram submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado.
            Esse estudo foi negativo quanto ao seu objetivo prim&#225;rio, evidenciando id&#234;ntica
            incid&#234;ncia de morte ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos dois grupos. Sendo assim, a &#250;nica raz&#227;o
            para realizar interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea na doen&#231;a est&#225;vel &#233; o controle de
            sintomas clinicamente relevantes. </p>
      <p>Quanto ao paradigma de que devemos revascularizar se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica for
            demonstrada, torna-se importante avaliar se a conclus&#227;o do estudo COURAGE possui
            validade para pacientes com isquemia em exames complementares. Dentre os pacientes
            submetidos a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica no COURAGE (61% da amostra do estudo), a maioria
            representada por 89% tinha isquemia, e em 67% a isquemia se fazia presente em m&#250;ltiplos
            territ&#243;rios coronarianos. Como a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para realizar cintilografia n&#227;o
            foi baseada em gravidade, com base nos dados desse subgrupo que realizou o exame &#233;
            poss&#237;vel inferir que os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do COURAGE foram suficientes para
            selecionar pacientes com carga isqu&#234;mica significativa. </p>
      <p>Complementando essa an&#225;lise, recente subestudo do COURAGE testou a intera&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica
            entre isquemia moderadaacentuada e o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Isquemia moderada-severa foi definida como aquela
            presente em pelo menos tr&#234;s das seis paredes ventriculares (anterior, lateral, inferior,
            posterior, septal e apical). De acordo com essa classifica&#231;&#227;o, 30% dos pacientes
            possu&#237;am isquemia moderada-severa. Nessa an&#225;lise, o tratamento intervencionista n&#227;o
            beneficiou nem o grupo sem isquemia moderada-acentuada (19% <italic>versus</italic> 19%
            de morte/infarto, respectivamente), nem o grupo com isquemia moderada-acentuada (24%
               <italic>versus</italic> 21%, respectivamente). Estatisticamente, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o
            (p = 0,65) entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia e o efeito da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica
            percut&#226;nea. </p>
      <p>Vale salientar que esse mesmo subestudo foi publicado no <italic>Circulation</italic> em
               2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Naquela publica&#231;&#227;o, os autores
            demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de isquemia residual &#233; associada a pior progn&#243;stico
            (marcador de risco). A partir desse dado, houve a sugest&#227;o de que esses pacientes
            deveriam ser revascularizados, representando mais um exemplo de heur&#237;stica de
            normaliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia e desfecho perdeu signific&#226;ncia
            estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada, dado que n&#227;o foi valorizado na conclus&#227;o do artigo.
            Dessa forma, a atual publica&#231;&#227;o do subestudo nuclear do COURAGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, citada no par&#225;grafo acima, representa a corre&#231;&#227;o daquela
            equivocada publica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio cl&#237;nico BARI-2D</title>
      <p>O estudo BARI-2D comparou de forma randomizada a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
               <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com tratamento
            cl&#237;nico otimizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o poderia
            ser percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, adepender da decis&#227;o m&#233;dica. &#192; semelhan&#231;a do COURAGE, o
            estudo BARI-2D n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos maiores (morte, infarto e acidente
            vascular cerebral) com a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
      <p>Recentemente, foi publicado o subestudo do BARI 2D que testou intera&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia e
            benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Nesse estudo,
            1.505 pacientes (64% da amostra) foram submetidos a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Foi
            calculado o percentual de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico de acordo com an&#225;lise de 17 segmentos. N&#227;o
            houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e efeito do tratamento nos
            eventos cardiovasculares (p = 0,44). Ou seja, independentemente da carga isqu&#234;mica, n&#227;o
            h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos maiores com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio cl&#237;nico STICH</title>
      <p>O estudo STICH randomizou 1.212 pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de
            eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804; 35% para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou tratamento
               cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Sendo assim, o STICH testa a mesma
            hip&#243;tese do COURAGE e do BARI-2D, por&#233;m em uma popula&#231;&#227;o diferente, caracterizada por
            pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento
            de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi necessariamente cir&#250;rgico, diferente dos demais trabalhos. O
            STICH n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, expandindo a
            validade externa do aprendizado proveniente do COURAGE e BARI-2D. </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, no presente ano foi publicado um
            subestudo com 399 pacientes do STICH que tinham teste isqu&#234;mico realizado (ecoestresse
            ou cintilografia). Esse trabalho demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,
            independentemente da presen&#231;a de isquemia (P da intera&#231;&#227;o = 0,64)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio cl&#237;nico FAME-II</title>
      <p>O estudo FAME-II incluiu pacientes com les&#245;es coronarianas associadas a
               <italic>Fractional Flow Reserve</italic> (FFR) &lt; 0,80, ou seja, funcionalmente
            significativas. Esses pacientes foram randomizados para interven&#231;&#227;o coronarianas
               <italic>versus </italic>controle, e todos os dois grupos receberam tratamento cl&#237;nico
               otimizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de morte ou infarto
            foi id&#234;ntica nos dois grupos, resultado semelhante ao obtido pelo COURAGE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> ou BARI-2D<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Diferente dos ensaios cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vios, o FAME-II incluiu necessidade de
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o como parte do desfecho composto prim&#225;rio, o que sozinho foi respons&#225;vel
            pelo benef&#237;cio obtido nesse desfecho. Sendo assim, essa &#233; mais uma evid&#234;ncia de que a
            presen&#231;a de isquemia em exame complementar (FFR) n&#227;o garante redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos
            cl&#237;nicos maiores. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio cl&#237;nico ISCHEMIA (perspectiva futura)</title>
      <p>Dentro de alguns anos, saberemos o resultado do estudo ISCHEMIA (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01471522">http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01471522</ext-link>). Esse &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico nos
            moldes do COURAGE, com as diferen&#231;as de que (1) s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com
            isquemia moderada ou severa; (2) a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode ser cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, a
            crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico. Considerando a grande expectativa quanto ao resultado desse estudo,
            como exerc&#237;cio cient&#237;fico, podemos tentar predizer seu resultado. Seguindo um racioc&#237;nio
            bayesiano, considerando a consistente aus&#234;ncia de intera&#231;&#227;o entre carga isqu&#234;mica e
            benef&#237;cio do tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, a probabilidade <italic>a priori
            </italic>de que esse estudo venha a demonstrar benef&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio
            de morte ou infarto &#233; pequena. Em outras palavras, se isquemia moderada-severa n&#227;o &#233; o
            determinante do benef&#237;cio de acordo com a totalidade das evid&#234;ncias, n&#227;o seria a sele&#231;&#227;o
            de pacientes com esse grau de isquemia que traria um resultado ben&#233;fico da interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
      <p>Por outro lado, um resultado positivo se tornar&#225; mais prov&#225;vel caso o crit&#233;rio de
            inclus&#227;o do ISCHEMIA resulte em uma amostra com doen&#231;a de gravidade extrema
            (triarteriais), aliada a uma predomin&#226;ncia da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.
            Caso isso ocorra, estaremos em outro cen&#225;rio: pacientes triarteriais, recebendo
            tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Considerando o recente resultado do ensaio cl&#237;nico FREEDOM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e SYNTAX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, cirurgia &#233; mais eficaz que o tratamento percut&#226;neo em pacientes
            predominantemente triarteriais, em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos cl&#237;nicos maiores. Isso respalda a
            possibilidade de que uma predomin&#226;ncia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico possa trazer um resultado
            positivo a esse estudo. </p>
      <p>Um resultado positivo do ISCHEMIA n&#227;o dever&#225;, no entanto, ser interpretado como
            evid&#234;ncia que valide o <italic>reflexo oculoisqu&#234;mico</italic>. Para que o ISCHEMIA
            testasse essa hip&#243;tese deveriam existir pacientes com e sem isquemia significativa,
            possibilitando a an&#225;lise de intera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Imagem de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica: marcador ou fator de risco?</title>
      <p>A express&#227;o <italic>fator de risco</italic> denota uma vari&#225;vel que causa incremento no
            risco do paciente. Diferentemente, um <italic>marcador de risco </italic>se associa
            positivamente com risco, por&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; nessa vari&#225;vel que est&#225; a origem do risco. N&#227;o h&#225;
            d&#250;vida de que isquemia mioc&#225;rdica faz parte da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a coronariana e
            serve de mediador causal de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, tais como arritmia ou disfun&#231;&#227;o
            ventricular. No entanto, o que devemos discutir &#233; se a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em exames
            complementares deve ser relacionada prioritariamente ao conceito de
               <italic>fator</italic> ou <italic>marcador</italic> de risco. </p>
      <p>A ideia de que isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica deve ser tratada com procedimentos invasivos
            decorre do erro cognitivo de concluir causalidade a partir de uma simples associa&#231;&#227;o. A
            presen&#231;a de causalidade depende de uma s&#233;rie de crit&#233;rios cient&#237;ficos, organizados por
            Bredford Hill<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Analisaremos os tr&#234;s principais
            crit&#233;rios, como forma de avaliar se isquemia &#233; fator de risco cardiovascular:
            plausibilidade, associa&#231;&#227;o independente e reversibilidade. </p>
      <p>Eventos coronarianos agudos s&#227;o causados por instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.
            Sabe-se que isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; determinada pelo grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana e n&#227;o
            do quanto vulner&#225;vel &#224; instabilidade &#233; a placa. Estudos angiogr&#225;ficos demonstram que boa
            parte dos infartos decorrem de placas n&#227;o obstrutivas, que n&#227;o causariam isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Sendo assim, h&#225; uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica
            entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia e risco de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o de placa, tornando pouco
            plaus&#237;vel que isquemia esteja diretamente associada a incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos
            maiores. Consideremos um paciente com m&#250;ltiplas placas n&#227;o obstrutivas (&lt; 50% de
            estenose) no leito coronariano, acompanhadas de uma &#250;nica placa obstrutiva (&gt; 70% de
            estenose) que cause isquemia. Um eventual implante de <italic>stent</italic> nessa placa
            obstrutiva reduzir&#225; a isquemia, por&#233;m o paciente continuar&#225; vulner&#225;vel ao infarto
            decorrente das outras placas que n&#227;o causam isquemia. </p>
      <p>Um mais antigo subestudo do COURAGE demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de isquemia residual na
            cintilografia guarda associa&#231;&#227;o com risco de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, ao
            ajustar para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, essa associa&#231;&#227;o perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p
            = 0,26)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o independente
            entre isquemia residual e risco cardiovascular sugere que essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; mediada por
            outras vari&#225;veis de risco que s&#227;o simultaneamente associadas ao preditor e ao desfecho,
            ao que se chama de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Isso &#233; mais uma sugest&#227;o de que isquemia n&#227;o &#233;
            o principal fator de risco da determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico. </p>
      <p>Por fim, reversibilidade &#233; o crit&#233;rio mais importante de causalidade. Esse ocorre quando
            o tratamento da condi&#231;&#227;o promove redu&#231;&#227;o de risco do paciente. Por exemplo, tratamento
            do LDL-colesterol promove redu&#231;&#227;o de infarto; redu&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial promove
            redu&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral. Sendo assim, eleva&#231;&#227;o de colesterol e press&#227;o
            arterial s&#227;o de fato fatores de risco para eventos cardiovasculares. Por outro lado,
            como vimos acima, o tratamento da isquemia com procedimentos invasivos n&#227;o reduz risco
            de infarto ou morte cardiovascular. </p>
      <p>As evid&#234;ncias at&#233; o momento apontam, portanto, que, na predi&#231;&#227;o de evento
            aterotromb&#243;tico coronariano, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica est&#225;vel deva ser interpretada como
            marcador de risco e n&#227;o como fator de risco a ser tratado com procedimentos de
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Mudan&#231;a para o paradigma cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>Diante do exposto, o verdadeiro norteador da necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o deve ser o
            quadro cl&#237;nico. Mais do que exames que comprovem isquemia, o quadro cl&#237;nico representa a
            verdadeira avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do paciente. Se a isquemia est&#225; interferindo
            negativamente no cotidiano do indiv&#237;duo, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas, a
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode trazer benef&#237;cio. Esse benef&#237;cio est&#225; comprovado pelo estudo
            COURAGE, que demonstrou melhor controle de sintomas quando o paciente &#233;
               revascularizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. </p>
      <p>Estat&#237;sticas americanas mostram que apenas metade das interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas
            percut&#226;neas eletivas s&#227;o classificadas como apropriadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, e a maioria dos casos inapropriados decorre da realiza&#231;&#227;o de
            procedimentos em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Isso parece ser mediado em grande parte pelo
            fen&#244;meno que denominamos <italic>reflexo oculoisqu&#234;mico.</italic> Esse reflexo deve ser
            corrigido por uma pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica centrada no paciente e embasada em evid&#234;ncias. </p>
      <p>Ademais, em uma era que devemos evitar o desperd&#237;cio de recursos com procedimentos
            f&#250;teis, as melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis suportam a ideia de que para pacientes com
            isquemia assintom&#225;tica, menos pode ser mais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
               intelectual importante: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M, Barreto-Filho JA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ischemia-Guided Myocardial Revascularization: the
               Oculo-ischemic Reflex</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,
                  Salvador, BA; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
                  Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>, Av. Princesa Leopoldina,
               19/402, Gra&#231;a. Postal Code 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In stable coronary artery disease, the indication for revascularization procedures based
            on the anatomical detection of stenotic coronary lesions, regardless of clinical
            findings, has been called 'oculostenotic reflex'. That expression was ironically created
            by Topol E. and Nissen S., and aimed at warning about the fact that not every
            obstruction has to be approached invasively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. At
            least from the academic viewpoint, that reflex seems to have been overcome, being
            currently considered an overtreatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. However,
            the belief that the demonstration of myocardial ischemia by use of complementary methods
            indicates the need for revascularization still persists, and has been called
            'oculo-ischemic reflex'. </p>
      <p>Let us consider an asymptomatic individual, undergoing routine myocardial scintigraphy,
            which detects ischemia in two coronary artery territories. Based on that result, the
            patient is submitted to coronary angiography, which identifies 75% stenoses in the
            middle third of the anterior descending coronary artery and in the proximal third of the
            right coronary artery. Although the patient is asymptomatic and has good ventricular
            function, the physician indicates pharmacological stent implantation in both lesions,
            based on the presence of myocardial ischemia identified in both vascular territories. </p>
      <p>The hypothesis that revascularization is beneficial in cases like that is grounded in
            the association between myocardial ischemia presence/extent and worse prognosis, which
            characterizes ischemia as a risk marker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. However, the idea that
            interfering with a risk marker necessarily ensures clinical benefit is an example of
            normalization heuristic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. That cognitive error
            occurs when a physician believes that the mere correction of parameters (ischemia) will
            necessarily imply a benefit to a patient. In that scenario, the indication of a coronary
            intervention requires the demonstration of its clinical benefit via studies evidencing
            interaction between the presence of ischemia and the efficacy of myocardial
            revascularization. The present study review the scientific evidence that tests the
            'oculo-ischemic reflex' by use of interaction analysis in randomized clinical trials.
            Randomized clinical trials </p>
      <p>In stable coronary artery disease, randomized clinical trials have shown that myocardial
            revascularization does not usually prevent major cardiovascular events, such as death
            and myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. What those clinical trials have reported on
            patients with myocardial ischemia should be assessed. That is, would myocardial
            revascularization provide an additional benefit regarding the prevention of major
            cardiovascular events to patients with ischemia? </p>
      <sec>
        <title>The COURAGE trial</title>
        <p>The most cited clinical trial in that scenario is the COURAGE
                  (<italic>Clinical</italic> Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive
               Drug Evaluation) trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, which has compared
               randomly and by intention to treat the initial management of stent coronary
               intervention <italic>versus</italic> control, and both groups underwent optimized
               clinical treatment. That study was negative for its primary objective, evidencing
               identical incidence of death or myocardial infarction in both groups. Thus, the only
               reason to perform percutaneous coronary intervention in stable disease is to control
               clinically relevant symptoms. </p>
        <p>Regarding the paradigm that revascularization should be performed in case of
               myocardial ischemia, it is important to assess if the conclusion of the COURAGE trial
               is valid for ischemia identified on complementary tests. Of the patients undergoing
               myocardial scintigraphy in the COURAGE trial (61% of that trial sample), 89% had
               ischemia, and 67% showed ischemia in multiple coronary territories. Because the
               election of patients to undergo scintigraphy has not been based on disease severity,
               their data allowed us to infer that the inclusion criteria of the COURAGE trial were
               sufficient to select patients with a significant ischemic load. </p>
        <p>Complementing that analysis, a recent sub-study of the COURAGE trial has tested the
               statistical interaction between moderate-severe ischemia and the effect of the
               coronary intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Moderate-severe
               ischemia has been defined as the one present in at least three of the six ventricular
               walls (anterior, lateral, inferior, posterior, septal and apical). According to that
               classification, 30% of the patients in that trial had moderate-severe ischemia. In
               addition, the interventional treatment has benefited neither the group without
               moderate-severe ischemia (19% <italic>versus</italic> 19% of death/infarction,
               respectively), nor that with moderate-severe ischemia (24% <italic>versus
               </italic>21%, respectively). From the statistical viewpoint, there was no interaction
               (p = 0.65) between the presence of ischemia and the effect of percutaneous myocardial
               revascularization. </p>
        <p>It is worth noting that, in 2008, that same sub-study was published in
                  <italic>Circulation</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, and the
               authors showed an association of the presence of residual ischemia with worse
               prognosis (risk marker). Based on that, revascularization has been suggested for
               those patients, representing another example of the normalization heuristic. In
               addition, the association between ischemia and outcome lost statistical significance
               on multivariate analysis, which was not valued in that article's conclusion. Thus,
               the current publication of the nuclear sub-study of the COURAGE trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, cited in the previous paragraph, represents a
               correction of that mistaken publication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.
            </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>BARI-2D trial</title>
        <p>The BARI-2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation) trial has randomly
               compared the revascularization strategy <italic>versus</italic> the
               non-revascularization strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes on optimized clinical
                  treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The revascularization could be
               either percutaneous or surgical, depending on medical decision. Similarly to the
               COURAGE trial, the BARI-2D trial has shown no reduction in major outcomes (death,
               infarction and cerebrovascular accident) with the revascularization strategy. </p>
        <p>A sub-study of the BARI-2D trial, testing the interaction between ischemia and the
               benefit of revascularization, has been recently published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In that sub-study, 1,505 patients (64% of the sample) have
               undergone myocardial scintigraphy. The percentage of ischemic myocardium has been
               calculated according to the analysis of 17 segments. No interaction between the
               percentage of ischemic myocardium and the treatment effect on cardiovascular events
               has been identified (p = 0.44). That is, independently of the ischemic burden, no
               reduction in major outcomes has been observed with revascularization. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>STICH trial</title>
        <p>The STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure) trial has randomized 1,202
               patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804; 35%
               for either surgical revascularization or clinical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The STICH trial, thus, has tested the same hypothesis of the
               COURAGE and BARI-2D trials, but in a different population, characterized by severe
               left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In addition, differently from the other
               studies, the revascularization treatment was necessarily surgical. The STICH trial
               has shown no reduction in mortality with surgical treatment, expanding the external
               validity of the learning originating from the COURAGE and BARI-2D trials. </p>
        <p>Regarding the interaction with myocardial ischemia, a sub-study with 399 patients
               from the STICH trial who had undergone stress test imaging (radionuclide stress test
               or dobutamine stress echocardiography) was published in 2013. That study showed no
               benefit of revascularization, independently of the presence of ischemia (P of
               interaction = 0.64)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>FAME-II trial</title>
        <p>The FAME-II (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography in Multivessel Evaluation)
               trial has included patients with coronary artery lesions associated with fractional
               flow reserve (FFR) &lt; 0.80, that is, functionally significant. Those patients have
               been randomized to coronary intervention <italic>versus</italic> control, and both
               groups have received optimized clinical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The incidence of death or infarction was identical in both groups, a
               result similar to that obtained in the COURAGE trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and BARI-2D trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Unlike
               previous clinical trials, the FAME-II trial has included the need for
               revascularization as part of the primary composite outcome, which alone accounted for
               the benefit obtained in that outcome. Thus, that is one more evidence that the
               presence of ischemia on a complementary test (FFR) does not ensure the reduction in
               major clinical outcomes. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ISCHEMIA trial (future perspective)</title>
        <p>Within a few years, the result of the ISCHEMIA (International Study of Comparative
               Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches) trial (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01471522">http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01471522</ext-link>) will be known. That is a
               clinical trial similar to the COURAGE trial, and with the following differences: (1)
               only patients with moderate or severe ischemia have been included; (2)
               revascularization can be either surgical or percutaneous, according to clinical
               criteria. Considering the large expectations regarding that study, one can try to
               predict its results as a scientific exercise. Following Bayesian reasoning,
               considering the consistent lack of interaction between ischemic burden and
               revascularization treatment benefit, the presumptive likelihood that that study will
               show benefit regarding the primary outcome of death or infarction is small. In other
               words, if moderate-severe ischemia has not proven to be the determinant of benefit
               according to all evidence, the selection of patients with that degree of ischemia
               would not result beneficial for the intervention. </p>
        <p>On the other hand, a positive result will be more likely if the inclusion criterion
               of the ISCHEMIA trial originates from a sample with extremely severe disease
               (three-vessel disease), in addition to the predominance of the surgical
               revascularization approach. In that case, we will have another scenario: three-vessel
               patients receiving surgical treatment. Considering the recent results of the
                  FREEDOM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and SYNTAX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> trials, surgery is more effective than percutaneous treatment
               in predominantly three-vessel patients, regarding major clinical outcomes. This
               supports the possibility that the predominance of surgical treatment might result
               positive. </p>
        <p>However, a positive result of the ISCHEMIA trial should not be interpreted as
               evidence that validates the 'oculo-ischemic reflex'. The ISCHEMIA trial could only
               test that hypothesis if it comprised patients with and without significant ischemia,
               which would enable the interaction analysis. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial ischemia imaging: marker or risk factor?</title>
        <p>The expression 'risk factor' denotes a variable that increases the patient's risk.
               Differently, a 'risk marker' is positively associated with risk, but does not contain
               the origin of the risk. Myocardial ischemia is undoubtedly part of the
               pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and serves as a causal mediator of
               clinical outcomes, such as ventricular arrhythmia and dysfunction. However, what we
               should discuss is whether the detection of ischemia on complementary tests should be
               related mainly to the concept of risk factor or risk marker. </p>
        <p>The idea that chronic myocardial ischemia should be treated invasively results from
               the cognitive error of concluding causality from a mere association. The presence of
               causality depends on several scientific criteria that have been organized by Bredford
                  Hill<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. We will analyze the following three
               major criteria to assess whether ischemia is a cardiovascular risk factor:
               plausibility, independent association, and reversibility. </p>
        <p>Acute coronary events are caused by instability of the atherosclerotic plaque.
               Myocardial ischemia is known to be determined by the extent of coronary artery
               obstruction rather than by the plaque's vulnerability to instability. Angiographic
               studies have shown that a large amount of infarctions result from non-obstructive
               plaques, which would cause no ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
               Thus, there is a pathophysiological dissociation between the presence of ischemia and
               the risk of plaque destabilization, making the direct association between ischemia
               and incidence of major coronary events less likely. Let us consider a patient with
               multiple non-obstructive plaques (stenosis &lt; 50%) on the coronary bed, in addition
               to one single obstructive plaque (stenosis &gt; 70%) that causes ischemia. The
               implantation of one stent in that obstructive plaque will reduce ischemia, but the
               patient will remain vulnerable to infarction because of the other plaques that cause
               no ischemia. </p>
        <p>An older COURAGE sub-study has shown the association between the presence of residual
               ischemia on scintigraphy and the risk of cardiovascular events. However, when
               adjusting to confounding variables, that association lost statistical significance (p
               = 0.26)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The lack of independent association
               between residual ischemia and cardiovascular risk suggests that such relationship is
               mediated by other risk variables that are simultaneously associated with the
               predictor and outcome, called confounding variables. This is one more suggestion that
               ischemia is not the major risk factor determining the prognosis. </p>
        <p>Finally, reversibility is the most important criterion of causality, occurring when
               the treatment of the condition causes a reduction in the patient's risk. For example,
               treating high LDL-cholesterol levels promotes a reduction in infarction rate, and
               reducing arterial blood pressure promotes a reduction in cerebrovascular accident.
               Thus, elevated cholesterol and arterial blood pressure levels are risk factors for
               cardiovascular events. On the other hand, treating ischemia with invasive procedures
               reduces the risk of neither infarction nor cardiovascular death. </p>
        <p>So far, evidence has shown that, in predicting a coronary atherothrombotic event,
               stable myocardial ischemia should be interpreted as a risk marker and not as a risk
               factor to be approached with revascularization procedures. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Change to the clinical paradigm</title>
        <p>The true guide for revascularization need should be clinical findings. More than the
               tests that confirm ischemia, the clinical findings represent the patient's actual
               functional assessment. If ischemia is interfering negatively with the patient's daily
               routine, because of the presence of symptoms, revascularization might be beneficial.
               That benefit has been confirmed by the COURAGE trial, which has shown better symptom
               control when patients undergo revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. </p>
        <p>North-American statistics have shown that only half of elective percutaneous coronary
               interventions are classified as appropriate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
               and most of the inappropriate ones result from performing procedures in asymptomatic
               patients. This seems to be measured by the phenomenon that we call 'oculo-ischemic
               reflex'. Such reflex should be corrected via a patient-centered and evidence-based
               medical practice. </p>
        <p>In addition, because resource wasting with futile procedures should be avoided, the
               best evidence available supports the idea that for patients with asymptomatic
               ischemia, less might be more.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p> Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M, Barreto-Filho JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
