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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bWmTZxvLMK8f8NJqQVvQwSJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040042</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Custo-Efetividade de Diferentes Estrat&#233;gias Diagn&#243;sticas de
               Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria Est&#225;vel em Portugal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardim</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa
               Ocidental, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santa Marta</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa
               Central, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Nova
               de Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Nova
               de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#243;nio Miguel Ferreira</bold>, Hospital da Luz, Avenida
               Lus&#237;ada, 100. CEP 1500-650, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal. E-mail:
                  <email>miguelferreira.md@sapo.pt</email>, <email>amferreira.md@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>391</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O custo-efetividade &#233; um fator de crescente import&#226;ncia na escolha de um exame ou
                  terap&#234;utica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o custo-efetividade de v&#225;rios m&#233;todos habitualmente empregados no
                  diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel em Portugal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliadas sete estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas. O custo-efetividade de cada
                  estrat&#233;gia foi definido como o custo por cada diagn&#243;stico correto (inclus&#227;o ou
                  exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria obstrutiva) num doente sintom&#225;tico. Os
                  custos e a efic&#225;cia de cada m&#233;todo foram avaliados por meio de infer&#234;ncia
                  bayesiana e an&#225;lise de &#225;rvores de decis&#227;o, fazendo variar a probabilidade
                  pr&#233;-teste entre 10 e 90%. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O custo-efetividade das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas &#233; fortemente dependente da
                  probabilidade pr&#233;-teste. Em doentes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8804; 50%, os
                  algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos, que incluem a angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca
                  s&#227;o os mais custo-efetivos. Nesses doentes, dependendo da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste
                  e da disponibilidade para pagar por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional, a
                  angiotomografia computadorizada pode ser usada como teste de primeira linha ou ser
                  reservada a doentes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo/inconclusivo ou escore de
                  c&#225;lcio &gt; 0. Em doentes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8805; 60%, o envio direto para
                  angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva parece ser a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos, que incluem a angiotomografia computadorizada
                  card&#237;aca, s&#227;o os mais custo-efetivos em doentes sintom&#225;ticos com suspeita de
                  doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel e probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8804; 50%. Em doentes de
                  risco mais elevado (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8805; 60%), o envio direto para
                  coronariografia invasiva parece ser a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva. Em todas as
                  probabilidades pr&#233;-teste, as estrat&#233;gias baseadas em testes de isquemia parecem
                  ser mais onerosas e menos eficazes que aquelas baseadas em testes anat&#244;micos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise do custo-benef&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do indiv&#237;duo com suspeita de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (DAC) est&#225;vel
            &#233; geralmente complementada por testes n&#227;o invasivos como o Teste Ergom&#233;trico (TE), a
            Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) ou o Ecocardiograma de Sobrecarga
            (EcoStress). O aparecimento da Angiotomografia Computadorizada (AngioTC) card&#237;aca veio
            alargar as op&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses doentes, apresentando-se como uma alternativa
            potencialmente vantajosa para indiv&#237;duos com Probabilidade Pr&#233;-Teste (PPT) intermedi&#225;ria
            ou baixa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> . No entanto, a crescente press&#227;o
            econ&#244;mica a que est&#227;o sujeitos os sistemas de sa&#250;de imp&#245;e cautelas na ado&#231;&#227;o
            generalizada de novas t&#233;cnicas que, apesar de atrativas, podem acarretar custos
            adicionais sem benef&#237;cios acrescidos. Torna-se, assim, importante conhecer o
            custo-efetividade das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas habitualmente empregues no
            diagn&#243;stico da DAC est&#225;vel e compreender em que doentes a AngioTC pode ser uma
            alternativa custo-efetiva.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Avaliou-se o custo-efetividade de sete estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas: (1) TE seguido de CPM,
            nos casos positivos ou inconclusivos; (2) TE seguido de AngioTC card&#237;aca de 64
            detetores, nos casos positivos ou inconclusivos; (3) CPM (como primeira op&#231;&#227;o); (4)
            ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (como primeira op&#231;&#227;o); (5) AngioTC card&#237;aca
            (como primeira op&#231;&#227;o); (6) Escore de C&#225;lcio Seguido de AngioTC (EscCa-AngioTC), quando
            EscCa &gt; 0; e (7) Coronariografia Invasiva (CAT) como primeiro e &#250;nico teste. Todas as
            estrat&#233;gias consideradas pressup&#245;em o fim da marcha diagn&#243;stica quando um exame for
            negativo, e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de CAT confirmat&#243;rio quando o &#250;ltimo exame da estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o
            invasiva for positivo ou inconclusivo. Nos indiv&#237;duos com PPT de 10%, avaliou-se, ainda,
            uma oitava hip&#243;tese, a de n&#227;o realizar qualquer exame complementar de diagn&#243;stico e
            assumir aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva.</p>
      <p>Foi efetuada uma an&#225;lise de &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o segundo o m&#233;todo previamente utilizado por
            Patterson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> , destinado a avaliar o custo-efetividade de cada
            uma das estrat&#233;gias, de acordo com a PPT. Em linhas gerais, esse m&#233;todo consiste em
            submeter coortes hipot&#233;ticas de doentes com uma determinada PPT a cada uma das
            estrat&#233;gias de diagn&#243;stico e, utilizando infer&#234;ncia bayesiana, estimar os custos e a
            efetividade de cada uma delas, de acordo com as carater&#237;sticas dos exames em quest&#227;o.
            Sensibilidade, especificidade e taxa de exames n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos de cada teste foram
            obtidas de meta-an&#225;lises, de recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de s&#233;ries publicadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). As taxas de exames n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos do
            TE e do ecocardiograma de estresse dizem respeito &#224; percentagem m&#233;dia de doentes que n&#227;o
            atingem a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alvo. Considerou-se que a CPM seria sempre diagn&#243;stica e
            que sua acuidade seria independente do m&#233;todo de estresse utilizado. Considerou-se
            tamb&#233;m que os exames de AngioTC seriam sempre diagn&#243;sticos, uma vez que a meta-an&#225;lise
            utilizada foi feita com base na inten&#231;&#227;o de diagnosticar, assumindo conservadoramente
            que todos os testes n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos seriam falso-positivos, com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o
            da especificidade do teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> . A sensibilidade e a
            especificidade de um EscCa &gt; 0 no diagn&#243;stico de DAC obstrutiva foram obtidas por
            an&#225;lise combinada dos resultados de dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos multic&#234;ntricos
               internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> . Assumiu-se que o CAT seria sempre diagn&#243;stico,
            com uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 100%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sensibilidade, especificidade e taxa de exames n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos assumidas no
                  modelo econ&#244;mico, para cada um dos m&#233;todos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>TE (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CPM (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>EcoStress (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>AngioTC (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>EscCa &gt; 0 (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Sensibilidade</td>
              <td align="center">68<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
              <td align="center">87<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref></td>
              <td align="center">86<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></td>
              <td align="center">98<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
              <td align="center">93<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Especificidade</td>
              <td align="center">77<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
              <td align="center">81<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></td>
              <td align="center">84<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></td>
              <td align="center">85<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
              <td align="center">43<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Taxa de exames n&#227;o-diagn&#243;sticos</td>
              <td align="center">17<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">18<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; CPM: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; EcoStress:
                     ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina; AngioTC: angiotomografia
                     computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; EscCa: escore de c&#225;lcio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade</title>
        <p>O custo-efetividade de cada estrat&#233;gia foi definido como o custo por cada diagn&#243;stico
               correto (inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva) num doente sintom&#225;tico. Note-se que,
               nessa defini&#231;&#227;o, um valor inferior de custo por diagn&#243;stico correto traduz uma melhor
               custo-efetividade. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas foi feita na
               perspectiva da sociedade (isto &#233;, incluindo todos os custos independentemente do
                  pagador)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> . Para avaliar o
               custo-efetividade incremental de cada uma das op&#231;&#245;es face &#224;s suas alternativas, as
               v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas foram ordenadas por ordem crescente de custo,
               eliminando aquelas preteridas por domin&#226;ncia completa (isto &#233;, simultaneamente mais
               caras e menos eficazes) e por domin&#226;ncia incompleta (isto &#233;, menos eficazes e com uma
               raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental &#8722; RCEI &#8722; mais elevada). As RCEI (custo
               acrescido por cada diagn&#243;stico correto adicional) foram calculadas para cada
               estrat&#233;gia relativamente &#224; estrat&#233;gia menos onerosa precedente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de custos</title>
        <p>O custo de uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica compreende seus custos diretos e indiretos.
               Considerou-se como custos diretos o custo dos exames realizados pelos v&#225;rios doentes
               de cada coorte, usando como refer&#234;ncia a Tabela de Pre&#231;os do Servi&#231;o Nacional de
               Sa&#250;de atualmente em vigor, definida pela Portaria 839-A/2009 de 31 de julho de
                  2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> . O pre&#231;o da AngioTC card&#237;aca foi
               definido como a soma dos valores de AngioTC, suplemento de contraste endovenoso e
               p&#243;s-processamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). Na estrat&#233;gia
               EscCa-AngioTC, assumiu-se um custo de &#8364; 80,00 (id&#234;ntico ao de uma TC tor&#225;cica sem
                  contraste)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> para os doentes que apenas
               realizaram o EscCa, e de &#8364; 207,10 para os que prosseguiram para AngioTC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pre&#231;o dos exames considerados nas diferentes estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas
                     (valores de Portugal)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>C&#243;digo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Designa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pre&#231;o (&#8364;)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>40315</td>
                <td align="center">Prova de esfor&#231;o em bicicleta ergom&#233;trica ou em tapete
                           rolante com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o electrocardiogr&#225;f&#237;ca cont&#237;nua e registo de ECG
                           em cada est&#225;dio</td>
                <td align="center">36,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>58015</td>
                <td align="center">Cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o em esfor&#231;o/estresse
                           farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">424,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40660</td>
                <td align="center">Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica de sobrecarga farmacol&#243;gica
                           (inclui custo do f&#225;rmaco)</td>
                <td align="center">121,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16350</td>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">(129,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16325</td>
                <td align="center">TC, suplemento de contraste endovenoso</td>
                <td align="center">(62,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16345</td>
                <td align="center">P&#243;s-processamento</td>
                <td align="center">(15,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-</td>
                <td align="center">Total AngioTC card&#237;aca (tr&#234;s c&#243;digos)</td>
                <td align="center">207,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>-</td>
                <td align="center">Escore de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">80,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40820</td>
                <td align="center">Cateterismo esquerdo com coronariografia seletiva</td>
                <td align="center">585,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; AngioTC: angiotomografia computadorizada das
                        art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos como custos indiretos:</p>
        <p>1. custo associado aos achados acidentais no EscCa e AngioTC card&#237;aca. Assumiu-se que
               7% desses exames teriam achados extracard&#237;acos acidentais de significado cl&#237;nico
               duvidoso com necessidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o dirigida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , tipicamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o de n&#243;dulos pulmonares. Assumiu-se que
               esses casos obrigariam a uma TC de t&#243;rax sem contraste alguns meses mais tarde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , com um custo adicional de &#8364; 80,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>;</p>
        <p>2. custo associado &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es do CAT diagn&#243;stico. Assumiu-se para tal uma taxa
               de eventos adversos cardiovasculares iatrog&#234;nicos <italic>major</italic> (morte,
               infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral) de 0,05%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e uma taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de acesso vascular requerendo
               transfus&#227;o ou cirurgia de 0,4% (para uma taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de acesso radial de
                  80%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> . Para os eventos cardiovasculares
                  <italic>major</italic>, tomou-se como complica&#231;&#227;o-tipo o infarto agudo do
                  mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , cujo custo foi estimado somando o custo do Grupo de
               Diagn&#243;stico Homog&#234;neo (GDH) de um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal sem complica&#231;&#245;es
                  <italic>major</italic> (&#8364; 3.671,53)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ao
               custo de um m&#234;s de incapacidade tempor&#225;ria para o trabalho, para um Produto Interno
               Bruto (PIB) <italic>per capita</italic> de &#8364; 16.100, e assumindo que metade da
               popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada por suspeita de DAC se encontraria em idade ativa. O custo m&#233;dio
               de um evento cardiovascular <italic>major</italic> iatrog&#234;nico assim estimado
               totalizou &#8364; 4.342. O custo m&#233;dio de uma complica&#231;&#227;o de acesso vascular com
               necessidade de transfus&#227;o ou cirurgia foi estimado em &#8364; 1.500 (opini&#227;o de
               perito);</p>
        <p>3. custo dos falso-negativos. Os custos potenciais de um falso-negativo incluem a
               repeti&#231;&#227;o de testes para diagn&#243;stico de DAC, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros exames para
               diagn&#243;stico diferencial de dor tor&#225;cica, uma pior Qualidade de Vida e risco acrescido
               de eventos cardiovasculares devido &#224; n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica adequada.
               Esses custos s&#227;o particularmente dif&#237;ceis de avaliar. Utilizando m&#233;todos diferentes,
               estudos pr&#233;vios estimam que o custo de um falso-negativo seja 1,4 a 6,7 vezes
               superior ao custo de um falso-positivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> . Assim, optou-se por atribuir aos
               falso-negativos um custo tr&#234;s vezes superior ao de um falso-positivo (isto &#233;, &#8364; 1.818
               por cada falso-negativo). No cen&#225;rio em que se opta por n&#227;o realizar qualquer exame
               complementar de diagn&#243;stico assumindo por defeito aus&#234;ncia de DAC (hip&#243;tese
               equacionada para doentes com PPT de 10%), os custos dos falso-negativos foram os
               &#250;nicos custos contabilizados.</p>
        <p>Optou-se por n&#227;o se inclu&#237;rem, no modelo, os custos das complica&#231;&#245;es dos exames n&#227;o
               invasivos, j&#225; que as complica&#231;&#245;es graves desses testes s&#227;o muito raras e apenas
               aumentariam seus custos de uma forma marginal. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se inclu&#237;ram custos
               potencialmente associados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, por se tratar de um
               modelo de custo-efic&#225;cia de curto prazo e devido &#224; grande incerteza quanto aos
               efeitos da radia&#231;&#227;o nas doses empregadas nesses exames<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Para avaliar at&#233; que ponto os resultados obtidos dependem de algumas das vari&#225;veis
               assumidas, efetuaram-se v&#225;rias an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, repetindo os c&#225;lculos com
               pressupostos diferentes dos iniciais, nomeadamente: reduzindo os valores de
               sensibilidade e especificidade da AngioTC card&#237;aca para 96% e 81%, respectivamente
               (limites inferiores dos Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95% &#8722; da meta-an&#225;lise de
               53 estudos considerada)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> ; reduzindo o custo
               da CPM para &#8364; 207,10 (isto &#233;, equiparando o custo da CPM ao da AngioTC); reduzindo a
               taxa de exames inconclusivos do EcoStress para 5%; assumindo um custo nulo para os
               falso-negativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> est&#227;o representados os planos de
            custo-efic&#225;cia das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em cada cen&#225;rio de PPT. De maneira
            geral, &#224; medida que a PPT aumenta, os custos tamb&#233;m aumentam e a percentagem de
            diagn&#243;sticos corretos diminui (devido ao aumento no n&#250;mero de falso-negativos). </p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Planos de custo-efetividade das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas consoante a
                  probabilidade pr&#233;-teste.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0391-40042-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o dos custos diretos e indiretos &#233; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>, que simula os resultados esperados ao avaliar-se uma
            coorte de cem doentes com PPT de 30%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados de custo e efetividade das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas para cem
                  doentes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de 30%</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>TE-CPM</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>TE-AngioTC</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CPM</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>EcoStress</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>AngioTC</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>EscCa-AngioTC</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CAT</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>Ap&#243;s testes n&#227;o-invasivos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Verdadeiro-positivos</td>
              <td align="center">19,2</td>
              <td align="center">21,6</td>
              <td align="center">26,1</td>
              <td align="center">21,2</td>
              <td align="center">29,4</td>
              <td align="center">27,4</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Falso-positivos</td>
              <td align="center">4,8</td>
              <td align="center">3,8</td>
              <td align="center">13,3</td>
              <td align="center">9,2</td>
              <td align="center">10,5</td>
              <td align="center">6,0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Verdadeiro-negativos</td>
              <td align="center">65,2</td>
              <td align="center">66,2</td>
              <td align="center">56,7</td>
              <td align="center">48,2</td>
              <td align="center">59,5</td>
              <td align="center">64,0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Falso-negativos</td>
              <td align="center">10,8</td>
              <td align="center">8,4</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center">3,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,6</td>
              <td align="center">2,6</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Inconclusivos</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiografias invasivas</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">25,4</td>
              <td align="center">39,4</td>
              <td align="center">48,4</td>
              <td align="center">39,9</td>
              <td align="center">33,4</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiografias invasivas normais</td>
              <td align="center">4,8 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,8 (15%)</td>
              <td align="center">13,3 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">21,8 (45%)</td>
              <td align="center">10,5 (26%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18%)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (70%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diagn&#243;sticos corretos (ap&#243;s CAT quando aplic&#225;vel)</td>
              <td align="center">89,2</td>
              <td align="center">91,6</td>
              <td align="center">96,1</td>
              <td align="center">96,6</td>
              <td align="center">99,4</td>
              <td align="center">97,4</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="8">
                <bold>Custos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Em exames n&#227;o invasivos</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 23.752</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 13.475</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 42.440</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 12.180</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 20.710</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 16.642</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Em CAT</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 14.033</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 14.860</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 23.069</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 28.303</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 23.362</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 19.543</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 58.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Em complica&#231;&#245;es de CAT</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 318</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 337</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 523</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 643</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 530</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 443</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 1.327</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Em achados acidentais</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 265</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 560</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 560</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Em falso- negativos</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 19.693</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 15.287</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 7.090</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 6.261</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 1.091</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 4.785</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Custo total</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 57.796</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 44.224</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 73.122</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 47.386</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 46.252</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 41.973</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 59.877</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Custo por diagn&#243;stico correto</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 648</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 483</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 761</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 491</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 465</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 431</td>
              <td align="center">&#8364; 599</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; CPM: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; AngioTC:
                     angiotomografia computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; EcoStress:
                     ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina; EscCa: escore de c&#225;lcio; CAT:
                     coronariografia invasiva.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref> sumariza os resultados de
            custo-efetividade incremental das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em coortes hipot&#233;ticas
            de cem doentes com PPT entre 10 e 90%. Em cada PPT avaliada, as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas
            encontram-se ordenadas por ordem crescente de custos e das respectivas RCEI. Em todos os
            cen&#225;rios de PPT, as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas TE-CPM, CPM e EcoStress s&#227;o dominadas por
            alternativas simultaneamente menos onerosas e mais eficazes. Utilizando o crit&#233;rio de
            custo-efetividade, a escolha da melhor estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica depender&#225; da percentagem
            de falso-negativos que se est&#225; disposto a aceitar e da disponibilidade para pagar
               (<italic>willingness to pay</italic>) por cada diagn&#243;stico correto adicional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Por exemplo, utilizando um limiar de &#8364;
            5.000 por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional, a estrat&#233;gia preferida seria EscCa-AngioTC para
            PPT de 10%, AngioTC para probabilidades 20% a 40% e CAT para probabilidades &#8805; 50%.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Escolha da estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica mais custo-efetiva, de acordo com a
                  probabilidade pr&#233;-teste e disponibilidade para pagar por diagn&#243;stico correto.
                  Estabelecido o valor m&#225;ximo que a sociedade aceita pagar por um diagn&#243;stico
                  correto adicional, a estrat&#233;gia que representa o melhor uso desses recursos &#233;
                  aquela que intercepta a linha do valor da disponibilidade para pagar. Por exemplo,
                  para uma disponibilidade para pagar de &#8364; 1.500 por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional,
                  o m&#233;todo escolhido seria teste ergom&#233;trico-angiotomografia computadorizada quando
                  a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste for de 10%; escore de c&#225;lcio-angiotomografia
                  computadorizada quando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste for de 20% a 30%; angiotomografia
                  computadorizada quando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste for de 40% a 50%; e
                  coronariografia invasiva quando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8805; 60%.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0391-40042-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Com o intuito de avaliar a robustez dos resultados e a influ&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios
               pressupostos, reformulou-se o modelo, alterando alguns par&#226;metros, nomeadamente:
               acuidade diagn&#243;stica da AngioTC, pre&#231;o da CPM, taxa de exames inconclusivos do
               EcoStress, e custo dos falso-negativos.</p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade e da especificidade da AngioTC para 96% e 81%,
               respectivamente, fez aumentar o custo total e a RCEI das estrat&#233;gias que incluem a
               AngioTC. Apesar disso, as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas TE-CPM, CPM e EcoStress continuam
               sendo dominadas, mantendo-se a ordena&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental disposta na
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>, em cada uma das PPT
               avaliadas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custo-efetividade incremental das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em
                     coortes de cem doentes hipot&#233;ticos com probabilidades pr&#233;-teste entre 10% e
                     60%. Acima de uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de 60%, todas as estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o
                     dominadas pela estrat&#233;gia de Coronariografia Invasiva (CAT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Custo total (&#8364;)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos corretos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Falso-negativos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RCEI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">**</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8">10%</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o investigar</td>
                <td align="center">18.180</td>
                <td align="center">90,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">24.473</td>
                <td align="center">97,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 874</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">27.975</td>
                <td align="center">99,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 1.819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">34.667</td>
                <td align="center">96,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">35.585</td>
                <td align="center">99,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 11.234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">36.338</td>
                <td align="center">98,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 121.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">60.252</td>
                <td align="center">98,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">20%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">34.349</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">34.974</td>
                <td align="center">98,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">40.918</td>
                <td align="center">99,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 4.388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">41.862</td>
                <td align="center">97,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">46.232</td>
                <td align="center">92,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 47.397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">66.687</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">30%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">41.973</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">44.224</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">46.252</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 2.106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">47.386</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">57.796</td>
                <td align="center">89,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 22.709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">73.122</td>
                <td align="center">96,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">40%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">48.972</td>
                <td align="center">96,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">51.585</td>
                <td align="center">99,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">52.910</td>
                <td align="center">95,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">54.099</td>
                <td align="center">88,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 10.365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">69.361</td>
                <td align="center">85,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">79.557</td>
                <td align="center">94,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">50%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">55.971</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">56.919</td>
                <td align="center">99,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">58.434</td>
                <td align="center">94,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 2.959</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">63.975</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">80.925</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">85.992</td>
                <td align="center">93,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">60%</td>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">62.252</td>
                <td align="center">98,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">62.970</td>
                <td align="center">94,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">63.958</td>
                <td align="center">93,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">73.850</td>
                <td align="center">83,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">92.427</td>
                <td align="center">92,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">92.490</td>
                <td align="center">78,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t04-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>No final da estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica, isto &#233;, incluindo resultados do CAT
                        quando os exames n&#227;o invasivos forem positivos ou inconclusivos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t04-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>custo incremental por cada diagn&#243;stico correto adicional. RCEI: raz&#227;o de
                        custo-efetividade incremental (<italic>&#916;</italic> custos/<italic>&#916;</italic>
                        diagn&#243;sticos corretos); TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; AngioTC: angiotomografia
                        computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; EscCa: escore de c&#225;lcio; CPM:
                        cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; EcoStress: ecocardiograma de
                        sobrecarga.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Equiparando o custo da CPM ao custo da AngioTC (&#8364; 207,10), as estrat&#233;gias
               diagn&#243;sticas TE-CPM e CPM t&#234;m seu custo-efetividade melhorado. No entanto, essas
               estrat&#233;gias permanecem dominadas por outros m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico (menos onerosos e
               mais eficazes) em todas as PPT consideradas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custo-efetividade incremental das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em
                     coortes de cem doentes hipot&#233;ticos com probabilidades pr&#233;-teste entre 10% e
                     60%, assumindo pre&#231;os id&#234;nticos para Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM)
                     e Angiotomografia Computadorizada (AngioTC) das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Acima de
                     uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de 60%, todas as estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o dominadas pela
                     estrat&#233;gia Coronariografia Invasiva (CAT)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Custo total (&#8364;)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos corretos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Falso-negativos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RCEI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">**</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8">10%</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o investigar</td>
                <td align="center">18.180</td>
                <td align="center">90,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">24.473</td>
                <td align="center">97,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;874</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">26.013</td>
                <td align="center">96,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">27.975</td>
                <td align="center">99,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;1.819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">35.585</td>
                <td align="center">99,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;11.234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">36.338</td>
                <td align="center">98,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">38.522</td>
                <td align="center">98,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;121.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">20%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">34.349</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">34.974</td>
                <td align="center">98,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">36.766</td>
                <td align="center">92,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">40.918</td>
                <td align="center">99,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;4.388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">41.862</td>
                <td align="center">97,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">44.957</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;47.397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">30%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">41.973</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">44.224</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">46.252</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;2.106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">47.386</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">47.519</td>
                <td align="center">89,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">51.392</td>
                <td align="center">96,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;22.709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">40%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">48.972</td>
                <td align="center">96,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">51.585</td>
                <td align="center">99,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">52.910</td>
                <td align="center">95,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">54.099</td>
                <td align="center">88,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">57.827</td>
                <td align="center">94,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">58.272</td>
                <td align="center">85,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;10.365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">50%</td>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">55.971</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">56.919</td>
                <td align="center">99,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">58.434</td>
                <td align="center">94,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;2.959</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">63.975</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">64.262</td>
                <td align="center">93,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">69.025</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">60%</td>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">62.252</td>
                <td align="center">98,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">62.970</td>
                <td align="center">94,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">63.958</td>
                <td align="center">93,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CPM</td>
                <td align="center">70.697</td>
                <td align="center">92,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">73.850</td>
                <td align="center">83,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TE-CPM</td>
                <td align="center">79.778</td>
                <td align="center">78,3</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominada</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t05-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>No final da estrat&#233;gia diagnostica, isto &#233;, incluindo resultados do CAT
                        quando os exames n&#227;o invasivos forem positivos ou inconclusivos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>custo incremental por cada diagn&#243;stico correto adicional. RCEI: raz&#227;o de
                        custo-efetividade incremental (<italic>&#916;</italic> custos/<italic>&#916;</italic>
                        diagn&#243;sticos corretos); TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; EscCa: escore de c&#225;lcio;
                        EcoStress: ecocardiograma de sobrecarga; CPM: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o
                        mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de exames inconclusivos do EcoStress de 18% para 5% resulta numa
               melhoria de seus resultados de custo-efetividade sem que, no entanto, esse m&#233;todo
               deixe de ser dominado por outras estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em todas as PPT avaliadas.
               Comparando, em cada patamar de PPT, a estrat&#233;gia EcoStress com as estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o
               invasivas dominantes (mais custo-efetivas), a estrat&#233;gia EcoStress acarretaria um
               custo acrescido de &#8364; 303 a &#8364; 2.700 por cada cem pacientes, juntamente de um acr&#233;scimo
               absoluto de falso-negativos de 1,1% a 5,7%.</p>
        <p>No modelo em que se assume a aus&#234;ncia de custos indiretos nos doentes com exames
               falso-negativos, a estrat&#233;gia TE-AngioTC &#233; a menos dispendiosa em todos os n&#237;veis de
               PPT. No entanto, essa marcha diagn&#243;stica resulta num n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de
               falso-negativos, sobretudo para PPT intermedi&#225;rias ou elevadas. A transi&#231;&#227;o para
               estrat&#233;gias mais efetivas vai sendo menos onerosa &#224; medida que aumenta a preval&#234;ncia
               de DAC obstrutiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custo-efetividade incremental das v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em
                     coortes de cem doentes hipot&#233;ticos com probabilidades pr&#233;-teste entre 10% e
                     90%, assumindo um custo nulo para os falso-negativos. As estrat&#233;gias dominadas
                     s&#227;o omitidas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Custo total (&#8364;)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos corretos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Falso-negativos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>RCEI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn02">**</xref> (&#8364;)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">10%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">19.378</td>
                <td align="center">97,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">26.379</td>
                <td align="center">99,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">3.637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">35.221</td>
                <td align="center">99,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">13.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">123.279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">20%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">24.157</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">31.783</td>
                <td align="center">98,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1.980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">40.191</td>
                <td align="center">99,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">6.206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">49.215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">30%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">28.937</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">37.187</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">1.428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">45.161</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3.924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364;59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">24.527</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">40%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">33.717</td>
                <td align="center">88,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">42.591</td>
                <td align="center">96,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">1.152</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">50.131</td>
                <td align="center">99,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2.782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12.183</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">50%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">38.496</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">47.995</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">987</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">55.101</td>
                <td align="center">99,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">2.098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4.777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">60%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">37.581</td>
                <td align="center">83,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">51.435</td>
                <td align="center">93,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EscCa-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">53.399</td>
                <td align="center">94,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">1.210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1.231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">70%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">48.059</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EcoStress</td>
                <td align="center">54.872</td>
                <td align="center">92,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">80%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">52.836</td>
                <td align="center">77,6</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">90%</td>
                <td align="center">TE-AngioTC</td>
                <td align="center">57.615</td>
                <td align="center">74,8</td>
                <td align="center">25,2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CAT</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t06-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>No final da estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica, isto &#233;, incluindo resultados do CAT
                        quando os exames n&#227;o invasivos forem positivos ou inconclusivos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t06-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>custo incremental por cada diagn&#243;stico correto adicional. RCEI: raz&#227;o
                        custo-efetividade incremental (<italic>&#916;</italic> custos/<italic>&#916;</italic>
                        diagn&#243;sticos corretos); TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; AngioTC: angiotomografia
                        computadorizada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; EscCa: escore de c&#225;lcio; CAT:
                        coronariografia invasiva; EcoStress: ecocardiograma de estresse com
                        dobutamina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem havido uma crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a necessidade de se
            considerarem os custos nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. As an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade podem nos
            ajudar a fazer um uso mais eficiente dos recursos de sa&#250;de e a racionalizar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o
            de novas tecnologias, frequentemente mais dispendiosas que suas alternativas. Tanto
            quanto &#233; do nosso conhecimento, esta &#233; a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade de
            v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas de DAC est&#225;vel no contexto portugu&#234;s. Os resultados
            desta an&#225;lise indicam que, em Portugal, os algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos que incluem a AngioTC
            card&#237;aca s&#227;o os mais custo-efetivos em doentes sintom&#225;ticos com suspeita de DAC
            obstrutiva e PPT &#8804; 50%. Em doentes de risco mais elevado (PPT &gt; 50%), o envio direto
            para CAT parece ser a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva. O modelo sugere que os m&#233;todos
            imagiol&#243;gicos de isquemia (CPM e EcoStress) s&#227;o mais onerosos e menos eficazes que
            outras estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas em todas as PPT consideradas. Quanto aos doentes com PPT
            &#8804; 50%, e no cen&#225;rio conservador com a disponibilidade para pagar &#8364; 1.000 por diagn&#243;stico
            correto adicional, os resultados de custo-efetividade incremental apontam para a
            vantagem de preceder a AngioTC por um teste ergom&#233;trico nos doentes com PPT mais baixa
            (10%), fazer uma pr&#233;-determina&#231;&#227;o "eliminat&#243;ria" do EscCa naqueles com PPT 20% a 30% e
            usar a AngioTC como primeiro exame nos doentes com PPT de 40% a 50%. No cen&#225;rio mais
            liberal com a disponibilidade para pagar &#8364; 5.000 por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional, a
            estrat&#233;gia preferida seria SCa-AngioTC para PPT de 10%, AngioTC para probabilidades de
            20% a 40% e CAT para probabilidades &#8805; 50%.</p>
      <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a escolha de um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico por crit&#233;rios de custo-efetividade
            depende da PPT e da disponibilidade para pagar por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional. Ao
            contr&#225;rio do que sucede nos estudos de custo-efetividade de longo prazo, n&#227;o existe,
            neste contexto, um limiar de custo-efic&#225;cia comumente aceito (por exemplo: &#8364; 30.000/QALY
            &#8722; sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Quality-Adjusted Life-Year</italic>, Anos de Vida Ajustados
            por Qualidade de Vida) que possa servir de refer&#234;ncia para a ado&#231;&#227;o ou rejei&#231;&#227;o de uma
            estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica. N&#227;o obstante, um estudo recente sugeriu que, para n&#237;veis de
            preval&#234;ncia de DAC &#8805; 30%, os valores de custo incremental por diagn&#243;stico correto no
            modelo de curto prazo s&#227;o semelhantes aos valores de custo incremental por QALY estimado
            em modelos de longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> . Numa perspectiva
            mais conservadora, pode se considerar que a disponibilidade da sociedade portuguesa para
            pagar por diagn&#243;stico correto adicional ser&#225; pelo menos &#8805; &#8364; 1.010, valor correspondente
            ao somat&#243;rio dos custos diretos de uma CPM seguida de CAT, uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica
            bem aceita e frequentemente utilizada em Portugal.</p>
      <p>Dos cen&#225;rios avaliados na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, aquele em que se assumem pre&#231;os
            iguais para a AngioTC e CPM tem particular import&#226;ncia por se tratar da realidade de
            alguns pa&#237;ses. Mesmo nesse cen&#225;rio, a CPM permanece uma estrat&#233;gia dominada (isto &#233;,
            mais onerosa e menos efetiva), devido ao fato de ter menor acur&#225;cia que a AngioTC,
            sobretudo em termos de sensibilidade. Apenas num cen&#225;rio (n&#227;o testado) em que o pre&#231;o
            fosse id&#234;ntico e a cintilografia tivesse melhor acur&#225;cia &#233; que os resultados poderiam
            ser diferentes.</p>
      <p>De forma geral, esses resultados est&#227;o em linha com as an&#225;lises realizadas noutros
               pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , que posicionam a
            AngioTC card&#237;aca como um m&#233;todo custo-efetivo no diagn&#243;stico ou exclus&#227;o de DAC
            obstrutiva em doentes com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria. A explica&#231;&#227;o reside,
            provavelmente, numa combina&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel de custo (relativamente acess&#237;vel) e boa
            acur&#225;cia. Uma melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica permite simultaneamente aumentar o denominador
            da equa&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade (n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos corretos) e diminuir o
            numerador, com menores custos indiretos com falso-negativos e falso-positivos.</p>
      <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses resultados e a aferi&#231;&#227;o de suas potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es devem ter
            em conta v&#225;rios fatores. Em primeiro lugar, deve se notar que o custo-efetividade das
            v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas est&#225; criticamente dependente de uma adequada sele&#231;&#227;o dos
            pacientes. O c&#225;lculo da PPT &#233; assumido aqui como um passo central e decisivo na escolha
            de uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica custo-efetiva. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o pode ser feita facilmente e
            de maneira r&#225;pida por meio de escores cl&#237;nicos bem validados e recentemente calibrados
            em popula&#231;&#245;es europeias contempor&#226;neas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> . Em
            segundo lugar, &#233; importante real&#231;ar que os resultados dessa an&#225;lise apenas se aplicam a
            doentes sem DAC conhecida. Esses achados n&#227;o significam, portanto, que os exames
            funcionais n&#227;o s&#227;o &#250;teis ou custo-efetivos noutros contextos, nomeadamente em doentes
            com DAC estabelecida, na qual a AngioTC tem um desempenho sub&#243;timo e nos quais as
            quest&#245;es fundamentais s&#227;o a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de isquemia, e sua localiza&#231;&#227;o,
            extens&#227;o e gravidade. Mais do que ver esses resultados em termos de vencedores e
            vencidos, importa conhecer as vantagens e desvantagens dos m&#233;todos anat&#244;micos e
            funcionais nos diferentes contextos. Em terceiro lugar, deve reconhecer-se que o uso
            exclusivo de m&#233;todos anat&#244;micos no diagn&#243;stico de DAC obstrutiva comporta alguns riscos,
            nomeadamente o de originar revasculariza&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias. No entanto, a CAT nas
            v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias avaliadas tem uma finalidade diagn&#243;stica e n&#227;o obrigatoriamente
            terap&#234;utica (tal como sucedeu no estudo COURAGE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e, apesar de ambas as coronariografias (invasiva ou por TC) fornecerem
            informa&#231;&#227;o essencialmente anat&#244;mica, existe a possibilidade de complementar esta
            avalia&#231;&#227;o com a informa&#231;&#227;o funcional fornecida pela Reserva de Fluxo Coron&#225;rio (FFR),
            m&#233;todo que se assume hoje como <italic>gold standard</italic> e que demonstrou ele
            pr&#243;prio ser custo-efetivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> . &#201; poss&#237;vel que, num
            futuro pr&#243;ximo, a AngioTC permita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia por t&#233;cnicas de perfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> ou de reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio virtual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , mas essa ainda n&#227;o &#233; uma aplica&#231;&#227;o estabelecida.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este trabalho apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, trata-se de um modelo
               te&#243;rico cujos resultados est&#227;o dependentes das premissas assumidas como, por exemplo,
               os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade das v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas que podem, no "mundo
               real", ser diferentes dos reportados em estudos internacionais de refer&#234;ncia. No que
               diz respeito &#224; AngioTC, deve se assinalar que sua especificidade depende da PPT
               devido &#224; diferente preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias. Ao utilizarmos valores
               m&#233;dios, provavelmente subvalorizou-se o custo-efetividade da AngioTC nos doentes com
               probabilidades pr&#233;-teste mais baixas e se sobrevalorizou nos doentes com
               probabilidades pr&#233;-teste mais elevadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> . Da
               mesma forma e como em todas as an&#225;lises deste tipo, os resultados s&#243; s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis a
               doentes que possam realizar qualquer um dos exames avaliados (isto &#233;, capazes de
               fazer esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, sem bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo, sem insufici&#234;ncia renal
               grave e sem alergia ao contraste iodado etc.). Optou-se por n&#227;o incluir no modelo os
               custos e benef&#237;cios para al&#233;m da fase diagn&#243;stica (como custos com medica&#231;&#227;o,
               revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, interna&#231;&#245;es e eventuais ganhos em QALY), por implicarem maior
               complexidade e grau de incerteza. No entanto, existe evid&#234;ncia de que o diagn&#243;stico
               de DAC obstrutiva (vs. falso-negativo) se associa a um aumento de tr&#234;s QALYs ao longo
               de um per&#237;odo de 10 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> . Dependendo dos
               pressupostos assumidos, &#233; poss&#237;vel que uma an&#225;lise de longo prazo produza resultados
               significativamente diferentes dos desta an&#225;lise. Para n&#227;o tornar a an&#225;lise demasiado
               complexa, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram consideradas todas as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas poss&#237;veis,
               tendo-se optado por modalidades e marchas diagn&#243;sticas acess&#237;veis e frequentemente
               utilizadas. Por outro lado, classificaram-se os exames conclusivos como positivos ou
               negativos, numa dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o que &#233; redutora mais inevit&#225;vel neste tipo de an&#225;lise.
               Finalmente, importa recordar que o custo-efetividade deve ser um dos crit&#233;rios
               presentes na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, mas n&#227;o o &#250;nico. Outros fatores relacionados com o
               doente ou com o contexto local (disponibilidade, experi&#234;ncia etc.) devem ser tomados
               em conta na escolha de um m&#233;todo complementar de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos que incluem a angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca s&#227;o os
            mais custo-efetivos em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com suspeita de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel e
            probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8804; 50%. Nesses pacientes, dependendo da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste e
            da disponibilidade para pagar por diagn&#243;stico correto, a angiotomografia computadorizada
            pode ser usada como teste de primeira linha ou ser reservada a doentes com teste
            ergom&#233;trico positivo/inconclusivo ou escore de c&#225;lcio &gt; 0. Em doentes de risco mais
            elevado (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#8805; 60%), o envio direto para coronariografia invasiva
            parece ser a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva. Em todas as probabilidades pr&#233;-teste, as
            estrat&#233;gias baseadas em testes de isquemia parecem ser mais onerosas e menos eficazes
            que as estrat&#233;gias baseadas em testes anat&#244;micos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
               manuscrito; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Gon&#231;alves
               PA, Cardim N, Marques H, Ferreira AM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
               Ferreira AM.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>O valor do euro presentemente: 1 euro = 3,23 reais brasileiros</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cost-Effectiveness of Different Diagnostic Strategies in
               Suspected Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Portugal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardim</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa
               Ocidental, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marta - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa
               Central, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Nova
               de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#243;nio Miguel Ferreira</bold>, Hospital da Luz, Avenida
               Lus&#237;ada, 100. Postal Code 1500-650, Lisboa &#8722; Portugal. E-mail:
                  <email>miguelferreira.md@sapo.pt</email>, <email>amferreira.md@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cost-effectiveness is an increasingly important factor in the choice of a test or
                  therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the cost-effectiveness of various methods routinely used for the
                  diagnosis of stable coronary disease in Portugal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Seven diagnostic strategies were assessed. The cost-effectiveness of each strategy
                  was defined as the cost per correct diagnosis (inclusion or exclusion of
                  obstructive coronary artery disease) in a symptomatic patient. The cost and
                  effectiveness of each method were assessed using Bayesian inference and
                  decision-making tree analyses, with the pretest likelihood of disease ranging from
                  10% to 90%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies was strongly dependent on the
                  pretest likelihood of disease. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of
                  &#8804;50%, the diagnostic algorithms, which include cardiac computed tomography
                  angiography, were the most cost-effective. In these patients, depending on the
                  pretest likelihood of disease and the willingness to pay for an additional correct
                  diagnosis, computed tomography angiography may be used as a frontline test or
                  reserved for patients with positive/inconclusive ergometric test results or a
                  calcium score of &gt;0. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of &#8805; 60%,
                  up-front invasive coronary angiography appears to be the most cost-effective
                  strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> Diagnostic algorithms that include cardiac computed tomography angiography are
                  the most cost-effective in symptomatic patients with suspected stable coronary
                  artery disease and a pretest likelihood of disease of &#8804;50%. In high-risk patients
                  (pretest likelihood of disease &#8805; 60%), up-front invasive coronary angiography
                  appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. In all pretest likelihoods of
                  disease, strategies based on ischemia appear to be more expensive and less
                  effective compared with those based on anatomical tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary disease / economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary disease / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Clinical assessment of an individual with suspected stable coronary artery disease
               (CAD) is usually complemented by noninvasive tests such as the ergometric test (ET),
               myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS), or stress echocardiography (StressEcho).
               Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has broadened the options for the
               assessment of CAD patients and is a potentially beneficial alternative for
               individuals with an intermediate or a low pretest likelihood of disease (PLD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> . However, the generalized adoption of new
               techniques that, although appealing, may entail additional costs and no added value,
               should be considered carefully with regard to the increasing economic pressure to
               which healthcare systems are exposed. Therefore, it is important to determine the
               cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies routinely used for the diagnosis of
               stable CAD and identify patients for whom CCTA is a cost-effective alternative.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The cost-effectiveness of seven diagnostic strategies was assessed: (1) ET followed
               by MPS in positive or inconclusive cases, (2) ET followed by 64-detector CCTA in
               positive or inconclusive cases, (3) MPS (as first option), (4) StressEcho with
               dobutamine (as first option), (5) CCTA (as first option), (6) calcium scoring (CaSc)
               followed by CCTA (CACS-CCTA) when CaSc &gt; 0, and (7) invasive coronary angiography
               (CATH) as the first and only test. All considered strategies presuppose the end of
               the diagnostic procedures when a test is negative and a confirmation CATH when the
               last test of the noninvasive strategy is positive or inconclusive. In addition, an
               eight alternative was assessed in individuals with a PLD of 10%, which involved not
               performing any complementary diagnostic tests and assuming the absence of obstructive
               CAD.</p>
        <p>A decision-making tree analysis was performed according to the method described by
               Patterson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> to assess the cost-effectiveness of each
               strategy according to PLD. In this method, hypothetical cohorts of patients with a
               certain PLD are subjected to each of the diagnostic strategies. Then, Bayesian
               inference is used to estimate the cost and effectiveness of each strategy according
               to the test characteristics. Sensitivity, specificity, and the rate of nondiagnostic
               tests were gathered from meta-analysis, clinical recommendations, and published
               series (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 1</xref>). The rate of nondiagnostic
               ET and StressEcho tests was calculated as the mean percentage of patients who fail to
               reach the target heart rate. MPS was always considered to be diagnostic, and its
               accuracy was considered independent of the stress method used. In addition, CCTA
               tests were always considered diagnostic since the meta-analysis on its accuracy was
               performed on an intention-to-diagnose basis, assuming that all nondiagnostic tests
               would be false-positive, thereby decreasing the specificity of the test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> . The sensitivity and specificity of CaSc &gt;
               0 for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD were obtained through combined analysis of the
               results of two international multicenter clinical trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> . We
               assumed that CATH tests would always be diagnostic, with a sensitivity and
               specificity of 100%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensitivity, specificity, and rate of nondiagnostic tests for each method
                     as assumed in the economic model</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>ET (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>MPS (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>StressEcho (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CCTA (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CACS &gt; 0 (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensitivity</td>
                <td align="center">68<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
                <td align="center">87<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref></td>
                <td align="center">86<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></td>
                <td align="center">98<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
                <td align="center">93<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Specificity</td>
                <td align="center">77<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref></td>
                <td align="center">81<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></td>
                <td align="center">84<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></td>
                <td align="center">85<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
                <td align="center">43<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rate of nondiagnostic tests</td>
                <td align="center">17<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">18<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ET: ergometric test; MPS: myocardial perfusion scintigraphy; StresEco:
                        stress echocardiogram with dobutamine; CCTA: computed tomography angiography
                        of the coronary arteries; CaSc: calcium scoring</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of cost-effectiveness</title>
          <p>The cost-effectiveness of each strategy was defined as the cost per correct
                  diagnosis (inclusion or exclusion of obstructive CAD) in a symptomatic patient.
                  According to this definition, a lower cost value per correct diagnosis translates
                  into better cost-effectiveness. Comparison between the diagnostic strategies was
                  made from the society's perspective (i.e., including all costs, regardless of the
                     payer)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> . To compare the incremental
                  cost-effectiveness of each option with that of all the other alternatives, the
                  diagnostic strategies were ranked in increasing order of cost and those
                  outperformed by complete dominance (simultaneously more expensive and less
                  effective) and incomplete dominance (less effective with a higher incremental
                  cost-effectiveness ratio; ICER) were excluded. ICERs (added cost per additional
                  correct diagnosis) were calculated for each strategy relative to the previous less
                  expensive strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of cost</title>
          <p>The cost of a diagnostic strategy includes direct and indirect costs. Direct cost
                  was considered as the cost of the examinations performed for patients in each
                  cohort, using the current <italic>Tabela de Pre&#231;os do Servi&#231;o Nacional de
                     Sa&#250;de</italic> (price list of the National Health Service), which was defined
                  by the Ordinance 839-A/2009 of July 31, 2009, as a reference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> . The price of cardiac CCTA was defined as the sum of the
                  values of CCTA, intravenous contrast supplement, and post-processing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 2</xref>). In the CaSc-CCTA strategy, a cost
                  of &#8364; 80.00 was assumed (identical to that of noncontrast chest CT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> for patients who only underwent CaSc, while
                  a cost of &#8364; 207.10 was assumed for those who also underwent CCTA.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Price of tests included in the different diagnostic strategies (values
                        for Portugal)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Code<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Designation</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Price (&#8364;)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>40315</td>
                  <td align="center">Stress test in ergometric bicycle or treadmill with
                              continuous ECG monitoring and recording at each stage</td>
                  <td align="center">36.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>58015</td>
                  <td align="center">Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy under
                              pharmacological stress</td>
                  <td align="center">424.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40660</td>
                  <td align="center">Transthoracic echocardiography under pharmacological
                              stress (includes the cost of the drug)</td>
                  <td align="center">121.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16350</td>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">(129.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16325</td>
                  <td align="center">CT, intravenous contrast supplement</td>
                  <td align="center">(62.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16345</td>
                  <td align="center">Post-processing</td>
                  <td align="center">(15.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td align="center">Total cardiac CCTA (three codes)</td>
                  <td align="center">207.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td align="center">Calcium scoring</td>
                  <td align="center">80.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40820</td>
                  <td align="center">Left catheterization with selective coronary
                              angiography</td>
                  <td align="center">585.50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ECG: electrocardiogram, CCTA: computed tomography angiography of the
                           coronary arteries, CT: computed tomography.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The following indirect costs were included.</p>
          <p>1. Cost associated with incidental findings during CaSc and cardiac CCTA. We
                  assumed that 7% of these tests would exhibit incidental extracardiac findings of
                  uncertain clinical significance, which would require direct investigation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , usually to assess lung nodules. We
                  assumed that these cases would require noncontrast chest CT a few months
                     later<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> at an additional cost of &#8364;
                     80.00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> .</p>
          <p>2. Cost associated with complications caused by diagnostic CATH. We assumed that
                  the rate of major iatrogenic adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial
                  infarction, or stroke) was 0.05%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , while
                  that of vascular access-related complications that required transfusion or surgery
                  was 0.4% (for a rate of 80% for radial access use)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> . With regard to major cardiovascular events, we considered acute
                  myocardial infarction to be a typical complication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and estimated
                  its cost by adding the cost for a homogeneous diagnostic group (HDG) of patients
                  with nonfatal myocardial infarction without major complications (&#8364;3,671.53)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> to the cost of 1 month of temporary
                  incapacity to work, for a gross domestic product (GDP) <italic>per capita</italic>
                  of &#8364;16,100, assuming that half of the population assessed for suspected CAD was
                  active. The mean cost of an iatrogenic major cardiovascular event thus estimated
                  was &#8364; 4,342. The mean cost of a vascular access complication requiring transfusion
                  or surgery was estimated to be &#8364;1,500 (expert opinion).</p>
          <p>3. Cost of false-negative tests. The potential cost of false-negative tests
                  includes the cost of repeat tests for CAD diagnosis, other examinations for the
                  differential diagnosis of chest pain, worse quality of life, and added risk for
                  cardiovascular events due to the non-prescription of adequate medical therapy.
                  These costs are particularly difficult to evaluate. Previous studies have used
                  various methods to estimate that the cost of a false-negative test is 1.4-6.7
                  times higher than that of a false-positive test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> . Therefore, false-negative tests were
                  allocated a cost that was three times higher than that of a false-positive test
                  (&#8364;1.818 for each false-negative test). In the scenario where no further testing is
                  performed assuming the absence of CAD (a hypothesis considered for patients with
                  PLD of 10%), the costs of false-negatives were the only ones taken into
                  account.</p>
          <p>We did not include the cost of complications caused by noninvasive tests in the
                  model because serious complications resulting from these tests are very rare and
                  would only marginally increase costs. In addition, the cost associated with
                  potential exposure to ionizing radiation was not included because this was a
                  short-term cost-effectiveness model; furthermore, there is great uncertainty about
                  the effects of radiation doses used in these tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>To assess the extent to which the results obtained depended on some of the
                  variables under study, several sensitivity analyses were performed. Calculations
                  were repeated using new assumptions such as decreasing the sensitivity and
                  specificity values for cardiac CCTA to 96% and 81%, respectively (lower limits of
                  95% confidence intervals in the meta-analysis of 53 studies)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> , decreasing the cost of MPS to &#8364;207.10 (equating the cost
                  of MPS with that of CCTA), decreasing the rate of inconclusive StressEcho tests to
                  5%, and assuming zero cost for false-negative tests.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref> shows the cost-effectiveness plans for
               the diagnostic strategies for each scenario of PLD. In general, costs increase and
               the percentage of correct diagnosis decreases with increasing PLD (due to the
               increase in the number of false-negative tests).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cost-effectiveness plans for the diagnostic strategies according to the
                     pretest likelihood of disease.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0391-40042-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The composition of direct and indirect costs is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Table 3</xref> (simulation of the expected results when a cohort of 100
               patients with a PPT of 30% is assessed).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic strategies for 100 patients
                     with a pretest likelihood of disease of 30%</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>ET-MPS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>ET-CCTA</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>MPS</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>StressEcho</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CCTA</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CACS-CCTA</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CATH</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>After non-invasive testing</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>True positive</td>
                <td align="center">19.2</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
                <td align="center">26.1</td>
                <td align="center">21.2</td>
                <td align="center">29.4</td>
                <td align="center">27.4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>False positive</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
                <td align="center">3.8</td>
                <td align="center">13.3</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
                <td align="center">10.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>True negative</td>
                <td align="center">65.2</td>
                <td align="center">66.2</td>
                <td align="center">56.7</td>
                <td align="center">48.2</td>
                <td align="center">59.5</td>
                <td align="center">64.0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>False negative</td>
                <td align="center">10.8</td>
                <td align="center">8.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inconclusive</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Invasive Angiographies</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">25.4</td>
                <td align="center">39.4</td>
                <td align="center">48.4</td>
                <td align="center">39.9</td>
                <td align="center">33.4</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal invasive Angiographies</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">21.8 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (70%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Correct diagnoses (after CATH when applicable)</td>
                <td align="center">89.2</td>
                <td align="center">91.6</td>
                <td align="center">96.1</td>
                <td align="center">96.6</td>
                <td align="center">99.4</td>
                <td align="center">97.4</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="8">
                  <bold>Costs</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Noninvasive tests</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 23.752</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 13.475</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 42.440</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 12.180</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 20.710</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 16.642</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CATH</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 14.033</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 14.860</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 23.069</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 28.303</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 23.362</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 19.543</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 58.550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CATH complications de CATH</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 318</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 337</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 523</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 643</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 530</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 443</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 1.327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Incidental findings</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 265</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 560</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 560</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>False-negative tests</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 19.693</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 15.287</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 7.090</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 6.261</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 1.091</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 4.785</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cost</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 57.796</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 44.224</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 73.122</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 47.386</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 46.252</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 41.973</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 59.877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cost per correct diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 648</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 483</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 761</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 491</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 465</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 431</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 599</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ET: ergometric test, MPS: myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, CCTA: computed
                        tomography angiography of the coronary arteries, StressEcho: stress
                        echocardiography with dobutamine, CACS: calcium score, CATH: invasive
                        coronary angiography</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> summarizes the results of incremental
               cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic strategies applied to hypothetical cohorts of
               100 patients with a PLD of 10%-90%. Diagnostic strategies were presented in
               increasing order of cost and respective ICER for each assessed PLD. In all scenarios
               of PLD, the diagnostic strategies for ET-MPS, MPS, and StressEcho are dominated by
               alternative strategies that are less expensive and more effective. According to the
               cost-effectiveness criterion, choosing the best diagnostic strategy depends on the
               percentage of false-negative tests that one is willing to accept and on the
               willingness to pay for an additional correct diagnosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref>). For example, for a limit of &#8364;5,000 per additional
               correct diagnosis, the preferred strategy would be CACS-CCTA for patients with a PLD
               of 10%, CCTA for those with a PLD of 20%-40%, and CATH for those with a PLD of
               &#8805;50%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incremental cost-effectiveness of the diagnostic strategies applied to
                     hypothetical cohorts of 100 patients with a PLD of 10%-60%. For a PLD of
                     &gt;=60%, all strategies are dominated by the CATH strategy.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pretest likelihood</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Diagnostic strategy</bold>
                </th>
                <th><bold>Total cost (</bold>&#8364;) </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Number of correct diagnoses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>False-negative tests<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>ICER<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t10-fn02">**</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8"> 10%</td>
                <td align="center">No test</td>
                <td align="center">18.180</td>
                <td align="center">90.0</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">24.473</td>
                <td align="center">97.2</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 874</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">27.975</td>
                <td align="center">99.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 1.819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">34.667</td>
                <td align="center">96.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">35.585</td>
                <td align="center">99.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 11.234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">36.338</td>
                <td align="center">98.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.1</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 121.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">60.252</td>
                <td align="center">98.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">20%</td>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">34.349</td>
                <td align="center">94.4</td>
                <td align="center">5.6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">34.974</td>
                <td align="center">98.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">40.918</td>
                <td align="center">99.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 4.388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">41.862</td>
                <td align="center">97.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">46.232</td>
                <td align="center">92.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 47.397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">66.687</td>
                <td align="center">97.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">30%</td>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">41.973</td>
                <td align="center">97.4</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">44.224</td>
                <td align="center">91.6</td>
                <td align="center">8.4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">46.252</td>
                <td align="center">99.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 2.106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">47.386</td>
                <td align="center">96.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">57.796</td>
                <td align="center">89.2</td>
                <td align="center">10.8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 22.709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">73.122</td>
                <td align="center">96.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">40%</td>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">48.972</td>
                <td align="center">96.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">51.585</td>
                <td align="center">99.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">52.910</td>
                <td align="center">95.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">54.099</td>
                <td align="center">88.8</td>
                <td align="center">11.2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 10.365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">69.361</td>
                <td align="center">85.6</td>
                <td align="center">14.4</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">79.557</td>
                <td align="center">94.8</td>
                <td align="center">5.2</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">50%</td>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">55.971</td>
                <td align="center">95.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.4</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">56.919</td>
                <td align="center">99.0</td>
                <td align="center">1.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">58.434</td>
                <td align="center">94.3</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8364; 2.959</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">63.975</td>
                <td align="center">86.0</td>
                <td align="center">14.0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">80.925</td>
                <td align="center">82.0</td>
                <td align="center">18.0</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">85.992</td>
                <td align="center">93.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="7">60%</td>
                <td align="center">CATH</td>
                <td align="center">59.877</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">62.252</td>
                <td align="center">98.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">62.970</td>
                <td align="center">94.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                <td align="center">63.958</td>
                <td align="center">93.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.9</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                <td align="center">73.850</td>
                <td align="center">83.2</td>
                <td align="center">16.8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MPS</td>
                <td align="center">92.427</td>
                <td align="center">92.2</td>
                <td align="center">7.8</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                <td align="center">92.490</td>
                <td align="center">78.3</td>
                <td align="center">21.7</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t10-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>At the end of the diagnostic strategy, i.e., including the results of CATH
                        when the noninvasive tests are positive or inconclusive</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t10-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Incremental cost per additional correct diagnosis. ICER: incremental
                        cost-effectiveness ratio (<italic>&#916;</italic> cost/<italic>&#916;</italic> correct
                        diagnosis), ET: ergometric test, CCTA: computed tomography angiography of
                        the coronary arteries, CaSc: calcium scoring, MPS: myocardial perfusion
                        scintigraphy, StressEcho: stress echocardiography</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Choice of the most cost-effective diagnostic strategy according to the PLD
                     and willingness to pay for a correct diagnosis. Once the maximum value that
                     society is willing to pay for an additional correct diagnosis is established,
                     the strategy that represents the best use of these resources is the one that
                     intercepts the line of the value that society is willing to pay. For example,
                     for a willingness to pay &#8364;1,500 per additional correct diagnosis, the best
                     method would be ET-CCTA when the pretest likelihood of disease is 10%,
                     CACS-CCTA when the pretest likelihood is 20%&#8211;30%, CCTA when the pretest
                     likelihood is 40%&#8211;50%, and CATH when the pretest likelihood is &#8805;60%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0391-40042-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Results of sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>To assess the robustness of the results and the influence of several assumptions,
                  we reformulated the model by altering some parameters such as diagnostic accuracy
                  of CCTA, price of MPS, rate of inconclusive StressEcho tests, and cost of
                  false-negative tests.</p>
          <p>The decrease in sensitivity and specificity of CCTA to 96% and 81%, respectively,
                  resulted in the increase in total cost and ICER of the strategies that include
                  CCTA. Nevertheless, the ET-MPS, MPS, and StressEcho diagnostic strategies remained
                  dominated, with the increasing order of cost-effectiveness shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> being maintained for every assessed
                  PLD.</p>
          <p>When the cost of MPS is equated to the cost of CCTA (&#8364; 207.10), the
                  cost-effectiveness of the ET-MPS and MPS diagnostic strategies improves. However,
                  these strategies remained dominated by other diagnostic methods (less expensive
                  and more effective) for all assessed PLDs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table
                     5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incremental cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies in hypothetical
                        cohorts of 100 patients with a PLD of 10%-60%, considering identical prices
                        for MPS and CCTA of the coronary arteries. For a PLD of &#8805;60%, all strategies
                        were dominated by CATH.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pretest likelihood</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diagnostic strategy</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total cost (&#8364;)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Number of correct diagnoses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t11-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>False-negative tests<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t11-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>ICER<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t11-fn02">**</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="8"> 10%</td>
                  <td align="center">No test</td>
                  <td align="center">18.180</td>
                  <td align="center">90.0</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">24.473</td>
                  <td align="center">97.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;874</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">26.013</td>
                  <td align="center">96.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">27.975</td>
                  <td align="center">99.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;1.819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">35.585</td>
                  <td align="center">99.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;11.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">36.338</td>
                  <td align="center">98.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">38.522</td>
                  <td align="center">98.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;121.461</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">34.349</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">34.974</td>
                  <td align="center">98.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">36.766</td>
                  <td align="center">92.8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">40.918</td>
                  <td align="center">99.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;4.388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">41.862</td>
                  <td align="center">97.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">44.957</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;47.397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">41.973</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">44.224</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">46.252</td>
                  <td align="center">99.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;2.106</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">47.386</td>
                  <td align="center">96.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">47.519</td>
                  <td align="center">89.2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">51.392</td>
                  <td align="center">96.1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;22.709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">48.972</td>
                  <td align="center">96.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">51.585</td>
                  <td align="center">99.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;964</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">52.910</td>
                  <td align="center">95.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">54.099</td>
                  <td align="center">88.8</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">57.827</td>
                  <td align="center">94.8</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">58.272</td>
                  <td align="center">85.6</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;10.365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">55.971</td>
                  <td align="center">95.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">56.919</td>
                  <td align="center">99.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">58.434</td>
                  <td align="center">94.3</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;2.959</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">63.975</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">64.262</td>
                  <td align="center">93.5</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">69.025</td>
                  <td align="center">82.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">62.252</td>
                  <td align="center">98.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">62.970</td>
                  <td align="center">94.7</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">63.958</td>
                  <td align="center">93.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">70.697</td>
                  <td align="center">92.2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">73.850</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ET-MPS</td>
                  <td align="center">79.778</td>
                  <td align="center">78.3</td>
                  <td align="center">21.7</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominated</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t11-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>At the end of the diagnostic strategy, i.e., including the results of
                           CATH when the noninvasive tests are positive or inconclusive.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t11-fn02">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Incremental cost per additional correct diagnosis. ICER: incremental
                           cost-effectiveness ratio (<italic>&#916;</italic> cost/<italic>&#916;</italic>
                           correct diagnosis), ET: ergometric test, CCTA: computed tomography
                           angiography of the coronary arteries, CaSc: calcium scoring, MPS:
                           myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, StressEcho: stress
                           echocardiography</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The decrease in the rate of inconclusive StressEcho tests from 18% to 5% resulted
                  in the improvement of its cost-effectiveness; however, this method remained
                  dominated by other diagnostic strategies for all the assessed PLDs. When the
                  StressEcho strategy was compared with the dominant noninvasive strategies (more
                  cost-effective), at each level of PLD, the StressEcho strategy entailed an
                  additional cost of &#8364;303 to &#8364;2,700 per 100 patients, along with an increase in
                  false-negative tests from 1.1% to 5.7%.</p>
          <p>In the model where the absence of indirect costs is assumed in patients with
                  false-negative tests, the ET-CCTA strategy is the least expensive for all levels
                  of PLD. However, this diagnostic procedure resulted in a significant number of
                  false-negative tests, particularly for intermediate or high PLDs. The transition
                  to more effective strategies becomes less expensive with the increasing prevalence
                  of obstructive CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incremental cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies in hypothetical
                        cohorts of 100 patients with a PLD of 10%-90%. considering zero cost for
                        false-negative tests. The dominated strategies are not shown.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pretest likelihood</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diagnostic strategy</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Total cost (&#8364;) </bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Number of correct diagnoses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>False-negative tests<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>ICER<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t12-fn01">**</xref> (&#8364;)
                              </bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">19.378</td>
                  <td align="center">97.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">26.379</td>
                  <td align="center">99.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">35.221</td>
                  <td align="center">99.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">123.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">24.157</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">31.783</td>
                  <td align="center">98.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.980</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">40.191</td>
                  <td align="center">99.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">6.206</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">49.215</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">28.937</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">37.187</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.428</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">45.161</td>
                  <td align="center">99.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.924</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364;59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">24.527</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">33.717</td>
                  <td align="center">88.8</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">42.591</td>
                  <td align="center">96.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">50.131</td>
                  <td align="center">99.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">38.496</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">47.995</td>
                  <td align="center">95.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">987</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">55.101</td>
                  <td align="center">99.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.777</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">37.581</td>
                  <td align="center">83.4</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">51.435</td>
                  <td align="center">93.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">822</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CACS-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">53.399</td>
                  <td align="center">94.7</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3"> 70%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">48.059</td>
                  <td align="center">80.4</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">StressEcho</td>
                  <td align="center">54.872</td>
                  <td align="center">92.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">80%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">52.836</td>
                  <td align="center">77.6</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">90%</td>
                  <td align="center">ET-CCTA</td>
                  <td align="center">57.615</td>
                  <td align="center">74.8</td>
                  <td align="center">25.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CATH</td>
                  <td align="center">59.877</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t12-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>At the end of the diagnostic strategy. i.e.. including the results of
                           CATH when the noninvasive tests are positive or inconclusive.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t12-fn02">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Incremental cost per additional correct diagnosis. ICER: incremental
                           cost-effectiveness ratio (<italic>&#916;</italic> cost/<italic>&#916;</italic>
                           correct diagnosis). ET: ergometric test. CCTA: computed tomography
                           angiography of the coronary arteries. CaSc: calcium scoring. MPS:
                           myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. StresEco: stress echocardiogram with
                           dobutamine</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In recent years, the need to consider the cost of clinical decisions is becoming
               increasingly important. Cost-effectiveness analyses allow for more efficient use of
               health resources and rationalize the use of new technologies, often more expensive
               than their alternatives. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of the
               cost-effectiveness of several strategies used for the diagnosis of stable CAD in
               Portugal. The results of this analysis indicate that, in this country, diagnostic
               algorithms that include cardiac CCTA are the most cost-effective methods in
               symptomatic patients with suspected obstructive CAD and a PLD of &#8804;50%. In high-risk
               patients (PLD &gt; 50%), immediate CATH appears to be the most cost-effective
               strategy. The model suggests that ischemia imaging techniques (MPS and StressEcho)
               are more expensive and less effective compared with other diagnostic strategies for
               all assessed PLDs. With regard to patients with a PLD of &#8804;50% and the conservative
               scenario wherein the willingness to pay for an additional correct diagnosis is
               &#8364;1.000, the results of incremental cost-effectiveness indicate that it is
               advantageous to perform an ergometric test before CCTA in patients with a lower PLD
               (10%), do a "rule-out" CaSc before CCTA in patients with a PLD of 20-30%, and perform
               up-front CCTA in patients with a PLD of 40-50%. In the more liberal scenario
               (willingness to pay &#8364;5.000 for an additional correct diagnosis), the preferred
               strategy would be SCa-CCTA for patients with a PLD of 10%, CCTA for patients with a
               PLD of 20%-40%, and CATH for patients with a PLD of &#8805; 50%.</p>
        <p>Ultimately, the selection of a diagnostic method on the basis of cost-effectiveness
               criteria depends on PLD and the willingness to pay for an additional correct
               diagnosis. Contrary to long-term cost-effectiveness studies, in this context, there
               is no commonly accepted cost-effectiveness limit [for example: &#8364;
               30,000/quality-adjusted life-years (QALY)] to serve as a reference for the adoption
               or rejection of a diagnostic strategy. However, a recent study suggested that, for a
               CAD prevalence of &#8805;30%, values of incremental cost per correct diagnosis in the
               short-term model are similar to those of incremental cost per QALY estimated in
               long-term models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> . In a more conservative
               scenario, the willingness of the Portuguese society to pay for an additional correct
               diagnosis will be at least &#8805; &#8364;1.010, which corresponds to the sum of the direct costs
               of MPS followed by CATH, a diagnostic strategy that is well accepted and frequently
               used in Portugal.</p>
        <p>Of the scenarios assessed in the sensitivity analysis, the one in which CCTA and MPS
               have the same price is particularly important because this is the case in some
               countries. Even in this scenario, MPS remains a dominated strategy (i.e., more
               expensive and less effective) because it is less accurate than CCTA, particularly in
               terms of sensitivity. The results would only be different in a scenario (not tested)
               where the price of scintigraphy was identical and where scintigraphy was more
               accurate.</p>
        <p>In general, these results are in line with those obtained in other countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> that consider cardiac CCTA as a cost-effective
               method for the diagnosis or exclusion of obstructive CAD in patients with an
               intermediate PLD. This is probably because of a favorable combination of cost
               (relatively affordable) and accuracy. Better diagnostic accuracy simultaneously
               increases the denominator of the cost-effectiveness equation (number of correct
               diagnoses) and decreases the numerator, with lower indirect costs from false-negative
               and false-positive tests.</p>
        <p>The interpretation of these results and analysis of their potential implications
               should consider several factors. First, it should be noted that the
               cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies is critically dependent on the adequate
               selection of patients. The calculation of PLD is a key step in selecting a
               cost-effective diagnostic strategy. This assessment can be easily and quickly made
               using validated clinical scores that were recently calibrated in European
               contemporary populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> . Second, the
               results of this analysis only apply to patients without known CAD. Therefore, these
               findings do not mean that functional tests are not useful or cost-effective in
               distinct contexts, namely in patients with established CAD. In the latter case, the
               performance of CCTA is suboptimal, and the key issues are the presence or absence of
               ischemia and the localization, extension, and severity of ischemia. Rather than
               seeing these results in terms of winners and losers, it is important to know the
               advantages and disadvantages of the anatomical and functional methods in different
               contexts. Third, it should be acknowledged that the exclusive use of anatomical
               methods for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD carries some risks, namely the hazard of
               prompting unnecessary revascularizations. However, CATH, in the assessed strategies,
               had a diagnostic and not necessarily therapeutic objective (as in the COURAGE
                  study)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , and although both coronary
               angiographies (invasive or CT) essentially provide anatomical information, there is a
               possibility of complementing this assessment with functional information provided by
               coronary fraction flow reserve (FFR) measurement, which is emerging as the
               gold-standard and has been demonstrated to be cost-effective<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> . It is probable that, in the near future, CCTA will allow the
               assessment of ischemia using perfusion techniques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> or virtual CFR measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> ; however, this is
               not yet an established procedure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has some limitations. First, it described a theoretical model, the
                  results of which are dependent on factors such as sensitivity and specificity of
                  various techniques that, in the real world, can be different from those reported
                  in international studies of reference. With regard to CCTA, it should be noted
                  that its specificity depends on PLD because of the varying prevalence of coronary
                  calcifications. The use of intermediate values may have led to the underestimation
                  of the cost-effectiveness of CCTA in patients with a lower PLD and overestimation
                  in patients with a higher PLD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> .
                  Similarly, like in all analyses of this type, the results are only applicable to
                  patients who are capable of undergoing any of the tests under study (i.e., able to
                  exercise, without complete block of the left bundle branch, without severe renal
                  impairment, and not allergic to iodinated contrast medium). We chose to exclude
                  the costs and benefits related to periods after the diagnosis phase (such as costs
                  of medication, revascularization, hospitalization, and possible gains in QALY) in
                  the model because they entail greater complexity and uncertainty. However, there
                  is evidence that the diagnosis of obstructive CAD (vs. false-negative tests) is
                  associated with an increase of three QALYs over a period of 10 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> . Depending on the assumptions made, it is
                  possible that long-term analysis produces results that are significantly different
                  from those obtained in this analysis. In addition, to avoid a more complex
                  analysis, not all possible diagnostic strategies were considered; we chose
                  accessible and frequently utilized modalities and diagnostic procedures. Moreover,
                  conclusive tests were classified as positive or negative, in a reductionist
                  dichotomization which is inevitable in this type of analysis. Finally,
                  cost-effectiveness should be one of the criteria considered in clinical
                  decision-making. Other patient-related or context-related factors (availability,
                  experience, etc.) should be considered during the selection of a complementary
                  diagnosis method.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The diagnostic algorithms that include cardiac CCTA are the most cost-effective in
               symptomatic patients with suspected stable coronary disease and a PLD of &#8804;50%. In
               these patients, depending on the PLD and the willingness to pay per correct
               diagnosis, CCTA may be used as a first-line test or reserved for patients with
               positive/inconclusive ergometric test results or CaSC &gt; 0. In high-risk patients
               (PLD &#8805; 60%), immediate CATH appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. For all
               PLDs, strategies based on ischemia tests appear to be more expensive and less
               effective compared with strategies based on anatomical tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Gon&#231;alves PA, Cardim N, Marques H, Ferreira AM. Acquisition
                  of data and Statistical analysis: Ferreira AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
