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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZHJVPh37vMLS3CFhYfdgDGM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">H&#225;bitos Alimentares, Atividade F&#237;sica e Escore de Risco
               Global de Framingham na S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Thays Soliman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piovesan</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Haas</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gustavo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macagnan</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Edler</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Pandolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do
                  Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande
                  do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Ana Maria Pandolfo Feoli. Faculdade de Enfermagem,
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Fisioterapia da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio grande do Sul.
               Avenida Ipiranga, 6.681, pr&#233;dio 12. CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>anamariafeoli@hotmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>382</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#233; um transtorno complexo representado por um conjunto de
                  fatores de risco cardiovascular. A ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel est&#225;
                  fortemente relacionada &#224; melhora da Qualidade de Vida e interfere de forma
                  positiva no controle dos fatores de risco presentes nessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar o efeito de um programa de modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida sobre o Escore
                  de Risco Cardiovascular Global de Framingham em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p> Trata-se de uma suban&#225;lise de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, controlado, cegado,
                  com dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s meses. Os participantes foram randomizados em quatro grupos:
                  interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + placebo (INP), interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o
                  de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3 (3 g/dia de &#243;leo de peixe) (INS3), interven&#231;&#227;o
                  nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica + placebo (INEP) e interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional +
                  atividade f&#237;sica + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3 (INES3). O Escore de
                  Risco Cardiovascular Global de Framingham de cada indiv&#237;duo foi calculado antes e
                  ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Participaram do estudo 70 indiv&#237;duos. Observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do escore
                  ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o de forma geral (p &lt; 0,001). Obteve-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o para risco
                  intermedi&#225;rio em 25,7% dos indiv&#237;duos. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o
                  significativa (p &lt; 0,01) da "idade vascular", sendo esta mais expressiva nos
                  grupos INP (5,2%) e INEP (5,3%). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es propostas produziram efeito ben&#233;fico para a redu&#231;&#227;o do
                  escore de risco cardiovascular. O presente estudo refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da
                  modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento das doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>H&#225;bitos alimentares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome x Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica descrita como um conjunto de desordens
            metab&#243;licas e fatores de risco cardiovascular presentes em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo,
            geralmente relacionados &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o central de gordura e &#224; resist&#234;ncia a insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), as
            doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram respons&#225;veis por 33% dos &#243;bitos no Brasil em 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, dado importante quando associado &#224; estimativa de
            que a SM &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular em 2,5 vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. </p>
      <p>Programas de modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida estruturados, incluindo educa&#231;&#227;o nutricional
            e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionados, foram eficazes no tratamento da SM. O uso do &#243;leo de
            peixe, rico em &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3, auxilia na redu&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos,
            Lipoprote&#237;na de Muito Baixa Densidade (VLDL), e no controle da press&#227;o arterial, sendo
            indicado na terap&#234;utica na SM quando associada a uma interven&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Escores que permitam estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como o escore
            de Framinghan, t&#234;m sido utilizados na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com risco aumentado
            para eventos cardiovasculares, bem como indicadores dos prov&#225;veis benef&#237;cios do efeito
            de modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida e do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos escores de Framingham &#233; recomendada pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de
            como estrat&#233;gia de identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos para estimativa de risco cardiovascular.
            A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escores que permitam a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; importante na preven&#231;&#227;o
            prim&#225;ria da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tendo em vista a multiplicidade de fatores de risco
            cardiovasculares que possam estar presentes em um indiv&#237;duo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>O escore de risco cardiovascular global, publicado recentemente, pelo Grupo de Estudos
            de Framinghan, passa a incluir o risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares totais, ou
            seja, acidente vascular cerebral, evento isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.
            Al&#233;m disso, esse novo escore inclui o conceito de "Idade Vascular" (IVA), que tem como
            objetivo ajustar a idade do paciente &#224; sua carga ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a proposta do estudo foi verificar o efeito de um programa de
            modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida sobre o Escore de Risco Cardiovascular Global de
            Framingham em indiv&#237;duos com SM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, controlado, cegado, que visou estudar o efeito de diferentes
            interven&#231;&#245;es para a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida sobre o escore de risco global de
            Framingham e fatores de risco cardiovascular envolvidos na SM.</p>
      <p>A amostra estudada teve origem em uma base de dados secund&#225;rios de um estudo principal,
            no qual os participantes foram selecionados a partir de divulga&#231;&#227;o em m&#237;dia impressa ou
            encaminhados pelo ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia
            Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS). Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo homens e
            mulheres entre 30 e 60 anos de idade, com tr&#234;s ou mais dos achados segundo a
               <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel</italic> III
            (NCEP-ATP III)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>: Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA) &gt; 88 cm para mulheres e &gt;
            102 cm para homens; Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 130 mmHg e diast&#243;lica &#8805; 85 mmHg;
            glicose de jejum &#8805; 100 mg/dL; triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL; e HDL Colesterol (HDL-c) &lt;
            40 mg/dL para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres. N&#227;o fizeram parte do estudo os
            indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram uma ou mais das seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: contraindica&#231;&#227;o
            absoluta para atividade f&#237;sica por problemas musculoesquel&#233;ticos, neurol&#243;gicos,
            vasculares, pulmonares e card&#237;acos; uso de hipolipemiantes; uso de anticoagulante;
            praticar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular (30 minutos duas ou mais vezes por semana); apresentar
            algum dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico, ou fazer uso de medi&#231;&#227;o antidepressiva; diagn&#243;stico de
            hipotireoidismo; gestantes; fazer uso de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#244;mega 3, ou qualquer outro
            suplemento alimentar e vitam&#237;nico; dif&#237;cil contato e/ou incapacidade de retorno e
            acompanhamento. </p>
      <p>A amostra que contemplou as caracter&#237;sticas necess&#225;rias para participar deste estudo
            totalizou 87 indiv&#237;duos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos receberam individualmente, na
            pesquisa principal, as informa&#231;&#245;es pelo termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, os participantes foram randomizados por aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria em
            quatro grupos, que receberam, durante tr&#234;s meses, uma das interven&#231;&#245;es descritas: (1)
            Interven&#231;&#227;o Nutricional (INP): neste grupo os participantes foram submetidos &#224;
            interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional e &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo (1 g/dia de &#243;leo mineral) pela
            ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de tr&#234;s c&#225;psulas contendo &#243;leo mineral; (2) Interven&#231;&#227;o Nutricional mais
            Suplementa&#231;&#227;o com &#193;cidos Graxos &#212;mega 3 (INS3): interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional e administra&#231;&#227;o
            de suplemento de &#244;mega 3 (1 g/dia) pela ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de tr&#234;s c&#225;psulas de &#243;leo de
            peixe; (3) Interven&#231;&#227;o Nutricional mais Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (INEP): interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional
            e administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo (1 g/dia de &#243;leo mineral) pela ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de tr&#234;s
            c&#225;psulas contendo &#243;leo mineral, associados a um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tr&#234;s vezes
            por semana; (4) Interven&#231;&#227;o Nutricional, Suplementa&#231;&#227;o com &#193;cidos Graxos &#212;mega 3 e
            Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (INES3): interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional, administra&#231;&#227;o de suplemento de &#244;mega
            3 (1 g/dia) pela ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de 3 c&#225;psulas de &#243;leo de peixe, associados a um
            programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tr&#234;s vezes por semana. O diagrama do estudo est&#225; descrito
            na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagrama do estudo.</title>
          <p>INP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional; INEP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica;
                  INS3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3; INES3:
                  interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega
                  3.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0374-40029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional foi realizada pela equipe da nutri&#231;&#227;o e as sess&#245;es de
            exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pela equipe da fisioterapia, todos devidamente treinados. As an&#225;lises
            bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas por meio de amostras de sangue coletadas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa
            ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. Glicose plasm&#225;tica, Colesterol Total (CT), triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos
            e concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de HDL-c foram medidos por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos que utilizam
            reagentes no analisador totalmente automatizado (VITROS 950 sistema de qu&#237;mica seca,
            Johnson &amp; Johnson, Rochester, NY, USA). LDL-colesterol foi estimado usando a equa&#231;&#227;o
            de Friedewald<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>O acompanhamento nutricional foi realizado por meio de duas avalia&#231;&#245;es, uma no in&#237;cio e
            outra ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, e por reconsultas quinzenais. As avalia&#231;&#245;es
            consistiram de: uma anamnese alimentar; um recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas; um
            registro alimentar de dois dias, e avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. Em cada uma das
            reconsultas, foi realizado um recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas para monitorar a ades&#227;o
            &#224; dieta; o estabelecimento de metas para pr&#243;xima reconsulta; a aferi&#231;&#227;o de peso e da CA;
            e a abordagem de temas sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, como rotulagem de alimentos, gorduras
            trans, alimentos funcionais, pir&#226;mide dos alimentos, consumo de s&#243;dio, programa cinco ao
            dia, entre esclarecimentos de d&#250;vidas. A cada reconsulta, verificava-se o consumo
            adequado das c&#225;psulas e, para os grupos INP e INS3, solicitava-se um breve relato em
            rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos de vida referente &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foi composta pelo peso corporal, altura e CA. O peso corporal
            foi verificado por meio de uma balan&#231;a da marca Cauduro(r), com capacidade para 160 kg,
            devidamente calibrada, com o paciente descal&#231;o e com roupas leves. A mensura&#231;&#227;o da
            estatura foi feita no estadi&#244;metro vertical milimetrado, com extens&#227;o de 2 m e escala de
            0,5 cm, da mesma balan&#231;a. A CA foi aferida no local de m&#225;xima extens&#227;o da regi&#227;o do
            abd&#244;men conforme recomendado por Lohman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, utilizando se uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica comum com 150 cm de
            comprimento.</p>
      <p>A conduta nutricional consistiu de um plano alimentar, entregue na primeira consulta. O
            plano alimentar foi baseado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e
            Tratamento as S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (I DBSM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, que
            preconiza a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o: calorias totais: para reduzir o peso em 5% a 10%;
            carboidratos: 50 a 60% das calorias totais, com &#234;nfase em carboidratos complexos;
            fibras: 20 a 30 g/dia; gordura total: 25% a 35% das calorias totais; &#225;cidos graxos
            saturados: &lt; 10% das calorias totais; &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados: at&#233; 10% das
            calorias totais; &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados: at&#233; 20% das calorias totais; colesterol:
            &lt; 300 mg/dia; prote&#237;na: 0,8 g a 1,0 g/kg peso atual/dia ou 15% das calorias totais;
            micronutrientes: conforme recomendado pelas <italic>Dietary Reference Intakes</italic>
               (DRIs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, com &#234;nfase nos antioxidantes.</p>
      <p>As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico consistiam em caminhadas em esteira com dura&#231;&#227;o de trinta
            minutos cont&#237;nuos, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, totalizando 36 sess&#245;es. Foram permitidas
            velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o a fim de manter uma faixa de 65 a 75% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
            m&#225;xima prevista para a idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>A Estimativa do Escore de Risco Cardiovascular Global (GCRP) inclui, em sua an&#225;lise, os
            seguintes fatores: idade, sexo, CT, HDL-c, PAS, tabagismo, uso de medicamento
            anti-hipertensivo e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabetes melito. Para obter o escore de risco de
            cada indiv&#237;duo e a IVA, utilizou-se a calculadora<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, dispon&#237;vel no site do estudo, a qual utiliza o perfil lip&#237;dico como base.
            A estratifica&#231;&#227;o do escore para avaliar o perfil de risco cardiovascular geral no
            per&#237;odo de 10 anos &#233; classificada em risco baixo &lt; 6%, intermedi&#225;rio 6% e 20% e alto
            &gt; 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise de dados, utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva com a distribui&#231;&#227;o de
            frequ&#234;ncias simples e relativa, bem como, por meio da m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. O estudo de
            simetria da distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados ocorreu pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para as
            vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas comparadas entre os momentos iniciais e finais e os grupos, foi
            utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas com medidas relativas ao
            fator intragrupo e a interven&#231;&#227;o como fator entre grupos, sendo que, para a an&#225;lise
               <italic>post-hoc</italic>, foi utilizado o teste de Bonferrni (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais ocorreu pela An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia Simples
            (One-Way ANOVA) - <italic>post-hoc</italic> Bonferroni, bem como pelo teste de Kruskal
            Wallys - <italic>post-hoc</italic> Dunn. Os dados receberam tratamento estat&#237;stico por
            meio do <italic>software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS),
            20.0 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, sendo adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia
            (&#945;) de 5% como crit&#233;rio de decis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Foram respeitados os requisitos quanto &#224; confidencialidade e o sigilo das informa&#231;&#245;es
            coletadas no estudo conforme a resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96, que estabelece as diretrizes para
            pesquisa em seres humanos. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da
            PUC-RS sob o processo de n&#250;mero 0603024.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 87 indiv&#237;duos randomizados, 17 descontinuaram a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo por
            dificuldade de deslocamento, situa&#231;&#245;es pessoais ou incapacidade de realizar exerc&#237;cio
            f&#237;sico apresentada no decorrer da interven&#231;&#227;o, totalizando 70 indiv&#237;duos analisados.
            Destes, 71,4% eram do sexo feminino; a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 51,4 &#177; 6,52.
            Os grupos contaram com a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: INP = 25,7% (n = 18); INS3 = 28,6% (n =
            20); INEP = 21,4% (n = 15); e INES3 = 24,3% (n = 17).</p>
      <p>Na situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupos, no
            que se refere &#224;s vari&#225;veis analisadas, caracterizando um grupo homog&#234;neo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INEP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INS3</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INES3</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade#</td>
              <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 13,4</td>
              <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 13,7</td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 12,5</td>
              <td align="center">51 &#177; 14,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peso#</td>
              <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 21,5</td>
              <td align="center">84,7 &#177; 23,6</td>
              <td align="center">88,78 &#177; 22,7</td>
              <td align="center">90,3 &#177; 24,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Altura#</td>
              <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,1</td>
              <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,61 &#177; 0,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC#</td>
              <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 8,1</td>
              <td align="center">32,3 &#177; 8,9</td>
              <td align="center">34,1 &#177; 7,9</td>
              <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 8,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CA#</td>
              <td align="center">104,0 &#177; 24,7</td>
              <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 26,4</td>
              <td align="center">109,9 &#177; 25,3</td>
              <td align="center">108,1 &#177; 27,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG&#182;</td>
              <td align="center">199,6 &#177; 126,3</td>
              <td align="center">194,5 &#177; 96,3</td>
              <td align="center">193,8 &#177; 93,2</td>
              <td align="center">198,6 &#177; 76,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL&#182;</td>
              <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 14,1</td>
              <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 15,7</td>
              <td align="center">44,65 &#177; 14,9</td>
              <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicose</td>
              <td align="center">95,1 &#177; 23,1</td>
              <td align="center">112,9 &#177; 69,0</td>
              <td align="center">111,75 &#177; 41,4</td>
              <td align="center">110,1 &#177; 33,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAS#</td>
              <td align="center">134,4 &#177; 35,1</td>
              <td align="center">131,1 &#177; 36,6</td>
              <td align="center">130,2 &#177; 31,7</td>
              <td align="center">131,6 &#177; 36,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PAD#</td>
              <td align="center">85,3 &#177; 21,2</td>
              <td align="center">84,3 &#177; 22,4</td>
              <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 23,1</td>
              <td align="center">78,2 &#177; 20,3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p># teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia simples (One-WayANOVA) - teste de Bonferroni
                     (Post-Hoc); &#182; teste de Kruskal Wallys (Post-Hoc Dunn).</p>
            <p>INP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional; INEP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica;
                     INS3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3; INES3:
                     interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos
                     &#244;mega 3; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; TG:
                     triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial
                     sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na GCRP, entre situa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, observou se que, em todos os grupos,
            ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o no escore m&#233;dio final, que oscilaram de 9,7%, no grupo INEP, at&#233; 21,6%,
            no grupo INP, sendo tal diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) nos grupos INP e INES3.
            Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre os grupos, em cada uma das interven&#231;&#245;es, os
            resultados apontaram que, tanto no momento pr&#233; quanto no momento p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, as
            m&#233;dias do GCRP n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>Tomando como base os resultados referentes &#224; an&#225;lise de medidas repetidas, verificou-se
            que o efeito do tempo foi significativo (p &lt; 0,001), mostrando que, independentemente
            do grupo, as m&#233;dias mostraram-se menores na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s. Considerando o efeito
            exclusivo do grupo, as diferen&#231;as observadas n&#227;o se mostraram relevantes (p &gt; 0,05),
            ou seja, os grupos iniciaram e terminaram o estudo com m&#233;dias do GCRP estatisticamente
            semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para o escore de risco global (GCRP) e idade vascular
                  (IVA) para as avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o por grupo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>Bivariada</bold>
              </th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>Multivariada</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p entre grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito tempo//</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito grupo&#182;</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito intera&#231;&#227;o#</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INP (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INEP (n = 15)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INS3 (n = 20)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INES3 (n = 17)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>GCRP</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,784&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,001</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,957</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,881&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,034</td>
              <td align="center">0,427</td>
              <td align="center">0,082</td>
              <td align="center">0,029</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;GCRP</td>
              <td align="center">2,9</td>
              <td align="center">1,2</td>
              <td align="center">1,9</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;GCRP</td>
              <td align="center">21,6</td>
              <td align="center">9,7</td>
              <td align="center">14,3</td>
              <td align="center">16,8</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>IVA</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center">68,1 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">69,5 &#177; 4,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,802&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,003</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,962</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,966</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 3,9</td>
              <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
              <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,772&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,151</td>
              <td align="center">0,055</td>
              <td align="center">0,199</td>
              <td align="center">0,183</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;IVA</td>
              <td align="center">3,5</td>
              <td align="center">3,6</td>
              <td align="center">2,5</td>
              <td align="center">2,6</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;IVA</td>
              <td align="center">5,2</td>
              <td align="center">5,3</td>
              <td align="center">3,7</td>
              <td align="center">3,9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>//: efeito tempo (pr&#233; versus p&#243;s); &#182; efeito grupo; #: efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o tempo
                     versus grupo; &#8225;: compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos no momento pr&#233;; &#167; compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos
                     no momento p&#243;s; &#8224;: compara&#231;&#227;o entre avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s; &#916;: varia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia
                     (inicial - inicial). INP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional; INEP: interven&#231;&#227;o
                     nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica; INS3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o
                     de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3; INES3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica +
                     suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3. </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Quando avaliada a IVA, foi encontrada uma m&#233;dia superior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica dos
            volunt&#225;rios em todos os grupos. Um efeito significativo do tempo foi detectado (p &lt;
            0,01), indicando redu&#231;&#227;o na pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o. Ao final do
            tratamento, todos os grupos apresentaram uma m&#233;dia menor da IVA. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as
            interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s, a maior redu&#231;&#227;o da IVA ocorreu nos grupos INEP (5,3%) e INP
            (5,2%). Todos os grupos apresentaram um mesmo padr&#227;o de comportamento (p &gt; 0,05), n&#227;o
            diferindo entre si. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram em suas respostas ao longo do tempo (p &gt;
            0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Na fase pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados da seguinte maneira nas
            categorias de risco: 24,3% como de risco baixo; 50% como de risco intermedi&#225;rio; e 25,7%
            como de risco elevado. Ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que 14,3% daqueles classificados
            como de risco elevado reduziram seu escore para classifica&#231;&#227;o como de risco
            intermedi&#225;rio, ou seja, a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos em risco elevado diminuiu para 11,4%
            e de risco intermedi&#225;rio subiu para 64,3%.</p>
      <p>Para analisar os fatores de risco que comp&#245;em a SM e que fazem parte do c&#225;lculo do GCRP,
            foi necess&#225;rio estratificar a CA e o HDL-c segundo o sexo, em fun&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte
            serem diferenciados.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao CT, as varia&#231;&#245;es mostraram um efeito significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo (p &lt;
            0,05). No entanto, as m&#233;dias dos grupos pr&#233; e p&#243;s da interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram um
            padr&#227;o de comportamento. Nos grupos INP, INEP e INS3, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis
            de CT no momento p&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que, no grupo INES3, observou se um aumento.
            Contudo, todos os grupos apresentaram um mesmo padr&#227;o de comportamento tanto no efeito
            grupo (p &gt; 0,05), quanto na intera&#231;&#227;o (p &gt; 0,05), demonstrando que os tratamentos
            e os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em suas respostas ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para o colesterol total (CT) e lipoprote&#237;na de alta
                  densidade (HDL) nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o segundo o grupo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4">
                <bold>Bivariada</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4">
                <bold>Multivariada</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p entre grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito tempo//</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito grupo&#182;</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito intera&#231;&#227;o#</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INP (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INEP (n = 15)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INS3 (n = 20)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INES3 (n = 17)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>CT</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">233,9 &#177; 12,3</td>
              <td align="center">227,5 &#177; 13,6</td>
              <td align="center">223,8 &#177; 11,7</td>
              <td align="center">213,1 &#177; 12,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,064&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,032</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,995</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">203,9 &#177; 11,4</td>
              <td align="center">212,2 &#177; 12,5</td>
              <td align="center">215,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
              <td align="center">219,2 &#177; 11,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,056&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,089</td>
              <td align="center">0,070</td>
              <td align="center">0,100</td>
              <td align="center">0,554</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;CT</td>
              <td align="center">30,0</td>
              <td align="center">15,3</td>
              <td align="center">8,2</td>
              <td align="center">6,1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;CT</td>
              <td align="center">12,8</td>
              <td align="center">6,7</td>
              <td align="center">3,7</td>
              <td align="center">2,9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>HDL feminino</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">48,5 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td align="center">48,1 &#177; 3,2</td>
              <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">44,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,321&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,077</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,973</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">45,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 3,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,755&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,507</td>
              <td align="center">0,348</td>
              <td align="center">0,157</td>
              <td align="center">0,074</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;HDL feminino</td>
              <td align="center">1,5</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">2,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;HDL feminino</td>
              <td align="center">3,1</td>
              <td align="center">6,4</td>
              <td align="center">4,9</td>
              <td align="center">10,2</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>HDL masculino</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 6,5</td>
              <td align="center">36,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
              <td align="center">37,3 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 2,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,212&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,047</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,659</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,484</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">40,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center">32,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
              <td align="center">36,0 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">40,8 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,145&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,431</td>
              <td align="center">0,477</td>
              <td align="center">0,921</td>
              <td align="center">0,021</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;HDL masculino</td>
              <td align="center">3,0</td>
              <td align="center">3,3</td>
              <td align="center">1,3</td>
              <td align="center">6,0</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;HDL masculino</td>
              <td align="center">7,0</td>
              <td align="center">9,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,5</td>
              <td align="center">17,2</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>//: efeito tempo (pr&#233; versus p&#243;s); &#182; efeito grupo; #: efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o tempo
                     versus grupo; &#8225;: compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos no momento pr&#233;; &#167; compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos
                     no momento p&#243;s; &#8224;: compara&#231;&#227;o entre avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s; &#916;: varia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia
                     (inicial- inicial). INP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional; INEP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional
                     + atividade f&#237;sica; INS3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos
                     graxos &#244;mega 3; INES3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica +
                     suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ao analisar o HDL-c, no sexo feminino, as diferen&#231;as observadas entre as m&#233;dias pr&#233; e
            p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, bem como entre os grupos, n&#227;o se mostraram relevantes para essa
            amostra, embora o grupo INES3 tenha apresentado um aumento m&#233;dio de 10,2% no HDL-c final
            em compara&#231;&#227;o ao inicial, enquanto que, nos demais grupos, prevaleceu a redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia
            de HDL-c ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o. Para o sexo masculino, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
            significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do HDL-c tanto no efeito do grupo (p &gt; 0,05)
            quanto na intera&#231;&#227;o (p &gt; 0,05). No entanto, foi detectada diferen&#231;a significativa do
            tempo (p &lt; 0,05), apontando que, no momento p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, as m&#233;dias de HDL
            masculino variaram de forma relevante, independentemente do grupo. De acordo com as
            m&#233;dias estimadas, verificou-se que, no grupo INES3, ocorreu um crescimento significativo
            do HDL-c no momento p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto que, nos demais grupos,
            foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas na m&#233;dia p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de glicose, o efeito significativo foi
            observado apenas para o tempo (p &lt; 0,001), apontando que, independentemente do grupo,
            ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, devemos
            acreditar que os tratamentos apresentaram um efeito semelhante para essa vari&#225;vel.
            Situa&#231;&#227;o semelhante ocorreu na compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis m&#233;dios da PAS, nos quais apenas o
            efeito do tempo mostrou-se significativo (p &#8804; 0,001), indicando que, independentemente
            do grupo, as m&#233;dias no final da interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram-se menores, quando comparadas a
            m&#233;dia de PAS inicial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para glicose, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e
                  circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) nas avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o segundo o
                  grupo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4">
                <bold>Bivariada</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4">
                <bold>Multivariada</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p entre </bold>
                <bold>grupos</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito </bold>
                <bold>tempo//</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito</bold>
                <bold> grupo&#182;</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p efeito</bold>
                <bold>intera&#231;&#227;o#</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INP (n = 18)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INEP (n = 15)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INS3 (n = 20)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>INES3 (n = 17)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>Glicose</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">95,1 &#177; 8,9</td>
              <td align="center">112,8 &#177; 9,7</td>
              <td align="center">111,7 &#177; 8,4</td>
              <td align="center">110,1 &#177; 9,1</td>
              <td align="center">0,087&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,002</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,385</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,562</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">90,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
              <td align="center">95,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
              <td align="center">100,1 &#177; 4,1</td>
              <td align="center">101,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">0,112&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,042</td>
              <td align="center">0,192</td>
              <td align="center">0,040</td>
              <td align="center">0,009</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916; glicose</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">17,7</td>
              <td align="center">11,6</td>
              <td align="center">8,4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;glicose</td>
              <td align="center">4,7</td>
              <td align="center">15,7</td>
              <td align="center">10,4</td>
              <td align="center">7,6</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>PAS</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">134,4 &#177; 3,8</td>
              <td align="center">131,1 &#177; 4,2</td>
              <td align="center">130,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
              <td align="center">131,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,667&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,001</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,702</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,935</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">127,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
              <td align="center">122,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
              <td align="center">123,4 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td align="center">126,7 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">0,702&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,075</td>
              <td align="center">0,070</td>
              <td align="center">0,091</td>
              <td align="center">0,281</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;PAS</td>
              <td align="center">7,4</td>
              <td align="center">8,7</td>
              <td align="center">6,8</td>
              <td align="center">4,9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;PAS</td>
              <td align="center">5,5</td>
              <td align="center">6,6</td>
              <td align="center">5,2</td>
              <td align="center">3,7</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>CA feminino</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
              <td align="center">101,7 &#177; 2,5</td>
              <td align="center">108,1 &#177; 2,6</td>
              <td align="center">107,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,357&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,233</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">100,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
              <td align="center">97,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td align="center">103,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
              <td align="center">99,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center">0,102&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,016</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
              <td align="center">0,004</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;CA feminino</td>
              <td align="center">2,1</td>
              <td align="center">4,6</td>
              <td align="center">4,9</td>
              <td align="center">7,4</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;CA feminino</td>
              <td align="center">2,1</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">4,5</td>
              <td align="center">6,9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="9">
                <bold>CA masculino</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pr&#233;</td>
              <td align="center">110,6 &#177; 5,4</td>
              <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td align="center">113,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
              <td align="center">109,7 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center">0,202&#8225;</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,413</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,974</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>P&#243;s</td>
              <td align="center">103,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
              <td align="center">98,7 &#177; 3,8</td>
              <td align="center">107,1 &#177; 9,7</td>
              <td align="center">103,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
              <td align="center">0,285&#167;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center">0,068</td>
              <td align="center">0,196</td>
              <td align="center">0,020</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#916;CA masculino</td>
              <td align="center">7,4</td>
              <td align="center">5,6</td>
              <td align="center">6,5</td>
              <td align="center">6,5</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>% &#916;CA masculino</td>
              <td align="center">6,7</td>
              <td align="center">5,4</td>
              <td align="center">5,7</td>
              <td align="center">5,9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>//: efeito tempo (pr&#233; versus p&#243;s); &#182; efeito grupo; #: efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o tempo
                     versus grupo; &#8225;: compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos no momento pr&#233;; &#167; compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos
                     no momento p&#243;s; &#8224;: compara&#231;&#227;o entre avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s; &#916;: varia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia
                     (inicial - inicial). INP: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional; INEP: interven&#231;&#227;o
                     nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica; INS3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + suplementa&#231;&#227;o
                     de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3; INES3: interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional + atividade f&#237;sica +
                     suplementa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Quando analisados os dados da CA, para o sexo feminino, houve diferen&#231;a significativa no
            tempo, evidenciando, assim, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na m&#233;dia da CA na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s
            interven&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). Ao final do tratamento, todos os grupos apresentaram uma
            m&#233;dia menor. De acordo com os dados da varia&#231;&#227;o entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s, a redu&#231;&#227;o
            mais expressiva ocorreu no grupo INES3 (6,9%) no qual se verificou um efeito
            significativo (p &lt; 0,05), apontando que a redu&#231;&#227;o na m&#233;dia da CA foi mais expressiva
            nesse grupo, quando comparada aos grupos INP (p &lt; 0,05), INEP (p &lt; 0,05) e INS3 (p
            &lt; 0,05); as diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias n&#227;o se configuraram entre esses tr&#234;s &#250;ltimos
            grupos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a CA do sexo masculino, o efeito significativo ocorreu apenas em fun&#231;&#227;o do
            tempo (p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas medidas da CA no
            p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do grupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
               4</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesse ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore demonstrou que 25,7% da
            popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava um risco alto de desenvolver eventos coronarianos em 10
            anos. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o proposta neste estudo, a preval&#234;ncia diminui para 11,4%,
            indicando que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida contribui para a melhora no risco
            cardiovascular. Assim, o presente estudo teve um impacto positivo e contribui para
            refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia da modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das
            doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es propostas neste estudo apresentaram efeito na redu&#231;&#227;o do Escore de
            Risco Cardiovascular avaliado, reduzindo o risco dos indiv&#237;duos sofrerem eventos
            coronarianos em dez anos. Wister e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, ao
            investigarem o efeito do aconselhamento por telefone para a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de
            vida, verificaram redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular utilizando esse escore em indiv&#237;duos
            adultos. </p>
      <p>Tendo em vista que o conceito de IVA proposto pelo estudo de Framinghan tem o objetivo
            de ajustar a idade do paciente &#224; sua carga ateroscler&#243;tica, neste estudo encontrou-se
            uma m&#233;dia da IVA superior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica em todos os grupos. Dados semelhantes
            foram encontrados em estudo realizado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde os pesquisadores
            encontraram uma m&#233;dia de 61,0 &#177; 20,0 anos, sendo esta superior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica dos
            pacientes, que era de 56,0 &#177; 10,0 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>A alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada, a inatividade f&#237;sica e a predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica est&#227;o entre os
            principais fatores que contribuem para o surgimento de SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A abordagem dos
            indiv&#237;duos portadores de SM tem como objetivo a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.
            Em uma coorte que teve por objetivo verificar a incid&#234;ncia de SM em indiv&#237;duos adultos
            n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, notou-se que a CA foi a vari&#225;vel com maior poder de predi&#231;&#227;o para o
            desenvolvimento da SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, dado este relevante,
            tendo em vista que as principais altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas associadas a obesidade abdominal
            s&#227;o as dislipidemias e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. No presente estudo, foi encontrada uma
            redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na m&#233;dia da CA, para o sexo feminino, na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o
            (p &lt; 0,001), sendo que a redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva ocorreu no grupo INES3 (6,9%), no
            qual se verificou um efeito significativo (p &lt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino, o
            efeito significativo ocorreu apenas em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo (p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando uma
            redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas medidas da CA no p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, independentemente do
            grupo.</p>
      <p>Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es apontaram efeitos na redu&#231;&#227;o da glicemia e da PAS, assim como j&#225;
            demonstrado em outros estudos, em que a melhora na qualidade da dieta promoveu o
            controle da glicemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e PAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A preven&#231;&#227;o e o
            tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, por meio da promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de adequada, apresentam
            implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes, uma vez que pode reduzir ou mesmo eliminar a
            necessidade do uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, evitando, assim, os efeitos
            adversos do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e reduzindo o custo do tratamento para o paciente e
            para as institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao CT, as varia&#231;&#245;es mostraram-se significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo, no entanto,
            observou-se que, no momento p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, houve um aumento dos n&#237;veis de CT no grupo
            INES3, assim como nos n&#237;veis de HDL-c para ambos os sexos. Esse aumento do CT pode estar
            associado ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de HDL-c neste grupo. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico auxilia no
            aumento dos n&#237;veis de HDL-c, contudo, este deve vir acompanhado de perda de peso, para
            influenciar nesse par&#226;metro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Evid&#234;ncias indicam
            que &#225;cidos graxos &#244;mega 3, EPA e DHA, derivados do &#243;leo de peixes, auxiliam na modula&#231;&#227;o
            das concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas bem como a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O aumento
            do CT e do HDL-c pode estar associado a interven&#231;&#227;o recebida pelo grupo INES3,
            destacando este grupo no que diz respeito ao tratamento do perfil lip&#237;dico.</p>
      <p>Os resultados encontrados apontam que o aconselhamento nutricional realizado em todos os
            grupos pode ser considerado ferramenta fundamental no tratamento global de pacientes com
            SM. A interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional evidenciou import&#226;ncia terap&#234;utica relevante, uma vez que
            o presente estudo confirmou resultados positivos nos aspectos relacionados a par&#226;metros
            metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares. As diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es, realizadas nos quatro
            grupos, mostraram-se eficazes, sugerindo que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida &#233;
            fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo efetiva no
            tratamento da SM. A proposta do estudo contemplou h&#225;bitos alimentares e de atividade
            f&#237;sica, dois eixos fundamentais na terapia de primeira escolha para a melhora dos
            fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, alcan&#231;ando a maioria dos
            fatores de risco modific&#225;veis preconizados pela OMS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Logo, programas de interven&#231;&#227;o que promovem mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida
            devem ser incentivados, no intuito de melhorar a Qualidade de Vida da popula&#231;&#227;o de
            risco.</p>
      <p>Cabe citar que uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo refere-se ao tamanho amostral. O tamanho de
            amostra estudado dificultou a confirma&#231;&#227;o de resultados conclusivos sobre o efeito de
            intera&#231;&#227;o (an&#225;lise para medidas repetidas sobre os fatores grupo e tempo), pois a&#237; as
            diferen&#231;as se mostraram expressivas, mas n&#227;o significativas. Tamb&#233;m, acredita-se que o
            n&#250;mero de investigados tenha sido insuficiente para revelar outras altera&#231;&#245;es que
            pudessem estar ocorrendo durante o tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A exist&#234;ncia de poucos registros na literatura sobre esses escores e interven&#231;&#245;es
            cl&#237;nicas (farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas) coloca o presente estudo como piloto na
            descri&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis efeitos da modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco
            cardiovascular utilizando o Escore de Risco Cardiovascular Global de Framingham.
            Tornam-se necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais com amplia&#231;&#227;o da amostra para melhor
            compreens&#227;o do efeito de interven&#231;&#245;es para modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida sobre o
            referido escore, bem como para an&#225;lises estratificadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, observou-se que todos os grupos se portaram de forma similar durante a
            interven&#231;&#227;o proposta, sem diferirem entre si, obtendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco
            cardiovascular, da idade vascular e dos fatores de risco que comp&#245;em o c&#225;lculo do
            escore. Assim, conclui-se que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, por si s&#243;, &#233; uma
            ferramenta importante no tratamento global de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soares TS, Gustavo AS,
               Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soares TS, Piovesan CH, Gustavo AS,
               Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soares TS, Piovesan CH,
               Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gustavo AS, Macagnan
               FE, Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soares TS, Piovesan CH, Gustavo
               AS, Macagnan FE, Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao
               conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares TS, Piovesan CH, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE,
               Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como fontes de financiamento o Conselho Nacional de
               Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do
               Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold> Este estudo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de
               Thays Soliman Soares pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Alimentary Habits, Physical Activity, and Framingham Global
               Risk Score in Metabolic Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Thays Soliman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piovesan</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Haas</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gustavo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macagnan</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Edler</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Pandolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande
                  do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Ana Maria Pandolfo Feoli, Faculdade de Enfermagem,
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Fisioterapia da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio grande do Sul.
               Avenida Ipiranga, 6.681, pr&#233;dio 12. Postal Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>anamariafeoli@hotmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder represented by a set of cardiovascular
                  risk factors. A healthy lifestyle is strongly related to improve Quality of Life
                  and interfere positively in the control of risk factors presented in this
                  condition. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the effect of a program of lifestyle modification on the Framingham
                  General Cardiovascular Risk Profile in subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> A sub-analysis study of a randomized clinical trial controlled blind that lasted
                  three months. Participants were randomized into four groups: dietary intervention
                  + placebo (DIP), dietary intervention + supplementation of omega 3 (fish oil 3
                  g/day) (DIS3), dietary intervention + placebo + physical activity (DIPE) and
                  dietary intervention + physical activity + supplementation of omega 3 (DIS3PE).
                  The general cardiovascular risk profile of each individual was calculated before
                  and after the intervention. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The study included 70 subjects. Evaluating the score between the pre and post
                  intervention yielded a significant value (p &lt; 0.001). We obtained a reduction
                  for intermediate risk in 25.7% of subjects. After intervention, there was a
                  significant reduction (p &lt; 0.01) on cardiovascular age, this being more
                  significant in groups DIP (5.2%) and DIPE (5.3%). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>Proposed interventions produced beneficial effects for reducing cardiovascular
                  risk score. This study emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modification in the
                  prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Food habits</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic x Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition described as a group of metabolic
               disorders and cardiovascular risk factors, which are generally associated with
               central fat deposition and insulin resistance, present in the same individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.According to the World Health Organization
               (WHO), cardiovascular diseases accounted for 33% deaths in Brazil in 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, a relevant fact when associated with the
               estimate that MS is responsible for a 2.5-times increase in cardiovascular
                  mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. </p>
        <p>Structured lifestyle modification programs, including dietary education and
               supervised physical exercise, are effective for the treatment of MS. The use of fish
               oil, which is rich in omega 3 fatty acids, helps in decreasing plasma triglycerides,
               very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and arterial pressure, and it is recommended for
               the treatment of MS in association with lifestyle intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Scores that allow the stratification of the risk for cardiovascular disease, such as
               the Framinghan score, have been used to identify individuals at a higher risk for
               cardiovascular events and are indicators of the potential benefits of lifestyle
               changes and pharmacological treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, the Ministry of Health recommends the use of Framingham scores as a
               strategy to estimate cardiovascular risk. The use of scores that allow the
               stratification of risk is important in the primary prevention of cardiovascular
               disease, in view of the multiplicity of risk factors that an individual may
                  present<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>The overall cardiovascular risk score, which was recently published by the Framingham
               study group, now includes the risk for future overall cardiovascular events, i.e.,
               stroke, transient ischemic attack, and heart failure. In addition, this new score
               includes the concept of vascular age (VA), which aims to adjust the age of patients
               according to their atherosclerotic state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to determine the effects of a lifestyle modification program on the
               Framingham risk score in individuals with MS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial that aimed to study the
               effects of distinct lifestyle change interventions on the Framingham risk score and
               cardiovascular risk factors for MS.</p>
        <p>The study sample was extracted from a secondary database of a primary study in which
               the participants were selected from a group of volunteers who enrolled after the
               study was announced in the press or promoted by the cardiology outpatient clinic of
               the Hospital S&#227;o Lucas at the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica of Rio Grande do Sul
               (PUC-RS). The participants included men and women aged between 30 and 60 years who
               exhibited three or more of the findings indicated by the National Cholesterol
               Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>: an
               abdominal circumference (AC) of &gt; 88 cm for women and &gt; 102 cm for men, a
               systolic arterial pressure (SAP) of &#8805; 130 mmHg and a diastolic arterial pressure of &#8805;
               85 mmHg, a fasting glucose level of &#8805; 100 mg/dL, a triglyceride level of &#8805;150 mg/dL,
               and a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and
               &lt; 50 mg/dL for women. Patients with absolute contraindications for physical
               activity because of musculoskeletal, neurological, vascular, pulmonary, and cardiac
               problems; those on lipid-lowering medication; those on anticoagulant medication;
               those who exercised regularly (30 min twice a week or more); those with a psychiatric
               disorder; those on antidepressant medication; those diagnosed hypothyroidism;
               pregnant patients; those consuming omega 3 supplements or any other food or vitamin
               supplements; and those who were difficult to contact and/or were lost to follow-up
               were excluded.</p>
        <p>A total of 87 individuals were eligible for the study. All patients were provided
               with information about the study through the informed consent document.</p>
        <p>After the initial evaluation, the patients were randomized into 4 groups that
               received one of the following interventions over 3 months: (1) dietary intervention
               (DI) and placebo administration (1 g/day of mineral oil; DIP), (2) DI combined with
               omega 3 fatty acid (1 g/day) supplementation (DIS3), (3) DI and placebo
               administration (1 g/day of mineral oil) combined with a physical exercise program (3
               times per week) (DIPE), and (4) DI and omega 3 supplementation (1 g/day) combined
               with a physical exercise program (3 times per week; DIS3PE). The scheme of the study
               is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study scheme.</title>
            <p>DIP: dietary intervention; DIPE: dietary intervention + physical activity;
                     DIS3: dietary intervention + omega 3 fatty acid supplementation; DIS3PE:
                     dietary intervention + physical activity + omega 3 fatty acid
                     supplementation.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0374-40029-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>DI was supervised by the nutrition team, while the physical exercise sessions were
               supervised by the physiotherapy team; both teams comprised fully trained
               professionals. The biochemical tests were performed using blood samples collected via
               venipuncture after 12 h of fasting. Plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), serum
               triglyceride, and serum HDL-C levels were determined through enzymatic methods
               performed in a fully automated analyzer (VITROS 950 dry-chemistry system, Johnson
               &amp; Johnson, Rochester, NY, USA). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
               levels were estimated using the Friedewald equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>The dietary follow-up included two assessments, one at the start of the intervention
               and the second at the end of the follow up period, as well as fortnightly
               consultations. The assessments included the following: anamnesis of eating habits, a
               24-h record of food intake, a 2-day record of food intake, and anthropometric
               evaluation. In each consultation, a 24-h record of food intake was assessed to
               monitor diet adherence. In addition, targets for the following consultation were set;
               weight and AC were measured; healthy eating topics such as food labels, trans fats,
               functional foods, food pyramid, sodium intake, and five-a-day program were discussed;
               and doubts were clarified. At each consultation, the correct use of capsules was
               checked and the DIP and DIS3 groups were instructed to provide a brief report on the
               adherence to physical exercise.</p>
        <p>The anthropometric evaluation included the measurement of body weight, height, and
               AC. Body weight was measured using a calibrated Cauduro&#174; scale with a maximum
               capacity of 160 kg; the patients were barefoot and wore light clothes during
               measurement. Height was measured using a vertical millimeter stadiometer, with a
               maximum extension of 2 m and a scale of 0.5 cm attached to the scales. The AC was
               measured in the abdominal region where there is maximum extension, as recommended by
               Lohman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, using a common 150-cm
               inextensible and inelastic tape measure.</p>
        <p>The dietary intervention included an eating plan, which was given to the patients
               during the first consultation. The eating plan was based on the recommendations of
               the First Brazilian Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
               (I DBSM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, which recommends the following
               composition: total calories, to reduce weight by 5% to 10%; carbohydrates, 50% to 60%
               of total calories, with an emphasis on complex carbohydrates; fibers, 20 to 30 g/day;
               total fat, 25% to 35% of total calories; saturated fatty acids, &lt; 10% of total
               calories; polyunsaturated fatty acids, up to 10% of total calories; monounsaturated
               fatty acids, up to 20% of total calories; cholesterol, &lt; 300 mg/day; proteins, 0.8
               g to 1.0 g/kg current weight/day or 15% of total calories; micronutrients, in
               accordance with the recommendations of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, with an emphasis on antioxidants.</p>
        <p>There were a total of 36 physical exercise sessions, including walking on a treadmill
               for 30 min 3 times a week. Speed and inclination were maintained within a range of
               65%-75% of the maximum heart rate according to the patient's age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Analysis of the overall cardiovascular risk score (OCRS) estimate included the
               following factors: age, gender, TC levels, HDL-C levels, SAP, smoking history, use of
               antihypertensive medication, and diabetes mellitus. A calculator available on the
               study website, which was based on the lipid profile, was used to calculate the risk
               score and VA for each individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The
               stratification of the score for assessing the overall cardiovascular risk profile
               over 10 years is as follows: low risk, &lt;6%; intermediate risk, between 6% and 20%;
               and high risk, &gt;20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, namely frequency distribution
               and relative frequency distribution, mean, and standard deviation. The
               Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to study the symmetry of data distribution. To
               compare the continuous variables between the initial and final moments as well as
               between groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for repeated measurements, with
               measurements relating to the intragroup factor and intervention as an intergroup
               factor. The Bonferroni test was used for <italic>post-hoc </italic>analysis (p &lt;
               0.05).</p>
        <p>The baseline characteristics of patients were compared using one-way analysis of
               variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by <italic>post-hoc</italic> Bonferroni and
               Kruskal-Wallis tests, which were followed by <italic>post-hoc</italic> Dunn's test.
               Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
               software, 20.0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The level of significance
               (&#945;) was set at 5%.</p>
        <p>Confidentiality and professional secrecy criteria related to the information
               collected during the study were met according to resolution 196/96, which establishes
               the guidelines for research in human beings. The study was approved by the Research
               Ethics Committee of the PUC-RS under process 0603024.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 87 eligible individuals, 17 discontinued their participation in the study
               because of travelling difficulties, personal situation, or inability to perform
               physical exercise. Eventually, 70 patients participated. Of these, 71.4% were women.
               The mean age of patients was 51.4 &#177; 6.52 years. The distribution of patients in each
               group was as follows: DIP, 25.7%, n = 18; DIS3, 28.6%, n = 20; DIPE, 21.4%, n = 15;
               and DIS3PE, 24.3%, n = 17).</p>
        <p>Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the groups with
               regard to the variables under analysis; the group as a whole was thus homogeneous
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIP</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIPE</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIS3</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIS3PE</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age#</td>
                <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 13.4</td>
                <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 14.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight#</td>
                <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 21.5</td>
                <td align="center">84.7 &#177; 23.6</td>
                <td align="center">88.78 &#177; 22.7</td>
                <td align="center">90.3 &#177; 24.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Height#</td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.61 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI#</td>
                <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">32.3 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">34.1 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 8.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AC#</td>
                <td align="center">104.0 &#177; 24.7</td>
                <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 26.4</td>
                <td align="center">109.9 &#177; 25.3</td>
                <td align="center">108.1 &#177; 27.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG&#182;</td>
                <td align="center">199.6 &#177; 126.3</td>
                <td align="center">194.5 &#177; 96.3</td>
                <td align="center">193.8 &#177; 93.2</td>
                <td align="center">198.6 &#177; 76.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL&#182;</td>
                <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 14.1</td>
                <td align="center">45.7 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">44.65 &#177; 14.9</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glucose</td>
                <td align="center">95.1 &#177; 23.1</td>
                <td align="center">112.9 &#177; 69.0</td>
                <td align="center">111.75 &#177; 41.4</td>
                <td align="center">110.1 &#177; 33.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAP#</td>
                <td align="center">134.4 &#177; 35.1</td>
                <td align="center">131.1 &#177; 36.6</td>
                <td align="center">130.2 &#177; 31.7</td>
                <td align="center">131.6 &#177; 36.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP#</td>
                <td align="center">85.3 &#177; 21.2</td>
                <td align="center">84.3 &#177; 22.4</td>
                <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 23.1</td>
                <td align="center">78.2 &#177; 20.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p># One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) - Bonferroni test (post-hoc);
                        &#182; Kruskal-Wallis test (post-hoc Dunn's). DIP: dietary intervention; DIPE:
                        dietary intervention + physical activity; DIS3: dietary intervention + omega
                        3 fatty acid supplementation; DIS3PE: dietary intervention + physical
                        activity + omega 3 fatty acid supplementation; BMI: body mass index; AC:
                        abdominal circumference; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein;
                        SAP: systolic arterial pressure; DAP: diastolic arterial pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean OCRS was lower after the intervention than before the intervention in all
               groups; these scores were between 9.7% (DIPE group) and 21.6% (DIP group), and the
               difference was significant (p &lt; 0.05) in the DIP and DIS3PE groups. The mean score
               before and after the intervention was not significantly different among groups (p
               &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Repeated measurement analysis revealed that the effect of time was significant (p
               &lt; 0,001). Regardless of group, the mean values were lower after the intervention.
               Considering only the group effect, the differences observed were not significant (p
               &gt; 0.05), i.e., the mean OCRS in all groups were statistically similar at the
               beginning and end of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean and standard deviation for the overall risk score (OCRS) and vascular
                     age (VA) before and after the intervention for each group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Bivariate</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Multivariate</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Gro</bold>
                  <bold>ups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p between
                           </bold>
                  <bold>groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p time</bold>
                  <bold>e
                           ffect//</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p group</bold>
                  <bold>
                           effect&#182;</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p Interaction
                              </bold>
                  <bold>effect#</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIP(n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIPE (n = 15)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIS3 (n = 20)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIS3PE (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>OCRS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.784&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,957</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0.881&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
                <td align="center">0.427</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;OCRS</td>
                <td align="center">2.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;OCRS</td>
                <td align="center">21.6</td>
                <td align="center">9.7</td>
                <td align="center">14.3</td>
                <td align="center">16.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>VA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">68.1 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">69.5 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.802&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.003</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.962</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.966</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">65.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.772&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.151</td>
                <td align="center">0.055</td>
                <td align="center">0.199</td>
                <td align="center">0.183</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;VA</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;VA</td>
                <td align="center">5.2</td>
                <td align="center">5.3</td>
                <td align="center">3.7</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>//: time effect (before versus after); &#182;: group effects; #: effects of
                        interaction time versus group; &#8225;: comparison among groups before the
                        intervention; &#167;: comparison among groups after the intervention; &#8224;.
                        comparison before and after the intervention; &#916;: mean variation
                        (initial - initial). DIP: dietary intervention; DIPE: dietary intervention +
                        physical activity; DIS3: dietary intervention + omega 3 fatty acid
                        supplementation; DIS3PE: dietary intervention + physical activity + omega 3
                        fatty acid supplementation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean VA was higher than the chronological age of all the volunteers in all
               groups. The effect of time was significant (p &lt; 0.01), indicating a decrease in
               the mean score after the intervention. At the end of treatment, all groups exhibited
               a lower mean VA. On comparing the pre and post-intervention evaluations, the greatest
               decrease in VA was observed in the DIPE (5.3%) and DIP (5.2%) groups. All groups
               exhibited the same behavior pattern (p &gt; 0.05) and did not differ among
               themselves. In addition, they did not differ with regard to their responses over time
               (p &gt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Before the intervention, the individuals were classified in the following risk
               categories: 24.3% were at low risk, 50% were at intermediate risk, and 25.7% were at
               high risk. After the intervention, 14.3% patients at high risk exhibited a decrease
               in their scores and fell into the intermediate-risk group, i.e., the prevalence of
               individuals at high risk decreased to 11.4%, while that of individuals at
               intermediate risk increased to 64.3%. </p>
        <p>To analyze the risk factors associated with MS that are included in the calculation
               of the OCRS, it was necessary to stratify the AC and HDL-C levels according to gender
               because the cut-off values are different. </p>
        <p>The TC levels varied significantly with time (p &lt; 0.05). However, the mean scores
               for the groups before and after the intervention did not follow a pattern. The DIP,
               DIPE, and DIS3 groups exhibited a decrease in TC levels after the intervention,
               whereas the DIS3PE group exhibited an increase. However, all groups exhibited the
               same pattern of behavior in regard to the group effect (p &gt; 0,05) and interaction
               (p &gt; 0.05), indicating that the treatments and responses did not differ over time
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean and standard deviation for total cholesterol (TC) and high-density
                     lipoprotein cholestrol (HDL-C) levels before and after the intervention for
                     each group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Bivariate</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Multivariate</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p between groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p time effect//</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p group effect&#182;</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>p interaction</bold>
                  <bold>effect#</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIP (n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIPE (n = 15)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIS3 (n = 20)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>DIS3PE (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>TC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">233.9 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">227.5 &#177; 13.6</td>
                <td align="center">223.8 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">213.1 &#177; 12.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.064&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.032</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.995</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">203.9 &#177; 11.4</td>
                <td align="center">212.2 &#177; 12.5</td>
                <td align="center">215.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
                <td align="center">219.2 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.056&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.089</td>
                <td align="center">0.070</td>
                <td align="center">0.100</td>
                <td align="center">0.554</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;CT</td>
                <td align="center">30.0</td>
                <td align="center">15.3</td>
                <td align="center">8.2</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;CT</td>
                <td align="center">12.8</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
                <td align="center">3.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>HDL women</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">48.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">48.1 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">44.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.321&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.077</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.973</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">45.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.755&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.507</td>
                <td align="center">0.348</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
                <td align="center">0.074</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;HDL women</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;HDL women</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
                <td align="center">10.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>HDL men</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">36.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">37.3 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.212&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.047</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.659</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">40.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">32.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">36.0 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">40.8 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.145&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.431</td>
                <td align="center">0.477</td>
                <td align="center">0.921</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;HDL men</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">6.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;HDL men</td>
                <td align="center">7.0</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">17.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>//: time effect (before versus after); &#182;: group effect; #: interaction
                        effect time versus group; &#8225;: comparison among groups before the
                        intervention; &#167;: comparison among groups after the intervention; &#8224;:
                        comparisons before and after the intervention; &#916;: mean variation (initial -
                        initial). DIP: dietary intervention; DIPE: dietary intervention + physical
                        activity; DIS3: dietary intervention + omega 3 fatty acid supplementation;
                        DIS3PE: dietary intervention + physical activity + omega 3 fatty acid
                        supplementation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The differences in HDL-C levels observed before and after the intervention and
               between groups were not significant for women, although the DIS3PE group exhibited a
               mean increase of 10.2% at the end of the study (compared with that at baseline). The
               remaining groups exhibited a decrease at the end of the intervention. There was a
               significant difference in HDL-C levels among the men in terms of both the group
               effect (p &gt; 0.05) and interaction (p &gt; 0.05). However, there was a significant
               difference with regard to time (p &lt; 0.05), indicating that after the intervention,
               the mean HDL levels differed significantly among men, regardless of the group.
               According to the estimated means, the DIS3PE group exhibited a significant increase
               in HDL-C levels after the intervention (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the remaining groups
               exhibited an insignificant decrease in the mean levels after the intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>With regard to mean glucose levels, only time had a significant effect (p &lt;
               0.001), suggesting that, regardless of the group, there was a significant decrease at
               the end of the intervention. Therefore, we believe that the treatments had a similar
               effect with regard to this variable. The same was observed for the mean values of
               SAP; only the effect of time was significant (p &#8804; 0.001). This indicated that,
               regardless of the group, the mean SAP values were lower after the intervention than
               before the intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean and standard deviations for glucose levels, systolic arterial pressure
                     (SAP), and abdominal circumference (AC) before and after the intervention for
                     each group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Bivariate</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <bold>Multiva</bold>
                  <bold>riate</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p between</bold>
                  <bold>
                           groups</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p time</bold>
                  <bold>
                           effect//</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p group
                           </bold>
                  <bold>effect&#182;</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p interaction</bold>
                  <bold>
                              effect#</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIP(n = 18)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIPE (n = 15)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIS3 (n = 20)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DIS3PE (n = 17)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Glucose</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">95.1 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">112.8 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center">111.7 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">110.1 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.087&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.002</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.385</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.562</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">90.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">95.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">100.1 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">101.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.112&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
                <td align="center">0.192</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; glucose</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">17.7</td>
                <td align="center">11.6</td>
                <td align="center">8.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;glucose</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td align="center">15.7</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">7.6</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>SAP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">134.4 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">131.1 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">130.2 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">131.6 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.667&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.702</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">127.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">122.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">123.4 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">126.7 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.702&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.075</td>
                <td align="center">0.070</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
                <td align="center">0.281</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;SAP</td>
                <td align="center">7.4</td>
                <td align="center">8.7</td>
                <td align="center">6.8</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;SAP</td>
                <td align="center">5.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.6</td>
                <td align="center">5.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.7</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>AC women</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">101.7 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">108.1 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">107.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.357&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.233</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">100.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">103.2 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">99.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.102&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;CA women</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">4.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
                <td align="center">7.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;AC women</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>AC men</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Before</td>
                <td align="center">110.6 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">113.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">109.7 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.202&#8225;</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.413</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>After</td>
                <td align="center">103.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">98.7 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">107.1 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center">103.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.285&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p intra&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0.068</td>
                <td align="center">0.196</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916;AC men</td>
                <td align="center">7.4</td>
                <td align="center">5.6</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% &#916;AC men</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.4</td>
                <td align="center">5.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>//: time effect (before versus after); &#182; group effect; #: interaction effect
                        time versus group; &#8225;: comparison among groups before the intervention; &#167;:
                        comparison among groups after the intervention; &#8224;: comparisons before and
                        after the intervention; &#916;: mean variation (initial - initial). DIP: dietary
                        intervention; DIPE: dietary intervention + physical activity; DIS3: dietary
                        intervention + omega 3 fatty acid supplementation; DIS3PE: dietary
                        intervention + physical activity + omega 3 fatty acid supplementation</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A significant difference in AC with time was observed for women, indicating a
               significant decrease in the mean AC after the intervention (p &lt; 0.001). At the end
               of treatment, all groups exhibited a lower mean AC. According to the data collected
               before and after the intervention, the greatest decrease occurred in the DIS3PE group
               (6.9%), which showed a significant effect (p &lt; 0. 05). This suggested that the
               decrease in the mean AC was greater in this group than in the DIP (p &lt; 0.05), DIPE
               (p &lt; 0.05), and DIS3 (p &lt; 0.05) groups; there were no differences between the
               means in the latter groups.</p>
        <p>In men, only time had a significant effect on AC (p &lt; 0.001), which demonstrated a
               significant decrease after the intervention, regardless of the group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this randomized clinical trial, score evaluation showed that 25.7% patients were
               at a high risk of developing coronary events within 10 years. After the intervention
               proposed in this study, the prevalence decreased to 11.4%, indicating that lifestyle
               modification contributes to a decrease in cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the present
               study had a positive impact and reinforced the importance of lifestyle modification
               for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. </p>
        <p>All interventions proposed in this study led to a decrease in the assessed
               cardiovascular risk score by decreasing the risk of coronary events occurring within
               10 years. Wister et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> investigated the
               effects of lifestyle modification counseling via telephone and observed a decrease in
               cardiovascular risk using this score in adults. </p>
        <p>According to the concept of VA proposed in Framingham's study, which aims to adjust
               the patients' age to their atherosclerotic state, this study found that the mean VA
               was higher than the chronological age in all groups. Similar data were obtained in a
               study conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro, wherein the researchers observed a
               mean age of 61.0 &#177; 20.0 years, which was higher than the patients' chronological age
               (56.0 &#177; 10.0 years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Inadequate nutrition, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition are some of the
               main factors that contribute to the occurrence of MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The aim of
               studying individuals with MS is to prevent cardiovascular events. A cohort that aimed
               to determine the incidence of MS in adult individuals without diabetes showed that AC
               was the best predictor of MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. This is
               important data because the main metabolic alterations associated with abdominal
               obesity are dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In the present study, a significant
               decrease in mean AC was observed after the intervention in women (p &lt; 0.001); the
               greatest decrease occurred in the DIS3PE group (6.9%), in which there was a
               significant effect (p &lt; 0.05). In men, only time had a significant effect (p &lt;
               0.001), with a significant decrease in AC being observed after the evaluation,
               regardless of group. </p>
        <p>All the interventions had an effect on the decrease in blood glucose and SAP, as
               demonstrated by other studies in which diet quality improvement promoted a decrease
               in blood glucose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> levels and SAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Prevention and
               treatment of arterial hypertension through health promotion present important
               clinical implications because they can decrease or even eliminate the need for
               antihypertensive drugs, thereby avoiding the adverse effects of pharmacological
               treatment and decreasing the cost of treatment for the patients and health
               institutions.</p>
        <p>The variations in TC with time were significant; however, after the intervention, we
               observed an increase in the TC and HDL-C levels in both men and women in the DIS3PE
               group. This increase in TC may be associated with the increase in HDL-C levels in
               this group. Physical exercise promotes the increase in HDL-C levels; however, this
               occurs with simultaneous weight loss<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. There
               is evidence that the omega 3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
               docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are derived from fish oil, promote the modulation
               of lipoprotein levels and endothelium function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The increase in
               TC and HDL-C levels may be associated with the intervention received by the DIS3PE
               group, with this group standing out in terms of lipid profile treatment.</p>
        <p>Our results suggest that the dietary counseling given to all groups may be considered
               to be a key tool for the overall treatment of patients with MS. The positive results
               of this study in regard to the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters confirm that
               dietary intervention is therapeutically relevant. The various interventions conducted
               in the 4 groups proved to be effective, suggesting that lifestyle modifications are
               key to the decrease in the risk of cardiovascular events and are effective in the
               treatment of MS. The study focused on eating habits and physical activities, two
               essential axes of the first-line therapy for improving modifiable risk factors for
               cardiovascular diseases, and it covered most modifiable risk factors indicated by the
                  WHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Therefore, intervention programs
               that promote lifestyle changes should be encouraged to improve the quality of life of
               the population at risk. </p>
        <p>It is worth noting that the size of the sample was a limitation of this study. It was
               difficult to confirm the results of the interaction effect (group and time repeated
               measurements analysis) because the differences were pronounced but not significant.
               Moreover, the number of patients was not sufficient to demonstrate other changes that
               may have occurred during the intervention period.</p>
        <p>The small number of studies on these scores and clinical interventions
               (pharmacological and nonpharmacological) makes this study a preliminary study that
               describes the potential effects of lifestyle modification on the decrease in
               cardiovascular risk using the Framingham risk score. Further studies with larger
               samples are necessary to better understand the effects of lifestyle modification
               interventions on the abovementioned score and to conduct stratified analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this study, all groups exhibited a similar pattern of behavior during the proposed
               intervention and did not show any intergroup differences. There was a decrease in the
               cardiovascular risk score, vascular age, and risk factors included in the calculation
               of the score. Therefore, we conclude that lifestyle modification by itself is a key
               tool for the overall treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thays Soliman Soares,
                  from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Soares TS, Gustavo
                  AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; Acquisition of data: Soares TS, Piovesan CH, Gustavo
                  AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soares TS,
                  Piovesan CH, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Feoli AMP; Obtaining financing: Gustavo AS,
                  Macagnan FE, Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP; Writing of the manuscript: Soares TS,
                  Piovesan CH, Gustavo AS, Macagnan FE, Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP; Critical revision of
                  the manuscript for intellectual content: Soares TS, Piovesan CH, Gustavo AS,
                  Macagnan FE, Bodanese LC, Feoli AMP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPERGS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
