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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sdGqTYfcSgsWp8TRfsK53kF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Denerva&#231;&#227;o Renal com Cateter Irrigado em Hipertensos
					Resistentes: Uma Estrat&#233;gia Promissora?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borelli</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Dikran</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
						Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,
						S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Luciana Armaganijan. Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese,
					500, Ibirapuera. CEP 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>luciana_va@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>355</fpage>
      <lpage>363</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento: </title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica constitui importante problema de sa&#250;de
						p&#250;blica e significativa causa de mortalidade cardiovascular. A elevada
						preval&#234;ncia e as reduzidas taxas de controle tensional despertaram o
						interesse por estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas alternativas. A denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica
						renal percut&#226;nea surgiu como perspectiva no tratamento de hipertensos
						resistentes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar a factibilidade e a seguran&#231;a da denerva&#231;&#227;o renal com cateter
						irrigado. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Dez hipertensos resistentes foram submetidos ao procedimento. O desfecho
						prim&#225;rio foi a seguran&#231;a, avaliada por eventos adversos periprocedimento,
						fun&#231;&#227;o renal e anormalidade vascular renal aos 6 meses. Os desfechos
						secund&#225;rios constitu&#237;ram mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial (consult&#243;rio e
						monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial) e no n&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos aos 6 meses.
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 47,3 (&#177; 12) anos, 90% eram mulheres. No primeiro
						caso, houve dissec&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria renal causada por trauma da bainha, fato
						que n&#227;o se repetiu ap&#243;s ajuste t&#233;cnico, demonstrando efeito da curva de
						aprendizado. Nenhum caso de trombose/infarto renal ou &#243;bito foi reportado.
						N&#227;o se observou eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina durante o
						seguimento. Aos 6 meses, diagnosticou-se um caso de estenose significativa
						de art&#233;ria renal, sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal reduziu a
						press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio, em m&#233;dia, em 14,6/6,6 mmHg (p = 0,4 tanto
						para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica como para a diast&#243;lica). A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da
						press&#227;o arterial pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial foi de 28/17,6 mmHg (p =
						0,02 e p = 0,07 para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica,
						respectivamente). Houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 2,1 anti-hipertensivos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; fact&#237;vel e segura no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial
						sist&#234;mica resistente. Estudos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos
						resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Rim / inerva&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Simpatectomia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos minimamente invasivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) constitui importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica
				e significativa causa de morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Aproximadamente 1 bilh&#227;o
				de adultos s&#227;o portadores de HAS e estima-se que, em 2025, essas cifras atingir&#227;o
				1,5 bilh&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de 12,8% dos
				pacientes s&#227;o portadores de HAS resistente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Dados provenientes de estudos cl&#237;nicos mostram que a terapia anti-hipertensiva reduz
				a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em 35% a 40%, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em
				20% a 25% e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mais de 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A despeito da comprovada efic&#225;cia do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, o
				controle da HAS permanece inadequado na maioria dos pacientes: aproximadamente 65%
				dos pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o s&#227;o tratados ou recebem tratamentos inadequados;
				estudos estimam que 34% a 52% dos pacientes tratados n&#227;o atingem os alvos
				press&#243;ricos desejados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia e as reduzidas taxas de controle dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos obtidos
				com o tratamento convencional despertaram o interesse por estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas
				alternativas. Com o objetivo de promover a inibi&#231;&#227;o ou o bloqueio da atividade do
				Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico (SNS), a Denerva&#231;&#227;o Simp&#225;tica Renal (DSR) percut&#226;nea
				surgiu com perspectivas de elevada efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a no tratamento de pacientes
				portadores de HAS resistente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No Brasil,
				entretanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; disponibilidade de cateteres dedicados para a DSR. Esse
				fato, aliado &#224;s potenciais vantagens do cateter irrigado nas abla&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas
				(les&#245;es mais profundas e menor risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos na ponta do cateter com
				consequente emboliza&#231;&#227;o), fomentou a hip&#243;tese de que cateteres com ponta irrigada
				tamb&#233;m podem ser ben&#233;ficos no contexto de DSR.</p>
      <p>O objetivo desta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi avaliar a factibilidade e a seguran&#231;a da DSR com
				cateter irrigado em pacientes com HAS resistente. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados para inclus&#227;o pacientes com HAS resistente em acompanhamento regular
				no Ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Nefrologia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
				Cardiologia. Os crit&#233;rios do consenso americano sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial
					resistente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> serviram de base para a
				defini&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia, de maneira que os pacientes deveriam apresentar Press&#227;o
				Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) aferida em consult&#243;rio &gt; 140 mmHg a despeito do uso de
				tr&#234;s ou mais f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, ou press&#227;o arterial controlada com quatro
				ou mais anti-hipertensivos com a&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica. O diagn&#243;stico de HAS resistente
				deveria ter sido confirmado por ao menos uma Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o
				Arterial (MAPA) ao longo do acompanhamento. </p>
      <p>A m&#225; ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso foi exclu&#237;da por meio de interna&#231;&#227;o durante,
				ao menos, 5 dias antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. O per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o se prestou tamb&#233;m
				para completar e atualizar a investiga&#231;&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias para a HAS.
				Exclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 45 mL/min; hepatopatia
				grave; dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional III ou IV
				(NYHA); disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave (FE &lt; 0,30); valvopatias moderadas ou graves;
				arritmias graves; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico nos
				&#250;ltimos 6 meses; angina e/ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o esclarecidas; anomalias de
				art&#233;ria renal (estenose &gt; 50%, presen&#231;a de <italic>stent</italic> ou angioplastia
				pr&#233;via, rim &#250;nico); di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria renal &lt; 4 mm; antecedentes cir&#250;rgicos nos
				&#250;ltimos 2 meses; hipersensibilidade ao meio de contraste; suspeita de gravidez;
				antecedentes de etilismo num per&#237;odo inferior a 1 ano; doen&#231;a ps&#237;quica que
				comprometesse o acompanhamento; e expectativa de vida inferior a 1 ano.</p>
      <p>O protocolo deste projeto de pesquisa, assim como o formul&#225;rio de consentimento
				informado, foi devidamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto
				Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia em consoante &#224; Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Todos os
				pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a seguran&#231;a do procedimento, avaliada por meio
					da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da taxa de eventos adversos periprocedimento (complica&#231;&#245;es
					vasculares no s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o e na art&#233;ria renal), an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o renal
					(compara&#231;&#227;o entre o estado basal e 6 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o) e ocorr&#234;ncia de
					estenose/aneurisma na art&#233;ria renal aos 6 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, conforme
					avaliado pela arteriografia. </p>
        <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios constitu&#237;ram as mudan&#231;as da PA aferida em consult&#243;rio
					ap&#243;s 6 meses do procedimento, bem como a an&#225;lise do efeito do procedimento sobre
					o n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos. Pacientes que possu&#237;am MAPA pr&#233;via em
					at&#233; 1 m&#234;s ao procedimento tiveram as mudan&#231;as da PA avaliadas tamb&#233;m por esse
					m&#233;todo ao longo do estudo.</p>
        <p>Todas as aferi&#231;&#245;es de PA foram realizadas com esfigmoman&#244;metro braquial
					autom&#225;tico e estiveram de acordo com as normas da VI Diretriz Brasileira de
					Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A escolha do
					tratamento medicamentoso para o controle dos n&#237;veis tensionais ficou a crit&#233;rio
					do m&#233;dico assistente, de acordo com o perfil de toler&#226;ncia e das comorbidades
					associadas. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi encorajada em todas as consultas m&#233;dicas.
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do procedimento</title>
        <p>Dois acessos vasculares foram obtidos, de acordo com m&#233;todo padronizado pela
					equipe, sendo um em art&#233;ria femoral direita e outro em art&#233;ria femoral esquerda.
					A art&#233;ria femoral esquerda foi utilizada para inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter com a
					finalidade de inje&#231;&#245;es de meio de contraste para realiza&#231;&#227;o da arteriografia
					renal. A art&#233;ria femoral direita foi utilizada para a inser&#231;&#227;o de uma bainha,
					atrav&#233;s da qual o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o (Therapy Cool Path<sup>&#174;</sup>, St Jude
						Medical<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minneapolis, Minesota, USA, ou Celsius
						Thermocool<sup>&#174;</sup>, Biosense-Webster Inc<sup>&#174;</sup>, Diamond Bar,
					California, USA) foi introduzido e posicionado na art&#233;ria renal. Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o
					do acesso vascular, heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi administrada na dose de 100 u/kg
					para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Aortografia junto &#224;s art&#233;rias renais, seguida de
					cateteriza&#231;&#227;o e arteriografia renal seletiva para avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia e
					posicionamento do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o distalmente na art&#233;ria renal, foi realizada
					ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina intravascular (200 mcg). Quatro a seis
					aplica&#231;&#245;es sequenciais de radiofrequ&#234;ncia foram realizadas ao longo de ambas as
					art&#233;rias renais, com a finalidade de promover a denerva&#231;&#227;o renal. O cateter foi
					tracionado 5 mm e girado ap&#243;s cada aplica&#231;&#227;o, configurando uma disposi&#231;&#227;o
					espiral das abla&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). </p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Les&#245;es sequenciais de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em art&#233;ria renal direita.
							Aplica&#231;&#245;es iniciadas no segmento distal da art&#233;ria renal; o cateter foi
							tracionado e girado ap&#243;s cada aplica&#231;&#227;o para promover les&#245;es sequenciais
							com configura&#231;&#227;o espiral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Devido &#224; intensa dor visceral gerada pela abla&#231;&#227;o, seda&#231;&#227;o e analgesia com
					narc&#243;ticos e opioides foram Administradas em todos os casos. Ao final do
					procedimento, arteriografia renal de controle foi realizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da
					integridade vascular, tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina intravascular
					(200 mcg).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento e seguimento cl&#237;nico </title>
        <p>Os introdutores foram removidos quando o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado atingiu
					valores &lt; 200 segundos. Compress&#227;o hemost&#225;tica manual foi realizada por pelo
					menos 20 minutos, seguida de curativo compressivo. A deambula&#231;&#227;o foi permitida
					ap&#243;s 4 horas de repouso, na aus&#234;ncia de sangramento no s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o
					procedimento, foi dada aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares no acesso
					femoral, tais como hematomas e pseudoaneurismas. As medica&#231;&#245;es foram ajustadas e
					os pacientes orientados quanto &#224; necessidade de acompanhamento peri&#243;dico. </p>
        <p>O primeiro retorno foi realizado 7 &#177; 2 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento e teve por
					finalidade avaliar complica&#231;&#245;es no s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o, fun&#231;&#227;o renal,
					hemoglobina/hemat&#243;crito e reajustar a dose dos anti-hipertensivos. Os retornos
					seguintes foram realizados em 30 &#177; 7, 90 &#177; 10, e 180 &#177; 10 dias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA foi a mesma
					descrita para a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento. Exames laboratoriais e MAPA foram
					solicitados em todas as visitas. Angiografia de art&#233;rias renais foi repetida aos
					6 meses de seguimento.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do estudo. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PA: press&#227;o
							arterial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas
					utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, considerando-se a
					distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como
					frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e comparadas utilizando-se o teste
					qui-quadrado. Para todos os par&#226;metros comparados, valores de p &#8804; 0,05 foram
					considerados estatisticamente significativos. Os dados foram analisados
					utilizando-se o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social
						Sciences</italic> (SPSS)<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 16 (<italic>software</italic>
					for Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>, SPSS Inc<sup>&#174;</sup>, Chicago, Illinois, USA). </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Dez pacientes (nove mulheres) foram submetidos &#224; DSR. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de
					47,3 (&#177;12) anos. O tempo m&#233;dio de HAS foi de 18,3 &#177; 10,7 anos. As m&#233;dias de PAS
					e da Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) verificadas no consult&#243;rio foram de 187,1
					&#177; 35,7 e 104,1 &#177; 18,5, respectivamente. Oito pacientes haviam realizado MAPA
					dentro de 30 dias antes do procedimento. As m&#233;dias de PA aferidas pela MAPA
					foram de 179,2 &#177; 23,2 e 109,4 &#177; 22,7 para PAS e PAD, respectivamente. O n&#250;mero
					m&#233;dio de anti-hipertensivos antes do procedimento foi de 7,6 &#177; 1,3. As
					caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes encontram-se resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="left">
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">47,3 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, m&#233;dia em kg/m<sup>2</sup> (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">29,6 (3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Diabetes mellitus, </italic>n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antecedente familiar de HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina basal, m&#233;dia em mg/dL (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,29)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Os di&#226;metros m&#233;dios das art&#233;rias renais direita e esquerda foram de 4,9 &#177; 0,4 mm
					e 5,0 &#177; 0,7 mm, respectivamente. As extens&#245;es m&#233;dias das art&#233;rias renais direita
					e esquerda foram de 35,3 &#177; 8,4 mm e 27,6 &#177; 10,5 mm, respectivamente. As medidas
					individuais est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
						2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e t&#233;cnicas do procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Paciente</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro ARD (mm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro ARE (mm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Comprimento ARD (mm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Comprimento ARE (mm)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Aplica&#231;&#245;esARD (n)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Aplica&#231;&#245;esARE (n)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>1</td>
                <td>4,2</td>
                <td>4,3</td>
                <td>24,0</td>
                <td>10,9</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>2</td>
                <td>5,1</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>40,3</td>
                <td>30,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>3</td>
                <td>5,5</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
                <td>41,0</td>
                <td>30,0</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>4</td>
                <td>5,5</td>
                <td>4,5</td>
                <td>35,0</td>
                <td>17,5</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>5</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>4,3</td>
                <td>30,0</td>
                <td>36,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>6</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>6,1</td>
                <td>27,0</td>
                <td>27,0</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>7</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>4,3</td>
                <td>26,0</td>
                <td>13,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>8</td>
                <td>4,4</td>
                <td>5,5</td>
                <td>50,0</td>
                <td>39,0</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>9</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>5,2</td>
                <td>40,0</td>
                <td>33,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>10</td>
                <td>4,8</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
                <td>40,0</td>
                <td>40,0</td>
                <td>6,0</td>
                <td>5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td>4,9 (0,4)</td>
                <td>5,0 (0,7)</td>
                <td>35,3 (8,4)</td>
                <td>27,6 (10,5)</td>
                <td>5,1 (0,7)</td>
                <td>4,3 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ARD: art&#233;ria renal direita; ARE: art&#233;ria renal
								esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em um caso, observou-se a presen&#231;a de uma art&#233;ria polar &#224; esquerda e, em outro
					caso, notou-se a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s art&#233;rias polares, sendo duas &#224; esquerda e uma
					&#224; direita. Duas pacientes apresentaram estenose discreta proximal em art&#233;ria
					renal. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas do procedimento</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por via transfemoral conforme o protocolo
					acima descrito. Em m&#233;dia, foram utilizados 79 mL de meio de contraste e 19,7 &#177;
					5,8 minutos de fluoroscopia. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi
					de 5,1 &#177; 0,7 na art&#233;ria renal direita e 4,3 &#177; 1,6 na art&#233;ria renal esquerda
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a do procedimento</title>
        <p>O procedimento foi realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es em 90% dos casos. No primeiro caso
					dessa s&#233;rie, foi detectada dissec&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria renal ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da
					abla&#231;&#227;o por trauma mec&#226;nico causado pela bainha. A mesma foi tratada com
					implante de <italic>stent</italic>, sem complica&#231;&#245;es subsequentes ou aumento no
					tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Aos 6 meses, arteriografia renal de controle revelou
						<italic>stent</italic> p&#233;rvio e sem hiperplasia significativa
						intra-<italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        <p>Irregularidades parietais focais foram observadas em alguns casos imediatamente
					ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia e foram atribu&#237;das a espasmo e/ou edema.
					Nenhuma foi considerada limitante ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo ao final do
					procedimento.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o femoral durante o per&#237;odo
					periprocedimento. N&#227;o houve eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, denotando
					manuten&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular durante o seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeitos da denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal (DSR) sobre a creatinina
							s&#233;rica. DSR: denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a vascular renal</title>
        <p>Arteriografia renal foi realizada em todos os pacientes aos 6 meses de
					seguimento. Em um caso, houve evid&#234;ncia de estenose de art&#233;ria renal esquerda de
					grau significativo (70%). Embora sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a mesma foi tratada
					com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos sobre a press&#227;o arterial e n&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 6 meses de seguimento, a DSR reduziu a PA aferida em consult&#243;rio em m&#233;dia de
					14,6/6,6 mmHg (p = 0,4 para PAS e PAD). Observou-se progressiva redu&#231;&#227;o dos
					n&#237;veis tensionais ao longo do seguimento, com discreto maior benef&#237;cio no 3&#186; m&#234;s
					em rela&#231;&#227;o ao 6&#186; m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>). A redu&#231;&#227;o
					m&#233;dia da PA aferida pela MAPA (n = 8) foi de 28/17,6 mmHg (p = 0,02 e 0,07 para
					PAS e PAD, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref>).
					Houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 2,1 de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas prescritas aos 6
					meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref>). </p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#192; esquerda: m&#233;dia do efeito da denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal (DSR) sobre
							a press&#227;o arterial (PA) aferida em consult&#243;rio. &#192; direita: efeito da DSR
							sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) aferida em consult&#243;rio em cada
							um dos 10 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento. MAPA: Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o
							ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial
							diast&#243;lica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#192; esquerda: m&#233;dia do efeito da DSR sobre a PA aferida na MAPA. &#192;
							direita: efeito da DSR sobre a PAS aferida na MAPA em oito pacientes
							submetidos ao procedimento. DSR: Denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal; PA: Press&#227;o
							arterial; PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; MAPA: Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o
							ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#192; esquerda: efeito da DSR sobre a m&#233;dia do n&#250;mero de
							anti-hipertensivos. &#192; direita: efeito da DSR sobre o n&#250;mero de
							anti-hipertensivos em cada em cada um dos 10 pacientes submetidos ao
							procedimento. DSR: Denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Observou-se importante varia&#231;&#227;o de resposta anti-hipertensiva entre os pacientes.
					Enquanto nenhum efeito anti-hipertensivo ou sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos foi
					observado em tr&#234;s pacientes, outros tr&#234;s apresentaram importante benef&#237;cio, com
					redu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 62 mmHg na PAS e de at&#233; seis f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos aos 6
					meses de seguimento. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo brasileiro, realizado em um centro terci&#225;rio, que utilizou cateter
				irrigado para aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia no contexto de DSR em hipertensos
				resistentes. Os resultados demonstraram que a abla&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica renal
				utilizando cateter irrigado &#233; fact&#237;vel e segura. </p>
      <p>O procedimento reduziu a PAS e a PAD aferidas em consult&#243;rio em m&#233;dia de 14,6 mmHg e
				6,6 mmHg, respectivamente. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 2,1 f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos.
				Notou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; seis anti-hipertensivos e de at&#233; 62 mmHg na PAS durante o
				seguimento. Os resultados da MAPA, em oito pacientes, foram ainda melhores, com
				redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 28 mmHg e 17,6 mmHg na PAS e PAD, respectivamente. A
				diferen&#231;a na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA aferida pela MAPA e aquela do consult&#243;rio denota o efeito
				do jaleco branco em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Vale ressaltar que, em dois pacientes, as
				mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos avaliadas pela MAPA n&#227;o foram reportadas: em um
				paciente, por m&#225; qualidade da MAPA pr&#233;-procedimento e, em outro, por
				equimose/hematoma decorrente da plaquetopenia durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA basal,
				motivo pelo qual decidiu-se n&#227;o repetir o exame no seguimento. </p>
      <p>De maneira geral, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA aferida pela MAPA do nosso estudo se assemelha
				&#224;quela aferida em consult&#243;rio obtida pelo cateter <italic>Symplicity</italic>. No
				estudo <italic>Symplicity HTN 2</italic>, a denerva&#231;&#227;o renal reduziu a PAS e a PAD
				aferidas em consult&#243;rio em 32 mmHg e 12 mmHg, respectivamente, ap&#243;s 6 meses de
				acompanhamento. Algumas diferen&#231;as, entretanto, existem entre os dois ensaios.
				Primeiro, nossos pacientes necessitavam de maior n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos
				anti-hipertensivos no in&#237;cio (7,6 <italic>versus</italic> 5,2). Segundo, em
				decorr&#234;ncia do menor n&#250;mero de pacientes, foi poss&#237;vel confirmar a HAS resistente
				com base na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, enquanto que o <italic>Symplicity HTN-2</italic>
				definiu o diagn&#243;stico em consultas ambulatoriais, fato que pode ter superestimado os
				dados. Terceiro, no <italic>Symplicity HTN-2</italic>, altera&#231;&#245;es nas doses dos
				f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos s&#243; eram permitidas caso o paciente apresentasse sintomas
				relacionados &#224; hipotens&#227;o. No presente estudo, a dose dos f&#225;rmacos foi alterada
				almejando o controle preconizado pela VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o
				Arterial. Quarto, a taxa de n&#227;o respondedores, definida como redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS &lt; 10
				mmHg, foi superior &#224; do <italic>Symplicity. </italic>Esse achado pode ser
				consequente &#224; maior complexidade, ao menor n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados no presente
				estudo e, principalmente, pelo fato de que, em alguns pacientes, a PA basal estava
				controlada com quatro ou mais anti-hipertensivos e, nesses casos, n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o
				significativa da PA, e sim do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos no seguimento. Ainda assim, o
				percentual de n&#227;o respondedores &#224; DSR desteo estudo &#233; compat&#237;vel com dados da
				literatura, cujas taxas atingem valores de at&#233; 37%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Finalmente, utilizou-se um cateter n&#227;o
				dedicado para DSR, o cateter de ponta irrigada designado para abla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, foram publicados os efeitos de tr&#234;s diferentes cateteres, usualmente
				utilizados para abla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, num experimento <italic>in vitro</italic> com
				art&#233;rias renais porcinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Quando se utiliza
				o cateter 5F de ponta s&#243;lida e energia de 8W (cateter com caracter&#237;sticas
				semelhantes e mesma energia utilizada no <italic>Simplicity HTN-2</italic>), les&#245;es
				neurais renais mais significativas foram observadas quando a aplica&#231;&#227;o foi estendida
				at&#233; 120 segundos (dura&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m utilizada no <italic>Simplicity
					HTN-2</italic>). O cateter 7F de ponta s&#243;lida (usualmente utilizado para
				abla&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas) causou les&#245;es neurais significativas, independentemente da
				energia (8W ou 15W) ou da dura&#231;&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (30, 60 ou 120
				segundos). Al&#233;m disso, o cateter 7F irrigado (usualmente indicado para abla&#231;&#245;es de
				c&#226;maras card&#237;acas localizadas &#224; esquerda, tais como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e taquicardia
				ventricular) a partir de 60 segundos de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia causou
				destrui&#231;&#227;o completa dos nervos e do comprometimento da camada m&#233;dia quando foram
				aplicados 15W. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es traduzem o racional de que cateteres 5F de ponta
				s&#243;lida causam les&#245;es neurais, por&#233;m, aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com cateteres 7F,
				principalmente o irrigado, resultam em les&#245;es mais profundas e intensas. Com base
				nesses dados, conclui-se que, nos casos em que cateteres de eletrofisiologia sejam
				utilizados como instrumental para a DSR, as diferen&#231;as entre eles devem ser
				respeitadas, assim como uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia para cada
				tipo de cateter, visando &#224; entrega adequada de energia ao tecido em termos de
				efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Pouca energia pode ser insuficiente na abla&#231;&#227;o
				apropriada dos nervos e energia demasiada pode causar efeitos colaterais agudamente
				e/ou a m&#233;dio/longo prazo, como estenose ou aneurisma de art&#233;ria renal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o pela radiofrequ&#234;ncia depende de diversos fatores, dentre os quais
				se destacam o contato eletrodo-tecido adequado, a pot&#234;ncia empregada, a dura&#231;&#227;o da
				aplica&#231;&#227;o e o tipo de cateter. Em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como taquicardia ventricular, &#233;
				fundamental que a les&#227;o seja profunda o suficiente para penetrar no tecido
				mioc&#225;rdico. Entretanto, a temperatura excessiva na ponta do cateter pode resultar na
				forma&#231;&#227;o de co&#225;gulo o que, por sua vez, limita a libera&#231;&#227;o de energia e reduz a
				amplitude da les&#227;o. Com base nesses fatos, esfor&#231;os v&#234;m sendo realizados a fim de
				otimizar a entrega de energia para o tecido sem que haja aumento substancial na
				temperatura na ponta do cateter. Atualmente, cateteres com sistemas de irriga&#231;&#227;o
				cont&#237;nua s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados no tratamento de arritmias card&#237;acas, com a
				finalidade de aumentar a profundidade de penetra&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia tecidual.
				Considerando-se a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos nervos renais na advent&#237;cia do vaso, por vezes a
				mais de 4 mm al&#233;m da camada &#237;ntima, postula-se que os cateteres irrigados podem
				apresentar benef&#237;cios tamb&#233;m no cen&#225;rio de DSR. Os resultados deste foram
				consistentes com os publicados por Ahmed e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, no qual dez pacientes com HAS resistente foram submetidos &#224; DSR com
				cateter irrigado. Os autores demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es na PAS e PAD de 21 e 11 mmHg,
				respectivamente, aos 6 meses de seguimento, e aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es graves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal, causada por
				trauma da bainha, ocorreu no nosso primeiro caso. Ap&#243;s ajustes t&#233;cnicos, nenhum
				outro evento subsequente foi observado, sugerindo o efeito da curva de aprendizado.
				Complica&#231;&#245;es como infarto, insufici&#234;ncia ou trombose renal e edema pulmonar n&#227;o
				foram reportados. Um caso de estenose foi diagnosticado aos 6 meses de seguimento em
				paciente assintom&#225;tico. Nesse caso, <italic>stent</italic> foi implantado com
				sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Vale ressaltar que esse paciente fazia uso de oito
				f&#225;rmacos anti hipertensivos antes da DSR e que ele manteve aos 6 meses de
				acompanhamento, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados com o uso de apenas tr&#234;s anti
				hipertensivos. </p>
      <p>Dentre as principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, destacam se o desenho n&#227;o randomizado,
				a pequena amostra e a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, os
				resultados parecem promissores e s&#227;o concordantes com dados da literatura. Estudos
				randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar os presentes resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Armaganijan L, Staico R, Moraes A, Abizaid A,
					Moreira D, Amodeo C, Sousa M, Armaganijan D, Sousa JE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e
					An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Armaganijan L, Staico R, Moraes A; An&#225;lise
					estat&#237;stica: Armaganijan L, Staico R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Armaganijan L;
					Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Staico R, Moraes
					A, Abizaid A, Moreira D, Amodeo C, Sousa M, Armaganijan D, Sousa JE, Sousa
					A.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luciana Armaganijan pela Instituto
					Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Renal Denervation Using an Irrigated Catheter in
					Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Promising Strategy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borelli</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Dikran</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,
						S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Luciana Armaganijan, Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese,
					500, Ibirapuera. Postal Code 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>luciana_va@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Systemic hypertension is an important public health problem and a
						significant cause of cardiovascular mortality. Its high prevalence and the
						low rates of blood pressure control have resulted in the search for
						alternative therapeutic strategies. Percutaneous renal sympathetic
						denervation emerged as a perspective in the treatment of patients with
						resistant hypertension. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the feasibility and safety of renal denervation using an
						irrigated catheter. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Ten patients with resistant hypertension underwent the procedure. The
						primary endpoint was safety, as assessed by periprocedural adverse events,
						renal function and renal vascular abnormalities at 6 months. The secondary
						endpoints were changes in blood pressure levels (office and ambulatory
						monitoring) and in the number of antihypertensive drugs at 6 months. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The mean age was 47.3 (&#177; 12) years, and 90% of patients were women. In the
						first case, renal artery dissection occurred as a result of trauma due to
						the long sheath; no further cases were observed after technical adjustments,
						thus showing an effect of the learning curve. No cases of thrombosis/renal
						infarction or death were reported. Elevation of serum creatinine levels was
						not observed during follow-up. At 6 months, one case of significant renal
						artery stenosis with no clinical consequences was diagnosed. Renal
						denervation reduced office blood pressure levels by 14.6/6.6 mmHg, on
						average (p = 0.4 both for systolic and diastolic blood pressure). Blood
						pressure levels on ambulatory monitoring decreased by 28/17.6 mmHg (p = 0.02
						and p = 0.07 for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively). A
						mean reduction of 2.1 antihypertensive drugs was observed. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Renal denervation is feasible and safe in the treatment of resistant
						systemic arterial hypertension. Larger studies are required to confirm our
						findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney / innervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympatectomy / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical procedures, minimally invasive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic hypertension (SH) is an important public health problem and a
					significant cause of cardiovascular mortality. Approximately 1 billion adults
					have SH and this figure is estimated to reach 1.5 billion in 2025<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In addition, approximately 12.8% of
					patients have resistant SH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Data from clinical studies have demonstrated that antihypertensive therapy
					reduces the incidence of stroke by 35% to 40%, of myocardial infarction by 20%
					to 25%, and of heart failure by more than 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Despite the proved efficacy of pharmacological treatment, control
					of SH remains inadequate in most of patients: approximately 65% of hypertensive
					patients are not treated or receive inadequate treatments; studies estimate that
					34% to 52% of treated patients do not reach the desired target blood pressure
						levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. </p>
        <p>The high prevalence of resistant SH and low rates of blood pressure control
					obtained with conventional treatment have resulted in the interest for
					alternative therapeutic strategies. With the AIM of promoting inhibition or
					blockade of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, percutaneous renal
					sympathetic denervation (RSD) emerged with perspectives of high efficacy and
					safety in the treatment of patients with resistant SH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, catheters dedicated to RSD are still
					unavailable in Brazil. This fact, plus the potential advantages of irrigated
					catheters in cardiac ablations (ability to reach deeper lesions and lower risk
					of thrombus formation in the catheter tip, with consequent embolization),
					corroborated the hypothesis that irrigated-tip catheters can also be beneficial
					in the context of RSD.</p>
        <p>The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of
					RSD with irrigated catheter in patients with resistant SH. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Case series</title>
          <p>Patients with resistant SH being regularly followed up in the Outpatient
						Clinic of Arterial Hypertension and Nephrology of the Dante Pazzanese
						Institute of Cardiology were evaluated for inclusion. The American Heart
						Association scientific statement for resistant hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> criteria were used for the definition
						of resistance, so that patients either should have systolic blood pressure
						(SBP) &gt; 140 mmHg, as measured in the office, despite the use of three or
						more antihypertensive drugs, or controlled blood pressure using four or more
						synergistic antihypertensive drugs. Diagnosis of resistant SH should have
						been confirmed by at least one ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)
						performed throughout the follow-up period.</p>
          <p>Poor adherence to pharmacological treatment was ruled out by hospitalizing
						the patients for at least five days prior to the intervention. During the
						hospital stay, investigation of secondary causes for SH was completed and
						updated. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate &lt; 45 mL/min; severe
						liver disease; coagulation disorders; NYHA functional class III or IV heart
						failure; severe ventricular dysfunction (EF &lt; 0,30); moderate or severe
						heart valve diseases; severe arrhythmias; acute myocardial infarction or
						stroke in the past 6 months; unexplained angina and/or myocardial ischemia;
						renal artery abnormalities (stenosis &gt; 50%, presence of stent or previous
						angioplasty, solitary kidney); renal artery diameter &lt; 4 mm; history of
						surgical procedures in the past 2 months; hypersensitivity to the DYE;
						suspected pregnancy; history of alcohol consumption within less than 1 year;
						mental disorder that could affect the follow up; and life expectancy shorter
						than 1 year were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>The research protocol and the written informed consent form were duly
						approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Dante Pazzanese Institute
						of Cardiology in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients
						gave written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint of the study was the procedure safety, as assessed by
						the quantification of the rate of periprocedural adverse events (vascular
						complications in the puncture site and in the renal artery); analysis of the
						renal function (comparison between baseline and 6 months after the
						intervention); and occurrence of renal arterystenosis/aneurysm at 6 months
						after the intervention, as assessed by arteriography.</p>
          <p>The secondary endpoints comprised the changes in office BP levels at 6 months
						after the procedure, and the analysis of the effect of the procedure on the
						number of antihypertensive drugs used. The changes in BP of patients who had
						ABPM recorded within up to 1 month prior to the procedure were also analyzed
						by this method throughout the study.</p>
          <p>All BP measurements were taken using an automated brachial sphygmomanometer,
						in accordance with the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines of
						Arterial Hyperension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The choice of
						the pharmacological treatment for the control of blood pressure levels was
						left to the discretion of the attending physician, according to the
						patient's tolerance profile and associated comorbidities. Adherence to
						treatment was encouraged in all medical visits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of the procedure</title>
          <p>Two arterial lines were placed, according to the method standardized by the
						team; one was in the right femoral artery, and the other, in the left
						femoral artery. A catheter was inserted in the left renal artery for
						injection of DYE to perform renal arteriography. The right femoral artery
						was used for insertion of a sheath, through which the ablation catheter
						(Therapy Cool Path<sup>&#174;</sup>, St Jude Medical<sup>&#174;</sup>, Minneapolis,
						Minesota, USA, or Celsius Thermocool<sup>&#174;</sup>, Biosense-Webster
							Inc<sup>&#174;</sup>, Diamond Bar, California, USA) was introduced and
						positioned in the renal artery. After vascular line placement,
						unfractionated heparin was administered at a dose of 100 u/kg for
						anticoagulation. Aortography at the level of the renal arteries was
						performed after administration of intravenous nitroglycerin (200 mcg), and
						followed by catheterization and selective renal arteriography for the
						evaluation of the anatomy and positioning of the ablation catheter distally
						in the renal artery. Four to six sequential deliveries of radiofrequency
						were made along both renal arteries, with the purpose of promoting renal
						denervation. The catheter was pulled 5 mm and rotated after each delivery,
						thus producing a spiral configuration of the ablations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sequential radiofrequency lesions in right renal artery.
								Deliveries started at the distal segment of the renal artery; the
								catheter was pulled and rotated after each delivery to promote
								sequential lesions with a spiral configuration.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Due to the severe visceral pain generated by ablation, sedation and analgesia
						with narcotic and opioid drugs were performed in all cases. At the end of
						the procedure, a control renal arteriography was performed to evaluate the
						vascular integrity, also after administration of intravenous nitroglycerin
						(200 mcg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-procedural assessment and clinical follow-up</title>
          <p>The introducers were removed when the activated clotting time reached values
						&lt; 200 seconds. Manual compression hemostasis was performed for at least
						20 minutes, followed by a compressive dressing. The patient was allowed to
						walk 4 hours after resting, provided there was no bleeding in the puncture
						site. After the procedure, attention was focused on the occurrence of
						vascular complications such as hematomas and pseudoaneurysms in the site of
						femoral lines. Medications were adjusted and the patients were instructed on
						the need for a periodic follow-up.</p>
          <p>The first follow-up visit occurred 7 &#177; 2 days after the procedure and its
						purpose was to evaluate complications in the puncture site, renal function,
						hemoglobin/hematocrit, and to readjust the dosage of the antihypertensive
						drugs. Further follow-up visits occurred at 30 &#177; 7, 90 &#177; 10, and 180 &#177; 10
						days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 2</xref>). BP was measured as
						described for the preprocedural assessment. Laboratory tests and ABPM were
						requested in all visits. Angiography of the renal arteries was repeated at 6
						months of follow-up.</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flowchart. SBP: systolic blood pressure; BP: blood
								pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and
						compared using the Student's t test, considering the normal data
						distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative
						frequencies and compared using the chi square test. For all parameters
						compared, p values &#8804; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data
						were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social
							Sciences<sup>&#174;</sup> (SPSS) version 16 program (software for
							Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>, SPSS Inc<sup>&#174;</sup>, Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Ten patients (nine women) underwent RSD. Their mean age was 47.3 (&#177; 12)
						years. The mean time of SH was 18.3 &#177; 10.7 years. The mean office SBP and
						diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were 187.1 &#177; 35.7 and 104.1 &#177; 18.5,
						respectively. Eight patients had undergone ABPM within 30 days prior to the
						procedure. The mean BP levels measured by ABPM were 179.2 &#177; 23.2 and 109.4 &#177;
						22.7 for SBP and DBP, respectively. The mean number of antihypertensive
						drugs used before the procedure was 7.6 &#177; 1.3. The patients' baseline
						characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
							1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.3 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, mean in kg/m2 (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6 (3.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cigarette smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history of SH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline creatinine, mean in mg/dL (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.29)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SD: standard deviation; SH: systemic hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic characteristics</title>
          <p>The mean diameters of the right and left renal arteries were 4.9 &#177; 0.4 mm and
						5.0 &#177; 0.7 mm, respectively. The mean length of the right and left renal
						arteries were 35.3 &#177; 8.4 mm and 27.6 &#177; 10.5 mm, respectively. The individual
						measurements are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
						2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiographic and technical characteristics of the
								procedure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th>
                    <bold>Patient</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diameter RRA (mm)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Diameter LRA (mm)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Length RRA (mm)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Length LRA (mm)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Deliveries RRA (n)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Deliveries LRA (n)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td>4,2</td>
                  <td>4,3</td>
                  <td>24,0</td>
                  <td>10,9</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td>5,1</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>40,3</td>
                  <td>30,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td>5,5</td>
                  <td>6,0</td>
                  <td>41,0</td>
                  <td>30,0</td>
                  <td>6,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td>5,5</td>
                  <td>4,5</td>
                  <td>35,0</td>
                  <td>17,5</td>
                  <td>6,0</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td>4,8</td>
                  <td>4,3</td>
                  <td>30,0</td>
                  <td>36,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td>5,2</td>
                  <td>6,1</td>
                  <td>27,0</td>
                  <td>27,0</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                  <td>6,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td>5,2</td>
                  <td>4,3</td>
                  <td>26,0</td>
                  <td>13,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td>4,4</td>
                  <td>5,5</td>
                  <td>50,0</td>
                  <td>39,0</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td>4,8</td>
                  <td>5,2</td>
                  <td>40,0</td>
                  <td>33,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>4,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td>4,8</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                  <td>40,0</td>
                  <td>40,0</td>
                  <td>6,0</td>
                  <td>5,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>Media (DP)</td>
                  <td>4,9 (0,4)</td>
                  <td>5,0 (0,7)</td>
                  <td>35,3 (8,4)</td>
                  <td>27,6 (10,5)</td>
                  <td>5,1 (0,7)</td>
                  <td>4,3 (1,6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SD: standard deviation; RRA: right renal artery; LRA: left renal
									artery.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In one case, the presence of a polar artery was observed on the left side; in
						another case, the presence of three polar arteries was observed, two of them
						on the left and one on the right. Two patients had mild proximal renal
						artery stenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Technical characteristics of the procedure</title>
          <p>All procedures were performed via the transfemoral approach according to the
						protocol described here. On average, 79 mL of DYE were used and 19.7 &#177; 5.8
						minutes of fluoroscopy were spent. The mean number of radiofrequency
						deliveries was 5.1 &#177; 0.7 on the right renal artery and 4.3 &#177; 1.6 on the left
						renal artery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure safety</title>
          <p>The procedure was performed uneventfully in 90% of cases. In the first case
						of this series, dissection of the renal artery was detected after ablation
						due to mechanical damage caused by the sheath. This was treated with stent
						implantation, with no subsequent complications or increase in the length of
						hospital stay. At 6 months, a control renal arteriography showed a patent
						stent with no significant intrastent hyperplasia. </p>
          <p>Focal parietal irregularities were observed in some cases immediately after
						radiofrequency delivery; they were attributed to spasm and/or edema. None
						was considered to limit the blood flow at the end of the procedure.</p>
          <p>No complications related to the femoral puncture were observed during the
						periprocedural period. There was no elevation in serum creatinine levels,
						thus denoting preserved glomerular filtration rate during the follow-up
							(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 3</xref>). </p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) on serum
								creatinine levels. BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood
								pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Renal vascular safety</title>
          <p>Renal arteriography was performed in all patients at 6 months of follow-up.
						In one case, there was evidence of left renal artery stenosis of significant
						magnitude (70%). Although with no clinical implication, it was treated with
						stent implantation, uneventfully.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects on blood pressure and on the number of antihypertensive
						drugs</title>
          <p>After six months of follow-up, RSD reduced office BP measurement by a mean of
						14.6/6.6 mmHg (p = 0.4 for both SBP and DBP). A progressive reduction in
						blood pressure levels was observed throughout the follow-up, with a slightly
						greater benefit on the 3rd month in relation to the 6th month (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>). The mean ABPM BP reduction (n
						= 8) was 28/17.6 mmHg (p = 0.02 and 0.07 for SBP and DBP, respectively)
							(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). A mean reduction by
						2.1 antihypertensive medications prescribed was observed at 6 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left: mean effect of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) on blood
								pressure (BP) measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
								(ABPM). Right: effect of RSD on systolic blood pressure (SBP)
								measured by ABPM in 10 patients undergoing the procedure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Left: mean effect of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) on blood
								pressure (BP) measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
								(ABPM). Right: effect of RSD on systolic blood pressure (SBP)
								measured by ABPM in 8 patients undergoing the procedure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#192; esquerda: efeito da DSR sobre a m&#233;dia do n&#250;mero de
								anti-hipertensivos. &#192; direita: efeito da DSR sobre o n&#250;mero de
								anti-hipertensivos em cada em cada um dos 10 pacientes submetidos ao
								procedimento. DSR: Denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica renal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0355-40034-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A significant variation in the antihypertensive response was observed among
						the patients. While no antihypertensive effect or reduction in the number of
						medications was observed in three patients, other three significantly
						benefited from the procedure, with reductions of up to 62 mmHg in SBP and of
						up to six antihypertensive drugs at 6 months of follow-up.</p>
          <p>This was a Brazilian study conducted in a tertiary-care center, in which an
						irrigated catheter was used for radiofrequency delivery in the context of
						RSD in patients with resistant hypertension. The results showed that renal
						sympathetic activity ablation using an irrigated catheter is feasible and
						safe.</p>
          <p>The procedure reduced office SBP and DBP by 14.6 mmHg and 6.6 mmHg,
						respectively, on average. There was a mean reduction by 2.1 antihypertensive
						drugs used. A reduction of up to six antihypertensive drugs and up to 62
						mmHg in SBP was observed during follow-up. Results of ABPM in eight patients
						were even better, with a significant reduction by 28 mmHg and 17.6 mmHg in
						SBP and DBP, respectively. The difference between ABPM and office BP
						reductions shows the white-coat effect in our population. We should point
						out that changes in blood pressure levels as assessed by ABPM were not
						reported in two patients. In one patient, due to the poor quality of the
						preprocedural ABPM, and, in another, due to bruise/hematoma resulting from
						low platelet count during the performance of the baseline ABPM; for this
						reason, it was decided not to repeat the test during the follow-up. </p>
          <p>Overall, the reduction in BP as measured by ABPM in our study is similar to
						that measured in the office by the Symplicity catheter. In the Symplicity
						HTN-2 study, renal denervation reduced office SBP and DBP by 32 mmHg and 12
						mmHg, respectively, after 6 months of follow-up. However, there are some
						differences between the two studies. First, our patients required a greater
						number of antihypertensive drugs at baseline (7.6 versus 5.2). Second,
						because of our smaller number of patients, we could confirm resistant SH by
						means of hospitalization, whereas in the Symplicity HTN-2 study, this
						diagnosis was defined in outpatient visits, and this may have led to
						overestimated findings. Third, in Symplicity HTN-2, changes in the dosage of
						the antihypertensive drugs were only allowed if the patient showed symptoms
						related to hypotension. In the present study, drug dosage was changed with
						the aim of achieving control, as recommended by the VI Brazilian Guideline
						of Arterial Hypertension. Fourth, the non-responders rate, defined as a SBP
						reduction &lt; 10 mmHg, was greater than that of Symplicity. This finding
						may have resulted from a higher complexity, smaller number of patients
						assessed in the present study, and, mainly, from the fact that, in some
						patients, baseline BP was controlled with four or more antihypertensive
						drugs and, in these cases, no significant reduction was observed in BP, but
						rather in the number of drugs used during follow-up. Still, the percentage
						of non-responders to RSD in this study is consistent to data of the
						literature, whose rates reach values of up to 37%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Finally, the irrigated-tip
						catheter designed for cardiac ablation - a non-dedicated catheter for RSD,
						was used. </p>
          <p>Recently, the effects of three different catheters generally used for cardiac
						ablation in an <italic>in vitro</italic> study with porcine renal arteries
						were published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. When a 5F catheter
						with solid tip and 8W energy is used (a catheter with similar
						characteristics and same energy as used in Simplicity HTN 2), more
						significant neural renal lesions were observed when delivery was extended to
						up to 120 seconds (same delivery duration as used in Simplicity HTN-2). The
						7F solid-tip catheter (generally used for cardiac ablations) caused
						significant neural lesions, regardless of the energy (8W or 15W) or duration
						of radiofrequency delivery (30, 60, or 120 seconds). Additionally, the 7F
						irrigated catheter (generally indicated for ablations of the left cardiac
						chambers, such as in atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) caused
						complete destruction of the nerves and mid-layer damage when 15W were
						delivered, as from 60 seconds. These observations translate the rationale
						that 5F solid-tip catheters cause neural lesions; however, radiofrequency
						deliveries with 7F catheters, especially the irrigated catheters, result in
						deeper and more intense lesions. Based on these data, we conclude that, in
						the cases in which electrophysiology catheters are used for RSD, the
						differences among them should be respected, same for the standardization of
						radiofrequency delivery for each type of catheter, aiming at an adequate
						delivery of energy to the tissue in terms of efficacy and safety of the
						procedure. Little energy may be insufficient for an appropriate nerve
						ablation, and excessive energy may cause acute and/or mid- and long-term
						side effects such as renal artery stenosis or aneurysm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
          <p>Lesion by radiofrequency depends on several factors, among which an adequate
						electrode-tissue contact, the energy used, delivery duration, and the
						catheter type stand out. In clinical situations such as ventricular
						tachycardia, it is mandatory that the lesion is deep enough to penetrate the
						myocardial tissue. However, the excessive temperature in the catheter tip
						may result in the formation of a clot, which, in turn, limits energy release
						and reduces lesion extension. Based on these facts, efforts have been made
						to optimize energy delivery to the tissue without substantially increasing
						the catheter tip temperature. Currently, catheters with continuous
						irrigation systems are commonly used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
						with the purpose of increasing the depth of radiofrequency tissue
						penetration. Considering the location of the renal nerves in the vessel
						adventitia - sometimes more than 4 mm beyond the intima layer, we
						hypothesize that irrigated catheters may also be beneficial in the setting
						of RSD. Our findings were consistent with those published in Ahmed et
							al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> study, in which ten patients
						with resistant SH underwent RSD with irrigated catheter. The authors
						demonstrated reductions in SBP and DBP by 21 and 11 mmHg, respectively, at 6
						months of follow-up, and absence of severe complications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Renal artery dissection resulting
						from damage by the sheath occurred in our first case. After technical
						adjustments, no other subsequent event was observed, thus suggesting a
						learning curve effect. Complications such as infarction, renal failure or
						thrombosis and pulmonary edema were not reported. One case of stenosis was
						diagnosed at 6 months of follow-up in an asymptomatic patient. In this case,
						stent implantation was performed successfully and uneventfully. We should
						point out that this patient was on eight antihypertensive drugs prior to
						RSD, and at 12 months of follow-up his blood pressure levels were controlled
						with the use of only three antihypertensive drugs. </p>
          <p>Among the major limitations of this study, we point out its non-randomized
						design, the small sample, and the absence of a control group. Despite these
						limitations, the results seem promising and are consistent with data from
						the literature. Further randomized studies are necessary to confirm the
						present findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Armaganijan L, Staico R, Moraes A,
						Abizaid A, Moreira D, Amodeo C, Sousa M, Armaganijan D, Sousa JE;
						Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Armaganijan
						L, Staico R, Moraes A; Statistical analysis: Armaganijan L, Staico R;
						Writing of the manuscript: Armaganijan L; Critical revision of the
						manuscript for intellectual content: Staico R, Moraes A, Abizaid A, Moreira
						D, Amodeo C, Sousa M, Armaganijan D, Sousa JE, Sousa A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luciana
						Armaganijan from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Universidade de
						S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
