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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sq9PMBKMKsQsVtvQDWpysZG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Interven&#231;&#245;es em Dieta e Press&#227;o Arterial na Am&#233;rica Latina
               - Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Meta-An&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mazzaro</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Cantalejo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klostermann</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erbano</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Olandoski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schio</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Amboni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do
               Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;
               (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto</bold> Rua Professor Pedro V. Parigot de
               Souza, 2.019, apto. 1101, Mossungu&#234;. CEP 81200-100, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email> , <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn01" fn-type="equal">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>As autoras tiveram a mesma colabora&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>345</fpage>
      <lpage>354</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Press&#227;o arterial elevada &#233; o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares. Baixos &#237;ndices de controle da press&#227;o arterial em popula&#231;&#245;es
                  latino-americanas refor&#231;am a necessidade de reunir evid&#234;ncias sobre terapias
                  eficazes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito das interven&#231;&#245;es de modifica&#231;&#245;es de dietas sobre press&#227;o arterial
                  em popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Foram pesquisadas diversas bases de dados (MEDLINE-PubMed,
                  Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS e BVS) e
                  realizada busca manual at&#233; abril de 2013. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos paralelos de
                  interven&#231;&#245;es em dieta em popula&#231;&#245;es adultas da Am&#233;rica Latina reportando press&#227;o
                  arterial (em mmHg) antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Dos 405 estudos encontrados, 10 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram inclu&#237;dos e
                  divididos em 3 subgrupos, de acordo com a dieta proposta como interven&#231;&#227;o. Houve
                  redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nos subgrupos de
                  substitui&#231;&#227;o mineral -4,82 (IC 95%: -11,36 a 1,73 mmHg) e padr&#245;es complexos -3,17
                  (IC 95%: -7,62 a 1,28 mmHg). Para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, com exce&#231;&#227;o do
                  subgrupo de dietas hiperproteicas, todos os subgrupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o
                  significativa, com -4,66 (IC 95%: -9,21 a -0,12 mmHg) e -4,55 (IC 95%: -7,04 a
                  -2,06 mmHg) para substitui&#231;&#227;o mineral e padr&#245;es complexos, respectivamente. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel sobre os efeitos de altera&#231;&#245;es de dieta na press&#227;o
                  arterial em popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas indica um efeito homog&#234;neo, por&#233;m n&#227;o
                  significativo, para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Estudos maiores e com maior rigor
                  metodol&#243;gico s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para constru&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncia robusta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-an&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Am&#233;rica Latina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica complexa, &#233; respons&#225;vel por,
            aproximadamente, 45% dos casos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e 51% das doen&#231;as
               cerebrovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Juntas, essas duas doen&#231;as
            s&#227;o a principal causa de morbimortalidade mundial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Por apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o linear, direta e independente para o
            desenvolvimento das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, o controle da press&#227;o arterial &#233; fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco
            cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>As Modifica&#231;&#245;es do Estilo de Vida (MEV) constituem a base do tratamento do paciente
            hipertenso. Historicamente, desde a d&#233;cada de 1970, diversos pa&#237;ses t&#234;m tomado medidas
            necess&#225;rias para inserir na comunidade programas de preven&#231;&#227;o e promo&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de,
            enfatizando o combate aos fatores de risco das DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Nesse sentido, uma dieta adequada, associada ao aumento nos n&#237;veis de
            atividade f&#237;sica, tem sido encorajada como medida ben&#233;fica para a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o
               arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Estas MEV s&#227;o importantes
            estrat&#233;gias para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>O efeito das interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas tem sido descrito em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Entretanto, muitas vezes, a reprodu&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes em pa&#237;ses
            desenvolvidos n&#227;o se mostra efetiva em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento para redu&#231;&#227;o das
               DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Adicionalmente, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas
            existentes sobre o tema n&#227;o abrangem estudos latino-americanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Nesse
            sentido, a necessidade de solu&#231;&#245;es de enfrentamento das DCV adaptadas &#224;s fragilidades
            econ&#244;micas e estruturais das na&#231;&#245;es em desenvolvimento tem direcionado as a&#231;&#245;es de
            &#243;rg&#227;os internacionais, governos e peri&#243;dicos cient&#237;ficos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A reuni&#227;o de
            evid&#234;ncia sumarizada com precis&#227;o e poder de an&#225;lise tem sido recurso cada vez mais
            importante no setor de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Revis&#245;es
            sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises t&#234;m sido ferramenta importante para a determina&#231;&#227;o de
            medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir e sumarizar evid&#234;ncias sobre os efeitos de
            modifica&#231;&#245;es de dieta na press&#227;o arterial de popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas, avaliando-se
            padr&#245;es distintos de interven&#231;&#227;o e seus efeitos nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
            e diast&#243;lica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>As buscas nas fontes de dados eletr&#244;nicas MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane
               Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus e Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS) foram
               realizadas por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de descritores, incluindo termos do Medical Subject
               Headings (MeSH), dos Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DECs) e contra&#231;&#245;es de
               descritores. A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica n&#227;o se restringiu a publica&#231;&#245;es em ingl&#234;s, pois
               tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos estudos escritos em portugu&#234;s e espanhol. Foi utilizado o
               protocolo PRISMA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> como guia para a revis&#227;o
               sistem&#225;tica. Os termos usados para a busca estavam relacionados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o analisada
                  (<italic>South America</italic>[mesh] OR <italic>South America</italic>*[tiab] OR
               latin America*[tw] OR <italic>central America</italic>[mesh] OR
                  <italic>Brazil</italic>*[tiab]) e &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida, combinadas
               com os seguintes desfechos: ("<italic>life style</italic>" OR
                  "<italic>lifestyle</italic>" OR "<italic>diet therapy</italic>" OR "<italic>Sodium
                  Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>salt Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>low
                  Sodium</italic>" OR "<italic>low salt</italic>" OR "<italic>fat
                  Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>low fat</italic>" OR "<italic>Carbohydrate
                  Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>low carb</italic>" OR "<italic>Caloric
                  Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>Food, Formulated</italic>" OR
                  "<italic>Formulated Food</italic>" OR "<italic>diet</italic>" OR
                  "<italic>dietary</italic>" OR "<italic>weight loss</italic>" OR "<italic>losing
                  weight</italic>" OR "<italic>Weight Reduction</italic>" OR "<italic>Disease
                  Management</italic>" OR "<italic>social support</italic>" OR "<italic>Social
                  Network</italic>" OR "<italic>Tobacco Use Cessation</italic>" OR "Smoking
               cessation" OR "<italic>Alcohol Drink</italic>" OR "Alcohol consum" OR "Drinking
               Alcohol" OR "Alcoholi" OR "<italic>non pharmacol</italic>" OR
                  "<italic>magnesium</italic>") AND ("<italic>Blood pressure</italic>" OR
                  "<italic>Hypertension</italic>"). Refer&#234;ncias presentes nos artigos identificados
               pela estrat&#233;gia de busca tamb&#233;m foram procuradas, manualmente, a fim de se somarem ao
               trabalho e &#224; revis&#227;o da literatura. <italic>Experts</italic> foram contatados, bem
               como os autores daqueles estudos ainda n&#227;o publicados. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, ensaios cl&#237;nicos,
               ensaios comunit&#225;rios nos quais um grupo interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; comparado a um grupo controle;
               estudos conduzidos em adultos; estudos que reportam, na mesma amostra, os n&#237;veis de
               press&#227;o arterial antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, tanto no grupo controle quanto no
               interven&#231;&#227;o; estudos que analisam o efeito de interven&#231;&#245;es da dieta na press&#227;o
               arterial.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o foram: estudos cujas interven&#231;&#245;es envolveram terapia
               medicamentosa; estudos envolvendo mulheres em per&#237;odo gestacional; estudos em
               animais; interven&#231;&#245;es com dura&#231;&#227;o inferior a 8 semanas; cartas, resumos, anais de
               confer&#234;ncias, estudos observacionais, estudos <italic>crossover</italic> e de
               conglomerados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>Duas duplas de autores, independentes, fizeram separadamente a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e
               resumos de cada trabalho pr&#233;-selecionado, a fim de identificar somente os estudos que
               preenchiam corretamente os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Prosseguiu se com a leitura dos
               artigos, separadamente, por quatro autores, a fim de assegurar os crit&#233;rios da
               revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Quaisquer diverg&#234;ncias entre os autores foram resolvidas por
               discuss&#227;o e di&#225;logo, na presen&#231;a de um quinto autor. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s autores coletaram os dados por meio de um formul&#225;rio de coleta pr&#233;-definido. Um
               quarto autor, independente, revisou os dados extra&#237;dos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos
               estudos extra&#237;dos inclu&#237;ram: data de publica&#231;&#227;o, origem geogr&#225;fica, t&#237;tulo, defini&#231;&#227;o
               do estudo, dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o, supervis&#227;o, financiamento,
               entre outras. Registraram-se dados sobre os participantes de cada trabalho, n&#250;mero de
               participantes, g&#234;nero, idade, regi&#227;o de resid&#234;ncia (urbano ou rural), uso de
               medicamentos e comorbidades. Por fim, foram coletados dados de press&#227;o arterial antes
               e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o, com as respectivas vari&#226;ncias.</p>
        <p>A qualidade de cada estudo foi avaliada pela Ferramenta Cochrane para Avaliar Risco
               de Vi&#233;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, que cont&#233;m os seguintes crit&#233;rios:
               randomiza&#231;&#227;o adequada; aloca&#231;&#227;o de participantes; cegamento dos participantes,
               cegamento do avaliador dos resultados; integridade dos resultados, dados incompletos;
               relat&#243;rios seletivos dos resultados; e outras fontes de vi&#233;s (por exemplo: efeito de
               pequenos estudos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis de desfecho prim&#225;rio, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica, foram
               registradas como vari&#225;veis continuas em mmHg. Os tamanhos dos efeitos de cada estudo
               foram calculados como a diferen&#231;a da m&#233;dia entre as medidas pr&#233; e
                  p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Quando ausentes, as
               vari&#226;ncias das diferen&#231;as pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e
                  controle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> foram imputadas seguindo metodologia descrita
                  anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
        <p>Para meta-an&#225;lise dos resultados, utilizaram-se os efeitos fixo e
                  <italic>random</italic> com Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Para an&#225;lise da
               heterogeneidade entre os artigos foi empregado o <italic>I-squared</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Os estudos foram separados de acordo com o
               tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o em dieta para avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os
               subgrupos. Foram eles: dieta hiperproteica; dieta de substitui&#231;&#227;o mineral, a qual
               reuniu estudos que preconizavam uma dieta hiposs&#243;dica ou com suplementa&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio;
               e dieta de padr&#245;es complexos, a qual incentiva a diminui&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o de gorduras
               saturadas, carnes vermelhas, frituras e doces e preconizava o aumento da ingest&#227;o de
               azeite de oliva, frutas, verduras e produtos l&#225;cteos desnatados.</p>
        <p>O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado utilizando o <italic>funnel plot</italic>. O efeito
               de pequenos estudos foi testado pelo teste de Egger<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Para investigar a influ&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico estudo sobre o efeito do
               grupo, realizou-se uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade nos tr&#234;s subgrupos de diferentes
               interven&#231;&#245;es em dietas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Foi utilizado o
               n&#237;vel de 5% para denotar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas
               com o emprego do Stata vers&#227;o 12.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, Tex).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>Das 405 refer&#234;ncias reunidas pela estrat&#233;gia de busca, 24 textos completos foram
               obtidos para leitura. Destes, um estudo foi exclu&#237;do pela aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle,
               outro pela falta de aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Um artigo foi eliminado por sua
               irrelev&#226;ncia e quatro por relatarem interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o diet&#233;ticas. Tamb&#233;m foram
               exclu&#237;dos dois estudos por serem do tipo <italic>crossover</italic>, dois que eram
               transversais e um estudo foi exclu&#237;do por impossibilidade de obter o artigo na
               &#237;ntegra ap&#243;s tentativa de contato com os autores. Finalmente, 12 atingiram os
               crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o propostos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e dez para a meta-an&#225;lise
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A exclus&#227;o de dois ensaios na
               meta-an&#225;lise deveu-se ao fato de um deles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
               n&#227;o apresentar grupo controle compar&#225;vel aos demais estudos e outro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> apresentar interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de suplemento
               em forma de c&#225;psulas.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas principais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica est&#227;o
               relatadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. As amostras variaram
               de 18 a 142 participantes (n total = 642), com m&#233;dia de idade de 49,67 &#177; 10,3 anos.
               Dois estudos avaliaram exclusivamente mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, o restante
               incluiu indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros e, dentre estes, apenas um<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> relatou uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de homens. Quanto
               &#224;s comorbidades, tr&#234;s artigos n&#227;o reportaram presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as associadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, um dos estudos
               avaliou unicamente pacientes soropositivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e
               outro reportou portadores de s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Os demais ensaios consideraram indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome
               metab&#243;lica ou pelo menos um de seus componentes (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou obesidade).
               A m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es foi de 5,2 &#177; 3,4 meses, variando de dois meses a
               um ano. A qualidade dos estudos avaliada de acordo com a ferramenta de Cochrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> est&#225; relatada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Ap&#234;ndice 1</xref>, assim como a descri&#231;&#227;o de quais estudos tiveram
               inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados presentes na revis&#227;o
                     sistem&#225;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pa&#237;s, ano</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Tamanho da amostra</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Idade m&#233;dia (anos), g&#234;nero</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o (meses)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Pereira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2005 </td>
                <td> 22 </td>
                <td> 45,4 &#177; 13,2, M/F </td>
                <td> HAS, sobrepeso/ obesidade </td>
                <td> Substitui&#231;&#227;o de 50% KCl no sal, dieta hipocal&#243;rica </td>
                <td> 3 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Sim&#227;o e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2010 </td>
                <td> 30 </td>
                <td> 42 &#177; 9,8,F </td>
                <td> Popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        </td>
                <td> Adi&#231;&#227;o de 25 g/dia de prote&#237;na de soja </td>
                <td>3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Toscani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2011 </td>
                <td>18</td>
                <td> 22,72 &#177; 5,68, F </td>
                <td> SOP </td>
                <td> Dieta hiperproteica (30% de prote&#237;nas, 40% de carboidratos, 30% de
                           lip&#237;dios) </td>
                <td>2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Toscani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2011 </td>
                <td> 22 </td>
                <td> 29,35 &#177; 5,74, F </td>
                <td> Popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        </td>
                <td> Dieta hiperproteica (30% de prote&#237;nas, 40% de carboidratos, 30% de
                           lip&#237;dios) </td>
                <td> 2 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Torres e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2010 </td>
                <td> 39 </td>
                <td> 39,9 &#177; 2,M/F </td>
                <td> IMC &gt; 30 </td>
                <td> Dieta rica em c&#225;lcio(1200-1300 mg/dia) com leite desnatado (60 g/dia) </td>
                <td>4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Almeida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2011 </td>
                <td> 42 </td>
                <td> ----,M/F </td>
                <td> HIV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref></td>
                <td> Aumento de azeite de oliva, frutas, legumes e produtos l&#225;cteos
                           desnatados; redu&#231;&#227;o de gordura saturada, carne vermelha, doces e frituras </td>
                <td> 12 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Siqueira-Catania e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2013 </td>
                <td> 142 </td>
                <td> 54,7 &#177; 12,5, M/F </td>
                <td> Pr&#233;-DM e/ou SM </td>
                <td> Dieta saud&#225;vel </td>
                <td> 9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Cezaretto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2012 </td>
                <td> 135 </td>
                <td> 55,4 &#177; 12,5, M/F </td>
                <td> Alto risco para DM2 </td>
                <td> Baixa ingest&#227;o de gordura </td>
                <td> 9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Goldhaber-Fieber e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></td>
                <td> Costa Rica, 2003 </td>
                <td> 61 </td>
                <td> 57 &#177; 10,M/F </td>
                <td>DM2</td>
                <td> Dieta saud&#225;vel e atividade f&#237;sica </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Mujica e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></td>
                <td> Chile, 2010 </td>
                <td> 51 </td>
                <td> 51,1 &#177; 5,3, M/F </td>
                <td> SM </td>
                <td> Reduzir ingesta de sal (0,6-6 g/dia) e de gordura saturada; aumentar
                           ingesta de frutas, verduras e alimentos ricos em fibra; atividade f&#237;sica </td>
                <td> 4,5 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Sartorelli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2005 </td>
                <td> 79 </td>
                <td> 46 &#177; 10,M/F </td>
                <td> Popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
                        </td>
                <td> Aumento de azeite de oliva, frutas, legumes e produtos l&#225;cteos
                           desnatados; redu&#231;&#227;o de gordura saturada, carne vermelha, doces e frituras </td>
                <td> 6 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Fortes e Novaes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2011 </td>
                <td> 56 </td>
                <td> 59,14 &#177;12,95, M/F </td>
                <td> C&#226;ncer no intestino grosso </td>
                <td> Suplementa&#231;&#227;o com fungo <italic>Agaricus sylvaticus
                           </italic>(extratoseco em tablete 30 mg/ kg/dia) </td>
                <td> 6 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td> Weber e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></td>
                <td> Brasil, 2012 </td>
                <td> 79 </td>
                <td> 62 &#177; 11,M/F </td>
                <td> Doen&#231;a vascular aterotromb&#243;tica e alto risco de DCV </td>
                <td> Dieta associada a comidas regionais (arroz, feij&#227;o, &#243;leo de soja e
                           frutas e verduras brasileiras); evitar alimentos com alta densidade
                           energ&#233;tica (1 kcal/g) </td>
                <td> 3 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t01-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> N&#227;o houve refer&#234;ncia a nenhuma comorbidade no artigo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t01-fn02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p> pacientes HIV positivo em tratamento com terapia antirretroviral altamente
                        ativa (HAART).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>M: masculino; F: feminino; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; SOP s&#237;ndrome
                        do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes melito;
                        SM: s&#237;ndorme metab&#243;lica; DM2: diabetes melito 2; DCV: doen&#231;as
                        cardiovasculares.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos das modifica&#231;&#245;es de dieta na press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Todos os estudos eram ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e foram separados em tr&#234;s
               subgrupos de acordo com a dieta proposta como interven&#231;&#227;o (dietas de substitui&#231;&#227;o
               mineral, hiperproteicas e complexas). As m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial pr&#233; e
               p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o dos grupos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito das interven&#231;&#245;es
               na press&#227;o arterial, em mmHg, foi feita dentro de cada subgrupo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>), para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Com
               exce&#231;&#227;o do subgrupo de dietas hiperproteicas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial
               diast&#243;lica (I<sup>2</sup> = 71,4%, p = 0,030), n&#227;o foi observada heterogeneidade
               dentre os subgrupos de estudos com I<sup>2 </sup>= 0% para todos. N&#227;o foi
               identificado o efeito de pequenos estudos, como indicado pelo <italic>funnel
                  plot</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Ap&#234;ndice 2</xref>) e confirmado pelo
               teste de Egger (p = 0,893). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dias (desvio padr&#227;o) de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, pr&#233; e
                     p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, nos grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle, dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na
                     meta-an&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="5">
                  <bold>Grupo Controle</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160; </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160; </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th>&#160; </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Pr&#233;</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>P&#243;s</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Pereira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></td>
                <td> 13 </td>
                <td> 139,6 (11,95) </td>
                <td> 130,1 (10,5) </td>
                <td> 92,3 (5,12) </td>
                <td> 87,4 (10,3) </td>
                <td> 15 </td>
                <td> 136,1 (6) </td>
                <td> 120,92 (13,17) </td>
                <td> 93,83 (4,39) </td>
                <td> 82,5 (6,6) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Sim&#227;o e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></td>
                <td> 15 </td>
                <td> 137 (27,5) </td>
                <td> 127,58 (23,67) </td>
                <td> 87,33 (18,86) </td>
                <td> 89,25 (15,57) </td>
                <td> 15 </td>
                <td> 135,8 (14,2) </td>
                <td> 132,43 (14,25) </td>
                <td> 91 (11,8) </td>
                <td> 80,07 (10,4) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Toscani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                <td> 9 </td>
                <td> 119,1 (16,4) </td>
                <td> 119,36 (15,38) </td>
                <td> 78 (11,83) </td>
                <td> 77,82 (12,02) </td>
                <td> 9 </td>
                <td> 125,7 (19) </td>
                <td> 126 (23,1) </td>
                <td> 77,9 (10,75) </td>
                <td> 80 (11,2) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Toscani e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                <td> 9 </td>
                <td> 116,43 (10,3) </td>
                <td> 110,71 (7,32) </td>
                <td> 75,14 (9,6) </td>
                <td> 72,57 (7,72) </td>
                <td> 13 </td>
                <td> 116,1 (10,41) </td>
                <td> 117,85 (10,18) </td>
                <td> 74,6 (8,46) </td>
                <td> 74 (8,8) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Torres e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></td>
                <td> 25 </td>
                <td> 113,8 (1,9) </td>
                <td> 109,8 (1,9) </td>
                <td> 71 (1,8) </td>
                <td> 67,8 (1,3) </td>
                <td> 25 </td>
                <td> 117,5 (2,6) </td>
                <td> 108,9 (2,5) </td>
                <td> 76 (2) </td>
                <td> 68,9 (2,1) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Almeida e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></td>
                <td> 28 </td>
                <td> 111,1 (12,2) </td>
                <td> 112,5 (15,6) </td>
                <td> 74,8 (7,9) </td>
                <td> 74,3 (10,2) </td>
                <td> 25 </td>
                <td> 111 (11) </td>
                <td> 110,7 (10,9) </td>
                <td> 75,6 (6,5) </td>
                <td> 71,8 (9,3) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Siqueira-Catania e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></td>
                <td> 83 </td>
                <td> 134,3 (17,8) </td>
                <td> 134,7 (18,9) </td>
                <td> 80,3 (9,9) </td>
                <td> 79,7 (8,1) </td>
                <td> 97 </td>
                <td> 136,3 (17,4) </td>
                <td> 132,2 (19,1) </td>
                <td> 84,2 (10) </td>
                <td> 79,6 (8,5) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Cezaretto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></td>
                <td> 80 </td>
                <td> 135,8 (17,6) </td>
                <td> 136,2 (19,2) </td>
                <td> 80,5 (9,9) </td>
                <td> 80 (8,2) </td>
                <td> 97 </td>
                <td> 136,4 (17,7) </td>
                <td> 131 (17) </td>
                <td> 84 (10,7) </td>
                <td> 76,8 (12,5) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Goldhaber-Fiebert e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></td>
                <td> 35 </td>
                <td> 134 (17) </td>
                <td> 130 (16) </td>
                <td> 82 (10) </td>
                <td> 79 (8) </td>
                <td> 40 </td>
                <td> 138 (19) </td>
                <td> 133 (23) </td>
                <td> 84 (10) </td>
                <td> 77 (9) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Mujica e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></td>
                <td> 30 </td>
                <td> 138 (15) </td>
                <td> 137,6 (12,5) </td>
                <td> 82,7 (12,3) </td>
                <td> 82,9 (10,5) </td>
                <td> 30 </td>
                <td> 135,4 (12,9) </td>
                <td> 132,5 (13,4) </td>
                <td> 85,4 (10,4) </td>
                <td> 79,6 (10,4) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Sartorelli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></td>
                <td> 53 </td>
                <td> 118,1 (20,4) </td>
                <td> 123,4 (18,1) </td>
                <td> 77,6 (23,3) </td>
                <td> 80,9 (11,6) </td>
                <td> 51 </td>
                <td> 115,1 (14,2) </td>
                <td> 116,9 (14,1) </td>
                <td> 77,6 (23,3) </td>
                <td> 76,3 (8,9) </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-an&#225;lise dos efeitos das diferentes modifica&#231;&#245;es de dieta na press&#227;o
                     arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de popula&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dietas de substitui&#231;&#227;o mineral e efeitos na press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Dois ensaios, com 61 participantes, avaliaram o papel de dietas com substitui&#231;&#227;o de
                  s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> na press&#227;o arterial. O efeito combinado de ambos os estudos
               foi protetor para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (-4,82; IC95%: -11,36 a 1,73;
                  I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%, p = 0,760), embora n&#227;o significativo. Por outro lado, as
               interven&#231;&#245;es reduziram significativamente a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (-4,66;
               IC95%: -9,21 a -0,12; I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%, p = 0,616).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dietas hiperproteicas e efeitos na press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>O subgrupo de dietas hiperproteicas envolveu dois estudos (n = 70). Um deles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> apresentava o impacto de dieta suplementada
               com 30% de prote&#237;nas, 40% de carboidratos e 30% de lip&#237;deos em duas popula&#231;&#245;es
               diferentes, a primeira de mulheres previamente h&#237;gidas e a segunda em mulheres com
               s&#237;ndrome do ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico. Portanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o global, foram considerados
               como estudos distintos. Em contraste com outros subgrupos, a interven&#231;&#227;o foi
               associada a aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (4,95; IC95%: -1,25 a 11,15;
                  I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%, p = 0,648), mesmo que n&#227;o significativamente. Apesar de,
               para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, o efeito global da interven&#231;&#227;o ter proporcionado
               uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 3,27 mmHg, esse resultado tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia
               estat&#237;stica (-3,27; IC95%: -13,70 a 7,16; I<sup>2</sup> = 71,4%, p = 0,030). </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dietas complexas e efeitos na press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>O padr&#227;o de dietas complexas foi definido quando as interven&#231;&#245;es seguiam
                  <italic>guidelines</italic> consagrados sobre dietas saud&#225;veis, como a
                  <italic>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</italic> (DASH), rica em
               carboidratos provenientes de vegetais, pouca gordura e carne magra, e a mediterr&#226;nea
               que inclui grande consumo de gorduras monoinsaturadas, frutas, vegetais, gr&#227;os e
               castanhas, al&#233;m de um moderado consumo de &#225;lcool di&#225;rio e pouco consumo de carne
               vermelha. Nesse subgrupo, foram avaliados seis estudos, com total de 511
               participantes. Destes, dois estudos relataram interven&#231;&#245;es combinadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, de incentivo a dietas saud&#225;veis associado &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios
               f&#237;sicos. Embora n&#227;o estatisticamente significativo, o efeito agrupado das
               interven&#231;&#245;es mostrou-se robusto, apresentando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial
               sist&#243;lica (-3,17; IC95%: -7,62 a 1,28; I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%, p = 0,995). J&#225; para a
               press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, o efeito da modifica&#231;&#227;o de dieta mostrou-se
               significativo (-4,55; IC95%: -7,04 a -2,06; I<sup>2</sup> = 0,0%, p = 0,990). </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta meta-an&#225;lise realizada com dez estudos, envolvendo uma amostra de 642
            participantes, encontrou-se efeito homog&#234;neo de interven&#231;&#245;es em dieta sobre a press&#227;o
            arterial realizadas em popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas. Embora o emprego dessas dietas
            tenha mostrado um efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi
            significativa quando analisada somente a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. A justificativa
            principal para esse achado deveu-se ao fato de todos os estudos reunirem amostras muito
            pequenas quando comparadas a estudos de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. J&#225; a press&#227;o arterial
            diast&#243;lica apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, exceto no subgrupo de dietas
            hiperproteicas. </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos subgrupos foi realizada devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as das naturezas das dietas.
            Al&#233;m de permitir uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos resultados, evidenciou a homogeneidade dos
            efeitos de acordo com os tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o, como as dietas de padr&#245;es complexos e de
            substitui&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio.</p>
      <p>Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas sobre interven&#231;&#245;es de dietas espec&#237;ficas em popula&#231;&#245;es diversas
            das estudadas aqui t&#234;m evidenciado efeito ben&#233;fico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise sobre a dieta mediterr&#226;nea realizada em 50 estudos
            mostrou efeito combinado de -2,35 mmHg (-3,51 a -1,18 mmHg) sobre a press&#227;o arterial
            sist&#243;lica, al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios sobre outros componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A dieta DASH tamb&#233;m possui efeito ben&#233;fico na
            redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e, segundo uma
            meta-an&#225;lise de seis estudos, conseguiu reduzir os riscos de DCV, acidente vascular
            cerebral, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 20%, 19%, 21% e 29%,
               respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Em nosso meio, n&#227;o foram
            encontrados estudos com desfechos cardiovasculares como os acima mencionados, devido ao
            curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento das interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dietas de substitui&#231;&#227;o de mineral, os resultados de diminui&#231;&#227;o de 4,82
            mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e 4,66 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica t&#234;m menor
            magnitude que a de outros estudos. Uma meta-an&#225;lise com 34 estudos comprovou que a dieta
            hiposs&#243;dica contribui com queda significativa na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica independente
            de etnia, g&#234;nero e hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. O emprego de
            suplementa&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio, discutido em uma meta-an&#225;lise feita em 40 estudos corroborou um
            efeito na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e que foi ainda superior naqueles indiv&#237;duos que
            apresentavam uma defici&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.
            Essas diferen&#231;as podem existir em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos neste
            subgrupo (apenas dois), cujas amostras tamb&#233;m eram reduzidas.</p>
      <p>J&#225; outras dietas, como a hiperproteica, parecem ter efeito adverso na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o
               arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Consequentemente, os efeitos
            verificados na press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o favorecem a implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta hiperproteica
            para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria da press&#227;o arterial elevada.</p>
      <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos estudos no <italic>funnel plot</italic> indicou aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de
            publica&#231;&#227;o no conjunto de trabalhos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. Entretanto, quando
            avaliados separadamente, por meio da Ferramenta Cochrane, todos tiveram crit&#233;rios
            indicativos de alto risco de vi&#233;s. Por outro lado, o emprego do teste de Egger mostrou
            que n&#227;o houve efeito de estudos pequenos nos resultados. Cabe considerar que todos os
            estudos envolviam amostras pequenas, ressaltando a necessidade de estudos maiores dessa
            natureza.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es promovidas por modifica&#231;&#245;es de dieta e interven&#231;&#245;es de dietas espec&#237;ficas
            t&#234;m sido amplamente estudadas em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, entretanto, s&#227;o pouco
            exploradas em popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, detentores de menor poder
            socioecon&#244;mico. A baixa efic&#225;cia de interven&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos replicadas em
            pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento tem sido discutida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
            Por outro lado, em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, h&#225; alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco
            para o desenvolvimento de DCV, que soma-se ao n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos desenvolvidos
            na popula&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, a insuficientes programas de preven&#231;&#227;o com intuito de
            reduzir o risco cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es dessa meta-an&#225;lise devem ser consideradas. A primeira &#233; a qualidade
            dos estudos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Ap&#234;ndice 1</xref>). Alguns estudos n&#227;o
            reportaram dados b&#225;sicos como g&#234;nero, idade m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima dos pacientes, m&#233;dia de
            idade e vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho das amostras, que
            variaram de 18 a 142 participantes. Embora o objetivo dessa revis&#227;o tenha sido avaliar
            estudos conduzidos na Am&#233;rica Latina, apenas duas interven&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das n&#227;o s&#227;o
            brasileiras. Uma das raz&#245;es para esse achado pode ser o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o ou a aus&#234;ncia
            de estudos de interven&#231;&#245;es em dieta naqueles pa&#237;ses.</p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida neste estudo apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m o
            efeito significativo foi encontrado no componente diast&#243;lico. Poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para
            esse achado podem estar relacionadas aos pequenos tamanhos amostrais dos estudos
            inclu&#237;dos, quando comparados a outros inclu&#237;dos em meta-an&#225;lises de popula&#231;&#245;es
            inespec&#237;ficas. Embora dados sobre ades&#227;o n&#227;o tenham sido reportados na maioria dos
            estudos, esta pode ser uma causa para os resultados encontrados. Por fim, n&#227;o fica claro
            se, caso essas interven&#231;&#245;es tivessem uma dura&#231;&#227;o maior, teriam o mesmo resultado, j&#225; que
            a m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o dos nossos estudos &#233; inferior a seis meses. </p>
      <p>Como pontos fortes desta meta-an&#225;lise, destacam-se a inclus&#227;o de apenas ensaios cl&#237;nicos
            randomizados, a aus&#234;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o de busca por publica&#231;&#245;es apenas em ingl&#234;s e a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de cada interven&#231;&#227;o de dieta independente dos seus resultados.
            Vale ressaltar que esta foi a primeira meta-an&#225;lise realizada na Am&#233;rica Latina
            agrupando todos os estudos que analisavam as implica&#231;&#245;es de modifica&#231;&#245;es de dieta na
            press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise demonstra que interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas, como a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de
            sal e padr&#245;es diet&#233;ticos mais complexos, podem ser eficazes em reduzir a press&#227;o
            arterial diast&#243;lica de popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas. Tendo em vista os crescentes n&#237;veis
            da press&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e o fato das DCV permanecerem como a principal
            causa de morte mundial, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios esfor&#231;os para reduzir a press&#227;o arterial tanto
            em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos como em n&#227;o hipertensos. Programas de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de poder&#227;o
            ser adaptados para essas popula&#231;&#245;es com melhores resultados em termos de preven&#231;&#227;o
            prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
               intelectual: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO, Guarita-Souza LC, Olandoski M,
               Faria-Neto JR, Baena CP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO,
               Schio NA, Baena CP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC,
               Erbano BO, Schio NA, Olandoski M, Baena CP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Olandoski M, Baena
               CP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO, Schio NA,
               Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR, Baena CP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app>
        <title>Ap&#234;ndices</title>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o - Ferramenta Cochrane
                     (adaptada).</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sq9PMBKMKsQsVtvQDWpysZG/354d59ce896433f84ae972cb9592bbcb0309bb99.jpg"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sq9PMBKMKsQsVtvQDWpysZG/ebf4b544478a1fbe4d70246f24d51230d546b903.jpg"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Funnel plot dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise.</title>
          </caption>
          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sq9PMBKMKsQsVtvQDWpysZG/8bd25d3ca64c33b6714e0b13b9604184fb23c82f.jpg"/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/sq9PMBKMKsQsVtvQDWpysZG/8bd25d3ca64c33b6714e0b13b9604184fb23c82f.jpg"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Dietary Interventions and Blood Pressure in Latin America -
               Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mazzaro</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Cantalejo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn02-SA1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klostermann</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn02-SA1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erbano</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Olandoski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn02-SA1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schio</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Amboni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02-SA1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03-SA1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evang&#233;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04-SA1">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;
               (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02-SA1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto</bold>. Rua Professor Pedro V. Parigot
               de Souza, 2.019, apto. 1101, Mossungu&#234;. Postal Code 81200-100, Curitiba, PR - Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email> , <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn02-SA1" fn-type="equal">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Authors contributed equally to the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> High blood pressure is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Low
                  blood pressure control rates in Latin American populations emphasize the need for
                  gathering evidence on effective therapies. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To evaluate the effects of dietary interventions on blood pressure in Latin
                  American populations. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Systematic review. Electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane
                  Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS and VHL) were searched and
                  manual search for studies published up to April 2013 was performed. Parallel
                  studies about dietary interventions in Latin American adult populations assessing
                  arterial blood pressure (mm Hg) before and after intervention were included. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Of the 405 studies identified, 10 randomized controlled trials were included and
                  divided into 3 subgroups according to the proposed dietary intervention. There was
                  a non-significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the subgroups of mineral
                  replacement (-4.82; 95% CI: -11.36 to 1.73) and complex pattern diets (-3.17; 95%
                  CI: -7.62 to 1.28). Regarding diastolic blood pressure, except for the
                  hyperproteic diet subgroup, all subgroups showed a significant reduction in blood
                  pressure: -4.66 mmHg (95% CI: -9.21 to -0.12) and -4.55 mmHg (95% CI: -7.04 to
                  -2.06) for mineral replacement and complex pattern diets, respectively. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Available evidence on the effects of dietary changes on blood pressure in Latin
                  American populations indicates a homogeneous effect of those interventions,
                  although not significant for systolic blood pressure. Samples were small and the
                  quality of the studies was generally low. Larger studies are required to build
                  robust evidence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Latin America</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), a complex chronic disease, accounts for
               approximately 45% of the cases of ischemic cardiac diseases and 51% of
               cerebrovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Together, those two
               classes of disease are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Because of the linear, direct and independent
               association of SAH with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, arterial blood pressure control is fundamental
               to reduce cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>Changes in lifestyle (CLS) are the basis for the treatment of hypertensive patients.
               Historically, since the 1970's, several countries have taken necessary measures to
               insert programs of disease prevention and health promotion in the community,
               emphasizing the fight against risk factors related to CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Thus, an adequate diet, in association with increased physical
               activity levels, has been encouraged as a beneficial measure to reduce arterial blood
                  pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Such CLS are important
               strategies for SAH prevention and treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>The effect of dietary interventions has been described in several populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. However, very often, the replication of effective dietary interventions
               in developed countries has not proven to be effective in reducing CVD in developing
                  countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In addition, systematic reviews
               about the topic have not included Latin American studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Thus,
               the need for solutions to face CVD adapted to the economic and structural weaknesses
               of developing nations has directed the actions of international organs, governments
               and scientific journals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Gathering summarized evidence with accuracy
               and analytical power has been increasingly important in the health sector<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have
               been important tools to determine preventive measures against and treatment for
                  CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>This study was aimed at gathering and summarizing evidence about the effects of diet
               changes on arterial blood pressure of Latin American populations, evaluating
               distinctive patterns of dietary intervention and their effect on systolic and
               diastolic arterial blood pressures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>Searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library,
                  CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus and Virtual Library on Health (BVS)) were performed
                  by using a combination of descriptors, including terms of the Medical Subject
                  Headings (MeSH), Descriptors in Health Sciences (DECs), and contractions of
                  descriptors. The systematic review was not restricted to English publications, and
                  included studies written in Portuguese and Spanish. The PRISMA protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> was used as a guide for the systematic
                  review. The terms used for the search were related to the population analyzed
                     (<italic>South America</italic>[mesh] OR <italic>South America</italic>*[tiab]
                  OR Latin America*[tw] OR C<italic>entral America</italic>[mesh] OR
                     <italic>Brazil</italic>*[tiab]) and the lifestyle interventions combined with
                  the following outcomes: ("<italic>life style</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>lifestyle</italic>" OR "<italic>diet therapy</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>Sodium Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>salt Restriction</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>low Sodium</italic>" OR "<italic>low salt</italic>" OR "<italic>fat
                     Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>low fat</italic>" OR "<italic>Carbohydrate
                     Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>low carb</italic>" OR "<italic>Caloric
                     Restriction</italic>" OR "<italic>Food, Formulated</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>Formulated Food</italic>" OR "<italic>diet</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>dietary</italic>" OR "<italic>weight loss</italic>" OR "<italic>losing
                     weight</italic>" OR "<italic>Weight Reduction</italic>" OR "<italic>Disease
                     Management</italic>" OR "<italic>social support</italic>" OR "<italic>Social
                     Network</italic>" OR "<italic>Tobacco Use Cessation</italic>" OR "Smoking
                  cessation" OR "<italic>Alcohol Drink</italic>" OR "Alcohol consumption" OR
                  "Drinking Alcohol" OR "Alcoholi" OR "<italic>non pharmacol</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>magnesium</italic>") AND ("<italic>Blood pressure</italic>" OR
                     "<italic>Hypertension</italic>"). References present in the articles identified
                  via the search strategy were also manually sought to add to the study and
                  literature review. Experts, as well as the authors of unpublished studies, were
                  contacted. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: randomized clinical trials, clinical
                  trials and community trials, in which an intervention group is compared with a
                  control group; studies conducted in adults; studies reporting, in the same trial,
                  arterial blood pressure levels before and after intervention, in both control and
                  intervention groups; and studies assessing the effect of dietary interventions on
                  arterial blood pressure.</p>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: studies involving drug therapy; studies
                  involving pregnant women; studies on animals; interventions shorter than eight
                  weeks; letters, abstracts, annals of conferences, observational studies, and
                  crossover and conglomerate studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and selection of studies</title>
          <p>Two independent pairs of authors read separately the titles and abstracts of the
                  pre-selected studies to identify those that correctly met the inclusion criteria.
                  Then, such studies were read separately by four authors, to assure that the
                  systematic review criteria were met. Any disagreement between the authors was
                  solved via discussion in the presence of a fifth author. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>Three authors used a predefined collection form. One fourth independent author
                  reviewed the data extracted. The characteristics of the studies extracted included
                  the following: publication date; geographical origin; title; study definition;
                  intervention duration; intervention type; supervision; and funding. Each study
                  informed data on participants, such as number of participants, sex, age, residence
                  region (urban or rural), use of medications, and co-morbidities. In addition,
                  blood pressure levels before and after the intervention, with respective
                  variances, were measured.</p>
          <p>The quality of each study was assessed by use of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool
                  for assessing risk of bias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, comprising
                  the following criteria: proper randomization; allocation of participants; blinding
                  of participants; blinding of the examiner of the results; result integrity;
                  incomplete data; selective reports of results; and other sources of bias, such as
                  the effect of small studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The primary outcome variables, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were
                  recorded as continuous variables in mmHg. The sizes of the effects of each study
                  were calculated as the difference of the mean between the pre- and
                  post-intervention measures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. When absent,
                  the variances of the pre- and post-intervention differences between the
                  intervention and control groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> were inputted
                  following the methodology previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
          <p>For the meta-analysis of the results, the fix and random effects with 95%
                  confidence interval (95% CI) were used. The I-squared was used to assess the
                  heterogeneity of the articles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The
                  studies were separated according to the type of dietary intervention to assess the
                  possible differences between the subgroups as follows: hyperproteic diet; mineral
                  replacement diet, which gathered studies that recommended a low-sodium diet or
                  calcium supplementation; and complex pattern diet, which recommends a reduction in
                  the intake of saturated fat, red meat, fried food and sweets, as well as an
                  increase in the intake of olive oil, fruits, vegetables and skim dairy
                  products.</p>
          <p>Publication bias was assessed by using funnel plot. The effect of small studies
                  was tested with the Egger test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The
                  influence of one single study on the group effect was assessed by analyzing
                  sensitivity in the three subgroups of different dietary interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The significance level adopted was 5%. All
                  analyses were performed with the 12.0 version of the Stata software (StataCorp LP,
                  CollegeStation, Tex, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and selection of the studies</title>
          <p>Of the 405 references identified in the search strategy, 24 complete texts were
                  obtained. Of those 24, the following studies were excluded: one due to lack of a
                  control group; one due to lack of blood pressure measurement; one due to its
                  irrelevance; four reporting non-dietary interventions; two of the crossover type;
                  two cross-sectional studies; and one whose full version could not be obtained even
                  after attempting contact with the authors. Finally, 12 studies met the inclusion
                  criteria proposed for the systematic review and ten for the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>). The reasons for excluding two trials
                  from the meta-analysis were as follows: one<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> had no control group comparable to the other studies; and
                     another<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> provided dietary
                  supplementation in the form of capsules.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of the process of study selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>General characteristics of the studies selected</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of
                  the studies included in the systematic review. The samples ranged from 18 to 142
                  participants (total n = 642), with a mean age of 49.67 &#177; 10.3 years. Two studies
                  have assessed exclusively women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, and the others
                  have included individuals of both sexes, one of which<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> has reported a greater proportion of men. Regarding
                  co-morbidities, three articles have not reported the presence of associated
                     diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, one has assessed only seropositive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, and another has reported patients with polycystic ovarian
                     syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The other trials have
                  considered individuals with metabolic syndrome or with at least one of its
                  components (diabetes, hypertension or obesity). The mean duration of the
                  interventions was 5.2 &#177; 3.4 months, ranging from two months to one year. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Appendix 1</xref> shows the quality of the studies
                  assessed according to the Cochrane tool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
                  and the description of studies with intention to treat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the randomized clinical trials of the systematic
                        review</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th>
                    <bold>Reference</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Country, year</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Sample size</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Mean age (years), sex</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Co-morbidities</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Intervention</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Duration (months)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Pereira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2005 </td>
                  <td> 22 </td>
                  <td> 45.4 &#177; 13.2, M/F </td>
                  <td> SAH, overweight/ obesity </td>
                  <td> 50% KCl replacement in salt, hypocaloric diet </td>
                  <td> 3 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Sim&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2010 </td>
                  <td> 30 </td>
                  <td> 42 &#177; 9.8, F </td>
                  <td> General population<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
                           </td>
                  <td> Addition of 25 g of soy protein/day </td>
                  <td> 3 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Toscani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2011 </td>
                  <td> 18 </td>
                  <td> 22.72 &#177; 5.68, F </td>
                  <td> POS </td>
                  <td> Hyperproteic diet (30% of proteins, 40% of carbohydrates, 30% of
                              lipids) </td>
                  <td> 2 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Toscani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2011 </td>
                  <td> 22 </td>
                  <td> 29.35 &#177; 5.74, F </td>
                  <td> General population<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
                           </td>
                  <td> Hyperproteic diet (30% of proteins, 40% of carbohydrates, 30% of
                              lipids) </td>
                  <td> 2 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Torres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2010 </td>
                  <td> 39 </td>
                  <td> 39.9 &#177; 2, M/F </td>
                  <td> BMI &gt; 30 </td>
                  <td> Calcium-rich diet (1200-1300 mg/day) with skim milk (60 ggday) </td>
                  <td> 4 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Almeida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2011 </td>
                  <td> 42 </td>
                  <td> M/F </td>
                  <td> HIV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn02">**</xref>
                           </td>
                  <td> Increased intake of olive oil, fruits, vegetables and skim dairy
                              products; reduced intake of saturated fat, red meat, fried food and
                              sweets </td>
                  <td> 12 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Siqueira-Catania et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2013 </td>
                  <td> 142 </td>
                  <td> 54.7 &#177; 12.5, M/F </td>
                  <td> Pre-DM and/or MS </td>
                  <td> Healthy diet </td>
                  <td> 9 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Cezaretto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2012 </td>
                  <td> 135 </td>
                  <td> 55.4 &#177; 12.5, M/F </td>
                  <td> High risk for DM2 </td>
                  <td> Low fat intake </td>
                  <td> 9 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Goldhaber-Fieber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></td>
                  <td> Costa Rica, 2003 </td>
                  <td> 61 </td>
                  <td> 57 &#177; 10, M/F </td>
                  <td> DM2 </td>
                  <td> Healthy diet and physical activity </td>
                  <td> 3 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Mujica et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></td>
                  <td> Chile, 2010 </td>
                  <td> 51 </td>
                  <td> 51.1 &#177; 5.3, M/F </td>
                  <td> MS </td>
                  <td> Reduced salt (0.6-6 g/day) and saturated fat intake; increased
                              intake of fruits, vegetables and fiber-rich food; physical activity </td>
                  <td> 4,5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Sartorelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2005 </td>
                  <td> 79 </td>
                  <td> 46 &#177; 10, M/F </td>
                  <td> General population<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
                           </td>
                  <td> Increase intake of olive oil, fruits, vegetables and skim dairy
                              products; reduced intake of saturated fat, red meat, fried food and
                              sweets </td>
                  <td> 6 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Fortes and Novaes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2011 </td>
                  <td> 56 </td>
                  <td> 59.14 &#177;12.95, M/F </td>
                  <td> Large bowel cancer </td>
                  <td> Supplementation with <italic>Agaricus sylvaticus </italic>mushroom
                              (dried extract tablet - 30 mg/ kg/day) </td>
                  <td> 6 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td> Weber et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></td>
                  <td> Brazil, 2012 </td>
                  <td> 79 </td>
                  <td> 62 &#177; 11, M/F </td>
                  <td> Atherothrombotic vascular disease and high risk for CVD </td>
                  <td> Diet associated with regional food (rice, beans, soy oil, and
                              Brazilian fruits and vegetables); to avoid food with high energetic
                              density (1 kcal/g) </td>
                  <td> 3 </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="t03-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p> No reference to any co-morbidity in the article;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t03-fn02">
                <label>**</label>
                <p> HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
                           (HAART).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>M: male; F: female; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; POS: polycystic
                           ovary syndrome; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; MS:
                           metabolic syndrome; DM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD: cardiovascular
                           diseases.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of diet changes on blood pressure</title>
          <p>All studies were randomized clinical trials and were separated into three
                  subgroups according to the diet proposed as intervention (mineral replacement,
                  hyperproteic and complex pattern diets). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table
                     2</xref> shows the pre- and post-intervention blood pressure means of the
                  groups included in the meta-analysis. The effect of the dietary interventions (in
                  mm Hg) was assessed in each subgroup (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
                     2</xref>) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Except for the evaluation
                  of diastolic blood pressure in the subgroup of hyperproteic diets (I<sup>2</sup> =
                  71.4%, p = 0.030), no heterogeneity was observed among the subgroups with I<sup>2
                  </sup>= 0% for all. The effect of the small studies was not identified, as
                  indicated by the funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Appendix 2</xref>)
                  and confirmed by the Egger test (p = 0.893). </p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Means (standard deviation) of systolic and diastolic arterial blood
                        pressure, before and after intervention, in the intervention and control
                        groups of the studies included in the meta-analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Reference</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="5">
                    <bold>Control Group</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <bold>Intervention Group</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th rowspan="2">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Systolic (mmHg)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Diastolic (mmHg)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Systolic (mmHg)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <bold>Diastolic (mmHg)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pre</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Post</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pre</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Post</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pre</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Post</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Pre</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Post</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Pereira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 13 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 139.6 (11.95) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 130.1 (10.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 92.3 (5.12) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 87.4 (10.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 15 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 136.1 (6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 120.92 (13.17) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 93.83 (4.39) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 82.5 (6.6) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Sim&#227;o et al..<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 15 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 137 (27.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 127.58 (23.67) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 87.33 (18.86) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 89.25 (15.57) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 15 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 135.8 (14.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 132.43 (14.25) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 91 (11.8) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80.07 (10.4) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Toscani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 119.1 (16.4) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 119.36 (15.38) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 78 (11.83) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 77.82 (12.02) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 125.7 (19) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 126 (23.1) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 77.9 (10.75) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80 (11.2) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Toscani et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 116.43 (10.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 110.71 (7.32) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 75.14 (9.6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 72.57 (7.72) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 13 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 116.1 (10.41) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 117.85 (10.18) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 74.6 (8.46) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 74 (8.8) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Torres et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 25 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 113.8 (1.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 109.8 (1.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 71 (1.8) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 67.8 (1.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 25 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 117.5 (2.6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 108.9 (2.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 76 (2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 68.9 (2.1) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Almeida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 28 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 111.1 (12.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 112.5 (15.6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 74.8 (7.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 74.3 (10.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 25 </td>
                  <td align="center"> (11) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 110.7 (10.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 75.6 (6.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 71.8 (9.3) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Siqueira-Catania et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 83 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 134.3 (17.8) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 134.7 (18.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80.3 (9.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 79.7 (8.1) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 97 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 136.3 (17.4) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 132.2 (19.1) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 84.2 (10) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 79.6 (8.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Cezaretto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 80 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 135.8 (17.6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 136.2 (19.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80.5 (9.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80 (8.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 97 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 136.4 (17.7) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 131 (17) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 84 (10.7) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 76.8 (12.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Goldhaber-Fiebert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 35 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 134 (17) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 130 (16) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 82 (10) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 79 (8) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 40 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 138 (19) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 133 (23) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 84 (10) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 77 (9) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mujica et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 30 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 138 (15) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 137.6 (12.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 82.7 (12.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 82.9 (10.5) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 30 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 135.4 (12.9) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 132.5 (13.4) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 85.4 (10.4) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 79.6 (10.4) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Sartorelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"> 53 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 118.1 (20.4) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 123.4 (18.1) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 77.6 (23.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 80.9 (11.6) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 51 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 115.1 (14.2) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 116.9 (14.1) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 77.6 (23.3) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 76.3 (8.9) </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Meta-analysis of the effects of different diet changes on systolic and
                        diastolic blood pressure of Latin American populations</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mineral replacement diets and effects on arterial blood pressure </title>
          <p>Two trials with 61 participants have assessed the effect of diets with sodium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and calcium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> replacement on arterial blood pressure. The combined effect of both
                  studies was protective for systolic blood pressure (-4.82; 95% CI: -11.36 to 1.73;
                     I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, p = 0.760), although not significant. On the other hand,
                  the interventions significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (-4.66; 95%CI:
                  -9.21 to -0.12; I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, p = 0.616).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hyperproteic diets and effects on arterial blood pressure</title>
          <p>The subgroup of hyperproteic diets comprised two studies (n = 70). One<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> has assessed the impact of a diet
                  supplemented with 30% of proteins, 40% of carbohydrates and 30% of lipids on two
                  different populations, one of previously healthy pregnant women and another of
                  women with polycystic ovary syndrome. On global assessment, they were considered
                  distinct studies. Contrary to other subgroups, the intervention was associated
                  with an increase in systolic arterial blood pressure (4.95; 95%CI: -1.25 to 11.15;
                     I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, p = 0.648), but that had no significance. Although the
                  global effect of the intervention was a reduction of 3.27 mm Hg in diastolic
                  arterial blood pressure, that result had no statistical significance (-3.27;
                  95%CI: -13.70 to 7.16; I<sup>2</sup> = 71.4%, p = 0.030). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complex diets and effects on arterial blood pressure</title>
          <p>The complex pattern of diets was defined according to established guidelines on
                  healthy diets, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), rich in
                  carbohydrates originating from vegetables, little fat and lean meat, and the
                  Mediterranean that includes large consumption of monounsaturated fats, fruits,
                  vegetables, grains and nuts, in addition to a moderate daily intake of alcohol and
                  reduced intake of red meat. In that subgroup, six studies were assessed with a
                  total of 511 participants. Of those, two studies have reported combined
                     interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, which encourage healthy diets in
                  association with the practice of physical exercises. Although not statistically
                  significant, the grouped effect of the interventions proved to be solid, with a
                  reduction in systolic arterial blood pressure (-3.17; 95% CI: -7.62 to 1.28;
                     I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, p = 0.995). On the other hand, diet change had a
                  significant effect on diastolic arterial blood pressure (-4.55; 95% CI: -7.04 to
                  -2.06; I<sup>2</sup> = 0.0%, p = 0.990). </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis involving ten studies and 642 participants, a homogeneous
               effect of dietary interventions on arterial blood pressure was found in Latin
               American populations. Although the diets showed a reduction effect on arterial blood
               pressure, it was not significant when only systolic arterial blood pressure was
               analyzed. The major reason for that was the reduced sizes of the study samples when
               compared to those of studies at developed countries. On the other hand, diastolic
               arterial blood pressure was significantly reduced, except for the subgroup of
               hyperproteic diets. </p>
        <p>The subgroups were analyzed according to the differences in the diets. In addition to
               a better understanding of the results, that analysis evidenced the homogeneity of the
               effects according to the intervention types, such as the complex pattern and sodium
               replacement diets.</p>
        <p>Systematic reviews about specific dietary interventions in different populations from
               those studied here have evidenced a beneficial effect on arterial blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. A meta-analysis about the Mediterranean diet comprising 50 studies has
               shown a combined effect of -2.35 mmHg (-3.51 to -1.18 mmHg) on systolic arterial
               blood pressure, in addition to benefits on other metabolic syndrome components<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The DASH diet also has a reducing effect on
               arterial blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, and according to a
               meta-analysis of six studies, it was able to reduce the risks of CVD, stroke,
               coronary artery disease, and heart failure by 20%, 19%, 21% and 29%,
                  respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. In Brazil, no studies on
               the mentioned cardiovascular outcomes were found, because of the short follow-up
               period.</p>
        <p>Regarding the mineral replacement diets, the reductions of 4.82 mmHg and of 4.66 mmHg
               in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures, respectively, were smaller than
               those reported by other studies. A meta-analysis with 34 studies has confirmed that a
               low-sodium diet significantly reduces systolic arterial blood pressure independently
               of ethnicity, sex and presence of hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Calcium supplementation, discussed in a meta-analysis with 40 studies,
               proved to reduce systolic blood pressure, and that effect was even higher in
               individuals with a calcium-deficient diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.
               Those differences can be explained by the small number of studies included in this
               subgroup (only two), whose samples were also reduced.</p>
        <p>Other diets, such as the hyperproteic diet, seem to have an adverse effect on
               arterial blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, which has not
               favored the implementation of that type of diet in the primary or secondary
               prevention of high arterial blood pressure.</p>
        <p>The distribution of the studies on the funnel plot indicated the lack of publication
               bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis. However, when assessed
               separately, by using the Cochrane tool, all met the criteria for a high risk of bias.
               On the other hand, the use of the Egger test showed no effect of the small studies on
               the results. It is worth considering that all studies involved small samples,
               emphasizing the need for larger studies of that type.</p>
        <p>The results of diet changes and specific dietary interventions have been widely
               studied in developed countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>; however, in
               developing countries with lower socioeconomic levels, that has not occurred. The low
               efficacy of dietary interventions of developed countries replicated in developing
               countries has been discussed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In addition, in
               Latin American countries, there are high prevalence of risk factors for CVD and a
               reduced number of population studies, which result in an insufficient number of
               prevention programs aimed at reducing cardiovascular risks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Some limitations of this meta-analysis should be considered, the first being the
               quality of the studies included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Appendix 1</xref>).
               Somes studie have not reported basic data, such as patients' sex, minimum, maximum
               and mean ages, and socioeconomic variables. The second limitation is the sample
               sizes, which have ranged from 18 to 142 participants. Although this systematic review
               was aimed at assessing studies conducted in Latin America, only two interventions
               included were not Brazilian. One of the reasons for that might be publication bias or
               lack of studies on dietary interventions in other Latin American countries.</p>
        <p>The population involved in this study showed a reduction in arterial blood pressure,
               but a significant effect was only found in the diastolic component. Possible
               explanations for that might lie in the small sample sizes of the studies included as
               compared with others of meta-analysis of unspecific populations. Although most
               studies have lacked reporting data on adherence, that might be another cause. Last,
               but not least, it has not been clarified whether, if those interventions had lasted
               longer, the result would have been the same, considering that the mean duration of
               our studies is shorter than six months. </p>
        <p>The following strong points of this meta-analysis are worth noting: exclusive
               inclusion of randomized clinical trials; lack of search restriction for publications
               only in the English language; and assessment of the effects of each dietary
               intervention regardless of the results. It is worth noting that this was the first
               meta-analysis carried out in Latin America gathering all studies on the implications
               of diet changes on arterial blood pressure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis shows that dietary interventions, such as a reduction in salt
               intake and more complex diet patterns, can effectively reduce diastolic arterial
               blood pressure of Latin American populations. Considering the increasing levels of
               arterial blood pressure in the general population and the fact that CVD remain the
               major cause of death worldwide, efforts are required to reduce arterial blood
               pressure in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals. Health care programs can
               be adapted to those populations with better results regarding primary and secondary
               prevention.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO, Guarita-Souza LC,
                  Olandoski M, Faria-Neto JR, Baena CP; Acquisition of data: Mazzaro CC, Klostermann
                  FC, Erbano BO, Schio NA, Baena CP; Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO, Schio NA, Olandoski M, Baena CP;
                  Statistical analysis: Olandoski M, Baena CP; Writing of the manuscript: : Mazzaro
                  CC, Klostermann FC, Erbano BO, Schio NA, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR, Baena
                  CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app>
          <title>Appendices</title>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Appendix 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Assessment of the risk of publication bias &#8211; Cochrane tool
                        (adapted).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Appendix 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Funnel plot of the studies included in the meta-analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0345-40037-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
