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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LCnm7T6mpYDL6bLpHWBdWbp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040043</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140043</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Experi&#234;ncia Inicial de Dois Centros Nacionais no Implante
               de Pr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica Transcateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lluberas</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrais</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kambara</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: J. Eduardo Sousa</bold>, Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 Cep
               04012-909 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP. E-mail: <email>jesousa@uol.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>336</fpage>
      <lpage>344</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter &#233; uma alternativa efetiva para o
                  tratamento cir&#250;rgico para a corre&#231;&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica grave em pacientes
                  inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Apresentar os resultados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos imediatos e no m&#233;dio prazo
                  da experi&#234;ncia inicial do implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Entre junho de 2009 e fevereiro de 2013, 112 pacientes foram submetidos a implante
                  de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 82,5 &#177; 6,5 anos e o Euro SCORE log&#237;stico foi 23,6 &#177; 13,5. O
                  sucesso do procedimento foi de 84%. Ap&#243;s o implante, houve queda do gradiente
                  sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio (pr&#233; = 54,7 &#177; 15,3 mmHg vs. p&#243;s = 11,7 &#177; 4,0 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01).
                  Acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu em 3,6% dos pacientes, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares
                  em 19%, e foi necess&#225;rio o implante de marca-passo definitivo em 13% dos pacientes
                  nos primeiros 30 dias p&#243;s-implante. A mortalidade aos 30 dias e no seguimento
                  m&#233;dio de 16 &#177; 11 meses foi, respectivamente, de 14 e de 8,9%. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a
                  pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi o &#250;nico preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e no
                  seguimento. A &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica e o gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio n&#227;o apresentaram
                  varia&#231;&#245;es significativas durante o seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro para
                  o tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica em pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico ou
                  inoper&#225;veis. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi o &#250;nico preditor
                  independente de mortalidade identificado, tanto no primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o
                  quanto no seguimento mais tardio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de pr&#243;tese de valva card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca adquirida mais frequente nos pa&#237;ses
               industrializados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> , afetando, em sua forma
            grave, 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 65 anos de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> . Dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) apontam
            para um envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira na pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada que passar&#225; de 7,4% da
            popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 65 anos para 13,3% em 2030. A substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica
            &#233; o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica, n&#227;o
            somente reduzindo a sintomatologia, mas tamb&#233;m prolongando a sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> .</p>
      <p>Entretanto, por se tratar de uma afec&#231;&#227;o comum entre pacientes idosos e, por vezes, com
            outras importantes comorbidades, muitas vezes a cirurgia n&#227;o &#233; aventada como op&#231;&#227;o
            terap&#234;utica, em raz&#227;o dos elevados riscos inerentes ao ato operat&#243;rio entre esses
               indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> . Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o implante de
            pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter surgiu como o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com
            estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica com contraindica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e como uma alternativa efetiva nos pacientes com alto risco
               cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No entanto, o custo relativamente
            elevado dessa nova tecnologia faz com que sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o &#224; rotina da maioria dos
            hospitais do Brasil seja lenta, a despeito de seus importantes benef&#237;cios a curto e
            m&#233;dio prazos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> .</p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar os resultados cl&#237;nicos e
            ecocardiogr&#225;ficos imediatos e a m&#233;dio prazo da experi&#234;ncia inicial do implante de
            pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter em duas institui&#231;&#245;es do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. O objetivo
            prim&#225;rio desta an&#225;lise foi definir as taxas de sucesso imediato do procedimento, assim
            como estabelecer a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral
            periprocedimento e no m&#233;dio prazo. Secundariamente, avaliou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de
            complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e renais, bem como a durabilidade e a hemodin&#226;mica da pr&#243;tese
            valvar, no seguimento de m&#233;dio prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Casu&#237;stica e procedimento</title>
        <p>Entre junho de 2009 e fevereiro de 2013, um total 182 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica
               grave, sintom&#225;ticos e considerados de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, foi encaminhado para
               avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-procedimento dessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi feita por meio da an&#225;lise
               das comorbidades associadas, do grau de fragilidade do paciente, dos c&#225;lculos dos
               escores de risco (STS e EuroScore) e de exames laboratoriais. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da
               gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica, da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, da aorta total e das
               coron&#225;rias foi feita por meio da angiotomografia computadorizada de cora&#231;&#227;o, aorta e
               il&#237;acas, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e/ou transesof&#225;gico e cateterismo card&#237;aco.
               Conforme os resultados desses exames e ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o com o
                  <italic>heartteam</italic> local, eram escolhidos o tratamento mais adequado, a
               via de acesso, o tipo e o di&#226;metro da pr&#243;tese.</p>
        <p>Nesta experi&#234;ncia, tr&#234;s tipos de pr&#243;teses foram utilizadas: CoreValve&#174; (Medtronic,
               por via transfemoral, transubcl&#225;via ou transa&#243;rtica), SAPIEN XT&#174; (Edwards
               Lifesciences, por via transfemoral ou transapical) e Acurate TF&#174; (Symetis, por via
               transfemoral). A escolha da pr&#243;tese a ser utilizada envolveu crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e
               anat&#244;micos, como di&#226;metros, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e tortuosidade das art&#233;rias &#237;lio-femorais,
               bem como disponibilidade da pr&#243;tese na ocasi&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O risco cir&#250;rgico e as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes foram
               definidas conforme c&#225;lculo do escore STS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e
               do EuroSCORE log&#237;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> .</p>
        <p>Todas as complica&#231;&#245;es e desfechos do estudo seguiram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo
                  <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic>-2 (VARC-2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> .</p>
        <p>Considerou-se sucesso do dispositivo quando uma &#250;nica pr&#243;tese foi liberada
               adequadamente e o resultado final, avaliado pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico,
               demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de despropor&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;tese-paciente, gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico
               m&#233;dio &lt; 20 mmHg ou velocidade de pico &lt; 3m/s e sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica maior
               ou igual a moderada.</p>
        <p>Analisou-se a seguran&#231;a do procedimento, conforme a mortalidade de todas as causas e
               as complica&#231;&#245;es, dentro dos 30 dias p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        <p>Acidente vascular cerebral foi definido como d&#233;fice neurol&#243;gico focal ou global com
               dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 24 horas ou presen&#231;a de nova &#225;rea de infarto cerebral por t&#233;cnicas de
               imagem, independente da dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas foram divididas em:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>sangramento com risco de morte: sangramento fatal, ou evidente num &#243;rg&#227;o vital,
                     ou que levasse a choque hipovol&#234;mico ou &#224; hipotens&#227;o grave que requeresse
                     vasopressores ou cirurgia; ou aquele sangramento evidente com queda na
                     hemoglobina &#8805;5 g/dL ou necessidade de transfundir 4 ou mais concentrados de
                     hem&#225;cias;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sangramento maior: sangramento evidente com queda na hemoglobina &#8805;3 g/dL ou
                     necessidade de transfundir dois ou tr&#234;s concentrados de hem&#225;cias, ou
                     necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou cirurgia que n&#227;o preenche crit&#233;rios de
                     sangramento com risco de morte;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sangramento menor: qualquer sangramento digno de men&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo: hematoma
                     no local da pun&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Todas as complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares foram analisadas e definidas conforme os crit&#233;rios
               estabelecidos pelo VARC-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e subdivididas
               em:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores: dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta, ruptura a&#243;rtica,
                     perfura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pseudoaneurisma apical ou inj&#250;ria vascular
                     relacionada ao local de pun&#231;&#227;o que leva a &#243;bito, sangramento maior ou com risco
                     de morte, isquemia visceral ou preju&#237;zo neurol&#243;gico; emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal n&#227;o
                     cerebral que requer cirurgia; necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou
                     percut&#226;nea que leva &#224; morte, sangramento maior, isquemia visceral, ou preju&#237;zo
                     neurol&#243;gico; ou qualquer isquemia ipsilateral documentada;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares menores: inj&#250;ria vascular relacionada ao local de
                     pun&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o preenche os crit&#233;rios maiores; emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal n&#227;o cerebral
                     tratada com embolectomia ou trombectomia; necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica
                     ou percut&#226;nea, que n&#227;o preenche crit&#233;rios maiores e falha do sistema de
                     fechamento percut&#226;neo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A inj&#250;ria renal aguda foi definida conforme o sistema AKIN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , e foi avaliada at&#233; o s&#233;timo dia p&#243;s-implante. A
               classifica&#231;&#227;o AKIN estratifica a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios, conforme a dosagem da
               creatinina s&#233;rica e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do volume urin&#225;rio:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>est&#225;gio 1: aumento de 0,3 mg/dL ou aumento de 150 a 200% do valor basal da
                     creatinina s&#233;rica ou uma diurese &lt; 0,5 mL/kg/h por 6 horas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>est&#225;gio 2: aumento &gt; 200 a 300% do valor basal da creatinina s&#233;rica ou uma
                     diurese &lt; 0,5 mL/kg/h por &gt; 12 horas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>est&#225;gio 3: aumento &gt; 300% do valor basal da creatinina s&#233;rica ou creatinina
                     s&#233;rica &#8805; 4,0 mg/dL com aumento agudo de pelo menos 0,5 mg/dL ou uma diurese
                     &lt; 0,3 mL/kg/h por 24 horas ou an&#250;ria por 12 horas.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e as informa&#231;&#245;es dos exames complementares durante o seguimento
               foram coletados em visitas m&#233;dicas ou por contato telef&#244;nico, 30 dias ap&#243;s o
               procedimento e, posteriormente, a cada 6 meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis
               categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncias (n&#250;mero e porcentagem), tendo sido comparadas pelos
               testes qui-quadrado, <italic>t </italic>de Student, ANOVA ou n&#227;o param&#233;trico de
               Mann-Whitney, dependendo de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. Utilizou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o
               log&#237;stica para determinar os preditores independentes de &#243;bito nos primeiros 30 dias
               p&#243;s-implante e um modelo de Cox para determinar os preditores independentes de &#243;bito
               no seguimento. Utilizou-se a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier para estimar a taxa
               de sobrevida livre de eventos desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social
                  Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 16 (Chicago, Illinois). Admitiu-se erro alfa de
               5% e consideraram-se significantes valores de p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo entre junho de 2009 e fevereiro de 2013, um total de 182 pacientes com
               estenose a&#243;rtica grave sintom&#225;tica foi avaliado para o implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica
               transcateter. Destes, 112 (62%) pacientes foram submetidos a implante de pr&#243;tese
               a&#243;rtica transcateter. Dos restantes, 33 (18%) pacientes foram mantidos em tratamento
               cl&#237;nico, 3 (1,6%) foram para substitui&#231;&#227;o valvular a&#243;rtica cir&#250;rgica, 15 (8,2%)
               faleceram antes do procedimento e 19 (10,4%) pacientes est&#227;o em avalia&#231;&#227;o
               pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do estudo que apresenta o total de pacientes avaliados para
                     implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter pelo heartteam do Instituto Dante
                     Pazzanese de Cardiolog&#237;a e do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de base dos 112 pacientes inclu&#237;dos
               neste registro encontram-se descritas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabelas
                  1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de base</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada (112 pacientes) n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">82,5 &#177; 6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">66 (58,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">39 (34,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">91 (81,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe Funcional NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe Funcional NYHA III-IV</td>
                <td align="center">88 (78,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">63 (56,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAOP</td>
                <td align="center">33 (29,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRC</td>
                <td align="center">78 (69,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">37 (33,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EuroSCORE loglstico, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">23,6 &#177; 13,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o
                        coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAOP:
                        doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva
                        cr&#244;nica; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (clearance de creatinina &lt; 60
                        mL/min).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada (112 pacientes)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, %</td>
                <td>57,1 &#177; 13,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mm</td>
                <td>51,4 &#177; 7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mm</td>
                <td>34,4 &#177; 9,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio esquerdo, mm</td>
                <td>44,3 &#177; 5,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do septo, mm</td>
                <td>12,5 &#177; 1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da parede posterior, mm</td>
                <td>12,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo, mmHg</td>
                <td>89,0 &#177; 23,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio, mmHg</td>
                <td>54,7 &#177; 15,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea valvar a&#243;rtica, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td>0,66 &#177; 0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do anel a&#243;rtico, mm</td>
                <td>22,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td>49,8 &#177; 12,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada/grave, n (%)</td>
                <td>11 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave, n (%)</td>
                <td>19 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada/grave, n (%)</td>
                <td>14 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da idade dos pacientes foi de 82,5 &#177; 6,5 anos, sendo 66 (59%) do sexo
               feminino. O EuroSCORE log&#237;stico m&#233;dio foi de 23,6 &#177; 13,5. Um ter&#231;o dos pacientes
               (33%) tinha hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave, 33 (29%) pacientes tinham doen&#231;a vascular
               perif&#233;rica importante, 24 (21%) tinham antecedentes de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e 88
               (79%) encontravam-se em Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica classe funcional III-IV
               (NYHA). </p>
        <p>O gradiente transa&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo antes do procedimento foi de 88,0 &#177; 24,3 mmHg e o
               m&#233;dio foi de 54,7 &#177; 15,3 mmHg, ao passo que a &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica m&#233;dia foi de 0,66 &#177;
               0,14 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e o valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
               do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 57,1 &#177; 13,2%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados do procedimento</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral e guiados por
               ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica.</p>
        <p>A via femoral foi o acesso predominante, utilizado em 91% dos pacientes.
               Utilizaram-se ainda as vias transapical (6%), transa&#243;rtica (2%) e a subcl&#225;via
               (1%).</p>
        <p>A pr&#243;tese CoreValve&#174; foi utilizada em 76 pacientes (68%), ao passo que a Sapien XT&#174;
               em 21 (19%) e a Acurate TF(tm) em 15 (13%).</p>
        <p>O sucesso do dispositivo foi obtido em 94 pacientes (84%). Houve dois &#243;bitos durante
               o procedimento (1,8%) e em cinco casos (4,5%), uma segunda pr&#243;tese teve de ser
               implantada, devido a posicionamento inadequado da primeira. Refluxo para prot&#233;tico
               moderado foi evidenciado em 11 pacientes (9,8%).</p>
        <p>Houve uma queda significativa do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio (pr&#233; = 54,7 &#177; 15,3 mmHg
               vs. p&#243;s = 11,7 &#177; 4,0 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01) e um ganho da &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica (pr&#233; = 0,6
               &#177; 0,2 cm<sup>2</sup> vs. p&#243;s = 1,8 &#177; 0,3cm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,01)imediatamente
               ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese. O Doppler-ecocardiograma n&#227;o evidenciou refluxo para
               prot&#233;tico grave em nenhum paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es agudas (at&#233; 30 dias)</title>
        <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es nos primeiros 30 dias p&#243;s-implante est&#227;o descritas na
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento (VARC
                     2)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Valor n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">46 (41,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento menor</td>
                <td align="center">14 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">26 (23,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento com risco de morte</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o vascular menor</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o vascular maior</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Injuria renal aguda</td>
                <td align="center">29 (25,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 1</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 2</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 3</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de marca-passo definitivo</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de segunda pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito (qualquer causa)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>VARC-2; Valve Academic Research Consortium-2; AVC; acidente vascular
                        cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nessa s&#233;rie inicial, a mortalidade por todas as causas nos primeiros 30 dias foi de
               14%. Quando exclu&#237;dos os primeiros 40 pacientes a mortalidade cai para 8,1%. O &#250;nico
               preditor independente de morte em 30 dias foi a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica
               (OR = 4,7 [IC 95%: 1,2-18,6]; p = 0,025).</p>
        <p>Acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu em quatro pacientes (3,6%), sendo tr&#234;s do tipo
               isqu&#234;mico. Complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas ocorreram em 46 pacientes (41%), dos quais 5,5%
               classificados como com risco de morte. Complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares relacionadas &#224; via de
               acesso foram detectadas em 19% dos casos, sendo a maioria (11%) complica&#231;&#245;es
               vasculares menores. Foi necess&#225;rio o implante de marca-passo definitivo em 15
               pacientes (13,4%).</p>
        <p>Vinte e nove pacientes (27%) apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda p&#243;s-procedimento,
               sendo a maioria (14%) do est&#225;gio 1, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o AKIN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio</title>
        <p>Um seguimento m&#233;dio de 16 &#177; 11 meses foi obtido em 100% da popula&#231;&#227;o tratada. Ap&#243;s os
               primeiros 30 dias, a mortalidade de todas as causas foi de 8,9%, dos quais dois
               &#243;bitos foram de causa card&#237;aca, quatro de causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca e quatro de causa
               indeterminada. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> mostra a
               probabilidade e a sobrevida dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier (morte por qualquer causa).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na mortalidade no seguimento conforme o g&#234;nero, a presen&#231;a de
               doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, o hist&#243;rico de
               cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudo de subgrupos: curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier. (A) Sobrevida
                     conforme g&#234;nero. (B) Sobrevida conforme a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a pulmonar
                     obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. (C) Sobrevida conforme a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular
                     perif&#233;rica. (D) Sobrevida conforme a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. (E)
                     Sobrevida conforme o hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. (F)
                     Sobrevida conforme a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m, no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi o &#250;nico
               preditor independente de mortalidade (OR = 6,37 (IC 2,14 - 19,0 ); p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es durante o seguimento, ap&#243;s os primeiros 30 dias do
               procedimento, foram: necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo (3,6%),
               complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas maiores (1,8%) e acidente vascular cerebral (0,9%). N&#227;o foi
               observado nenhum caso de disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese, e nenhum paciente precisou de nova
               interven&#231;&#227;o valvar durante o seguimento.</p>
        <p>O resultado hemodin&#226;mico das pr&#243;teses, avaliado pelo Doppler-ecocardiograma, foi
               mantido em at&#233; 3 anos, como est&#225; demonstrado a seguir:&#225;rea valvar prot&#233;tica (1 ano =
               1,7 &#177; 0,5 cm<sup>2</sup>; 2 anos = 1,9 &#177; 0,3cm<sup>2</sup> e 3 anos = 2,0 &#177; 0,1
                  cm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,3) e o gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio (1 ano = 10,9 &#177; 5,3 mmHg; 2
               anos = 9,4 &#177; 4,4 mmHg e 3 anos = 9,5 &#177; 2,1 mmHg; p = 0,1), (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultado hemodin&#226;mico avaliado pelo Doppler-ecocardiograma conforme o
                     gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio (mmHg) e a &#225;rea valvar prot&#233;tica
                     (cm<sup>2</sup>).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que o implante transcateter de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, em
            pacientes de elevado risco cir&#250;rgico ou com contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia convencional de
            troca valvar, &#233; um procedimento terap&#234;utico fact&#237;vel e efetivo, com elevada incid&#234;ncia
            de sucesso imediato e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados no m&#233;dio prazo.</p>
      <p>O presente registro representa, junto do registro do Hospital Albert Einstein<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> , o in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia nacional com o implante
            percut&#226;neo de pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica, sendo esta a maior casu&#237;stica brasileira de um
            mesmo grupo, utilizando tr&#234;s diferentes tipos de pr&#243;tese e os mais variados acessos
            descritos.</p>
      <p>Embora os pacientes aqui inclu&#237;dos tenham elevado risco de morbimortalidade, com
            EuroScore m&#233;dio de 23%, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi 14%,a qual &#233; semelhante ou
            inferior a reportada em outras casu&#237;sticas nacionais e internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> . Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o que a mortalidade est&#225;
            relacionada tamb&#233;m &#224; curva de aprendizado da equipe multidisciplinar, visto que quando
            os 40 primeiros pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, a mortalidade caiu para 8,1%. Dados
            semelhantes foram relatados por Gurvitch e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que observaram uma mortalidade de 13,5% entre os primeiros 135 pacientes
            por eles tratados, e de 5,9% nos 135 pacientes que se seguiram.</p>
      <p>A sobrevida a m&#233;dio prazo destes pacientes, a despeito da idade avan&#231;ada, m&#233;dia de 82
            anos, foi de 77% em 16 &#177; 11 meses de seguimento. Esses n&#250;meros s&#227;o semelhantes aos
            publicados no estudo randomizado PARTNER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> .</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m tentado identificar preditores de mortalidade imediata e tardia em
            pacientes tratados com implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> . O presente
            estudo identificou a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica como &#250;nico preditor
            independente de mortalidade, tanto no primeiro m&#234;s como no seguimento mais tardio. Nos
            pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, a probabilidade de sobrevida ap&#243;s 1ano
            foi de 50%, ao passo que nos pacientes sem doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi 85%.
            Esses resultados sugerem que &#233; necess&#225;ria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar
            nos pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a pulmonar antes de aceit&#225;-los para o implante de
            pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter. </p>
      <p>Os resultados imediatos obtidos nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes est&#227;o de acordo com os
            resultados de diversas s&#233;ries internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> . O sucesso do dispositivo foi obtido em 84% dos casos, o que est&#225; de
            acordo com outras s&#233;ries atuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> . Inicialmente, a defini&#231;&#227;o de sucesso do
            dispositivo estava enfocada ao implante de uma &#250;nica pr&#243;tese na correta posi&#231;&#227;o
            anat&#244;mica e sem mortalidade operat&#243;ria, enquanto a nova defini&#231;&#227;o proposta pela VARC-2
            engloba o &#250;ltimo, bem como a fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica. A principal causa
            de insucesso do dispositivo foi a presen&#231;a de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico igual ou maior a
            moderado presente em aproximadamente 10% de nossos pacientes, incid&#234;ncia similar &#224;
            achada no estudo randomizado PARTNER (coortes A e B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> , em que essa
            complica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 12,2 e 11,8%, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>No que se refere a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, a incid&#234;ncia de sangramento
            maior neste estudo foi superior &#224; descrita nos primeiros estudos sobre essa t&#233;cnica,
            incluindo a coorte B do estudo PARTNER, na qual se observaram somente 16,8% de
            hemorragias ditas maiores. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas
            foram inconsistentemente relatadas na literatura at&#233; a publica&#231;&#227;o das defini&#231;&#245;es
               VARC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> . Recente meta-an&#225;lise de G&#233;n&#233;reuxe cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , utilizando as defini&#231;&#245;es padronizadas por aquele consenso,
            demonstrou uma incid&#234;ncia estimada de sangramento maior de 22,3%, o que se assemelha a
            encontrada na s&#233;rie em discuss&#227;o. Aqui vale tamb&#233;m ressaltar a import&#226;ncia da curva de
            aprendizagem, al&#233;m do aperfei&#231;oamento dos introdutores e dos sistemas de entrega das
            v&#225;lvulas percut&#226;neas atuais. Se os autores considerarem a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento nos
            &#250;ltimos 80 casos, a incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior reduz-se para 18%.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a inj&#250;ria renal aguda &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o
            frequente, ap&#243;s implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter, ocorrendo em at&#233; 28% dos
               casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> . Apesar das comorbidades associadas e
            da necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraste durante o procedimento, a inj&#250;ria renal aguda,
            est&#225;gios 2 e 3, ocorreu em 2 e 11% dos casos, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, houve necessidade de implantar marca-passo definitivo em 15 pacientes
            (13,3%). Como foi relatado em diversas s&#233;ries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , houve uma maior
            necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo no grupo de pacientes tratados coma
            pr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (13 em 77 casos; 17,1%) do que no grupo de pacientes com
            pr&#243;tese Sapien XT<sup>&#174;</sup> (2 em 21 pacientes; 9,5%) ou Accurate (nenhum caso). </p>
      <p>Finalmente, no que se refere &#224; durabilidade da pr&#243;tese transcateter, diversos estudos,
            assim como o atual, avaliaram os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos imediatos e no seguimento
            mais tardio, confirmando a manuten&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica da pr&#243;tese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Esta experi&#234;ncia inicial indicou que o implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter &#233; um
            procedimento terap&#234;utico eficaz e seguro para o tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica
            sintom&#225;tica em pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico ou inoper&#225;veis. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a
            pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade
            identificado tanto no primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o quanto no seguimento mais tardio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Siqueira S, Ramos A, Costa
               Jr. JR, Arrais M, Le Bihan D, Sousa A, Sousa JE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lluberas S,
               Abizaid A, Siqueira S, Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR, Arrais M, Kambara A, Le Bihan D, Sousa
               A, Sousa JE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Ramos A, Costa
               Jr. JR, Sousa JE; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lluberas S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lluberas S,
               Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
               importante: Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR, Sousa JE.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Initial Experience of Two National Centers in Transcatheter
               Aortic Prosthesis Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lluberas</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrais</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kambara</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Maling Address: J. Eduardo Sousa,</bold> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 Postal
               Code 04012-909 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jesousa@uol.com.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is an effective alternative to surgical
                  treatment of severe aortic stenosis in patients who are inoperable or at high
                  surgical risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To report the immediate and follow-up clinical and echocardiographic results of
                  the initial experience of transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>From 2009 June to 2013 February, 112 patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve
                  implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 82.5 &#177; 6.5 years, and the logistic EuroSCORE was 23.6 &#177; 13.5.
                  Procedural success was 84%. After the intervention, a reduction in the mean
                  systolic gradient was observed (pre: 54.7 &#177; 15.3 vs. post: 11.7 &#177; 4.0 mmHg; p &lt;
                  0.01). Cerebrovascular accidents occurred in 3.6%, vascular complications in 19%
                  and permanent pacemaker was required by 13% of the patients. Thirty-day mortality
                  and at follow-up of 16 &#177; 11 months was 14% and 8.9% respectively. The presence of
                  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the only predictor of mortality at 30
                  days and at follow-up. During follow up, aortic valve area and mean systolic
                  gradient did not change significantly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is an effective and safe procedure for the
                  treatment of aortic stenosis in high-surgical risk or inoperable patients. The
                  presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the only independent
                  predictor of mortality identified both in the first month post-intervention and at
                  follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic valve stenosis/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart valve prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Aortic stenosis is the most common acquired heart valve disease in industrialized
                  countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> , affecting, in its severe form,
               2% of the population older than 65 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> .
               Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) indicate that
               aging of the Brazilian population in the next decade will increase from 7.4% of the
               population older than 65 years to 13.3% in 2030. Surgical aortic valve replacement is
               the treatment of choice for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, not
               only reducing symptoms, but also prolonging survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> .</p>
        <p>However, as it is a common condition among elderly patients that sometimes
               accompanies other important comorbidities, frequently surgery is not suggested as the
               therapeutic option, due to the high inherent surgical risks among these
                  individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> . In recent years, the
               implantation of transcatheter aortic prosthesis has emerged as the treatment of
               choice in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis with surgical
                  contraindication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and as an effective
               alternative in patients with high surgical risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> .</p>
        <p>However, the relatively high cost of this new technology makes its incorporation into
               the routine of most hospitals in Brazil to be slow, despite its important benefits in
               the short and middle-term<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> .</p>
        <p>The present study aimed at showing immediate and middle-term clinical and
               echocardiographic outcomes of the initial experience of transcatheter implantation of
               an aortic prosthesis in two institutions in the State of S&#227;o Paulo. The primary
               objective of this analysis was to determine the rates of immediate procedural
               success, as well as establish the incidence of periprocedural mortality and
               cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in the middle-term. Second, the occurrence of vascular
               and renal complications, as well as the durability and hemodynamics of the valve
               prosthesis was evaluated in middle-term follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects and procedure</title>
          <p>Between June 2009 and February 2013, a total of 182 symptomatic patients with
                  severe aortic stenosis considered to be high surgical risk, was referred for
                  evaluation. </p>
          <p>The clinical pre-procedure evaluation of this population was performed through the
                  analysis of comorbidities, degree of patient frailty, calculation of risk scores
                  (EuroSCORE and STS) and laboratory exams. The assessment of aortic stenosis
                  severity, left ventricular function, total aorta and coronary arteries was
                  performed by computed angiotomography of the heart, aorta and iliac arteries,
                  transthoracic and / or transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac
                  catheterization. According to the results of these tests and after discussion with
                  the local heart team the most appropriate treatment was chosen, as well as the
                  access route, type and diameter of the prosthesis.</p>
          <p>Three types of prostheses were used: CoreValve&#174; (Medtronic, by transfemoral,
                  transubclavian or transaortic access), SAPIEN XT&#174; (Edwards Lifesciences, by
                  transfemoral or transapical access) and Acurate TF&#174; (Symetis, by transfemoral
                  access). The choice of prosthesis used in the procedure involved clinical and
                  anatomic criteria, such as diameter, calcification and tortuosity of the
                  iliac-femoral arteries, as well as prosthesis availability at the time of the
                  procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>The surgical risk and possible postoperative complications of the patients were
                  defined by calculating the STS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> score and
                  logistic EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> .</p>
          <p>All study complications and outcomes followed the criteria established by the
                  Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> .</p>
          <p>The procedure was considered successful when a single prosthetic device was
                  released properly and the end result, assessed by transesophageal
                  echocardiography, showed absence of prosthesis-patient mismatch, mean aortic
                  transvalvular gradient &lt; 20 mmHg or peak velocity &lt; 3m/s without aortic
                  regurgitation &#8805; moderate.</p>
          <p>Procedural safety was also analyzed, according to mortality from all causes and
                  complications within 30 days after the procedure.</p>
          <p>CVA was defined as focal or global neurological deficit lasting &gt; 24 hours or
                  presence of new area of cerebral infarction by imaging techniques, regardless of
                  symptom duration.</p>
          <p>Hemorrhagic complications were divided into:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Life-threatening bleeding: fatal, or evident bleeding in vital organ, or
                        that could lead to hypovolemic shock or severe hypotension that required
                        vasopressor agent or surgery; or evident bleeding with decrease in
                        hemoglobin &#8805; 5 g/dL or need for transfusion of four or more units of packed
                        red blood cells; </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>major bleeding: evident bleeding with decrease in hemoglobin &#8805; 3 g/dL or
                        need for transfusion of two or three units of packed red blood cells, or
                        need for hospitalization or surgery not meeting the criteria for
                        life-threatening bleeding;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>minor bleeding: any bleeding worthy mentioning (e.g., hematoma at the
                        puncture site).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>All vascular complications were analyzed and defined according to criteria
                  established by VARC-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and subdivided
                  into: </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>major vascular complications: aortic dissection; aortic rupture; left
                        ventricular perforation; apical pseudoaneurysm or vascular injury related to
                        the puncture site leading to death; major or life-threatening bleeding;
                        visceral ischemia or neurologic impairment; noncerebral distal embolization
                        requiring surgery; need for surgery or percutaneous intervention leading to
                        death; major bleeding, visceral ischemia, or neurologic impairment; or any
                        documented ipsilateral ischemia;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>minor vascular complications: vascular injury related to the puncture site
                        not meeting the major criteria; noncerebral distal embolization treated with
                        embolectomy or thrombectomy; need for surgical or percutaneous intervention
                        not meeting the major criteria and the percutaneous closure system
                        failure.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Acute kidney injury was defined according to the AKIN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> system, and was evaluated on the seventh day post-implant.
                  The AKIN classification stratifies renal function in three stages, according to
                  serum creatinine and urine volume measurement:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>stage 1: increase of 0.3 mg/dL or increase of 150 to 200% of the baseline
                        serum creatinine level or urine output &lt; 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>stage 2: increase &gt; 200 to 300% of baseline serum creatinine or urine
                        output &lt; 0.5 mL/kg/h for &gt; 12 hours;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>stage 3: increase &gt; 300% of baseline serum creatinine or serum creatinine
                        &#8805; 4.0 mg/dL with acute increase of at least 0.5 mg/dL or one diuresis &lt;
                        0.3 mL/kg/h for 24 hours or anuria for 12 hours.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The clinical data and the additional information during follow-up assessments were
                  collected during medical visits or through phone calls, 30 days after the
                  procedure and every 6 months thereafter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical
                  variables as frequencies (number and percentage), having been compared using
                  chi-square test, Student's <italic>t</italic> test, ANOVA or nonparametric
                  Mann-Whitney test, depending on the distribution. The logistic regression model
                  was used to determine independent predictors of death within 30 days
                  post-implantation, and a Cox regression model was used to determine independent
                  predictors of death during follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to
                  estimate the rate of event-free survival of this population. </p>
          <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
                  release 16 (Chicago, Illinois). An alpha error of 5% was established and p values
                  &#8804; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Between June 2009 and February 2013, a total of 182 patients with severe
                  symptomatic aortic stenosis were assessed for transcatheter aortic prosthesis
                  implantation. Of these, 112 (62%) patients underwent transcatheter implantation of
                  an aortic prosthesis. Of the remainder, 33 (18%) patients were maintained on
                  medical treatment, 3 (1.6%) were referred for surgical aortic valve replacement,
                  15 (8.2%) died before the procedure and 19 (10.4%) patients are undergoing pre
                  intervention assessment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flow chart showing the total number of patients evaluated for
                        transcatheter implantation of an aortic prosthesis by the heart teams of
                        Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese and Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Clinical and echocardiographic baseline characteristics of 112 patients included
                  in this sample are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 1</xref>
                  and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline clinical characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Assessed population (112 patients) n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Age, mean &#177; SD </td>
                  <td align="center"> 82.5 &#177; 6.5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Female sex </td>
                  <td align="center"> 66 (58.9) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Diabetes mellitus </td>
                  <td align="center"> 39 (34.8) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hypertension </td>
                  <td align="center"> 91 (81.3) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> NYHA II Functional Class </td>
                  <td align="center"> 24 (21.4) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> NYHA III-IV Functional Class </td>
                  <td align="center"> 88 (78.6) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Coronary artery disease </td>
                  <td align="center"> 63 (56.3) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Previous PCI </td>
                  <td align="center"> 19 (17.0) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Previous CABG </td>
                  <td align="center"> 24 (21.4) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> POAD </td>
                  <td align="center"> 33 (29.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Carotid disease </td>
                  <td align="center"> 19 (17.0) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> COPD </td>
                  <td align="center"> 14 (12.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> CKD </td>
                  <td align="center"> 78 (69.6) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Pulmonary hypertension </td>
                  <td align="center"> 37 (33.0) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Logistic EuroSCORE, mean &#177; SD </td>
                  <td align="center"> 23.6 &#177; 13.5 </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCI:
                           percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary-artery bypass graft;
                           POAD: peripheral obstructive arterial disease; COPD: chronic obstructive
                           pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease (clearance of creatinine
                           &lt; 60 mL/min).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pre-procedural echocardiographic findings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Assessed population (112 patients)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> Left ventricular ejection fraction % </td>
                  <td align="center"> 57.1 &#177; 13.2 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 51.4 &#177; 7.1 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Left Ventricular End-Systolic Diameter, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 34.4 &#177; 9.6 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Left atrium, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 44.3 &#177; 5.3 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Septal diameter do, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 12.5 &#177; 1.5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Posterior wall diameter, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 12.1 &#177; 1.5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Maximum systolic gradient, mmHg </td>
                  <td align="center"> 89.0 &#177; 23.5 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Mean systolic gradient, mmHg </td>
                  <td align="center"> 54.7 &#177; 15.2 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Aortic valve area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.66 &#177; 0.15 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Aortic annulus diameter, mm </td>
                  <td align="center"> 22.0 &#177; 3.3 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mmHg </td>
                  <td align="center"> 49.8 &#177; 12.7 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Moderate /severe aortic regurgitation, n (%) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 11 (9.8) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Moderate/severe mitral regurgitation, n (%) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 19 (17) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation, n (%) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 14 (12.5) </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The mean age of patients was 82.5 &#177; 6.5 years and 66 (59%) were females. The mean
                  logistic EuroSCORE was 23.6 &#177; 13.5. One third of patients (33%) had severe
                  pulmonary hypertension, 33 (29%) patients had significant peripheral vascular
                  disease, 24 (21%) had a history of previous heart surgery and 88 (79%) were in
                  Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) functional class III-IV (NYHA). </p>
          <p>The maximum transaortic gradient before the procedure was 88.0 &#177; 24.3 mmHg and the
                  mean gradient was 54.7&#177; 15.3 mmHg, whereas the mean aortic valve area was 0.66 &#177;
                  0.14 cm<sup>2</sup> and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 57.1 &#177;
                  13.2%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedure data</title>
          <p>All procedures were performed under general anesthesia and guided by
                  transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
          <p>The femoral access was the predominant route used in 91% of patients. The
                  transapical (6%), transaortic (2%) and subclavian (1%) access routes were also
                  used. </p>
          <p>The CoreValve&#174; prosthesis was used in 76 patients (68%), whereas Sapien XT&#174; was
                  used in 21 (19%) and Acurate TF(tm) was used in 15 (13%). </p>
          <p>Device success was attained in 94 patients (84%). Two patients died during the
                  procedure (1.8%) and in five cases (4.5%), a second prosthesis had to be implanted
                  due to inadequate positioning of the first one. Moderate paravalvular aortic
                  regurgitation (PAR) was seen in 11 patients (9.8%).</p>
          <p>There was a significant decrease in the mean systolic gradient (pre = 54.7 &#177; 15.3
                  mmHg vs. post = 11.7&#177; 4.0 mmHg; p &lt; 0.01) and gain of aortic valve area (pre =
                  0.6&#177; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup> vs. post = 1.8 &#177; 0.3 cm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01)
                  immediately after prosthesis implantation. Doppler echocardiography showed no
                  severe PAR in any of the patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute complications (up to 30 days)</title>
          <p>The main complications in the first 30 days post-implantation are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Complications occurring within the first 30 days after the procedure
                        (VARC 2)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Variable</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>
                    <bold>Value n (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> CVA </td>
                  <td align="center"> 4 (3.6) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hemorrhagic complications </td>
                  <td align="center"> 46 (41.1) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Minor bleeding </td>
                  <td align="center"> 14 (12.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Major bleeding </td>
                  <td align="center"> 26 (23.2) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Life-threatening bleeding </td>
                  <td align="center"> 6 (5.3) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Vascular complications </td>
                  <td align="center"> 21 (18.7) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Minor vascular complication </td>
                  <td align="center"> 12 (10.7) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Major vascular complication </td>
                  <td align="center"> 9 (8.0) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Acute kidney injury </td>
                  <td align="center"> 29 (25.9) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stage 1 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 16 (14.3) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stage 2 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 2 (1.8) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Stage 3 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 11 (9.8) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Need for definitive pacemaker </td>
                  <td align="center"> 15 (13.4) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Prosthesis embolization </td>
                  <td align="center"> 3 (2.7) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Need for a second prosthesis </td>
                  <td align="center"> 5 (4.5) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Death (any cause) </td>
                  <td align="center"> 16 (14.3) </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>VARC-2: Valve Academic Research Consortium-2; CVA: cerebrovascular
                           accident</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In this initial series, mortality from all causes in the first 30 days was 14%.
                  When the first 40 patients are excluded, mortality decreases to 8.1%. The only
                  independent predictor of death at 30 days was chronic obstructive pulmonary
                  disease (OR = 4.7 [CI: 1.2 to 18.6], p = 0.025).</p>
          <p>Cerebrovascular accident occurred in four patients (3.6%), three of which were of
                  the ischemic type. Bleeding complications occurred in 46 patients (41%), of which
                  5.5% were classified as life-threatening. Complications related to the vascular
                  access route were detected in 19% of cases, the majority (11%) minor vascular
                  complications. Fifteen patients (13.4%) required the implantation of a permanent
                  pacemaker.</p>
          <p>Twenty-nine patients (27%) had acute renal failure after the procedure, with most
                  (14%) at stage 1, according to the AKIN classification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Late clinical follow-up</title>
          <p>A mean follow-up of 16 &#177; 11 months was attained in 100% of the treated population.
                  After the first 30 days, mortality from all causes was 8.9%, of which two cases
                  were heart-related, four were due to noncardiac causes and four were due to
                  undetermined causes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 2</xref> shows the
                  probability and survival of this population.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve (death from any cause).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>There were no differences in mortality according to gender, presence of peripheral
                  vascular disease, presence of pulmonary hypertension, history of coronary artery
                  bypass surgery and chronic renal failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure
                     3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study of subgroups: Kaplan-Meier survival curves. (A) Survival according
                        to gender. (B) Survival according to the presence of chronic obstructive
                        pulmonary disease. (C) Survival according to the presence of peripheral
                        vascular disease. (D) Survival according to the presence of pulmonary
                        hypertension. (E) Survival according to history of CABG. (F) Survival
                        according to the presence of chronic renal failure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Moreover, during the clinical follow-up, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was
                  the only independent predictor of mortality (OR = 6.37 [2.14 to 19.0], p =
                  0.001).</p>
          <p>Major complications during the follow-up after the first 30 days of the procedure
                  were: need to implant a permanent pacemaker (3.6%), major bleeding complications
                  (1.8%) and CVA (0.9%). There were no cases of prosthesis dysfunction, and none of
                  the patients needed a new valve intervention during follow-up.</p>
          <p>The hemodynamic results of prostheses assessed by Doppler echocardiography, were
                  maintained for up to 3 years, as shown below: prosthetic valve area (1 year = 1.7&#177;
                  0.5 cm<sup>2</sup>; 2 years = 1.9&#177; 0.3 cm<sup>2</sup> and 3 years = 2.0 &#177; 0.1
                     cm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.3) and mean systolic gradient (1 year = 10.9&#177; 5.3 mmHg; 2
                  years = 9.4 &#177; 4.4 mmHg and 3 years = 9.5 &#177; 2.1 mmHg, p = 0.1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hemodynamic results assessed by Doppler echocardiography according to
                        the mean systolic gradient (mmHg) and prosthetic valve area
                        (cm<sup>2</sup>).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0336-40043-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this study confirm that implantation of transcatheter aortic valve
               prosthesis in patients with high surgical risk or with contraindications to
               conventional valve replacement surgery is a feasible and effective therapeutic
               procedure with high incidence of immediate success and maintenance of outcome in the
               middle term.</p>
        <p>The present study represents, together with the registry by Albert Einstein
                  Hospital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> , the initial national experience
               with percutaneous implantation of aortic valve prosthesis, being the largest
               Brazilian series by the same group, using three different types of prosthesis and
               different access routes.</p>
        <p>Although the patients included here have high risk of morbidity and mortality, with a
               mean EuroScore of 23%, mortality from all causes was 14%, which is similar to or
               lower than that reported in other national and international case series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> . It is noteworthy that mortality is also
               related to the learning curve of the multidisciplinary team, as when the first 40
               patients were excluded, the mortality rate decreased to 8.1%. Similar data were
               reported by Gurvitch et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , who observed a
               mortality of 13.5% among the first 135 patients treated by them, and 5.9% in the 135
               patients that followed.</p>
        <p>The middle-term survival of these patients, regardless of a mean age of 82 years, was
               77% at 16 &#177; 11 months of follow-up. These numbers are similar to those published in
               the randomized PARTNER study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> .</p>
        <p>Several studies have attempted to identify predictors of early and late mortality in
               patients treated with transcatheter aortic prosthesis implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> . This study identified the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary
               disease as the only independent predictor of mortality, both in the first month after
               the procedure, as well as in the late follow-up. In patients with chronic obstructive
               pulmonary disease, the probability of survival after 1 year was 50%, whereas in
               patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease it was 85%. These results
               suggest that a careful evaluation of pulmonary function in patients with suspected
               pulmonary disease is required before referring them for transcatheter implantation of
               an aortic prosthesis. </p>
        <p>The immediate results observed in this series of patients are in agreement with the
               results of several international series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> . Device success was attained in 84% of cases, which is in agreement
               with other current series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> . Initially, the definition of device success
               was focused on the implantation of a single prosthesis in the correct anatomic
               position and without postoperative mortality, whereas the new definition proposed by
               VARC-2 includes the latter, as well as the hemodynamic function of the prosthetic
               valve. The main cause of device failure was the presence of PAR greater than or equal
               to moderate, present in approximately 10% of our patients, an incidence similar to
               that found in the randomized PARTNER study (cohorts A and B)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> , in which
               this complication occurred in 12.2 and 11.8%, respectively.</p>
        <p>Regarding the occurrence of bleeding complications, the incidence of major bleeding
               in this study was higher than that described in the first studies on this technique,
               including the cohort B of the PARTNER study, in which only 16.8% of said major
               bleeding was observed. However, it is noteworthy the fact that bleeding complications
               were inconsistently reported in the literature until the publication of the VARC
                  definitions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> .</p>
        <p>Recent meta-analysis by G&#233;n&#233;reuxe et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> ,
               using definitions standardized by that consensus, showed an estimated incidence of
               major bleeding of 22.3%, which is similar to that found in the discussed series.
               Here, it is also worth noting the importance of the learning curve, in addition to
               improvement in current sheath introducers and percutaneous valve delivery systems. If
               the authors consider the occurrence of bleeding in the latest 80 patients, the
               incidence of major bleeding is decreased to 18%. </p>
        <p>Previous studies have also demonstrated that acute kidney injury is a common
               complication after transcatheter aortic prosthesis implantation, occurring in up to
               28% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> . Despite associated
               comorbidities and the need for contrast use during the procedure, acute kidney
               injury, stages 2 and 3, occurred in 2 and 11% of cases, respectively.</p>
        <p>In this study, it was necessary to implant a permanent pacemaker in 15 patients
               (13.3%). As reported in several series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , the need to
               implant a permanent pacemaker in the group of patients treated with CoreValve&#174;
               prosthesis was higher (13 in 77 cases, 17.1%) than in patients with Sapien XT &#174; (2 in
               21 patients, 9.5%), or Accurate prosthesis (no cases).</p>
        <p>Finally, regarding the transcatheter prosthesis durability, several studies, as well
               as the current one, evaluated immediate echocardiographic outcomes, as well as during
               late follow-up, confirming prosthesis hemodynamic maintenance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This initial experience indicated that transcatheter aortic prosthesis implantation
               is an effective and safe therapeutic procedure for the treatment of symptomatic
               aortic stenosis in high surgical-risk or inoperable patients. The presence of chronic
               obstructive pulmonary disease was the only independent predictor of mortality
               identified both in the first month post-intervention and at the late follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Siqueira S, Costa
                  Jr. JR,Ramos A, Arrais M, Le Bihan D, Sousa A, Sousa JE; Acquisition of data:
                  Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Siqueira S, Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR, Arrais M, Kambara A, Le
                  Bihan D, Sousa A, Sousa JE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lluberas S,
                  Abizaid A, Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR, Sousa JE; Statistical analysis: Lluberas S;
                  Writing of the manuscript: Lluberas S, Ramos A, Costa Jr. JR; Critical revision of
                  the manuscript for intellectual content: Lluberas S, Abizaid A, Ramos A, Costa Jr.
                  JR, Sousa JE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
