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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jy6M7LWzftg4WTNQrQP3YTQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica, <italic>Strain</italic> e Redu&#231;&#227;o da
               Fun&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica: <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of
               Atherosclerosis</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixido-Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Choi</surname>
            <given-names>Eui-Young</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Opdahl</surname>
            <given-names>Anders</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica R. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Colin O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bluemke</surname>
            <given-names>David A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Feira de
               Santana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia,
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Heart, Lung and Blood
               Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda,
               MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Institutes of Health Clinical
               Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and
               Bioengineering</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Institutes of Health Clinical Center,
               National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD -
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andre Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida.</bold> Rua Alto do Paraguai,
               280. CEP: 44085-232, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>; <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email>
            </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>327</fpage>
      <lpage>335</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular subcl&#237;nica &#233; prevalente em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica (SM). O <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>) e o
                     <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>) do ventriculo esquerdo
                  (VE), avaliados pelo ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE),
                  s&#227;o &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica: o encurtamento das fibras circunferenciais e
                  longitudinais do VE &#233; indicado por um valor negativo do <italic>strain</italic>.
                  Portanto, quanto mais negativo o <italic>strain</italic>, melhor a fun&#231;&#227;o
                  sist&#243;lica do VE. O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> t&#234;m sido usados para
                  demonstrar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica em v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios cl&#237;nicos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a SM est&#225; associada com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o
                  mioc&#225;rdica, quando avaliada pelo STE. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo analisou participantes do <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of
                     Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA) que realizaram o STE e foram avaliados para
                  todos os componentes da SM. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre os 133 participantes inclu&#237;dos (mulheres: 63%; idade: 65 &#177; 9 anos), a
                  preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 31% (41/133). Indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentaram valores
                  menores do &#949;CC e do &#949;LL que aqueles sem SM (-16,3% &#177; 3,5% vs. -18,4% &#177; 3,7%, p
                  &lt; 0,01; e -12,1% &#177; 2,5% vs. -13,9% &#177; 2,3%, p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente). A
                  fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) foi semelhante nos dois grupos (p = 0,09). Na
                  an&#225;lise multivariada, a SM associou-se a um valor mais baixo do strain
                  circunferencial (B = 2,1%, IC 95%: 0,6-3,5; p &lt; 0,01), mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para
                  idade, etnia, massa VE e FEVE. De maneira semelhante, a presen&#231;a de SM (B = 1,3%,
                  IC 95%: 0,3-2,2; p &lt; 0,01) e a massa do VE (B = 0,02%, IC 95%: 0,01 0,03; p =
                  0,02) associaram-se a um valor menor do strain longitudinal ap&#243;s ajuste para
                  etnia, FEVE e creatinina. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> do VE, marcadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular
                  subcl&#237;nica, est&#227;o comprometidos em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com SM e sem hist&#243;ria
                  pr&#233;via de infarto mioc&#225;rdico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou de FEVE &lt; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome X metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes mellitus / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupos &#233;tnicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de fatores de risco
            cardiovascular (CV) que incluem dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica, obesidade abdominal,
            hiperglicemia, press&#227;o arterial elevada e estados pr&#243; inflamat&#243;rio e pr&#243; tromb&#243;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A SM acomete cerca de 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o, estando
            associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco de diabetes, morbidade CV e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. </p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios usando a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida obtida poelo ultrassom,
            escore de c&#225;lcio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, &#237;ndice Tei e Doppler tecidual mostraram a
            presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a CV (DCV) subcl&#237;nica nos participantes com SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. </p>
      <p>Recentemente, o ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE) foi
            introduzido como um novo m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o
               (<italic>strain)</italic> do ventriculo esquerdo (VE). Tal m&#233;todo independe do
            &#226;ngulo, n&#227;o requer contrastes e j&#225; foi validado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sonomicrometria e &#224;
            resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica tagged (RM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O
               <italic>strain</italic> avaliado pelo STE tem sido utilizado para demonstrar
            disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica em v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios cl&#237;nicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. </p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico, obtido pelo
            STE, como marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica com SM e
            fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (FEVE) &#8805; 50%. A nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a SM est&#225; associada ao
            comprometimento do <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>) e do
               <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>) do VE. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O objetivo do estudo multic&#234;ntrico populacional MESA (<italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of
                  Atherosclerosis)</italic> foi investigar os mecanismos subjacentes ao
               desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o de DCV subcl&#237;nica em homens e mulheres assintom&#225;ticos de
               quatro grupos &#233;tnicos diferentes: caucasianos, afroamericanos, hisp&#226;nicos e
                  chineses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Entre julho/2008 e junho/2009,
               durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguimento deste estudo, 162 participantes consecutivos da
               coorte de Baltimore foram convidados a participar de um sub-estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico.
               Foram inclu&#237;dos participantes que aceitaram realizar um STE, uma RM
                  <italic>tagged</italic> (m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain
               </italic> circunferencial) e tiveram avaliados todos os componentes da SM. Os
               participantes com mais de dois segmentos do VE n&#227;o analisados pelo STE foram
               exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o tamb&#233;m
               inclu&#237;ram hist&#243;ria de infarto mioc&#225;rdico (IM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e/ou FEVE
               &lt; 50%. O conselho de revis&#227;o institucional da Universidade Johns Hopkins aprovou o
               estudo e os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.
            </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Definiu-se SM de acordo com os crit&#233;rios revisados do <italic>National Cholesterol
                  Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III</italic>24. Participantes
               com pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes crit&#233;rios foram considerados portadores de SM:
               glicemia de jejum (GJ) &#8805; 100 mg/dL; triglic&#233;rides &#8805; 150 mg/dL; colesterol HDL &lt; 40
               mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres; obesidade abdominal [circunfer&#234;ncia
               abdominal (CA) &#8805; 102 cm em homens e &#8805; 88 cm em mulheres]; e press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 130/85
               mmHg. A defini&#231;&#227;o do NCEP ainda inclui pacientes em tratamento para dislipidemia,
               hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou hiperglicemia. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco</title>
        <p>Os participantes preencheram question&#225;rios padr&#227;o de hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, incluindo uso
               de medicamentos e diagn&#243;sticos pr&#233;vios, e forneceram amostras para dosagem de GJ,
               lip&#237;dios e creatinina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A CA foi medida na
               altura do umbigo, utilizando-se fita m&#233;trica padr&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida
               tr&#234;s vezes com os participantes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, usando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro
               autom&#225;tico oscilom&#233;trico Dinamap modelo Pro 100 (Critikon, Tampa, Fl&#243;rida, EUA). A
               m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas foi usada na an&#225;lise. Diagnosticou-se hipertens&#227;o
               arterial usando-se os crit&#233;rios de <italic>VII Joint National Committee</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Definiu-se diabetes como GJ &#8805; 126 g/mL ou uso
               de insulina ou de hipoglicemiante oral. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fumo, cada participante foi
               classificado de acordo com o seu estado atual: fumante ou n&#227;o fumante. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia e speckle tracking</title>
        <p>Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por profissionais experientes e revisados
                  <italic>off-line</italic> por um observador (ALCA). Os ecocardiogramas
               bidimensionais foram obtidos em apneia inspirat&#243;ria, usando se o aparelho da marca
               Artida (<italic>Toshiba Medical Systems Corp, Tochigi,</italic> Jap&#227;o). As imagens
               foram adquiridas no eixo curto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em n&#237;vel da implanta&#231;&#227;o dos
               m&#250;sculos papilares, e no corte apical 4 c&#226;maras, sendo armazenadas digitalmente. As
               imagens bidimensionais foram obtidas utilizando-se o recurso da harm&#244;nica tecidual e
               ajustando se a frequ&#234;ncia do transdutor (1,7 3,5 MHz), a frequ&#234;ncia de ciclos (40 80
               ciclos por segundo), o foco (regi&#227;o m&#233;dia do VE), a largura do setor (o mais estreito
               poss&#237;vel), a profundidade (m&#237;nima) e o ganho com o objetivo de otimizar a qualidade
               da imagem mioc&#225;rdica. Os registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram analisados com um programa
               espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o do strain pelo STE (<italic>Toshiba 2D Wall Motion Tracking
                  software, Toshiba Medical Systems</italic>). O tra&#231;ado manual anti-hor&#225;rio das
               margens endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica no eixo transversal do VE, no final da s&#237;stole, foi
               seguido pelo tra&#231;ado autom&#225;tico da regi&#227;o m&#233;dia da parede ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Abordagem semelhante foi feita para a
               proje&#231;&#227;o apical 4 c&#226;maras, come&#231;ando no canto lateral do anel mitral no final da
               di&#225;stole. O programa para an&#225;lise do strain pelo STE usa o m&#233;todo da "soma dos
               quadrados das diferen&#231;as" para identificar o padr&#227;o tecidual mais semelhante ao
               obtido no ciclo anterior, utilizando-se dois quadros subsequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Calculou-se o <italic>strain</italic> (&#949;, %)
               como a mudan&#231;a no comprimento regional em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comprimento no final da
               di&#225;stole; &#949; = (L(t) - L0) x 100/L0, onde L(t) &#233; o comprimento no tempo t e L0 &#233; o
               comprimento no in&#237;cio do QRS. O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura
                  1</xref>) e o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>)
               globais s&#227;o representados pelo pico do <italic>strain</italic> m&#233;dio. Como &#949; reflete
               deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, um valor mais negativo do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> ou do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>
               indica maior deforma&#231;&#227;o. O corte de eixo curto m&#233;dio ventricular e o corte de 4
               c&#226;maras do VE foram divididos segundo recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Americana de
                  Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Segmentos foram
               exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise em casos de imagens inadequadas ao bidimensional, artefatos,
               reverbera&#231;&#245;es ou m&#225; qualidade do rastreamento dos pontos obtidos. </p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva representativa de strain circunferencial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de um
                     participante sem SM. Cores diferentes ilustram diferentes segmentos
                     mioc&#225;rdicos. A curva branca de strain representa o strain circunferencial
                     global m&#225;ximo. ES: final da s&#237;stole (do ingl&#234;s, end-systole); &#949;<sub>CC</sub>:
                     strain circunferencial; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0327-40040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva representativa do strain longitudinal de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de um
                     participante com SM. Cores diferentes ilustram diferentes segmentos
                     mioc&#225;rdicos. A curva branca de strain representa o strain longitudinal global
                     m&#225;ximo. ES: final da s&#237;stole (do ingl&#234;s, end-systole); &#949;<sub>LL</sub>: strain
                     longitudinal; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo
                     direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; VM: Valva Mitral</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0327-40040-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica: protocolo da RM tagged e medidas do strain</title>
        <p>Os participantes realizaram a RM tagged e o STE no mesmo dia. A RM card&#237;aca foi
               adquirida usando-se <italic>scanners</italic> RM 1.5T [Signa LX ou CVi (GE Medical
               Systems, Waukesha, WI, EUA)]. As imagens foram obtidas usando se um espa&#231;o-k
               segmentado e sequ&#234;ncia de pulso SPGR trigada por ECG. Ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens
               preliminares padr&#227;o, imagens de RM em cine nos cortes de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras foram
               adquiridas. As imagens de RM em cine nos cortes de eixo curto foram ent&#227;o obtidas com
                  o<italic> gatting retrospectivo</italic> e resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal &#8804; 50 ms, a partir do
               plano acima da v&#225;lvula mitral at&#233; o &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Os par&#226;metros estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (volume
               diast&#243;lico final, volume sist&#243;lico final, massa do VE) e a FEVE foram medidos
               usando-se um programa padr&#227;o dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (MASS 4.2, MEDIS, Leiden,
               Holanda), como j&#225; descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. O &#237;ndice de
               massa do VE foi definido como a massa do VE dividida pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie
               corporal. Ap&#243;s completar o protocolo padr&#227;o, tr&#234;s cortes do eixo curto <italic>tagged
               </italic> (da base ao &#225;pice) foram obtidos. As imagens foram marcadas com linhas
               paralelas em duas orienta&#231;&#245;es ortogonais (0&#176; e 90&#176;) usando-se sequ&#234;ncia gradiente eco
               r&#225;pida trigada por ECG com modula&#231;&#227;o espacial de magnetiza&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros para
               imagens <italic>tagged</italic> foram os seguintes: campo de vis&#227;o, 40 cm; espessura
               de corte, 7 a 8 mm; tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 6 ms; tempo de eco, 3,0 ms; &#226;ngulo de
               deflex&#227;o, 10&#176; a 12&#176;; cortes com codifica&#231;&#227;o de fase, 128 com seis cortes com
               codifica&#231;&#227;o de fase por segmento; resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, 35 ms; e <italic>tag
                  spacing</italic>, 7 mm. O <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial foi medido
               usando-se o m&#233;todo HARP do programa MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, EUA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
        <p>Trinta estudos foram selecionados aleatoriamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade
               intra- e interobservador do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e &#949;<sub>LL</sub> pelo STE. Para testar a
               variabilidade intraobservador, um &#250;nico observador (ALCA) analisou os dados duas
               vezes com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 30 dias. Para testar a variabilidade
               interobservador, um segundo observador (EYC) analisou os dados ignorando as medidas
               do primeiro observador. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas
               e como propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste <italic>t</italic> de
               Student foi usado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos
               estudados, enquanto o teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para a an&#225;lise das categ&#243;ricas.
               Realizou-se an&#225;lise univariada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o de &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> com as vari&#225;veis de interesse. Realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o
               linear m&#250;ltipla (RLM) para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, avaliado pelo
               STE, e as vari&#225;veis com um valor de p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada, al&#233;m de
               vari&#225;veis com plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para interferir no <italic>strain</italic> do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A mesma abordagem foi usada para o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> medido pelaa
               ecocardiografia e para o &#949;<sub>CC </sub>aferido pela RM tagged. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, foram
               criados modelos de RLM pelo m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>, para avaliar a
               potencial associa&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, aferidos pelo STE, com os
               componentes individuais da SM, assim como com todas as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre os
               componentes da SM. As variabilidades intra e interobservador foram avaliadas
               usando-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05
               foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todas as an&#225;lises. Utilizou se,
               para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, o programa SPSS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado em 162 participantes consecutivos do estudo MESA.
               Comparando-se &#224; coorte inteira do estudo MESA, a coorte deste estudo apresentou
               n&#237;veis mais altos de colesterol HDL (57,3 &#177; 19,0 mg/dL vs. 52,7 &#177; 15,6 mg/dL, p &lt;
               0,01) e maior percentagem de mulheres (63% vs. 47%, p &lt; 0,05). Devido &#224;s
               caracter&#237;sticas de arrolamento no estudo, apenas participantes negros e brancos foram
               inclu&#237;dos. </p>
        <p>Vinte e seis (16%) participantes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise devido &#224; m&#225; qualidade da
               imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica e tr&#234;s outros (1,9%) devido &#224; falta de dados sobre pelo menos
               um dos componentes da SM. Nenhum participante foi exclu&#237;do devido hist&#243;ria de IM, IC
               ou FEVE &lt; 50%. A popula&#231;&#227;o final deste estudo consistiu em 133 participantes
               (mulheres: 63%; idade m&#233;dia = 65 &#177; 9 anos). </p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SM na amostra foi de 31% (41 SM em 133 participantes). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e
               demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes de acordo com a presen&#231;a de SM. A FEVE medida pela RM
               foi de 61 &#177; 5%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos participantes de acordo com a presen&#231;a de
                     s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Sem SM (n = 92) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Com SM (n = 41) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino, %)</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
                <td align="center">63%</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia (caucasiana, %)</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">44%</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (atual, %)</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">197 &#177; 44</td>
                <td align="center">177 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipolipemiante (Sim, %)</td>
                <td align="center">28%</td>
                <td align="center">47%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (Sim, %)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">42%</td>
                <td align="center">80%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t01">
              <p>SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal;
                        HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa
                        densidade</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02t01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>componente da SM.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reprodutibilidade dos dados </title>
        <p>Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse interobservador e intraobservador para
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> foram 0,84 (p &lt; 0,01) e 0,87 (p &lt; 0,01), respectivamente.
               Para &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, foram 0,86 (p &lt; 0,01) e 0,85 (p &lt; 0,01), respectivamente.
            </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e strain circunferencial do VE pelo STE</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos
               e da RM dos participantes de acordo com a presen&#231;a de SM. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica dos participantes de acordo com a
                     presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Sem SM (n = 92) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>Com SM (n = 41) M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%) [STE]</td>
                <td align="center">-18,4 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">-16,3 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%) [RM]</td>
                <td align="center">-17,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">-15,8 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>LL</sub> (%) [STE]</td>
                <td align="center">-13,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">-12,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%) [RM]</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">59&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa VE (g) [RM]</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>) [RM]</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DIVE (mm) [Eco]</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t02">
              <p>&#949;<sub>CC</sub>: strain circunferencial; &#949;<sub>LL</sub>: strain longitudinal;
                        VE: ventricular esquerda; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo;
                        DIVE: di&#226;metro interno ventriculo esquerdo; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; RM:
                        resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; STE: ecocardiografia com speckle tracking; DP: desvio
                        padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A FEVE foi similar nos dois grupos (p = 0,09). Entretanto, indiv&#237;duos com SM
               apresentaram menor &#949;<sub>CC</sub> pelo STE que aqueles sem SM (&#949;<sub>CC</sub> =
               -16,3% &#177; 3,5% vs. -18,4% &#177; 3,7; p &lt; 0,01). Homens com SM apresentaram menor
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> pelo STE comparado com os que n&#227;o tinham SM (-15,5% vs. -18,6%; p
               &lt; 0,01). Mulheres com SM tenderam a apresentar menor &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (-16,8% vs.
               -18,3%), mas sem significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,11). O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> foi semelhante
               em mulheres e homens com SM (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> pelo STE mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a
               presen&#231;a de SM (p &lt; 0,01), peso (p &lt; 0,01), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (p
               &lt; 0,05) e CA (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). A
               an&#225;lise de RLM incluiu vari&#225;veis que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na
               an&#225;lise univariada (SM) e vari&#225;veis com plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para mudar o
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, tais como FEVE, massa do VE, idade e etnia. As vari&#225;veis peso, IMC
               e CA foram exclu&#237;das do modelo por estarem direta ou indiretamente relacionadas &#224;
               defini&#231;&#227;o de SM. Nesse modelo, a SM relacionou-se de maneira significativa ao
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para covari&#225;veis (B = 2,1%; IC 95%: 0,6-3,5; p
               &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada e regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (RLM) - vari&#225;vel dependente:
                        &#949;<sub>CC</sub> pelo STE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">RLM</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>coef B (%)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
                <th>coef B (%)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de SM</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">(0,72;3,42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,06</td>
                <td align="center">(0,59;3,52)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">(0,01;0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">(0,03;0,11)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">(0,03;0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,06;0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,07;0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia (caucasiana)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,57</td>
                <td align="center">(-1,86;0,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87</td>
                <td align="center">(-2,17;0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa VE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,13;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,11;0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">(-1,16;1,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                <td align="center">(-2,97;2,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (atual)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38</td>
                <td align="center">(-2,73;1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (Sim)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">(-1,14;1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (Sim)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">(-1,00;2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GJ (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,02;0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,04;0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t03">
              <p>&#949;<sub>CC</sub>: strain circunferencial; GJ: glicemia de jejum; VE:
                        ventricular esquerda; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo; SM:
                        s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de
                        alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em outro modelo de an&#225;lise de RLM, foram mantidas FEVE, massa do VE, idade e etnia,
               sendo a vari&#225;vel SM substitu&#237;da por todos os cinco componentes da SM. Nesse caso,
               apenas a CA permaneceu significativamente associada ao &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = 2,0%; IC
               95%: 0,7-3,3; p &lt; 0,01; m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>). Mais uma vez, usando-se
               todos os componentes da SM e todos os termos de intera&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;veis entre eles,
               apenas a CA manteve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = 2,0%; IC 95%:
               0,7-3,3; p &lt; 0,01). </p>
        <p>O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> medido pela ecocardiografia mudou de -18,7%, em participantes com no
               m&#225;ximo um componente da SM, para -18,0% em participantes com dois componentes e para
               -16,3% naqueles com pelo menos tr&#234;s componentes da s&#237;ndrome (p &lt; 0.01). </p>
        <p>O componente CA esteve presente em 95,1% dos participantes com SM, enquanto press&#227;o
               arterial, colesterol HDL, GJ e triglic&#233;rides estiveram presentes em 87,8%, 61,0%,
               46,3% e 43,9%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, o componente CA esteve presente em
               45% dos participantes sem SM. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e strain circunferencial do VE pela RM tagged</title>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a dos resultados do STE, indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentaram &#949;<sub>CC</sub>
               mais baixo pela RM tagged do que aqueles sem SM (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>= -15,8% &#177; 3,3% vs.
               -17,6% &#177; 2,3%; p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, presen&#231;a de SM, peso, CA, FEVE e massa do VE relacionaram-se
               significativamente com o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> pela RM tagged. Na RLM, tanto a presen&#231;a de
               SM (B = 1,3%; IC 95%: 0,3-2,4; p = 0,02) quanto a massa do VE (B = 0,02%; IC 95%:
               0,01-0,03; p = 0,03) mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o &#949;<sub>CC</sub>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e strain longitudinal do VE</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentaram um valor menor do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> quando comparados com
               aqueles sem SM (-12,1% &#177; 2,5% vs. -13,9% &#177; 2,3; p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). Tal resultado foi consistente para homens e mulheres.
               O &#949;<sub>LL</sub> foi similar em mulheres e homens com SM (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, o &#949;LL relacionou-se significativamente com SM, peso, IMC, CA,
               etnia, massa VE, FEVE, creatinina, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise de RLM incluiu presen&#231;a de
               SM, massa do VE, FEVE, etnia e creatinina, que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise
               univariada. Peso, IMC, CA, triglic&#233;rides, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foram exclu&#237;dos do
               modelo por estarem direta ou indiretamente relacionados &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de SM. Presen&#231;a
               de SM (B = 1,3%; IC 95%: 0,3 2,2; p &lt; 0,01) e massa do VE (B = 0,02%; IC 95%: 0,01
               0,03; p = 0,02) apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o independente com &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). Os resultados foram semelhantes
               quando se usou a massa do VE indexada para altura em metros: presen&#231;a de SM (B =
               1,3%; IC 95%: 0,3 2,2; p &lt; 0,01) e massa do VE/altura (B = 0,03%; IC 95%:
               0,01-0,06; p = 0,04). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada e regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (RLM) - vari&#225;vel dependente:
                        &#949;<sub>LL</sub> pelo STE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">RLM</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>coef B (%)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
                <th>coef B (%)</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de SM</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">(0,83;2,64)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">(0,32;2,19)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">(0,02;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">(0,01;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">(0,03;0,18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,03;0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia (caucasiana)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">(0,24;1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,0;1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa VE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(0,01;0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(0,01;0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,04</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,11;0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,08;0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,31;1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
                <td align="center">(0,23;3,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">(-1,74;2,32)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (atual)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,35;2,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (Sim)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">(0,10;1,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (Sim)</td>
                <td align="center">1,55</td>
                <td align="center">(0,35;2,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GJ (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01;0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,02;0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,02;0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,04;0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">(0,01;0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01t04">
              <p>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>: strain longitudinal; GJ: glicemia de jejum; VE: ventricular
                        esquerda; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo; SM: s&#237;ndrome
                        metab&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta
                        densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em outro modelo de an&#225;lise de RLM, mantiveram se FEVE, massa do VE, etnia e
               creatinina, tendo a vari&#225;vel SM sido substitu&#237;da pelos cinco componentes da SM. Com
               tal abordagem, massa do VE (B = 0,02%, p &lt; 0,01), etnia (B = 1,0%, p = 0,02) e GJ
               (B = 1,2%, p = 0,03) permaneceram como preditores independentes do comportamento do
                  &#949;<sub>LL </sub>(m&#233;todo: <italic>stepwise</italic>). Em um modelo usando massa do
               VE, etnia, os cinco componentes da SM e todos os poss&#237;veis termos de intera&#231;&#227;o entre
               os componentes da SM, permaneceram significativos: massa do VE (B = 0,02%; IC 95%:
               0,01-0,03; p &lt; 0,01), etnia (B = 0,9%; IC 95%: 0,1-1,8; p = 0,03) e o termo de
               intera&#231;&#227;o CA*GJ (B = 1,5%; IC 95%: 0,3-2,7; p = 0,01). </p>
        <p>O &#949;<sub>LL</sub> mudou de -14,2% em participantes com at&#233; um componente de SM, para
               -13,4% em participantes com dois componentes e para -12,1% naqueles com tr&#234;s ou mais
               componentes da SM (p&lt;0,01). </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com nossos achados a SM, como definida pelo NCEP ATP III, associou-se com
            redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como indicado pelo comprometimento de &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e do
               &#949;<sub>LL</sub> em uma amostra de participantes do estudo MESA. Tal resultado torna-se
            ainda mais importante considerando se que a amostra deste estudo foi constitu&#237;da por
            indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem hist&#243;ria de IM, IC e/ou FEVE &lt; 50%. Esses achados podem
            indicar a presen&#231;a de DCV subcl&#237;nica nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. A for&#231;a dessas rela&#231;&#245;es foi
            mantida mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, etnia, creatinina, FEVE e massa do VE. </p>
      <p>Doen&#231;a CV subcl&#237;nica tem sido demonstrada em indiv&#237;duos com SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Gong e col.
            usaram o Doppler tecidual para analisar o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> em participantes chineses com
               SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Corroborando nossos achados em
            participantes afroamericanos e caucasianos, aqueles autores demonstraram que a m&#233;dia do
               &#949;<sub>LL</sub> sist&#243;lico foi mais baixa em participantes com SM do que em controles.
            Em nosso estudo, usando-se o STE, as fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas longitudinal e circunferencial
            estavam reduzidas, como indicado por valores mais baixos do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e do
               &#949;<sub>CC</sub> em indiv&#237;duos com SM quando comparados &#224;queles sem SM. Como a SM &#233;
            mais prevalente em afroamericanos e caucasianos do que em chineses, os dados do nosso
            estudo permitem uma maior generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, o <italic>strain
            </italic> medido com Doppler tecidual apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es como baixa
            reprodutibilidade, depend&#234;ncia de &#226;ngulo e ru&#237;do de sinal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. </p>
      <p>A CA tem sido citada como marcador de obesidade central, apresentando uma forte
            associa&#231;&#227;o com os indicadores de risco de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Nossos achados corroboram tal conceito, pois quando todos os cinco
            componentes da SM e todas as suas poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es foram analisados na RLM, apenas a
            CA manteve-se associada de forma significativa com o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> aferido pelo STE. </p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a do valor absoluto do <italic>strain</italic> entre participantes com e sem
            SM foi pequena em nosso estudo. As diferen&#231;as nos resultados do strain circunferencial e
            longitudinal s&#227;o tipicamente pequenas, em particular em amostras de indiv&#237;duos
               assintom&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Nossos valores de &#949;<sub>CC</sub> foram mais altos do que os de
               &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outros resultados36. Os participantes com SM
            apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de colesterol total e LDL do que aqueles sem SM,
            provavelmente devido ao maior uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante no grupo com SM. </p>
      <p>Nossos achados indicam que o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> foi subestimado na RM tagged quando
            comparado ao &#949;<sub>CC</sub> obtido pelo STE, independente de o indiv&#237;duo ter ou n&#227;o SM.
            A menor resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de RM tagged pode explicar tal diferen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
            <sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. </p>
      <p>O uso do STE pode ajudar a melhorar a assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes atrav&#233;s da identifica&#231;&#227;o
            precoce de doen&#231;a CV subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. &#192; semelhan&#231;a
            de outros relatos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, os nossos resultados corroboram a associa&#231;&#227;o
            entre SM e DCV subcl&#237;nica. Assim, indiv&#237;duos com SM devem ser encorajados a melhorar sua
            qualidade de vida e controlar todos os fatores de risco CV, em particular a obesidade
            abdominal. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Devido ao desenho transversal do nosso estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma
               rela&#231;&#227;o causal precisa entre SM e <italic>strain</italic>. Mais estudos s&#227;o
               necess&#225;rios para avaliar a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica de nossos dados. Embora os par&#226;metros
               de <italic>strain</italic> n&#227;o sejam espec&#237;ficos para cada doen&#231;a, o <italic>strain
               </italic> tem sido apresentado como um marcador sens&#237;vel da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do
                  VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Os participantes n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas de IC e n&#227;o foram
               submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o para excluir doen&#231;a coronariana no momento da
               avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Como a reprodutibilidade &#233; melhor para o
                  <italic>strain</italic>, os dados do <italic>strain rate</italic> n&#227;o foi
               analisados neste estudo. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esses resultados indicam que o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e o &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, marcadores de DCV
            subcl&#237;nica, acham-se comprometidos em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com SM e sem hist&#243;ria de
            IM, IC e/ou FEVE &lt; 50%. Nossos achados suportam um controle rigoroso de cada
            componente de risco da SM, em especial a CA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem aos demais pesquisadores, &#224; equipe e aos participantes do estudo
            MESA por suas valiosas contribui&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="con">
        <p>
          <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Lima JAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
               dados: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Fernandes VRS; An&#225;lise e
               interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Wu CO, Lima
               JAC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Wu CO;
               Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lima JAC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida ALC, Choi EY;
               Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida ALC,
               Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Fernandes VRS, Wu CO, Bluemke DA, Lima JAC. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>
          <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
               (Bethesda, Maryland, USA). </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida pelo
               Johns Hopkins University e Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk
               factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):399-404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk
                  factor</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2007</year>
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  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic Syndrome, Strain, and Reduced Myocardial
               Function: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixido-Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Choi</surname>
            <given-names>Eui-Young</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Opdahl</surname>
            <given-names>Anders</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica R. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Colin O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bluemke</surname>
            <given-names>David A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia,
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda,
               MD, USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">National Institutes of Health Clinical Center,
               National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD -
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Subclinical cardiovascular disease is prevalent in patients with Metabolic
                  Syndrome (MetSyn). Left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>)
                  and longitudinal strain (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>), assessed by Speckle Tracking
                  Echocardiography (STE), are indices of systolic function: shortening is indicated
                  by negative strain, and thus, the more negative the strain, the better the LV
                  systolic function. They have been used to demonstrate subclinical ventricular
                  dysfunction in several clinical disorders. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We hypothesized that MetSyn is associated with impaired myocardial function, as
                  assessed by STE. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> We analyzed Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants who
                  underwent STE and were evaluated for all MetSyn components. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Among the 133 participants included [women: 63%; age: 65 &#177; 9 years (mean &#177; SD)],
                  the prevalence of MetSyn was 31% (41/133). Individuals with MetSyn had lower
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and lower &#949;<sub>LL</sub> than those without MetSyn (-16.3% &#177;
                  3.5% vs. -18.4% &#177; 3.7%, p &lt; 0.01; and -12.1% &#177; 2.5% vs. -13.9% &#177; 2.3%, p &lt;
                  0.01, respectively). The LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was similar in both groups (p
                  = 0.09). In multivariate analysis, MetSyn was associated with less circumferential
                  myocardial shortening as indicated by less negative &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = 2.1%,
                  95%CI:0.6 3.5, p &lt; 0.01) even after adjusting for age, ethnicity, LV mass, and
                  LVEF). Likewise, presence of MetSyn (B = 1.3%, 95%CI:0.3 2.2, p &lt; 0.01) and LV
                  mass (B = 0.02%, 95% CI: 0.01-0.03, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with
                  less longitudinal myocardial shortening as indicated by less negative
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> after adjustment for ethnicity, LVEF, and creatinine. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Left ventricular &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, markers of subclinical
                  cardiovascular disease, are impaired in asymptomatic individuals with MetSyn and
                  no history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and/or LVEF &lt; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic X Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethnic Group</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is characterized by a cluster of cardiovascular (CV) risk
               factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia,
               elevated blood pressure, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic state<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It affects about 25% of the population, being
               associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, CV morbidity and
                  mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Previous studies using carotid intima-media thickness measured with ultrasound,
               coronary artery calcium, Tei index, and tissue Doppler have shown the presence of
               subclinical CV disease (CVD) in participants with MetSyn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recently, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has been introduced as a new
               non-invasive method for assessing left ventricular (LV) myocardial shortening or
               strain. The method is angle-independent, does not require contrast agents, and has
               been validated against sonomicrometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. It has been used to demonstrate subclinical ventricular dysfunction in
               various clinical disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of STE to assess myocardial strain
               as a marker of LV systolic function in an asymptomatic population with MetSyn and LV
               ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805; 50%. We hypothesized that MetSyn is associated with
               impaired LV circumferential strain (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>), as well as with LV longitudinal
               strain (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The purpose of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a multicenter
                  population-based study, is to investigate mechanisms underlying the development
                  and progression of subclinical CVD in asymptomatic men and women from four
                  different ethnic groups - Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, and Chinese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Between July/2008 and June/2009, during
                  MESA follow-up evaluation, 162 consecutive participants in the Baltimore cohort of
                  MESA were invited to undergo an echocardiographic study. We included participants
                  who underwent echocardiography, tagged MRI (reference method for &#949;<sub>CC</sub>),
                  and evaluation for all MetSyn components. Participants who had more than two LV
                  segments not analyzable on STE in short-axis- or 4-chamber view were excluded from
                  the strain analysis. Exclusion criteria also included a history of myocardial
                  infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and/or LVEF &lt; 50%. The institutional review
                  board of the Johns Hopkins University approved the study, and participants
                  provided written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome definition</title>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome was defined according to revised National Cholesterol Education
                  Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Participants having at least three of the following
                  criteria were considered as having MetSyn: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) &#8805; 100
                  mg/dL; triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50
                  mg/dL in women; abdominal obesity [waist circumference (WC) &#8805; 102 cm in men and &#8805;
                  88 cm in women]; and blood pressure &#8805; 130/85 mm Hg. The revised NCEP definition
                  still includes patients being treated for dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, or
                  hyperglycemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk factors</title>
          <p>Participants completed standardized medical history questionnaires ascertaining
                  medication use and previous diagnoses and provided samples for quantification of
                  FPG, lipids, and creatinine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Waist
                  circumference was measured at the level of the umbilicus using a standard tape
                  measure. Resting blood pressure was measured three times in a seated position
                  using a Dinamap model Pro 100 automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Critikon,
                  Tampa, FL, USA). The average of the last two measurements was used in the
                  analysis. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed using the VII Joint National
                  Committee criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Diabetes was defined
                  as a FPG &#8805;126 g/mL or use of insulin or of an oral hypoglycemic agent. Smoking
                  status was defined as current smoking or no smoking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography and speckle tracking</title>
          <p>Examinations were performed by expert sonographers, and reviewed off-line by one
                  reader (ALCA). Two-dimensional echocardiograms were recorded during breath-holds
                  using an Artida scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems Corp, Tochigi, Japan) at the time
                  of MESA follow-up evaluation. The images were acquired from the short-axis view of
                  the left ventricle at the papillary muscle level and from the apical 4-chamber
                  view, and stored digitally. The images were recorded using B-mode harmonic images
                  and adjusting transducer frequencies (1.7-3.5 MHz), frame rate (40-80 frames per
                  second), focus (midventricular), sector width (as narrow as possible), sector
                  depth (minimal) and gain in order to optimize myocardial image quality. The
                  echocardiographic recordings were analyzed with STE software (Toshiba 2D Wall
                  Motion Tracking software, Toshiba Medical Systems). The manual counterclockwise
                  tracing of endocardial and epicardial borders in the mid-LV short-axis image at
                  end-systole was followed by automatic drawing of a mid-wall tracking line<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. A similar approach was made in the
                  4-chamber recording, starting at the lateral corner of the mitral annulus, at the
                  end-diastole. STE software uses the 'sum of squared differences' method to find
                  the most similar speckle pattern of the 2D template in two subsequent frames<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Strain (&#949;, %) was calculated as the change
                  in regional length relative to its end-diastolic length; &#949; = (L<sub>(t)</sub> -
                     L<sub>0</sub>)x100/L<sub>0</sub>, where L<sub>(t)</sub> is the length at time
                  t, and L<sub>0</sub> is the segment length at the onset of QRS. Global
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>) and
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 2</xref>) are represented
                  by the peak of average strain. As &#949; reflects myocardial shortening, a more
                  negative value indicates more shortening. The mid-ventricular short axis level and
                  the 4-chamber view of the left ventricle were divided according to the American
                  Society of Echocardiography recommendation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Segments were excluded from analyses due to dropouts, motion
                  artifacts, reverberations, or bad tracking quality due to manual assessment. </p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative LV &#949;<sub>CC</sub> curve from a participant without
                        MetSyn. Different colors depict different myocardial segments. The white
                        strain curve represents the global circumferential peak strain. ES:
                        end-systole; &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: circumferential strain; LV: left
                        ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0327-40040-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative LV &#949;<sub>LL</sub> curve from a participant with MetSyn.
                        Different colors depict different myocardial segments. The white strain
                        curve represents the global longitudinal peak strain. ES: end-systole; &#949;LL:
                        longitudinal strain; LV: left ventricle; LA: Left atrium; RV: Right
                        ventricle; RA: Right atrium; MV: Mitral valve</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0327-40040-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Tagged MRI protocol and strain measurement</title>
          <p>Participants underwent MRI and echocardiography on the same day. Cardiac MRI scan
                  was acquired using 1.5T MR scanners [Signa LX or CVi (GE Medical Systems,
                  Waukesha, WI, USA)]. Images were obtained using a segmented k-space and
                  ECG-triggered SPGR pulse sequence. After acquisition of standard scout images, 2-
                  and 4-chamber cine MR images were acquired. Short-axis cine images were then
                  obtained with retrospective gating and temporal resolution of &#8804; 50 msec, from
                  above the mitral valve plane to the LV apex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Left ventricular structural parameters (end-systolic and end
                  diastolic volumes, LV mass) and LVEF were measured using standard commercially
                  available software (MASS 4.2, MEDIS, Leiden, The Netherlands), as previously
                     described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Left ventricular mass index
                  was defined as LV mass divided by body surface area. After completing the standard
                  protocol, three tagged short-axis slices (base to apex) were obtained. Parallel
                  striped tags were prescribed in two orthogonal orientations (0&#176; and 90&#176;) using
                  ECG-triggered fast gradient echo sequence with spatial modulation of
                  magnetization. The parameters for tagged images were as follows: field of view, 40
                  cm; slice thickness, 7 to 8 mm; repetition time, 6 ms; echo time, 3.0 ms; flip
                  angle, 10&#176; to 12&#176;; phase encoding views, 128 with six phase encoding views per
                  segment; temporal resolution, 35 msec; and tag spacing, 7 mm. Circumferential
                  strain was measured using HARP method embedded in MATLAB software (The MathWorks,
                  Natick, MA, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reproducibility</title>
          <p>Thirty studies were randomly selected for the assessment of intra- and
                  inter-observer variability of &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub> on STE. To test
                  intra-observer variability, a single observer (ALCA) analyzed the data twice with
                  a minimal interval of 30 days. To test inter-observer variability, a second
                  observer (EYC) analyzed the data without knowing the first observer's
                  measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as
                  proportions for categorical variables. Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used
                  to assess differences in continuous variables between the groups studied, whereas
                  chi-square test was used for categorical analysis. Univariate analysis was
                  performed to assess the relationship of &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub> with the
                  variables of interest. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was performed to
                  study the association between &#949;<sub>CC</sub> assessed on echocardiography and
                  variables with a p value &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis, and variables with
                  biological plausibility to interfere with LV strain. The same approach was used
                  for &#949;<sub>LL</sub> measured on echocardiography and for &#949;<sub>CC</sub> measured on
                  tagged MRI. In addition, models of MLR analysis were created, using the stepwise
                  variable selection procedures, to evaluate the potential association of
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub> on STE and individual MetSyn components, as
                  well as all the possible term interactions between the MetSyn components. Intra
                  observer and inter-observer variability was assessed by using intraclass
                  correlation coefficient. A two-tailed p value &lt; 0.05 was considered
                  statistically significant for all analyses. Statistical analyses were performed
                  using the SPSS 18 statistical software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was obtained in 162 consecutive MESA participants. Compared to
                  the entire MESA cohort, this study cohort had higher HDL-cholesterol (57.3 &#177; 19.0
                  mg/dL <italic>versus</italic> 52.7 &#177; 15.6 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01) and a greater
                  percentage of females (63% <italic>versus</italic> 47%, p &lt; 0.05). Due to
                  enrollment characteristics of the study site, only black and white study
                  participants were included.</p>
          <p>Twenty-six (16%) participants were excluded from the analysis because of poor
                  echocardiographic image quality, and three others (1.9%) because of missing data
                  about at least one of the MetSyn components. No participant was excluded because
                  of a history of MI, HF, or LVEF &lt; 50%. The final study population consisted of
                  133 participants (women: 63%, mean age = 65 &#177; 9 years).</p>
          <p>The prevalence of MetSyn in this sample was 31% (41 MetSyn in 133 participants).
                     <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref> lists the clinical and
                  demographic characteristics of the participants according to the MetSyn status.
                  The LVEF measured by use of MRI was 61 &#177; 5%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and demographic data of participants according to the MetSyn
                        status</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Variable</th>
                  <th>Without MetSyn (n = 92) Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>With MetSyn (n = 41) Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (Female, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">63%</td>
                  <td align="center">63%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ethnicity (Caucasian, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">44%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (current, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">8%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 &#177; 44</td>
                  <td align="center">177 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">101 &#177; 36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Any lipid-lowering medication (Yes, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">28%</td>
                  <td align="center">47%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist circumference (cm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 46</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 71</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (Yes, %)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02t05">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">42%</td>
                  <td align="center">80%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t05">
                <p>MetSyn: Metabolic Syndrome; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index;
                           HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02t05">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Metabolic Syndrome component.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data reproducibility</title>
          <p>The inter-observer and intra-observer intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)
                  for &#949;<sub>LL</sub> were 0.84 (p &lt; 0.01) and 0.87 (p &lt; 0.01), respectively.
                  Those for &#949;<sub>CC</sub> were 0.86 (p &lt; 0.01) and 0.85 (p &lt; 0.01),
                  respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome and LV circumferential strain on STE</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref> shows the echocardiographic and
                  MRI data of participants according to the MetSyn status.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiography and MRI data of participants according to the MetSyn
                        status</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Variable</th>
                  <th>Without MetSyn (n = 92) Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>With MetSyn (n = 41) Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%) [STE]</td>
                  <td align="center">-18.4 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-16.3 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%) [MRI]</td>
                  <td align="center">-17.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-15.8 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>LL</sub> (%) [STE]</td>
                  <td align="center">-13.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-12.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%) [MRI]</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass (g) [MRI]</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>) [MRI]</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVID (mm) [Echo]</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t06">
                <p>&#949;<sub>CC</sub>:circumferential strain; &#949;<sub>LL</sub>: longitudinal
                           strain; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; LVID: LV internal
                           diameter; MetSyn: Metabolic Syndrome; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging;
                           STE: speckle tracking echocardiography.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The LVEF was similar in both groups (p = 0.09). However, individuals with MetSyn
                  had lower &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE than those without MetSyn (&#949;<sub>CC </sub>= -16.3%
                  &#177; 3.5% <italic>versus</italic> -18.4% &#177; 3.7, p &lt; 0.01). Men with MetSyn had
                  lower &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE as compared with those without MetSyn (-15.5%
                     <italic>versus</italic> -18.6%, p &lt; 0.01). Women with MetSyn tended to have
                  lower &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (-16.8% <italic>versus</italic> -18.3%), but with no
                  significance (p = 0.11). The &#949;<sub>CC</sub> was similar in women and men with
                  MetSyn (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          <p>In univariate analysis, &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE was significantly related to the
                  presence of MetSyn (p &lt; 0.01), weight (p &lt; 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (p
                  &lt; 0.05), and WC (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table
                  3</xref>). The MLR analysis included variables that were significant in the
                  univariate analysis (MetSyn), as well as variables with biological plausibility to
                  change &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, such as LVEF, LV mass, age, and ethnicity. Weight, BMI, and
                  WC were excluded from the model because they are directly or indirectly related to
                  the MetSyn definition. In this model, MetSyn was significantly related to
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> even after adjustment for covariates (B = 2.1%; 95% CI: 0.6-3.5;
                  p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis &#8211; Dependent variable:
                           &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Independent variables </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate analysis </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate analysis </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>B coeff (%) </th>
                  <th>95%CI </th>
                  <th>p value </th>
                  <th>B coeff (%) </th>
                  <th>95%CI </th>
                  <th>p value </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of MetSyn</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.72;3.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.59;3.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.01;0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.03;0.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.03;0.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.06;0.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.07;0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ethnicity (Caucasian)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1.86;0.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2.17;0.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.13;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.11;0.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (female)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1.16;1.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2.97;2.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status (current)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2.73;1.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (Yes)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1.14;1.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (Yes)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1.00;2.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.02;0.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.04;0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t07">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: circumferential strain; FPG:
                           fasting plasma glucose; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density
                           lipoprotein; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; MetSyn:
                           Metabolic Syndrome; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In another model of MLR analysis, LVEF, LV mass, age, and ethnicity were
                  maintained, and the MetSyn variable was replaced for all five components of
                  MetSyn. In that case, only WC remained significantly associated with
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = 2.0%; 95% CI: 0.7-3.3; p &lt; 0.01, stepwise method).
                  Again, using all the MetSyn components and all the possible interaction terms
                  between them, only WC maintained significance (B = 2.0%; 95% CI: 0.7-3.3; p &lt;
                  0.01).</p>
          <p>The &#949;<sub>CC</sub> measured on echocardiography changed from -18.7% in
                  participants with &#8804; one MetSyn component to -18.0% in participants with two MetSyn
                  components and to -16.3% in those with &#8805; three MetSyn criteria (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
          <p>The WC component was present in 95.1% of the participants with MetSyn, while blood
                  pressure, HDL-cholesterol, FPG, and triglycerides were present in 87.8%, 61.0%,
                  46.3%, and 43.9%, respectively. On the other hand, the WC component was present in
                  45% of the participants without MetSyn.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome and LV circumferential strain on tagged MRI</title>
          <p>Similarly to STE results, individuals with MetSyn had lower &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on
                  tagged MRI than those without MetSyn (&#949;<sub>CC </sub>= -15.8% &#177; 3.3%
                     <italic>versus</italic> -17.6% &#177; 2.3%, p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>On univariate analysis, the presence of MetSyn, weight, WC, LVEF, and LV mass were
                  significantly related to &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on tagged MRI. On MLR analysis, both the
                  presence of MetSyn (B = 1.3%; 95% CI: 0.3-2.4; p = 0.02) and LV mass (B = 0.02%;
                  95% CI: 0.01-0.03; p = 0.03) remained significant. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome and LV longitudinal strain</title>
          <p>Individuals with MetSyn had lower &#949;<sub>LL</sub> as compared with those without
                  MetSyn (-12.1% &#177; 2.5% <italic>versus</italic> -13.9% &#177; 2.3, p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>). This result was consistent for men
                  and women. The &#949;<sub>LL</sub> was similar in women and men with MetSyn (p &gt;
                  0.05).</p>
          <p>On univariate analysis, &#949;<sub>LL</sub> was significantly related to MetSyn,
                  weight, BMI, WC, ethnicity, LV mass, LVEF, creatinine, hypertension status,
                  diabetes status, and triglycerides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table
                     4</xref>). The MLR analysis included presence of MetSyn, LV mass, LVEF,
                  ethnicity, and creatinine, which were significant in the univariate analysis.
                  Weight, BMI, WC, triglycerides, hypertension, and diabetes status were excluded
                  from the model because they are directly or indirectly related to the MetSyn
                  definition. Presence of MetSyn (B = 1.3%; 95% CI: 0.3-2.2; p &lt; 0.01) and LV
                  mass (B = 0.02%; 95% CI: 0.01-0.03; p = 0.02) were independently related to
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in the model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).
                  The results were similar when using LV mass indexed by height in meters: presence
                  of MetSyn (B = 1.3%; 95% CI: 0.3 2.2; p &lt; 0.01) and LV mass/height (B = 0.03%;
                  95% CI: 0.01 0.06; p = 0.04).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis &#8211; Dependent variable:
                           &#949;<sub>LL</sub> on STE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Independent variables </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate Analysis </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate analysis </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>B coeff (%) </th>
                  <th>95%CI </th>
                  <th>p value </th>
                  <th>B coeff (%) </th>
                  <th>95%CI </th>
                  <th>Pp value </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of MetSyn</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.83;2.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.32;2.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.02;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.01;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.03;0.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.03;0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ethnicity (Caucasian)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.24;1.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.0;1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.01;0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.01;0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.11;0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.08;0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (female)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.31;1.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.23;3.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1.74;2.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status (current)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.35;2.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (Yes)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.10;1.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (Yes)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.55</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.35;2.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.01;0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.02;0.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.02;0.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0.04;0.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">(0.01;0.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01t08">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: circumferential strain; FPG:
                           fasting plasma glucose; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density
                           lipoprotein; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; MetSyn:
                           Metabolic Syndrome; MRI:magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In another model of MLR analysis, we maintained LVEF, LV mass, ethnicity, and
                  creatinine, and replaced the MetSyn variable for all five components of MetSyn.
                  With this approach, LV mass (B = 0.02%, p &lt; 0.01), ethnicity (B = 1.0%, p =
                  0.02), and FPG component (B = 1.2%, p = 0.03) remained as independent predictors
                  of &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (stepwise method). In a model using LV mass, ethnicity, the five
                  MetSyn components, and all the possible interactions between terms (stepwise
                  method), LV mass (B = 0.02%; 95% CI: 0.01-0.03; p &lt; 0.01), ethnicity (B = 0.9%;
                  95% CI: 0.1-1.8; p = 0.03), and the interaction term WC*FPG (B = 1.5%; 95% CI:
                  0.3-2.7; p = 0.01) remained significant. The &#949;<sub>LL</sub> changed from -14.2% in
                  participants with &#8804; one MetSyn component, to -13.4%, in participants with two, and
                  to -12.1% in those with &#8805; three MetSyn criteria (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our data, MetSyn, as defined by NCEP ATP III, was associated with reduced
               myocardial function as indicated by an impaired &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in
               a sample of MESA participants. This result becomes even more important considering
               that this study sample was constituted by asymptomatic individuals with no history of
               MI, HF, and/or LVEF&lt;50%. These findings could indicate presence of subclinical CVD
               in that population. The strength of those relationships was maintained even after
               adjusting for age, ethnicity, creatinine, LVEF, and LV mass.</p>
        <p>Subclinical CVD has been demonstrated in subjects with MetSyn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Gong et
               al. have used tissue Doppler to analyze &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in Chinese participants with
                  MetSyn<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Consistent with our findings in
               African-American and Caucasian participants, they have demonstrated that mean
               systolic &#949;<sub>LL</sub> was lower in participants with MetSyn than in controls. In
               our study, using STE analysis, longitudinal as well as circumferential myocardial
               functions were reduced, as indicated by lower &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub> in
               participants with MetSyn as compared with those without MetSyn. As MetSyn is more
               prevalent in African-Americans and Caucasians than in the Chinese population, a more
               general conclusion can be drawn from our study. Furthermore, strain measured by using
               Doppler has some limitations such as poor reproducibility, angle dependency, and
               signal noise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>Waist circumference has been cited as a marker of central obesity, carrying a
               stronger association with health risk indicators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Our data support this concept, because when all five components of
               MetSyn and all possible interactions between terms were analyzed on MLR analysis,
               only WC remained significantly associated with &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE.</p>
        <p>The strain difference between participants with and without MetSyn was small.
               Differences in circumferential and longitudinal myocardial shortening are typically
               small, particularly in samples of asymptomatic individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Our
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> values were higher than &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in concordance with other
                  results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Participants with MetSyn had
               lower total and LDL-cholesterol than those without MetSyn, probably due to higher
               usage of lipid-lowering medication.</p>
        <p>Our findings indicate that &#949;<sub>CC</sub> was somewhat underestimated on MRI, when
               compared with &#949;<sub>CC</sub> on STE, independently of the presence of MetSyn. The
               lower temporal resolution of tagged MRI could explain this difference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>The use of STE could help to improve patient care while providing early
               identification of subclinical disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. In
               agreement with other reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, our results support the association between
               MetSyn and subclinical CVD. Thus, individuals with MetSyn should be encouraged to
               improve their quality of life and control all CV risk factors, particularly abdominal
               obesity.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Because of the cross-sectional design of our study, a causal relationship between
                  MetSyn and strain cannot be established accurately. More studies are necessary to
                  evaluate the clinical relevance of our data. Although strain parameters are not
                  disease-specific, strain has been introduced as a sensitive marker of LV systolic
                     function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The participants were asymptomatic for HF,
                  and did not undergo exercise stress test to exclude disease at the time of the
                  echocardiographic evaluation. Because reproducibility is better for
                  two-dimensional strain, the strain rate was not analyzed in this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>These results indicate that LV &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, markers of
               subclinical CVD, are impaired in asymptomatic individuals with MetSyn and no history
               of MI, HF and/or LVEF&lt;50%. Our findings support strict control of each risk
               component of MetSynd, mainly WC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the
               MESA study for their valuable contributions.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Lima JAC;
                  Acquisition of data: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Fernandes
                  VRS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi
                  EY, Opdahl A, Wu CO, Lima JAC; Statistical analysis: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G,
                  Choi EY, Opdahl A, Wu CO; Obtaining financing: Lima JAC; Writing of the
                  manuscript: Almeida ALC, Choi EY; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Almeida ALC, Teixido-Tura G, Choi EY, Opdahl A, Fernandes
                  VRS, Wu CO, Bluemke DA, Lima JAC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (Bethesda,
                  Maryland, USA).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of post-doctoral submitted by Andr&#233; Luiz
                  Cerqueira de Almeida, from Johns Hopkins</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Andre Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida.</bold> Rua Alto do Paraguai,
               280. Postal Code 44085-232, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>; <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email>
            </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
