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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6jMXLgRQpKh3CwTzV4TFVPS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040038</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Excesso de Peso, Vari&#225;veis Antropom&#233;tricas e Press&#227;o
               Arterial em Escolares de 10 a 18 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schommer</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia Ames</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbiero</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesa</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Ciceri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosemary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anelise Damiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>. Av. Princesa Isabel, 370,
               Santana. CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil.
                  E-mail:<email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>,
                  <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>312</fpage>
      <lpage>318</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em crian&#231;as e adolescentes varie entre
                  1-13%. O excesso de peso e a obesidade central est&#227;o relacionados aos n&#237;veis
                  press&#243;ricos em adultos e podem ser importantes na patog&#234;nese precoce da HAS quando
                  presentes na inf&#226;ncia. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em
                  escolares de 5.&#170; a 8.&#170; s&#233;ries e avaliar qual medida obteve maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a
                  medida dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal contempor&#226;neo com amostra de base populacional probabil&#237;stica
                  por conglomerados em escolas p&#250;blicas do ensino fundamental de Porto Alegre, de
                  alunos matriculados entre a 5.&#170; e a 8.&#170; s&#233;rie. Foram coletados dados sobre fatores
                  de risco familiares e antropometria. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu correla&#231;&#245;es e
                  ajuste dos intervalos de confian&#231;a para conglomerados. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes foi de 12,57 (&#177; 1,64) anos, dos quais 55,2%
                  eram do sexo feminino. Encontraram-se 11,3% da amostra com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
                  alterados e 16,2% com valores lim&#237;trofes. Das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas
                  analisadas, a que demonstrou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com valores press&#243;ricos aumentados
                  foi o di&#226;metro do quadril (r = 0,462, p &lt; 0,001) seguido de circunfer&#234;ncia
                  abdominal menor (r = 0,404, p &lt; 0,001) e prega cut&#226;nea abdominal (r = 0,291, p
                  &lt; 0,001). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre as circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas e
                  n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aumentados nos escolares da amostra. Portanto, &#233; de fundamental
                  import&#226;ncia que a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e as medidas de cintura e quadril
                  sejam rotina nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de de forma precoce a fim de prevenir essa
                  condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesos e medidas corporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPICC </funding-source>
          <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FAPICC</funding-statement>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conforme a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233;
            a principal causa de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em adultos, sendo respons&#225;vel por 62% dos
            acidentes vasculares cerebrais e 49% das doen&#231;as arteriais coronarianas (DAC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Cerca de 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial adulta pode ser
            classificada como hipertensa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. No Brasil, a
            preval&#234;ncia de HAS est&#225; torno de 22,3-43,9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em
            crian&#231;as e adolescentes, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS varia de 1-13%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A HAS encontrada nos adultos pode ter seu in&#237;cio ainda na
            inf&#226;ncia, o que &#233; conhecido por fen&#244;meno de trilha<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estilos de vida que levam &#224; aterosclerose iniciam na inf&#226;ncia, e a preval&#234;ncia dos
            fatores de risco tem aumentado nessa faixa et&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Se essas condi&#231;&#245;es persistirem, a probabilidade &#233; de que doen&#231;as que antes
            eram apenas observadas em popula&#231;&#245;es idosas possam ser causa de morbidade e mortalidade
            em adultos jovens e adolescentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Altera&#231;&#245;es
            patol&#243;gicas decorrentes da aterosclerose podem ser identificadas antes do surgimento dos
            sinais cl&#237;nicos da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. No final da
            adolesc&#234;ncia, cerca de 61% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentam algum tipo de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica
            nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Ap&#243;s os 40 anos de vida, esse n&#250;mero se aproxima de 95% da
               popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recentes orienta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>United States National Institutes of Health</italic>
            (NIH), para o tratamento da obesidade em adultos, reconhecem a import&#226;ncia do
            conhecimento do excesso de peso corporal e da adiposidade central no risco para a
               sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#233;
            utilizado como indicador de excesso de peso global, enquanto a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura
            (CC) tem sido defendida como indicador de obesidade central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e parece estar
            relacionada com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, diabetes melito tipo 2 e
            morte prematura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A CC vem sendo apontada como o melhor indicador
            antropom&#233;trico para prever fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes,
            incluindo n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aumentados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,
            sensibilidade &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e s&#237;ndrome
               metab&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis
            antropom&#233;tricas e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em escolares de 5.&#170; &#224; 8.&#170; s&#233;ries de Porto Alegre.
            De forma complementar, prop&#245;e-se a avaliar, dentre as vari&#225;veis estudadas, qual possui
            maior correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Sendo assim, a partir dos resultados obtidos, o
            trabalho contribuir&#225; com a investiga&#231;&#227;o de um rastreamento mais efetivo e o planejamento
            adequado de medidas preventivas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal contempor&#226;neo de base populacional, realizado durante
            os anos de 2004-2007 pelo grupo de pesquisa do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica
            Preventiva do Instituto de Cardiologia e Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio
            Grande do Sul (IC-FUC), cujos m&#233;todos j&#225; foram descritos em outro local<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Este projeto foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa do IC-FUC e da Funda&#231;&#227;o
            Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).</p>
      <p>Foi selecionada amostra de base populacional, probabil&#237;stica por conglomerados, em
            escolas p&#250;blicas, a partir de sorteio da listagem de todas as escolas das redes
            municipal, estadual e federal de ensino fundamental de Porto Alegre, fornecida pela
            Secretaria Estadual de Educa&#231;&#227;o. Os escolares avaliados eram alunos de 5.&#170; &#224; 8.&#170; s&#233;ries
            do ensino fundamental.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles indiv&#237;duos que estivessem regularmente matriculados nas escolas
            participantes e exclu&#237;dos os portadores de doen&#231;as ou condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas que impedissem
            a avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>A coleta de dados realizou-se do seguinte modo: em um primeiro momento, as escolas foram
            contatadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao projeto, com detalhamento das atividades planejadas. Ap&#243;s o
            consentimento informado dos pais ou respons&#225;veis e inclus&#227;o da crian&#231;a, foi enviado aos
            pais question&#225;rio sobre hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e que abordava
            atividade f&#237;sica, exerc&#237;cio e sedentarismo. Com o retorno deste, foi realizada a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as na escola, que incluiu exame f&#237;sico direcionado para
            aparelho cardiovascular, com ausculta card&#237;aca e aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, avalia&#231;&#227;o
            antropom&#233;trica, medidas de dobras cut&#226;neas e de cintura e quadril.</p>
      <p>Para a medida da press&#227;o arterial, foram utilizados aparelhos de press&#227;o do tipo
            aneroide, man&#244;metro com gradua&#231;&#227;o de -20-300 mmHg. Os valores de press&#227;o arterial foram
            avaliados de acordo com o <italic>Report of the Fourth Task Force on Blood Pressure
               Control in Children</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e as medidas de dobras e circunfer&#234;ncias foram realizadas
            dentro dos padr&#245;es e s&#227;o descritos a seguir.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Peso: foi utilizada balan&#231;a digital da marca Plena com capacidade at&#233; 120 kg e
            precis&#227;o de 100 g. A pesagem foi realizada com os indiv&#237;duos descal&#231;os e com a menor
            quantidade de roupa poss&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, os mesmos deveriam estar im&#243;veis e com os p&#233;s
            centralizados na plataforma da balan&#231;a.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Altura: foi utilizada fita m&#233;trica met&#225;lica, inel&#225;stica, presa a superf&#237;cie plana e
            uma r&#233;gua do tipo esquadro. Os indiv&#237;duos deveriam estar posicionados com os
            calcanhares, gl&#250;teos, t&#243;rax e cabe&#231;a tocando a parede ou o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel, e
            olhando o horizonte. A marca&#231;&#227;o da altura foi anotada ao final da inspira&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Dobras cut&#226;neas: as pregas foram aferidas do lado direito do corpo. Foi considerado o
            valor m&#233;dio entre tr&#234;s medidas. Os pontos anat&#244;micos foram assim selecionados: a prega
            tricipital foi considerada no ponto m&#233;dio entre o acr&#244;mio e o ol&#233;crano, a prega
            subescapular foi marcada 2 cm abaixo da borda inferior da esc&#225;pula e, para a prega
            abdominal, foi considerada a medida de 2 cm lateralmente &#224; cicatriz umbilical.</p>
      <p>&#8226; Circunfer&#234;ncias: a CC foi considerara o ponto m&#233;dio entre o rebordo da &#250;ltima costela
            e da crista il&#237;aca, e a circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) mensurada foi a maior
            circunfer&#234;ncia sobre a regi&#227;o gl&#250;tea.</p>
      <p>&#8226; C&#225;lculo do IMC: obtido atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o massa corporal e altura ao quadrado, dado em
               kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Para os valores de IMC foram utilizados os pontos de corte de
            sobrepeso (percentil &gt; 85) e obesidade (percentil &gt; 97) com base nos crit&#233;rios da
               OMS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#8226; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: a an&#225;lise foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio do programa estat&#237;stico
               <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 11.0. As
            preval&#234;ncias foram descritas sob a forma de propor&#231;&#245;es com respectivos intervalos de
            confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dias e
            desvios-padr&#227;o ou medianas e intervalos interquartis. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com
            e sem excesso de peso foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s dos testes <italic>t </italic>de Student
            ou Mann Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para
            vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para a vari&#225;vel de IMC categorizado em tr&#234;s grupos (normal,
            obesidade e sobrepeso) foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Para avaliar as
            correla&#231;&#245;es foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, aregress&#227;o de Poisson e a corre&#231;&#227;o
            para conglomerados. Em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia
            de 5%.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram estudados 511 adolescentes, em seis escolas, com m&#233;dia de 12,57 anos, sendo 55,2%
            (n = 282) do sexo feminino. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta
            as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra. A propor&#231;&#227;o de fam&#237;lias com menos de oito anos de
            escolaridade foi de 47% para os pais e 52,4% para as m&#227;es. </p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Escolares </td>
              <td align="center"> 511 (100) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Masculino </td>
              <td align="center"> 229 (44,8) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> Idade at&#233; 13 anos </td>
              <td align="center"> 377 (73,8) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&gt; 14 anos </td>
              <td align="center"> 134 (26,2) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Escolaridade pai</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 1.&#176; grau incompleto </td>
              <td align="center"> 240 (56,1) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 2.&#176; grau incompleto </td>
              <td align="center"> 113 (26,4) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 2.&#176; grau completo ou mais </td>
              <td align="center"> 75 (17,5) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Escolaridade m&#227;e</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 1.&#176; grau incompleto </td>
              <td align="center"> 268 (57,5) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 2.&#176; grau incompleto </td>
              <td align="center"> 127 (27,3) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> 2.&#176; grau completo ou mais </td>
              <td align="center"> 71 (15,2) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de irm&#227;os</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> Filho &#250;nico </td>
              <td align="center"> 62 (12,7) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td> Com irm&#227;os </td>
              <td align="center"> 425 (87,3) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Familiar obeso em 1.&#176; grau </td>
              <td align="center"> 62 (12,7) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Familiar dislipid&#234;mico em 1.&#176; grau </td>
              <td align="center"> 86 (16,8) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Familiar diab&#233;tico em 1.&#176; grau </td>
              <td align="center"> 34 (6,7) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Familiar hipertenso em 1.&#176; grau </td>
              <td align="center"> 143 (28) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Familiar cardiopata/isqu&#234;mico em 1.&#176; grau </td>
              <td align="center"> 7(1,4) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2"> Fumantes na casa </td>
              <td align="center"> 264 (54,2) </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hist&#243;ria de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, nos familiares
            de primeiro grau, foram observados os seguintes percentuais: 28%, hipertens&#227;o; 12,6%,
            obesidade; 16,8%, dislipidemia; 6,7%, diabetes; 1,4%, doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou isquemia.
            Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de familiares com fatores de risco observou se 1,6 familiar
            obeso; 1,6 hipertenso; 1,3 dislipid&#234;mico; 1,3 diab&#233;tico; 1,3 familiar j&#225; tendo
            apresentado algum evento vascular ou card&#237;aco. A m&#233;dia para o IMC dos progenitores foi
            de 26,5 &#177; 4,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; para os pais e de 25,7 &#177; 5,8kg/m<sup>2</sup> para as
            m&#227;es.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso (IMC &#8805; P85) foi de 27,6% (141 alunos, IC 95%,
            23,9-31,6) entre os escolares, sendo 17,8% (91 alunos, IC 95%, 14,7-21,4) com sobrepeso
            (IMC &gt; P85) e 9,8% (50 alunos, IC 95%, 7,5-12,7) com obesidade (IMC &gt; P97). O
            sobrepeso foi mais prevalente no sexo feminino (19,9%) e a obesidade no sexo masculino
            (11,8%), conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>. As
            classifica&#231;&#245;es de IMC e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>. A dispers&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC
            est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de escolares com excesso de peso de acordo com o sexo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Escolares</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>Excesso de Peso</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>Sobrepeso</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3">
                <bold>Obesidade</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>IC*</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>IC*</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> Sexo masculino </td>
              <td align="center"> 62 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27,1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 21,7-33,2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 35 </td>
              <td align="center"> 15,3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 11,2-20,5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27 </td>
              <td align="center"> 11,8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8,2-16,6 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Sexo feminino </td>
              <td align="center"> 79 </td>
              <td align="center"> 28,0 </td>
              <td align="center"> 23,1-33,5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 56 </td>
              <td align="center"> 19,9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 15,6-24,9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 23 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8,2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 5,5-11,9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Total </td>
              <td align="center"> 141 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27,6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 23,9-31,6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 91 </td>
              <td align="center"> 17,8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14,7-21,4 </td>
              <td align="center"> 50 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9,8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 7,5-12,7 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do percentil de IMC e dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>Propor&#231;&#227;o (n)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>IC 95%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Percentil de IMC por sexo e idade</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Eutr&#243;ficos </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,758 (318) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,713-0,802 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Sobrepeso </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,192 (153) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,151-0,232 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Obesidade </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,050 (40) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,030-0,070 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Normal </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,725 (295) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,625-0,824 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Lim&#237;trofe </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,162 (129) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,102-0,221 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> HAS est&#225;gio I </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,084 (67) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,055-0,112 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> HAS est&#225;gio II </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,029 (23) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,003-0,053 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagrama de dispers&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;licos e
                  IMC.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0312-40038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Encontraram-se 11,3% da amostra com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos alterados e 16,2% com valores
            lim&#237;trofes.</p>
      <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa com os
            n&#237;veis de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref>). Dentre as medidas analisadas, a CQ demonstrou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com
            os valores press&#243;ricos aumentados (r = 0,462, p &lt; 0,001), seguida da CC (r = 0,404, p
            &lt; 0,001) e da prega cut&#226;nea abdominal (r = 0,291, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> IMC </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,384 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> IMC da m&#227;e </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,171 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal menor </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,404 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Di&#226;metro do quadril </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,462 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Prega cut&#226;nea abdominal </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,291 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Soma das dobras </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,293 </td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A m&#233;dia da CC foi de 74,54 &#177; 9,64cm. Foram calculados percentis de CC para a amostra,
            sendo que os valores de 68 cm, 73 cm e 80 cm correspondem, respectivamente, aos
            percentis 25, 50 e 75. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com medidas inferiores ao percentil 25, 6,13%
            apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, propor&#231;&#227;o que aumentou para 6,4% quando
            estavam entre os percentis 25-50, 10,7% quando se encontravam entre os percentis 50-75 e
            21% quando as medidas eram superiores ao percentil75 (p &lt; 0,001) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os percentis de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0312-40038-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A soma das dobras (SD) tricipital e subescapular, conforme o nanograma de Lohman, foi
            considerada baixa em 9,1%, adequada em 41,9% e alta em 49% dos escolares; no primeiro
            grupo, 19,4% apresentaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos alterados, passando para 20,9% e 34,5% nos
            demais, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). O percentual de indiv&#237;duos que realizavam duas
            ou tr&#234;s atividades f&#237;sicas por dia foi de 74,7% no grupo SD baixo, 66,4% no grupo
            adequado e 61,1% no grupo alto (p &lt; 0,001).Observou-se tamb&#233;m que o IMC da m&#227;e (r =
            0,171, p &lt; 0,001) teve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
            maiores.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de base populacional em escolares de Porto Alegre, foi observado elevado
            percentual de excesso de peso e altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em crian&#231;as e
            adolescentes.</p>
      <p>De acordo com os dados da OMS, cerca de 29% dos &#243;bitos em todo o mundo s&#227;o devidos &#224;s
            doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, como DAC e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Cerca de 80% dos &#243;bitos por doen&#231;a cardiovascular no mundo
            ocorrem nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Anteriormente, os fatores de risco cardiovasculares eram conhecidos apenas para a
            popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Sedentarismo, dieta rica em s&#243;dio e fatores psicossociais, como o
            estresse, est&#227;o entre os fatores mais estudados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Entre adolescentes, essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi demonstrada recentemente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Por&#233;m, ainda &#233; preciso conhecer melhor a rela&#231;&#227;o
            de obesidade, utilizando o IMC, e os riscos para a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Encontramos no nosso estudo preval&#234;ncia de 17,8% de sobrepeso, 9,8% de obesidade e 27,6%
            de excesso de peso, sendo esses dados similares aos encontrados pelo <italic>The
               Bogalusa Heart Study</italic> que, em amostra de 2.597 escolares de 5-18 anos,
            observou 33% de sobrepeso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No presente estudo,
            o sobrepeso foi mais prevalente no sexo feminino (19,9%) e a obesidade no sexo masculino
            (11,8%), dados que corroboram com os encontrados por Ribeiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> no "Estudo das tr&#234;s cidades", estudo transversal
            que avaliou 3.179 alunos, com idades entre 6-18 anos, em tr&#234;s grandes cidades no Brasil,
            onde a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso foi de 10%, o excesso de peso e a obesidade foram de 15%
            e 5%, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, assim como Pinto e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, que avaliaram 1.131 indiv&#237;duos de 7-14
            anos e encontraram 12,6% de sobrepeso/obesidade. J&#225; Guimar&#227;es e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> relatam preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso de 36,9%,
            obesidade de 23,5% em amostra de escolares com idades entre 11-18 anos de escolas
            p&#250;blicas e privadas da Bahia. Tal fato consolida a preval&#234;ncia de peso crescente em todo
            o Brasil e, aparentemente, distribui-se de forma semelhante em diferentes regi&#245;es do
            pa&#237;s, tornando-se necess&#225;rios programas de preven&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o
            pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      <p>Encontraram-se 11,3% da amostra com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos alterados e 16,2% com valores
            lim&#237;trofes, resultados similares aos de estudo recente em tr&#234;s grandes cidades
            brasileiras, que encontrou preval&#234;ncia de 12% dos indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos
               aumentados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, assim como de outros estudos
               brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Li e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> encontraram 16,2% de n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos elevados em amostra de 1.005 crian&#231;as e adolescentes da China.
            Diferentemente, um estudo realizado em Fortaleza (CE), com amostra de 342 escolares de
            idades entre 6-18 anos, encontrou frequ&#234;ncia de 44,7% da amostra com press&#227;o arterial
               elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, assim como estudo com 1.239
            crian&#231;as mexicanas, que apresentou 22,8% de preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas estudadas apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, o
            que tamb&#233;m foi observado no estudo realizado por de Ara&#250;jo e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> em escolares de Macei&#243;. Katzmarzyk e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> defendem a utilidade cl&#237;nica do IMC e da CC para a previs&#227;o no
            aumento de fatores de risco entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Choy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> acreditam que em pr&#233;-puberes a medida da CC, por
            si s&#243;, possa ser utilizada como par&#226;metro preditor de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e
            recomenda a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel agregada ao IMC, aumentando assim seu poder
            preditivo para HAS.</p>
      <p>Em uma amostra com 1.190 crian&#231;as australianas em idade escolar, Gopinath e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstraram que a CC estaria intimamente
            associada com n&#237;veis de PAD e PAS em ambos os sexos. De acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do NIH
            para adultos, CC superior a 102 cm para homens e 88 cm para mulheres &#233; considerada
            obesidade abdominal e pode estar relacionada com dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a
            indiv&#237;duos com medidas inferiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>No entanto, estudos demonstraram que esses valores de ponto de corte s&#227;o &#250;teis para a
            previs&#227;o de riscos metab&#243;licos em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, mas n&#227;o existem
            atualmente orienta&#231;&#245;es para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e riscos para a sa&#250;de entre
            crian&#231;as e adolescentes utilizando a CC.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a CQ apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o direta mais forte com os valores
            press&#243;ricos, seguida da medida da CC. Katzmarzyk e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> defendem que a CC pode ser utilizada e mostra-se eficaz para avaliar
            clinicamente a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as
            cardiovasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por
            outros autores, salientando o risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em crian&#231;as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Savva e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, em amostra de
            escolares com idades entre 10-14 anos do Chipre, relatam que crian&#231;as com CC aumentada
            apresentam chances significativamente maiores de desenvolver press&#227;o arterial aumentada,
            em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com medida de circunfer&#234;ncia adequada. Um estudo italiano com
            crian&#231;as entre 3-11 anos de idade demonstra que crian&#231;as com CC superior t&#234;m m&#250;ltiplos
            fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as com valores
               menores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nesse estudo foi encontrada CC m&#233;dia de 74,54 &#177; 9,64 cm. Quando calculados percentis de
            CC, pode-se deduzir que, em indiv&#237;duos com medidas menores que o percentil 25, 6,13%
            apresentam altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, propor&#231;&#227;o que aumentou para 6,4% quando
            estavam entre os percentis 25-50, 10,7% quando encontravam-se entre os percentis 50-75 e
            21% quando superior ao percentil 75 (p &lt; 0,001). Um estudo baiano com amostra de 536
            escolares com idades entre 11-18 anos encontrou 51,7% da amostra acima do percentil 75
            para a CC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ribeiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> descrevem que estudantes com
            excesso de peso apresentaram 3,25 (2,38-4,45) vezes mais chance de apresentar PAS
            elevada e 1,93 (1,36-2,75) vez mais chance de ter PAD elevada. Al&#233;m disso, relatam
            tamb&#233;m que aqueles matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas apresentaram 2,48 (1,75-3,54) vezes
            mais chances de ter PAS elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o aos de escolas privadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em estudo recente, Ribeiro e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relatam que
            escolares considerados "menos ativos que os outros" apresentam 2,36 (1,98-2,82) vezes
            mais chance de terem maiores valores na medida da PCS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudantes
            considerados fisicamente ativos, al&#233;m de apresentarem 1,97 (1,65-2,35) vez mais chance
            de terem aumento de espessura da dobra cut&#226;nea suprail&#237;aca e 2,34 (1,92-2,85) vezes mais
            chance de terem aumento na soma das dobras cut&#226;neas. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que o IMC da m&#227;e
            correlacionou-se positivamente com a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos maiores. Isso
            provavelmente reflete a forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC da crian&#231;a e da m&#227;e, e possivelmente
            est&#225; associado a fatores ambientais e gen&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo merecem considera&#231;&#227;o. Por se tratar de um estudo
            transversal, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel ter segunda vis&#227;o sobre os alunos avaliados. Al&#233;m disso,
            os question&#225;rios utilizados na pesquisa n&#227;o eram validados, e a medida de press&#227;o
            arterial foi realizada em um &#250;nico momento. Portanto, apenas &#233; poss&#237;vel utilizar os
            valores como refer&#234;ncia e n&#227;o como diagn&#243;stico de HAS. Tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#225;lido ressaltar que
            ainda n&#227;o existe um referencial &#250;nico internacionalmente aceito para CC em crian&#231;as;
            por&#233;m, j&#225; existem v&#225;rias sugest&#245;es em popula&#231;&#245;es isoladas.</p>
      <p>No entanto, os achados s&#227;o importantes para enfatizar a necessidade de diagn&#243;stico
            precoce dessas altera&#231;&#245;es e a elabora&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas adequadas no futuro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas e n&#237;veis
            press&#243;ricos aumentados nos escolares da amostra. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento da
            preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e obesidade, que pode ter in&#237;cio na inf&#226;ncia, &#233; de
            fundamental import&#226;ncia que a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e das medidas de cintura e
            quadril seja implementada na rotina de avalia&#231;&#227;o nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Dessa forma, a
            detec&#231;&#227;o precoce dos fatores de risco permite que estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria
            sejam adotadas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        </p>
        <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Schommer VA, Barbiero SM, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
               dados: Barbiero SM, Cesa CC, Oliveira R, Silva AD, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise e
               interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schommer VA, Silva AD, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
               Pellanda LC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schommer VA, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
               ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barbiero SM, Cesa CC, Oliveira R, Pellanda
               LC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FAPICC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Sandra Mari Barbiero pelo Instituto
               de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e trabalho de conclus&#227;o de
               curso de Gradua&#231;&#227;o de V&#226;nia Ames Schommer pela Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da
               Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Excess Weight, Anthropometric Variables and Blood Pressure
               in Schoolchildren aged 10 to 18 years</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schommer</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia Ames</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbiero</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesa</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Ciceri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosemary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anelise Damiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03-SA1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04-SA1">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02-SA1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03-SA1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04-SA1">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02-SA1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>. Av. Princesa Isabel, 370,
               Santana. Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil.
                  E-mail:<email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>,
                  <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> The prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents is estimated to
                  range between 1% and 13%. Excess weight and central obesity are related to blood
                  pressure levels in adults, and may be important in the early pathogenesis of SH
                  when present in childhood. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To study the association between anthropometric variables and blood pressure
                  levels in schoolchildren from the 5<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> grades, and to
                  identify which parameter was more strongly correlated with blood pressure levels.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Contemporary cross-sectional study with probabilistic population-based cluster
                  sampling of schoolchildren enrolled from the 5<sup>th</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup>
                  grades in public elementary schools of Porto Alegre. Data on familial risk factors
                  and anthropometry were collected. Statistical analysis included correlations and
                  cluster-adjusted confidence intervals. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The mean age of participants was 12.57 (&#177; 1.64) years, and 55.2% of them were
                  females. Abnormal blood pressure levels were found in 11.3% of the sample and
                  borderline values, in 16.2%. Among the anthropometric variables analyzed, hip
                  circumference was the one with the strongest correlation with increased blood
                  pressure (r = 0.462, p &lt; 0.001), followed by waist circumference (r = 0.404, p
                  &lt; 0.001) and abdominal skinfold (r = 0.291, p &lt; 0.001). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> We observed an association of waist circumference and skinfolds with increased
                  blood pressure levels in the schoolchildren of the sample. Therefore, it is of the
                  utmost importance that early measurements of blood pressure, and waist and hip
                  circumferences become a routine in health services in order to prevent this
                  condition.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weights and Measures</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPICC </funding-source>
          <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPICC</funding-statement>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), systemic hypertension (SH) is the
               major cause of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, accounting for 62% of strokes
               and 49% of coronary artery diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
               Approximately 30% of the worldwide adult population may be classified as
                  hypertensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; in Brazil, the prevalence of
               SH is of 22.3% to 43.9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Among children and
               adolescents, the prevalence of SH ranges from 1% to 13%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. SH found in adults may have started in childhood, and this is
               known as the tracking phenomenon<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. </p>
        <p>Lifestyles that lead to atherosclerosis may begin in childhood, and the prevalence of
               risk factors has increased in this age range<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.
               If these conditions persist, it is likely that diseases previously observed only in
               elderly populations will become a cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults
               and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Pathological changes
               resulting from atherosclerosis may be identified before the onset of clinical signs
               of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>; by the end of adolescence,
               approximately 61% of individuals show some type of atherosclerotic lesion in the
               coronary arteries. After 40 years of age, this figure reaches 95% of the
                  population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recent United States National Institutes of Health (NIH)'s guidelines for the
               treatment of obesity in adults stress the importance of recognizing excess body
               weight and central adiposity as health risks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.
               Body mass index (BMI) is used as a global excess weight indicator, whereas waist
               circumference (WC) has been advocated as a central obesity indicator<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and seems to be related to the development of cardiovascular diseases,
               type-2 diabetes mellitus, and premature death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. WC has been
               pointed as the best anthropometric predictor of cardiovascular risk factors among
               children and adolescents, including increased blood pressure levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, sensitivity to insulin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, and metabolic syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the association between
               anthropometric variables and blood pressure levels among schoolchildren from the
                  5<sup>th</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> grades in the city of Porto Alegre.
               Additionally, we seek to evaluate which, among the variables studied, is the one with
               the strongest correlation with blood pressure levels. Thus, by means of its results,
               this study will contribute to the investigation of a more effective screening and an
               adequate planning of preventive measures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a contemporary population-based cross-sectional study conducted by the
               research group of the Preventive Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Clinic of the
               Institute of Cardiology and University Foundation of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul
               (IC-FUC) from 2004 to 2007. Its methodology has been described elsewhere<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of IC-FUC and of the
               Federal University of Health Sciences Foundation of Porto Alegre (<italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o
                  Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</italic> - UFCSPA).</p>
        <p>A population-based probabilistic cluster sample was selected by lot from a list of
               all public schools from the municipal, state and federal network of elementary school
               of Porto Alegre supplied by the State Board of Education. The schoolchildren assessed
               were attending from the 5<sup>th</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> grades of elementary
               school.</p>
        <p>Individuals regularly enrolled in the participating schools were included; those with
               diseases or chronic conditions that prevented physical evaluation were excluded.</p>
        <p>Data was collected as follows: first, the schools were contacted in relation to the
               project, receiving thorough information on the activities planned. After parents or
               guardians had given informed consent and the child had been included, the parents
               were sent a questionnaire on family history of cardiovascular diseases and another
               one addressing physical activity, exercise, and sedentary lifestyle. When the
               questionnaire was returned, physical evaluation of the children was performed in the
               schools, and included physical examination focused on the cardiovascular system, with
               cardiac auscultation and blood pressure measurement; anthropometric assessment; and
               skin folds, waist and hip measurement. </p>
        <p>Aneroid blood pressure devices - manometer with scale from - 20 to 300 mmHg, were
               used for blood pressure measurement. Blood pressure levels were evaluated according
               to the "Report of the Fourth Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Anthropometric assessment and measurements of skinfolds and circumferences followed
               the standards described below:</p>
        <p>&#8226; Weight: a Plena digital scale with 120-kg capacity and accuracy to 100 grams was
               used. The individuals were weighted without shoes and wearing as little clothes as
               possible. They should be still and have their feet centered on the scale
               platform.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Height: a metallic non-stretchable tape measure fixed to a plane surface and a
               set-square were used. The individuals should be have their heels, buttocks, back and
               head touching the wall, or as close to it as possible, and look straight forward.
               Height was measured at the end of inspiration.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Skinfolds: the folds were measured on the right side of the body. The mean value
               between three measurements was considered. The anatomical points were selected as
               follows: the triceps skinfold was measured halfway between the acromion and
               olecranon; the subscapular skinfold was measured two centimeters below the lower
               scapular border; and the abdominal skinfold was measured two centimeters lateral to
               the umbilicus.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Circumferences: waist circumference (WC) was measured at the mid-point between the
               last rib border and the iliac crest; hip circumference (HC) was measured at the
               largest point of the of the gluteal region.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Calculation of the body mass index (BMI): obtained by the ratio body mass to square
               height, expressed in kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The cut-off points for overweight (percentile
               &gt; 85) and obesity (percentile &gt; 97) were used for BMI values based on the WHO
                  criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#8226; Statistical analysis: the analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package
               for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.0 software program. Prevalences were
               described as proportions with respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Continuous
               variables were described as means and standard deviations or medians and
               interquartile intervals. Differences between the groups with or without excess weight
               were assessed using the Student's t test or Mann Whitney test for continuous
               variables, and the chi square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.
               Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the variable BMI categorized in 3 groups
               (normal, obesity, and overweight). Pearson's correlation was used to analyze
               correlations. Poisson regression and correction were used for clusters. For all
               comparisons, the significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 511 adolescents were studied in six schools. Their mean age was 12.57
               years, and 55.2% (n = 282) were females. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
                  1</xref> shows the overall sample characteristics. The proportion of families with
               less than eight year of education was 47% for fathers and 52.4% for mothers.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Overall characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Schoolchildren </td>
                <td align="center"> 511 (100) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Male </td>
                <td align="center"> 229 (44.8) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Age up to13 years </td>
                <td align="center"> 377 (73.8) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&gt; 14 years </td>
                <td align="center"> 134 (26.2) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Father's level of education</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Incomplete elementary school </td>
                <td align="center"> 240 (56.1) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Incomplete highschool </td>
                <td align="center"> 113 (26.4) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Complete highschool or higher </td>
                <td align="center"> 75 (17.5) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mother's level of education</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Incomplete elementary school </td>
                <td align="center"> 268 (57.5) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Incomplete highschool </td>
                <td align="center"> 127 (27.3) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Complete highschool or higher </td>
                <td align="center"> 71 (15.2) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Number of siblings</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> Only child </td>
                <td align="center"> 62 (12.7) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td> With siblings </td>
                <td align="center"> 425 (87.3) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Obese 1st degree family member </td>
                <td align="center"> 62 (12.7) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Dyslipidemic 1st degree relative </td>
                <td align="center"> 86 (16.8) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Diabetic 1st degree relative </td>
                <td align="center"> 34 (6.7) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Hypertensive 1st degree relative </td>
                <td align="center"> 143 (28) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Heart disease/ischemia in 1st degree relative </td>
                <td align="center"> 7(1.4) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"> Smoker at home </td>
                <td align="center"> 264 (54.2) </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In relation to the history of cardiovascular risk factors in first-degree family
               members, the following percentages were observed: 28% hypertension; 12.6% obesity;
               16.8% dyslipidemia; 6.7% diabetes; and 1.4% cardiovascular disease or ischemia. In
               relation to the mean number of family members with risk factors, 1.6 were obese; 1.6
               hypertensive; 1.3 dyslipidemic; 1.3 diabetics; and 1.3 had already had a vascular or
               cardiac event. The mean BMI of parents was 26.5 &#177; 4.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for fathers
               and 25.7 &#177; 5.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for mothers.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of excess weight (BMI &#8805; 85<sup>th</sup> percentile) among the
               schoolchildren was 27.6% (141 students, 95% CI: 23.9 - 31.6), of which 17.8% (91
               students, 95% CI: 14.7 - 21.4) with overweight (BMI &gt; 85<sup>th</sup> percentile)
               and 9.8% (50 students, 95% CI: 7.5 - 12.7) with obesity (BMI &gt; 97<sup>th</sup>
               percentile). Overweight was more prevalent among females (19.9%), and obesity, among
               males (11.8%), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>. BMI
               classification and blood pressure levels are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>. Systolic blood pressure scattering in relation to BMI is
               shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of schoolchildren with excess weight according to
                     gender</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Schoolchildren</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Excess weight</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Overweight</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Obesity</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Male gender </td>
                <td align="center"> 62 </td>
                <td align="center"> 27.1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 21.7-33.2 </td>
                <td align="center"> 35 </td>
                <td align="center"> 15.3 </td>
                <td align="center"> 11.2-20.5 </td>
                <td align="center"> 27 </td>
                <td align="center"> 11.8 </td>
                <td align="center"> 8.2-16.6 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Female gender </td>
                <td align="center"> 79 </td>
                <td align="center"> 28.0 </td>
                <td align="center"> 23.1-33.5 </td>
                <td align="center"> 56 </td>
                <td align="center"> 19.9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 15.6-24.9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 23 </td>
                <td align="center"> 8.2 </td>
                <td align="center"> 5.5-11.9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Total </td>
                <td align="center"> 141 </td>
                <td align="center"> 27.6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 23.9-31.6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 91 </td>
                <td align="center"> 17.8 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14.7-21.4 </td>
                <td align="center"> 50 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9.8 </td>
                <td align="center"> 7.5-12.7 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t06-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> 95% Confidence Interval</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of BMI percentile and blood pressure levels</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Proportion (n)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>BMI percentile by gender and age</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Well-nourished </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.758(318) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.713 - 0.802 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Overweight </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.192 (153) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.151 - 0.232 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Obesity </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.050 (40) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.030 - 0.070 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Blood pressure levels classification</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Normal </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.725(295) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.625 - 0.824 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Borderline </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.162 (129) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.102 - 0.221 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Stage I SH </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.084 (67) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.055 - 0.112 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Stage II SH </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.029 (23) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.003 - 0.053 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: Body mass index; SH: Systemic hypertension</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter-plot with relationship between systolic blood pressure levels and
                     BMI.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0312-40038-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Blood pressure levels were abnormal in 11.3% of the sample and borderline in
               16.2%.</p>
        <p>All anthropometric variables showed a direct and significant correlation with
               systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>). Among the measurements analyzed, HC showed the
               strongest correlation with increased blood pressure levels (r = 0.462, p &lt; 0.001),
               followed by WC (r = 0.404, p &lt; 0.001) and abdominal skinfold (r = 0.291, p &lt;
               0.001). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between blood pressure levels and anthropometric
                     variables</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>r</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> BMI </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.384 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mother's BMI </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.171 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Lowest waist circumference </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.404 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hip diameter </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.462 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abdominal skin fold </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.291 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Sum of skinfolds </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.293 </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean WC was 74.54 &#177; 9.64 cm. WC percentiles were calculated for the sample, with
               values of 68 cm, 73 cm and 80 cm corresponding to the 25<sup>th</sup>,
                  50<sup>th</sup>, and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles, respectively. Among individuals
               with measurements lower than the 25<sup>th</sup> percentile, 6.13% had abnormal blood
               pressure levels; this proportion increased to 6.4% for individuals between the
                  25-50<sup>th</sup> percentiles; to 10.7% for individuals between the 50
                  75<sup>th</sup> percentiles; and to 21% when the measurements were higher than the
                  75<sup>th</sup> percentile (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure
                  2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between abdominal circumference percentiles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-04-0312-40038-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SF), according to the Lohman's
               nanogram was considered low in 9.1%; adequate in 41.9%; and high in 49% of the
               schoolchildren. In the first group, 19.4% had abnormal blood pressure levels,
               increasing to 20.9% and 34.5% in the other groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). The
               percentage of individuals engaged in 2 or 3 physical activities per day was 74.7% in
               group low SF, 66.4% in group adequate SF, and 61.1% in group high SF (p &lt; 0.001).
               Mothers' BMI (r = 0.171, p &lt; 0.001) was also observed to be positively correlated
               to the presence of higher blood pressure levels. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this population-based study in schoolchildren of Porto Alegre, a high percentage
               of excess weight and abnormal blood pressure levels were observed.</p>
        <p>According to the WHO's data, approximately 29% of deaths worldwide result from
               diseases of the circulatory system, such as coronary artery disease and
               cerebrovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Approximately 80%
               of cardiovascular deaths in the world occur in developing countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Previously, the cardiovascular risk factors were only known for the adult population.
               Sedentary lifestyle, sodium-rich diet and psychosocial factors such as stress are
               among the factors more extensively studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
               Among adolescents, this relationship has been recently demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. However, better knowledge of the relationship
               between obesity, as assessed by BMI, and health risks for the pediatric population is
               still necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study, we observed prevalences of 17.8% overweight, 9.8% obesity and 27.6%
               excess weight. These findings are similar to those of The Bogalusa Heart Study, in
               which, in a sample of 2597 schoolchildren aged between 5 and 18 years, a prevalence
               of 33% of overweight was observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In the
               present study, overweight was more prevalent among females (19.9%), and obesity,
               among males (11.8%). These data corroborate Ribeiro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> findings in the "The Three Cities Heart Study", a
               cross-sectional trial assessing 3,179 students aged between 6 and 18 years in three
               large Brazilian cities, where the prevalence of overweight, excess weight and obesity
               was 10%, 15% and 5%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Likewise,
               Pinto et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> evaluated 1131 individuals from 7
               to 14 years of age and found 12.6% of overweight/obesity. Guimar&#227;es et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, in turn, reported a prevalence of overweight
               of 36.9% and obesity of 23.5% in a schoolchildren sample aged between 11 and 18 years
               from public and private schools in Bahia. This fact consolidates that the prevalence
               of excess weight is increasing in Brazil and, apparently, is distributed in a similar
               fashion in the different regions of the country, thus making it necessary that
               programs for obesity prevention in the pediatric population are created. </p>
        <p>We found 11.3% of the sample with abnormal blood pressure levels and 16.2% with
               borderline values, results which are similar to those of a study recently conducted
               in three large Brazilian cities that found a 12% prevalence of individuals with
               increased blood pressure levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, like in
               other Brazilian studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Li et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> found 16.2% of
               increased blood pressure levels in a sample of 1005 children and adolescents in
               China. On the other hand, a study conducted in Fortaleza (State of Cear&#225;, Brazil), in
               a sample of 342 schoolchildren aged between 6 and 18 years, found a frequency of
               44.7% of the sample with increased blood pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, and a study of 1239 Mexican children showed a 22.8% prevalence of
                  hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. </p>
        <p>All anthropometric variables studies showed significant correlations, and this was
               also observed in Ara&#250;jo et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> study in
               schoolchildren in Macei&#243;. Katzmarzyk et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
               advocate the clinical use of BMI and WC for the prediction of the increase in risk
               factors among children and adolescents. Choy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> believe that WC per se may be used as a predictor of increased blood
               pressure levels in prepubertal children and recommend the use of this variable
               together with BMI, thus increasing its power to predict SH. </p>
        <p>In a sample of 1190 Australian schoolchildren, Gopinath et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> demonstrated that WC was closely associated with DBP and SBP
               levels in both genders. According to the NIH guidelines for adults, WC higher than
               102 for men and 88 for women are considered abdominal obesity and may be related to
               metabolic disorders in comparison to individuals with lower measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>However, studies have demonstrated that these cut-off values are useful for the
               prediction of metabolic risks in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, but currently
               there is no guideline for the classification of overweight and health risks among
               children and adolescents using WC.</p>
        <p>In the present study, HC showed the strongest direct correlation with blood pressure
               levels, followed by WC. Katzmarzyk et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
               advocate that WC may be used and is efficient for the clinical assessment of the
               presence or absence of increased cardiovascular risk factors in children and
               adolescents. This association was also demonstrated by other authors, pointing out
               the risk for cardiovascular diseases in children<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. In a sample of
               schoolchildren aged between 10 and 14 years in Chipre, Savva et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported that children with increased WC had
               significantly higher chances of developing increased blood pressure levels in
               relation to those with adequate WC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. An
               Italian study of children aged between 3 and 11 years demonstrated that children with
               increased WC have multiple risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in comparison
               with children with lower values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>In this study, the mean WC was 74.54 &#177; 9.64 cm. When WC percentiles were calculated,
               we found that among individuals with measurements lower than the 25<sup>th</sup>
               percentile, 6.13% showed abnormal blood pressure levels. This proportion increased to
               6.4% for individuals between the 25<sup>th</sup> and 50<sup>th</sup> percentiles; to
               10.7% for those between the 50<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles; and to
               21% for individuals with WC higher than the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile (p &lt;
               0.001). A study conducted in the State of Bahia with a sample of 536 schoolchildren
               aged between 11 and 18 years found 51.7% of the sample above the 75<sup>th</sup>
               percentile for WC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ribeiro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> described that students with
               excess weight showed a 3.25 (2.38 - 4.45) higher chance of having elevated SBP and a
               1.93 (1.36-2.75) higher chance of elevated DBP. Additionally, the authors reported
               that those enrolled in public schools had a 2.48 (1.75 - 3.54) higher chance of
               having elevated SBP in comparison to those in private schools<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>In a recent study, Ribeiro et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> reported
               that schoolchildren deemed "less active than others" had a 2.36 (1.98 - 2.82) higher
               chance of having higher SSF in relation to students considered physically active, in
               addition to presenting a 1.97 (1.65-2.35) higher chance of having increased
               suprailiac skinfold thickness, and a 2.34 (1.92-2.85) higher chance of having
               increased sum of the skinfolds<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Mother's BMI
               was also observed to be positively correlated with the presence of higher blood
               pressure levels. This probably reflects the strong relationship between the child's
               and mother's BMI, and is possibly associated with environmental and genetic factors. </p>
        <p>Some limitations of this study are worthy of consideration. Because it is a
               cross-sectional study, it was not possible to have a second view on the students
               assessed. Also, the questionnaires used in the research were not validated and blood
               pressure was measured at one single moment. Therefore, the values can only be used as
               a reference and not as diagnosis of SH. We should also point out that there is no
               single reference value internationally accepted for WC in children; however, several
               suggestions exist for isolated populations.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, our findings are important to emphasize the need for an early diagnosis
               of these alterations and the designing of proper preventive measures in the
               future.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We observed an association of WC and skinfolds with increased blood pressure levels
               in the schoolchildren of our sample. Considering the progressive increase in the
               prevalence of hypertension and obesity, which can start early in childhood, it is of
               the utmost importance that measurement of blood pressure and waist and hip
               circumferences be implemented in the routine assessment in health services. Thus, the
               early detection of risk factors will allow primary prevention strategies to be
               adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Schommer VA, Barbiero SM, Pellanda LC;
                  Acquisition of data: Barbiero SM, Cesa CC, Oliveira R, Silva AD, Pellanda LC;
                  Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schommer VA, Silva AD, Pellanda LC;
                  Statistical analysis: Pellanda LC; Writing of the manuscript: Schommer VA;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barbiero SM, Cesa
                  CC, Oliveira R, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPICC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the Master's Degree dissertation submitted by Sandra Mari
                  Barbiero at Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia and
                  Completion of coursework submitted by Vanya Ames Schommer, at Universidade Federal
                  de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
