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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LYKqHjfgrcLWs3dw7TTDkjG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Treinamento F&#237;sico Aer&#243;bico como Tratamento n&#227;o
               Farmacol&#243;gico da S&#237;ncope Neurocardiog&#234;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takahagi</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Cristina Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
                  Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto -
                  Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vanessa Cristina Miranda Takahagi</bold>, Divis&#227;o de
               Cardiologia HCFMRP-USP - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre. CEP 14049-900,
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>vmiranda_fisio@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Takahagi VCM, Gallo J&#250;nior L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Takahagi VCM, Costa DC, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Takahagi VCM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Takahagi VCM, Costa DC; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Gallo J&#250;nior L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Vanessa Cristina Miranda
                  Takahagi pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o
                  Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>288</fpage>
      <lpage>294</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Caracterizada por perda s&#250;bita e transit&#243;ria da consci&#234;ncia e do t&#244;nus postural,
                  com recupera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e espont&#226;nea, a s&#237;ncope &#233; causada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da
                  press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e, por conseguinte, do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral. Os
                  resultados insatisfat&#243;rios com o uso de f&#225;rmacos permitiu que o tratamento n&#227;o
                  farmacol&#243;gico da s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica fosse contemplado como primeira op&#231;&#227;o
                  terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar, em pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, o impacto do Treinamento
                  F&#237;sico Aer&#243;bico (TFA) de moderada intensidade e de uma interven&#231;&#227;o controle, na
                  positividade do Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o Passiva (TIP) e no tempo de toler&#226;ncia
                  ortost&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 21 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica recorrente
                  e TIP positivo. Esses foram aleatorizados em: Grupo Treinado (GT), n = 11, e Grupo
                  Controle (GC), n = 10. O GT foi submetido a 12 semanas de TFA supervisionado, em
                  cicloerg&#244;metro, e o GC, a um procedimento controle que consistia na realiza&#231;&#227;o de
                  15 minutos de alongamentos e 15 minutos de caminhada leve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O GT apresentou efeito positivo ao treinamento f&#237;sico, com aumento significativo
                  do consumo de oxig&#234;nio-pico. J&#225; o GC n&#227;o apresentou nenhuma mudan&#231;a
                  estatisticamente significante, antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de
                  interven&#231;&#227;o, 72,7% da amostra do GT apresentou resultado negativo ao TIP, n&#227;o
                  apresentando s&#237;ncope na reavalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O programa de treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico supervisionado por 12 semanas foi capaz
                  de reduzir o n&#250;mero de TIP positivos, assim como foi capaz de aumentar o tempo de
                  toler&#226;ncia na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica durante o teste ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de
                  interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o passiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Caracterizada por perda s&#250;bita e transit&#243;ria da consci&#234;ncia e do t&#244;nus postural, com
            recupera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e espont&#226;nea, a s&#237;ncope &#233; causada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da press&#227;o
            arterial sist&#234;mica e do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Dentre os v&#225;rios
            tipos, a S&#237;ncope Neurocardiog&#234;nica (SNC) representa maior frequ&#234;ncia e, embora benigna,
            quando recorrente, diminui a qualidade de vida como em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>O Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o Passiva (TIP) &#233; eficaz e seguro em identificar pacientes com
            suspeita de SNC, e sua reprodutibilidade, quando positivo, &#233; de aproximadamente 82%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia da SNC permanece incerta, por&#233;m, observa se uma insufici&#234;ncia dos
            mecanismos reflexos compensat&#243;rios respons&#225;veis por manter os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em
            curto prazo. Na SNC, mecanismos de gatilho desconhecidos ativam uma resposta eferente
            auton&#244;mica peculiar, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica arteriolar e/ou aumento do
            t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico para o n&#243; sinusal, assim a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e/ou bradicardia
            resultantes reduzem a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A s&#237;ncope &#233;,
            geralmente, precedida de pr&#243;dromos como palidez, n&#225;usea, sudorese, tontura,
            escurecimento visual e palpita&#231;&#227;o. Pode ser desencadeada no estresse ortost&#225;tico,
            particularmente em ambientes quentes, ocorr&#234;ncia de dor ou estresse emocional, baixa
            ingesta h&#237;drica e jejum prolongado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>As m&#250;ltiplas formas de tratamento propostas para a SNC n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente
               esclarecidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, uma vez que mesmo estudos aleatorizados e bem
            conduzidos mostram a inefic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica na sua preven&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,permitindo que o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico seja contemplado como
            primeira op&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O treinamento f&#237;sico
            aer&#243;bico tem sido intensamente estudado como parte do tratamento da SNC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, estudos pr&#233;vios mostram o aumento da toler&#226;ncia
            ortost&#225;tica nesses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.Aumentos no volume sangu&#237;neo e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis
            de vasopressina circulantes tamb&#233;m foram observados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.Outro importante
            efeito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; o aumento da massa muscular, particularmente nos membros
            inferiores, melhorando o retorno venoso pelo mecanismo de bomba muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. O treinamento aer&#243;bico atenua o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico
            sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, o que pode influenciar na diminui&#231;&#227;o das respostas cronotr&#243;picas e
            inotr&#243;picas respons&#225;veis pelo desencadeamento do reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch, quando h&#225;
            diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso pela ortostase, al&#233;m de aumentar a sensibilidade
               barorreflexa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Assim, o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico se desponta como op&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel de tratamento da
            SNC, sendo objeto de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Comparar, em pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, o impacto do Treinamento F&#237;sico
            Aer&#243;bico (TFA) de moderada intensidade e de uma interven&#231;&#227;o controle, na positividade do
            Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o Passiva (TIP) e no tempo de toler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 21 pacientes sedent&#225;rios com Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o
            Passiva (TIP) positivo, e hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica recorrente, com dois ou
            mais epis&#243;dios, e o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio tinha ocorrido nos &#250;ltimos seis meses, pr&#233;vios ao
            in&#237;cio do presente estudo, e que tinham realizado o exame com prop&#243;sito de diagn&#243;stico,
            ap&#243;s terem sido encaminhados dos ambulat&#243;rios de Cardiologia Geral, Arritmia e
            Neurologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP.
            Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo, os pacientes foram novamente avaliados por um m&#233;dico
            cardiologista, a fim de descartar causas card&#237;acas e neurol&#243;gicas de s&#237;ncope, bem como
            realizaram exames complementares, incluindo o eletrocardiograma convencional de repouso
            (12 deriva&#231;&#245;es), Doppler-ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma de 24 horas (Holter). Os
            indiv&#237;duos selecionados foram estudados na aus&#234;ncia de medica&#231;&#245;es que pudessem
            interferir na resposta das vari&#225;veis analisadas. Exclu&#237;ram-se do estudo os pacientes que
            apresentavam suspeita de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como o diabetes, pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial
            coronariana, entre outras, e ainda aqueles que tinham alguma limita&#231;&#227;o ortop&#233;dica ou
            funcional que inviabilizasse a realiza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico.</p>
      <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os
            pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de Inclina&#231;&#227;o Passiva (TIP)</title>
        <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, o paciente permanecia em dec&#250;bito dorsal, numa mesa
               basculante, posicionado sobre um selim, durante 20 minutos, para medida dos
               par&#226;metros basais. Foram monitorados eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie, Frequ&#234;ncia
               Card&#237;aca (FC) instant&#226;nea (cardiotac&#244;metro), press&#227;o arterial pelo m&#233;todo
               auscultat&#243;rio e de batimento a batimento atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo pletismogr&#225;fico (Finapres
               - Ohmeda - 2300).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de repouso basal, na posi&#231;&#227;o horizontal supina, a mesa era ent&#227;o
               inclinada para a posi&#231;&#227;o vertical a 70&#186; (<italic>head-up tilting</italic>), em menos
               de 10 segundos, e a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste se prolongava por at&#233; 45 minutos, ou era
               interrompido imediatamente caso o paciente atingisse os crit&#233;rios de positividade do
                  exame<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Nessa circunst&#226;ncia, procedia-se ao
               r&#225;pido posicionamento da mesa na posi&#231;&#227;o horizontal ou para a posi&#231;&#227;o de
                  <italic>Trendelemburg</italic>, quando necess&#225;rio, por um per&#237;odo de 5 minutos ou
               at&#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o completa do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Ambos os testes,
               inicial e de reavalia&#231;&#227;o, foram realizados usando-se a mesma metodologia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o Ergoespirom&#233;trico (TEE)</title>
        <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios estudados foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio
               m&#225;ximo. O protocolo consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico din&#226;mico na posi&#231;&#227;o
               sentada, em cicloerg&#244;metro de frenagem eletromagn&#233;tica (Corival 400, Quinton). A
               pot&#234;ncia aplicada no cicloerg&#244;metro foi do tipo rampa, com intensidade determinada
               individualmente segundo f&#243;rmula desenvolvida por Wasserman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, baseada em caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas,
               idade e g&#234;nero. Os pacientes foram incentivados a realizar o esfor&#231;o aplicado at&#233; a
               pot&#234;ncia em que atingissem a exaust&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Durante o teste, o in&#237;cio
               da rampa foi precedido por um per&#237;odo de 4 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o, com carga m&#237;nima (3-4
               Watts), na velocidade constante de 60 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto, com o objetivo de obter-se
               um aquecimento pr&#233;vio dos sistemas fisiol&#243;gicos envolvidos no transporte de oxig&#234;nio,
               permitindo-lhes que entrassem novamente em <italic>steady-state</italic>. As
               vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias foram obtidas nesse protocolo usando-se um ergoespir&#244;metro
               (CPX/D MedGraphics), que permitiu aquisi&#231;&#227;o, processamento e armazenamento das
               vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias de respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o. Os valores-pico de VO<sub>2</sub>
               e FC foram expressos como a m&#233;dia dos &#250;ltimos 30 segundos de registro durante o
               per&#237;odo de esfor&#231;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico no TIP, todos os pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es
               gerais para evitar situa&#231;&#245;es e locais que pudessem desencadear a s&#237;ncope, como calor
               excessivo, ambientes fechados com ac&#250;mulo de pessoas, desidrata&#231;&#227;o, jejum prolongado,
               perman&#234;ncia em posi&#231;&#227;o vertical por tempo prolongado e estresse emocional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Eles receberam instru&#231;&#245;es para aumentar a
               ingesta hidrossalina, realizar manobras de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica e/ou assumir a
               posi&#231;&#227;o deitada sempre que aparecessem os primeiros sintomas pr&#233;-sincopais. Os
               pacientes tamb&#233;m foram orientados a anotar em um di&#225;rio as datas em que viessem a
               apresentar as s&#237;ncopes e/ou os eventuais sintomas pr&#233; sincopais ocorridos no per&#237;odo
               de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram aleatorizados em dois grupos: Grupo Treinado (GT), n = 11, e
               Grupo Controle (GC), n = 10. O GT foi submetido a um programa de 12 semanas de
               treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, supervisionado, em cicloerg&#244;metro. A intensidade do
               treinamento foi prescrita de modo que a FC de treinamento se mantivesse entre o valor
               correspondente ao Limiar de Anaerobiose Ventilat&#243;rio (LAV) e o valor de 10% abaixo do
               Ponto de Compensa&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria (PCR), sendo monitorada em toda sess&#227;o atrav&#233;s de
               cardiofrequenc&#237;metro (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup>. As sess&#245;es de treinamento tinham a dura&#231;&#227;o
               de 35 minutos, duas vezes por semana, e o paciente era orientado a realizar outras
               duas sess&#245;es, sem supervis&#227;o. Caso o paciente n&#227;o pudesse comparecer na sess&#227;o
               marcada, era reagendado uma reposi&#231;&#227;o para a mesma semana, para que todas as sess&#245;es
               supervisionadas fossem rigorosamente cumpridas. As sess&#245;es n&#227;o supervisionadas eram
               controladas, semanalmente, por uma planilha fornecida ao paciente e checada a cada
               sess&#227;o, de modo a garantir a ades&#227;o ao treinamento externo.</p>
        <p>O GC foi submetido a um procedimento controle que consistia na realiza&#231;&#227;o de 15
               minutos de alongamentos globais, 15 minutos de caminhada leve, abaixo da FC alvo
               prescrita e 10 minutos de relaxamento. A FC era monitorada durante todo o
               procedimento com cardiofrequenc&#237;metro (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> para garantir que ficasse
               abaixo da FC alvo calculada. Foram realizadas duas sess&#245;es semanais durante 12
               semanas.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 12 semanas, ambos os grupos foram reavaliados pelo TIP e TEE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e mediana. Para an&#225;lise
               intergrupo dos dados antropom&#233;tricos foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia
                  (ANOVA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Para comparar a resposta ao TIP
               e a interven&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Para comparar o n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes entre os grupos foi proposto o
               modelo de Poisson com efeito aleat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Foi
               realizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis
               quantitativas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos basais est&#227;o ilustrados
            na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
            estatisticamente significante entre os grupos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos basais nos grupos
                  treinado (GT) e controle (GC)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Grupo Treinado</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Grupo Controle</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> Masculino </td>
              <td align="center"> 2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 1 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Feminino </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Idade (anos) </td>
              <td align="center"> 32 (10) </td>
              <td align="center"> 26 (8) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Altura (cm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 164 (9,4) </td>
              <td align="center"> 163,5 (5,5) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Massa Corporal (Kg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 67 (11,2) </td>
              <td align="center"> 63 (10,0) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 64 (8) </td>
              <td align="center"> 65 (7) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 110,9 (17,1) </td>
              <td align="center"> 109,0 (17,1) </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 71,8 (12,7) </td>
              <td align="center"> 69,0 (11,0) </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os resultados obtidos nas provas de esfor&#231;o ergoespirom&#233;tricas est&#227;o apresentados na
               <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a
            significativa entre os grupos no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento
            aer&#243;bico, o GT mostrou tend&#234;ncia a apresentar maior valor de FC pico; os valores do
            consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico e do VO<sub>2</sub> no LAV foram maiores e
            estatisticamente significantes no GT. O GC n&#227;o apresentou nenhuma mudan&#231;a
            estatisticamente significante nas vari&#225;veis ergoespirom&#233;tricas, antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo
            de treinamento. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, o GT apresentou maior valor de VO<sub>2</sub> no LAV
            quando comparado ao GC.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis obtidas no Teste Ergoespirom&#233;trico, pr&#233;- e
                  p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, nos grupos GT e GC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>
                <bold>Grupo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Per&#237;odo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CV</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#237;nimo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mediana</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="8">
                <bold>Controle</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> FC repouso </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 65 </td>
              <td align="center"> 7 </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 56 </td>
              <td align="center"> 63 </td>
              <td align="center"> 77 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> FC pico </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 168 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 143 </td>
              <td align="center"> 173 </td>
              <td align="center"> 183 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> pico </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 24,3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 7,55 </td>
              <td align="center"> 31,06 </td>
              <td align="center"> 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 22,95 </td>
              <td align="center"> 40 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> LA </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12,4 </td>
              <td align="center"> 3,27 </td>
              <td align="center"> 26,39 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 20 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> FC repouso </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 66 </td>
              <td align="center"> 6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 59 </td>
              <td align="center"> 65 </td>
              <td align="center"> 82 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> FC pico </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 169 </td>
              <td align="center"> 17 </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 123 </td>
              <td align="center"> 172 </td>
              <td align="center"> 181 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> pico </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 22,84 </td>
              <td align="center"> 7,25 </td>
              <td align="center"> 31,72 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14,3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 22 </td>
              <td align="center"> 38 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> LA </td>
              <td> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 11,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn03">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 3,12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 26,44 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 19 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="8">
                <bold>Treinado</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> FC repouso </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 64 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 51 </td>
              <td align="center"> 66 </td>
              <td align="center"> 78 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> FC pico </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 162 </td>
              <td align="center"> 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 133 </td>
              <td align="center"> 166 </td>
              <td align="center"> 180 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> pico </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 21,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 4,02 </td>
              <td align="center"> 19,03 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 21,15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 26,8 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> LA </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 1,48 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12,36 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> FC repouso </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 66 </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 52 </td>
              <td align="center"> 64 </td>
              <td align="center"> 83 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> FC pico </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 169 </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 150 </td>
              <td align="center"> 171 </td>
              <td align="center"> 181 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> pico </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 25,35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 3,93 </td>
              <td align="center"> 15,51 </td>
              <td align="center"> 21,6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 25 </td>
              <td align="center"> 34,8 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> LA </td>
              <td> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14,27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#8225;</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn03">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 2,28 </td>
              <td align="center"> 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 19 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CV: coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LA:
                     limiar de anaerobiose;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &#8804; 0,05 VO2 pico grupo treinado pr&#233;- vs. p&#243;s-;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn02">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p &#8804; 0,05 VO LA grupo treinado pr&#233;- vs. p&#243;s-;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn03">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>p &#8804; 0,05 VO2 LA p&#243;s-grupo controle vs. treinado.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> mostra uma an&#225;lise do n&#250;mero de
            s&#237;ncopes apresentadas pelos pacientes em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: no per&#237;odo de 1 ano a 6 meses
            anteriormente &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (P1), nos 6 meses pr&#233;vios &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (P2), e ap&#243;s 3 meses
            do in&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o (P3). Houve, no GT, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante
            quando comparados os per&#237;odos 1-3 e 2-3, enquanto no grupo controle observa-se uma
            diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante somente entre os per&#237;odos 1-3. Quando se
            comparam os dois grupos nota-se diferen&#231;a somente no per&#237;odo 3.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes nos grupos treinado e controle nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos
                  estudados.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0288-40021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de ambos os grupos, todos os indiv&#237;duos positivaram o TIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">tabela 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente
            significante entre os grupos quanto ao tempo tolerado no TIP, antes da interven&#231;&#227;o
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resposta ao TIP, pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, em ambos os grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Grupo Treinado (n = 11)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Grupo Controle (n = 10)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th>
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> Positivo </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center"> 3 (27,3%)</td>
              <td align="center"> 10 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center"> 7 (70%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Negativo </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8 (72,7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 0 </td>
              <td align="center"> 3 (30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t03-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &#8804; 0,05 resposta ao TIP p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o no grupo treinado vs. controle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao TIP, pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, em ambos os grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Grupo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Tempo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>CV</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#237;nimo</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Mediana</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>M&#225;ximo</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">
                <bold>Controle</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 31,3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 12,9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 41,2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 35,5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 44 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 13,6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 49,3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 4 </td>
              <td align="center"> 25,5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 45 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">
                <bold>Treinado</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Pr&#233;-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 28,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 13,8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 48,0 </td>
              <td align="center"> 8 </td>
              <td align="center"> 32 </td>
              <td align="center"> 44 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>P&#243;s-</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 39,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center"> 9,9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 25,1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 18 </td>
              <td align="center"> 45 </td>
              <td align="center"> 45 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CV: coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t04-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p&#8804; 0,05 tempo de toler&#226;ncia (minutos) ao TIP no p&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o do grupo
                     controle vs. treinado;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t04-fn02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &#8804; 0,05 tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao TIP no grupo treinado pr&#233;- vs.
                     P&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o, 72,7% da amostra do GT apresentaram resultado negativo ao
            TIP, n&#227;o apresentando s&#237;ncope na reavalia&#231;&#227;o. J&#225; no GC, apenas 30% da amostra
            apresentaram TIP negativo, essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos &#233; significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">tabela 3</xref>). Dos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram TIP
            positivo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, o tempo de ortostase tolerado no teste foi maior no GT que
            no GC, sendo essa diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, e no GT mesmo entre os
            indiv&#237;duos que positivaram houve aumento significativo de toler&#226;ncia ortost&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre o ganho de capacidade f&#237;sica (delta de VO<sub>2 </sub>
            pico) e o aumento de toler&#226;ncia ao TIP (delta do tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao TIP), em ambos
            os grupos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica &#233; um transtorno funcional intermitente do sistema nervoso
            auton&#244;mico que, na maioria das vezes, acomete jovens sadios, predominantemente do sexo
            feminino, que n&#227;o apresentam evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia estrutural nem doen&#231;a
            neurol&#243;gica. Os pacientes que apresentam recorr&#234;ncia dos epis&#243;dios passam a apresentar
            restri&#231;&#245;es nas atividades de vida di&#225;ria e profissional, o que causa grande preju&#237;zo na
            qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da s&#237;ncope, baseado em agentes como betabloqueadores,
            fludrocortisona e inibidores de recapta&#231;&#227;o de serotonina, comp&#245;e parte do arsenal
            terap&#234;utico dispon&#237;vel, por&#233;m, na grande maioria dos casos, a escolha da terapia
            farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento dessa disautonomia n&#227;o apresenta resultados
               efetivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, uma variedade de abordagens n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas tem sido proposta, como: 1-
            aquelas que previnem a ocorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome por evitar os fatores desencadeantes:
            aumento da ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua no decorrer do dia; redu&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia prolongada na
            posi&#231;&#227;o vertical em repouso; evitar jejum prolongado, e o treinamento postural passivo
               (<italic>tilt training</italic>); e 2- manobras para abortar a s&#237;ncope, quando o
            paciente apresenta os chamados pr&#243;dromos. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, o paciente pode ser
            orientado a realizar manobras ou adotar posturas que impe&#231;am a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-sincope
            para s&#237;ncope, como: cruzar as pernas na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical, esfor&#231;o isom&#233;trico com os
            membros superiores, assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o horizontal. Dentre essas medidas, o treinamento
            f&#237;sico tem ganhado relev&#226;ncia, visto os resultados positivos no sentido de reduzir e/ou
            eliminar os epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os nossos achados mostraram no GT, um efeito positivo do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico,
            com aumento significativo do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o e no limiar de
            anaerobiose ventilat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Por outro lado, o GC
            n&#227;o apresentou mudan&#231;as significativas nos valores dos par&#226;metros de transporte de
            oxig&#234;nio em esfor&#231;o, em n&#237;veis tanto subm&#225;ximos como m&#225;ximos. Esses achados sugerem que
            as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas induzidas pelo treinamento aer&#243;bico no GT sejam as
            respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com resposta positiva ao TIP e aumento
            do tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao estresse ortost&#225;tico ap&#243;s 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Gardenghi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, em 2007, ao estudarem,
            durante quatro meses o impacto de diferentes terap&#234;uticas (treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico
            moderado, treinamento postural passivo, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e controle) sobre o
            ganho reflexo do barorreceptor na s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, observaram que somente o
            treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico foi eficaz em aumentar a sensibilidade barorreflexa
            arterial, que estava reduzida no grupo estudado. Brum e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, em estudo experimental, documentaram que o treinamento f&#237;sico
            tem a capacidade de aumentar a sensibilidade barorreflexa em ratos normotensos e
            hipertensos. Gava e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> documentaram, em
            1998, atenua&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos
            ap&#243;s o treinamento f&#237;sico, o que poderia influenciar na diminui&#231;&#227;o das respostas
            cronotr&#243;picas e inotr&#243;picas do cora&#231;&#227;o, respons&#225;veis pelo desencadear do reflexo de
            Bezold-Jarisch, quando em situa&#231;&#227;o de queda do retorno venoso por estresse
            gravitacional.</p>
      <p>Corroborando nossos achados, Mitnangi e Hainsworth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e Carrol e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> relataram
            aumento da toler&#226;ncia &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica em pacientes portadores de s&#237;ncope
            neurocardiog&#234;nica que foram submetidos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico. Aumentos no
            volume de sangue circulante e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de vasopressina circulante foram
            observados nesses pacientes. Convertino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
            documentaram aumento significativo no volume de plasma circulante em indiv&#237;duos
            submetidos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, vale a pena ser relatado trabalho conduzido por Allen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, em 1945, que estudaram dois g&#234;meos id&#234;nticos com
            resposta positiva ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; um deles realizou treinamento f&#237;sico durante
            tr&#234;s semanas, enquanto o outro permaneceu sedent&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo da interven&#231;&#227;o, o
            teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o passiva mostrou que o g&#234;meo sedent&#225;rio manteve a resposta positiva
            enquanto o g&#234;meo treinado apresentou resposta negativa ao teste.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico promover, nos pacientes com s&#237;ncope
            neurocardiog&#234;nica, modifica&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica sobre o sistema
            cardiovascular, ele pode aumentar o volume de sangue, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina e,
            ainda, o t&#244;nus muscular dos membros inferiores quando o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico envolver os
            referidos grupos musculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. O treinamento
            f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m &#233; respons&#225;vel por um aumento no volume diast&#243;lico final e no volume
            sist&#243;lico, o que pode interferir com a estimula&#231;&#227;o das fibras C ventriculares, fatores
            desencadeantes da s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>Apesar de o presente estudo n&#227;o ter sido elaborado para explorar os mecanismos
            fisiopatol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pela s&#237;ncope, que s&#227;o muitos e de natureza complexa, e
            considerando que avaliamos os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico por 12 semanas, &#233; pouco
            prov&#225;vel que o aumento do volume circulante tenha papel relevante nos achados
               documentados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Nesse estudo,
            mudan&#231;as de sensibilidade reflexa dos barorreceptores arteriais muito provavelmente
            tenham um papel relevante no grupo treinado, uma vez que estudos dispon&#237;veis na
            literatura t&#234;m documentado as referidas adapta&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico de
            curta e longa dura&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados nos levam a concluir que o programa de treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico
            supervisionado, por 12 semanas, foi capaz de reduzir o n&#250;mero de testes de inclina&#231;&#227;o
            positivos, assim como de aumentar o tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao teste na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica,
            ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico como conduta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento da
               s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica ainda precisam ser mais bem investigados. Com o desenho
               experimental de curta dura&#231;&#227;o utilizado no presente estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer
               infer&#234;ncias, quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope e ao impacto cl&#237;nico da interven&#231;&#227;o na
               evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelas CAPES</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Physical Training as Non-Pharmacological Treatment of
               Neurocardiogenic Syncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takahagi</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Cristina Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cresc&#234;ncio</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallo</surname>
            <given-names>Louren&#231;o</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <aff>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
                  Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto -
                  Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address: Vanessa Cristina Miranda Takahagi</bold>, Divis&#227;o de
               Cardiologia HCFMRP-USP - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre. Postal Code 14049-900,
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>vmiranda_fisio@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Takahagi VCM, Gallo J&#250;nior L; Acquisition
                  of data: Takahagi VCM, Costa DC, Cresc&#234;ncio JC; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data and Statistical analysis: Takahagi VCM; Writing of the manuscript: Takahagi
                  VCM, Costa DC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gallo
                  J&#250;nior L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Vanessa Cristina Miranda
                  Takahagi from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o
                  Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Characterized as a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone,
                  with quick and spontaneous recovery, syncope is caused by an acute reduction of
                  systemic arterial pressure and, therefore, of cerebral blood flow. Unsatisfactory
                  results with the use of drugs allowed the nonpharmacological treatment of
                  neurocardiogenic syncope was contemplated as the first therapeutic option. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p> To compare, in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, the impact of a moderate
                  intensity aerobic physical training (AFT) and a control intervention on the
                  positivity of head-up tilting test (HUT) and orthostatic tolerance time. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Were studied 21 patients with a history of recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope and
                  HUT. The patients were randomized into: trained group (TG), n = 11, and control
                  group (CG), n = 10. The TG was submitted to 12 weeks of AFT supervised, in cycle
                  ergometer, and the CG to a control procedure that consisted in 15 minutes of
                  stretching and 15 minutes of light walk. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The TG had a positive effect to physical training, with a significant increase in
                  peak oxygen consumption. The CG did not show any statistically significant change
                  before and after the intervention. After the intervention period, 72.7% of the TG
                  sample had negative results to the HUT, not having syncope in the revaluation.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> The program of supervised aerobic physical training for 12 weeks was able to
                  reduce the number of positive HUT, as it was able to increase tolerance time in
                  orthostatic position during the HUT after the intervention period.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aerobic physical training</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurocardiogenic syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Head-up tilting test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Syncope is defined as a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness and postural tonus
               characterized by a quick and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by an acute decrease
               in systemic arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.
               Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is the most frequent type of syncope, and, although
               benign, recurrent symptoms decrease the quality of life of patients in the same
               manner as chronic diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>The passive head-up tilt test (HUT) is an effective and safe method to identify
               patients with suspected NCS. Its reproducibility, when positive, is approximately
                  82%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>The physiopathology of NCS remains unclear; however, an impairment of the
               compensatory reflex mechanisms responsible for maintaining pressure levels in the
               short term is observed. In NCS, unknown trigger mechanisms activate a specific
               autonomic efferent response, with a decrease in the sympathetic arteriolar
               stimulation and/or increase in the parasympathetic tonus at the sinus node, thereby
               resulting in vasodilatation and/or bradycardia that decreases the systemic arterial
                  pressure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Syncope is usually preceded by prodromes such as pallor,
               nausea, sweating, dizziness, visual disturbances, and palpitations. It may be
               triggered by orthostatic stress, particularly in hot environments, pain or emotional
               stress, low hydration, and prolonged fasting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>The various forms of treatment proposed for NCS have not been completely
                  investigated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Well-conducted randomized studies have shown
               that preventive pharmacological therapy is ineffective<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, which has led to
               the possibility of considering nonpharmacological treatments as first-line
               therapeutic options<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Aerobic physical
               training (AFT) has been extensively studied as part of the treatment for NCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In previous studies, increased orthostasis
               tolerance time and blood volume<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> as well as
               decreased levels of circulating vasopressin were observed in patients with NCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Another important effect of physical exercise is the increase in
               muscle mass, particularly in the lower limbs, which improves venous return via the
               muscle pump mechanism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Aerobic training
               decreases cardiac sympathetic tonus, which may cause a decrease in the chronotropic
               and inotropic responses that are responsible for triggering the Bezold-Jarisch reflex
               when venous return is decreased because of orthostasis; in addition, it improves
               baroreflex sensitvity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of AFT in the treatment of NCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>This study aimed to compare the effects of moderate-intensity AFT on HUT positivity
               and orthostasis tolerance time with those of a control intervention in patients with
               NCS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This prospective study included 21 sedentary patients with positive HUT results and a
               history of recurrent NCS (&gt;2 episodes, with the last episode having occurred
               during the 6 months before the start of this study). These patients underwent the
               diagnostic test after being referred to the General Cardiology, Arrhythmia, and
               Neurology Outpatient Clinics of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the School of Medicine
               of Ribeir&#227;o Preto-USP. Following inclusion in the study, the patients were reassessed
               by a cardiologist to rule out cardiac and neurological causes of syncope. They also
               underwent complementary tests, including resting electrocardiogram (12 leads),
               Doppler-echocardiogram, and 24-h electrocardiogram (Holter). The selected individuals
               were studied in the absence of drugs that could interfere with the response of the
               analyzed variables. Patients with suspected chronic diseases such as diabetes and
               coronary artery disease were excluded from the study, along with those who had some
               orthopedic or functional limitation that prevented them from performing aerobic
               exercise.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of our institution. All
               patients provided written informed consent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The passive HUT</title>
          <p>During the test, the patients were maintained in the supine position with a saddle
                  support for 20 min on a tilt table. The following parameters were assessed at
                  baseline and tilt: surface electrocardiogram, instantaneous heart rate (cardio
                  tachometer), and arterial blood pressure by auscultatory method and beat-by-beat
                  using the plethysmographic method (Finapres - Ohmeda - 2300).</p>
          <p>After the resting period in the horizontal supine position, the table was tilted
                  to a vertical position at an angle of 70&#186; (head-up tilt) in less than 10 s and the
                  test was continued for 45 min. The test was immediately interrupted if the patient
                  reached the test positivity criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In
                  this case, the table was quickly returned to the horizontal position or the
                  Trendelenburg position, when necessary, for a period of 5 min or until complete
                  recovery of the patient<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Both the initial and re-evaluation tests
                  were performed using the same methodology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The ergospirometric test (ET)</title>
          <p>All patients underwent the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. The protocol
                  involved dynamic physical effort to be applied while sitting on a cycle ergometer
                  with an electromagnetic brake (Corival 400, Quinton). The power applied to the
                  cycle ergometer was of the ramp-type, and the intensity was determined
                  individually according to the formula developed by Wasserman et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, which was based on anthropometric
                  characteristics, age, and gender. The patients were encouraged to apply effort
                  until the point of exhaustion. During the test, the initial ramp was preceded by a
                  period of 4 min at minimum load (3-4 Watts) and a constant speed of 60 rotations
                  per min, with the aim of warming up the physiological systems involved in oxygen
                  delivery and allowing them to reach the steady-state. In this protocol, the
                  ventilatory variables were obtained using an ergospirometry device (CPX/D
                  MedGraphics) that allowed the acquisition, processing, and recording of these
                  variables on a breath-to-breath basis. The peak values of oxygen consumption
                     (VO<sub>2</sub>) and heart rate (HR) were expressed as the mean of the last 30
                  s of recording during the effort period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention protocol</title>
          <p>Following confirmation of diagnosis based on the HUT, all patients received
                  general guidance on how to avoid situations and places that could trigger syncope,
                  such as excessive heat, closed crowded environments, dehydration, prolonged
                  fasting, remaining in a vertical position for a long time, and emotional
                     stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. They received instructions to
                  increase the intake of water, perform isometric contraction maneuvers, and/or lie
                  down on experiencing the first presyncopal symptoms. In addition, they were asked
                  to note, in a diary, the dates of any syncope episodes and/or presyncopal symptoms
                  experienced during the intervention period.</p>
          <p>The individuals were randomized into 2 groups: a trained group (TG, n = 11) and a
                  control group (CG, n = 10). The TG was subjected to a 12-week program of
                  supervised AFT using a cycle ergometer. The intensity of training was prescribed
                  such that the HR was maintained between the value corresponding to the ventilatory
                  anaerobic threshold (VAT) and that corresponding to 10% below the respiratory
                  compensation point (RCP). A heart rate monitor (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup>) was used
                  throughout the session. Training took place twice a week and lasted for 35 min,
                  and the patient was instructed to perform 2 more unsupervised sessions. If the
                  patient was unable to attend the scheduled session, another session was
                  rescheduled for the same week to ensure that all supervised sessions were
                  conducted. To ensure adherence to external training, the unsupervised sessions
                  were subjected to weekly control using a spreadsheet given to the patient that was
                  checked at every session.</p>
          <p>The CG was subjected to a control procedure that included 15 min of stretching, 15
                  min of light walking below the prescribed target HR, and 10 min of relaxation. The
                  HR was monitored throughout the procedure using an HR monitor (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup>)
                  to ensure that it was maintained below the calculated target HR. Two weekly
                  sessions were performed over a period of 12 weeks.</p>
          <p>After 12 weeks, both groups were re-evaluated using HUT and ET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations and medians. For intergroup
                  analysis of anthropometric data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Fisher's exact test was used to compare
                  the response to the HUT and the intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. To compare the number of syncope episodes between groups, the
                  Poisson model with random effects was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the
                  association between the 2 quantitative variables. The level of statistical
                  significance was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The anthropometric characteristics and basal hemodynamic parameters are shown in
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>. There was no statistically
               significant difference between groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antropometric characteristics and basal hemodynamic parameters in the
                     trained group (TG) and control group (CG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Mean (SD)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>CG</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Male </td>
                <td align="center"> 2 </td>
                <td align="center"> 1 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Female </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years) </td>
                <td align="center"> 32 (10) </td>
                <td align="center"> 26 (8) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Height (cm) </td>
                <td align="center"> 164 (9.4) </td>
                <td align="center"> 163.5 (5.5) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Body mass (kg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 67 (11.2) </td>
                <td align="center"> 63 (10.0) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Heart rate (bpm) </td>
                <td align="center"> 64 (8) </td>
                <td align="center"> 65 (7) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 110.9 (17.1) </td>
                <td align="center"> 109.0 (17.1) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 71.8 (12.7) </td>
                <td align="center"> 69.0 (11.0) </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SD: Standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The results obtained in the ergospirometric stress tests are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>. There was no significant difference
               between groups during the preintervention period. After 12 weeks of aerobic training,
               the TG exhibited a tendency for higher peak HR, with VO<sub>2</sub> peak and
                  VO<sub>2</sub> at AT being significantly higher in the TG than in the CG. The CG
               did not exhibit any statistically significant changes in ergospirometry variables
               before and after the training period. After the intervention, the TG exhibited a
               higher VO<sub>2</sub> at AT compared with the CG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of the variables measured in the ergospirometric test before
                     and after intervention in the trained group (TG) and control group (CG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Period</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CV</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Minimum</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Median</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Maximum</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8">
                  <bold>Control</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> HR rest </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                <td align="center"> 7 </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 56 </td>
                <td align="center"> 63 </td>
                <td align="center"> 77 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> HR peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 168 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 143 </td>
                <td align="center"> 173 </td>
                <td align="center"> 183 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 24.3 </td>
                <td align="center"> 7.55 </td>
                <td align="center"> 31.06 </td>
                <td align="center"> 16 </td>
                <td align="center"> 22.95 </td>
                <td align="center"> 40 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> AT </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12.4 </td>
                <td align="center"> 3.27 </td>
                <td align="center"> 26.39 </td>
                <td align="center"> 8 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 20 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> HR rest </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 66 </td>
                <td align="center"> 6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 59 </td>
                <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                <td align="center"> 82 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> HR peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 169 </td>
                <td align="center"> 17 </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 123 </td>
                <td align="center"> 172 </td>
                <td align="center"> 181 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 22.84 </td>
                <td align="center"> 7.25 </td>
                <td align="center"> 31.72 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14.3 </td>
                <td align="center"> 22 </td>
                <td align="center"> 38 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> AT </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 11.8<sup>&#167;</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 26.44 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 19 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8">
                  <bold>Trained</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> HR rest </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 64 </td>
                <td align="center"> 8 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 51 </td>
                <td align="center"> 66 </td>
                <td align="center"> 78 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> HR peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 162 </td>
                <td align="center"> 16 </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 133 </td>
                <td align="center"> 166 </td>
                <td align="center"> 180 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 21,1<sup>&#8224;</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.02 </td>
                <td align="center"> 19.03 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14 </td>
                <td align="center"> 21.15 </td>
                <td align="center"> 26.8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> AT </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12<sup>&#8225;</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.48 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12.36 </td>
                <td align="center"> 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> HR rest </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 66 </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 15 </td>
                <td align="center"> 52 </td>
                <td align="center"> 64 </td>
                <td align="center"> 83 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> HR peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 169 </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 150 </td>
                <td align="center"> 171 </td>
                <td align="center"> 181 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> peak </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 25.35<sup>&#8224;</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 3.93 </td>
                <td align="center"> 15.51 </td>
                <td align="center"> 21.6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 25 </td>
                <td align="center"> 34.8 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"> VO<sub>2</sub> AT </td>
                <td align="center"> 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14.27<sup>&#8225;&#167;</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.28 </td>
                <td align="center"> 16 </td>
                <td align="center"> 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 14 </td>
                <td align="center"> 19 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation; HR: heart rate; AT:
                        anaerobic threshold; &#8224; p &#8804; 0.05; VO<sub>2</sub> peak in the trained
                        group before and after the intervention. &#8225; p &#8804; 0.05; VO<sub>2</sub> at
                        AT in the trained group before and after the intervention. &#167; p &#8804;
                        0.05; VO<sub>2</sub> at AT between the control and trained groups after the
                        intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> shows an analysis of the number of
               syncope episodes experienced by the patients during 3 distinct periods: from 1 year
               to 6 months before the intervention (P1), during the 6 months before the intervention
               (P2), and 3 months after the start of the intervention (P3). The TG exhibited a
               statistically significant difference between periods P1 and P3 and between P2 and P3,
               whereas the CG exhibited a statistically significant difference between P1 and P3. On
               comparing both groups, a significant difference was observed for P3.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number of syncope episodes in the trained group and control group in the 3
                     periods under study.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0288-40021-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In the initial evaluation of both groups, all individuals exhibited a positive HUT
               result (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>). There was no statistically
               significant difference between groups in orthostasis tolerance time before the
               intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of the head-up tilt test before and after the intervention in the
                     trained group (TG) and control group (CG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>TG (n = 11)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <bold>CG (n = 10)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <th>
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Positive </td>
                <td> 11 (100%) </td>
                <td> 3 (27.3%) </td>
                <td> 10 (100%) </td>
                <td> 7 (70%) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Negative </td>
                <td> 0 </td>
                <td> 8 (72.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t07-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td> 0 </td>
                <td> 3 (30%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t07-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t07-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &#8804; 0.05; HUT result between the TG and CG after the intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Orthostasis tolerance time before and after the intervention in the trained
                     group (TG) and control group (CG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Time</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>CV</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Minimum</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Median</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>Maximum</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Control</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </td>
                <td> 10 </td>
                <td> 31.3 </td>
                <td> 12.9 </td>
                <td> 41.2 </td>
                <td> 9 </td>
                <td> 35.5 </td>
                <td> 44 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </td>
                <td> 10 </td>
                <td> 27.6* </td>
                <td> 13.6 </td>
                <td> 49.3 </td>
                <td> 4 </td>
                <td> 25.5 </td>
                <td> 45 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Trained</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Before</bold>
                </td>
                <td> 11 </td>
                <td> 28.6<sup>&#8224;</sup>
								</td>
                <td> 13.8 </td>
                <td> 48.0 </td>
                <td> 8 </td>
                <td> 32 </td>
                <td> 44 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td>
                  <bold>After</bold>
                </td>
                <td> 11 </td>
                <td> 39.5*<sup>&#8224;</sup>
								</td>
                <td> 9.9 </td>
                <td> 25.1 </td>
                <td> 18 </td>
                <td> 45 </td>
                <td> 45 </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation; *p &#8804; 0.05;
                        orthostasis tolerance time (min) after the intervention between the CG and
                        TG. <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &#8804; 0.05; orthostasis tolerance time in the TG before
                        and after the intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>After the intervention period, 72.7% patients in the TG exhibited a negative HUT,
               with no episodes of syncope reported during re-evaluation. In the CG, only 30%
               patients exhibited a negative HUT; this difference was significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref>). Individuals with a positive HUT result
               after the intervention, those in the TG exhibited an increased orthostasis tolerance
               time compared with those in the CG. This difference was statistically significant
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>There was no correlation between the increase in physical capacity (delta of peak
                  VO<sub>2</sub>) and increase in orthostasis tolerance time (delta of orthostasis
               tolerance time) in both groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>NCS is a transient functional impairment of the autonomic nervous system that
               primarily affects healthy young women who do not exhibit signs of structural heart
               disease or neurological disease. Patients who experience recurrent episodes
               experience limitations in their daily and professional activities, which greatly
               affects their quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>The pharmacological treatment of syncope, which is based on medications such as beta
               blockers, fludrocortisone, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is part of the
               available therapeutic arsenal; however, in the vast majority of patients,
               pharmacological therapy for the treatment of this dysautonomia does not offer
               effective results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, a variety of nonpharmacological approaches have been proposed. These
               include prevention by avoiding the triggering factors, e.g., increasing water intake
               throughout the day, avoiding the vertical position at rest, avoiding prolonged
               fasting, and undergoing passive postural training (tilt training), and the use of
               maneuvers to avoid syncope when the patient exhibits the so-called prodromes. In
               these situations, the patients can be instructed to perform maneuvers or adopt
               postures that prevent the progression of the presyncope to syncope, such as crossing
               of the legs in the vertical position, isometric effort with the upper limbs, and
               change to the horizontal position. Among these measures, physical training has been
               gaining importance because of the positive results observed in terms of a decrease in
               and/or elimination of NCS episodes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study, AFT resulted in a significant increase in VO<sub>2</sub> at stress peak
               and at VAT in the TG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Moreover, the CG did
               not exhibit significant changes in oxygen delivery parameters during stress, either
               at submaximal levels or at maximal levels. These findings suggest that in the TG, the
               physiological adaptations induced by aerobic training are responsible for the
               decrease in the number of individuals with a positive HUT result and increased
               orthostasis tolerance time after 12 weeks of the intervention.</p>
        <p>In 2007, Gardenghi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> conducted a 4-month
               study about the impact of different therapeutic methods (moderate AFT, passive
               postural training, pharmacological treatment, and control) on the improvement of the
               baroreceptor reflex in patients with NCS and observed that only AFT was effective in
               increasing arterial baroreflex sensitivity, which decreased in the studied group.
               Brum et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reported that physical training
               increased baroreflex sensitivity in normotensive and hypertensive rats. In 1998, Gava
               et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> described the decrease in sympathetic
               cardiac tonus in rats with spontaneous hypertension after physical training, which
               decreased cardiac chronotropic and inotropic responses that are responsible for
               triggering the Bezold-Jarisch reflex when venous return is decreased because of
               gravitational stress.</p>
        <p>Mitnangi and Hainsworth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and Carrol et
                  al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> reported an increase in orthostasis
               tolerance time in patients with NCS who underwent AFT, a finding consistent with our
               findings. Increased circulating blood volume and decreased levels of circulating
               vasopressin were observed in these patients. Convertino et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> found a significant increase in the circulating plasma volume
               of individuals subjected to moderate intensity AFT.</p>
        <p>In this context, it is worth noting the study conducted by Allen et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in 1945, wherein 2 identical twins with
               positive tilt tests were studied. One of them performed physical training over 3
               weeks, whereas the other remained sedentary. After the intervention period, the
               sedentary twin exhibited a positive HUT result, whereas the active twin exhibited a
               negative HUT result.</p>
        <p>AFT, in addition to promoting beneficial changes in the autonomic modulation of the
               cardiovascular system in patients with NCS, can also increase blood volume,
               hemoglobin levels, and muscle tonus in the lower limbs (when exercise involves these
               muscle groups)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Moreover, physical training
               is responsible for the increase in the final diastolic and systolic volumes, which
               may interfere with the stimulation of ventricular C fibers that trigger NCS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although the present study was not designed to explore the physiopathological
               mechanisms responsible for syncope, which are many and complex, and considering that
               we assessed the effects of a 12-week physical training program, it is unlikely that
               the increase in circulating plasma volume is key to the reported findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. In this study, changes in arterial
               baroreceptor reflex sensitivity probably played an important role in the effects
               observed in the trained group, considering that other studies have reported these
               adaptations to short- and long-duration aerobic physical exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The 12-week supervised AFT program was effective in decreasing the number of patients
               with positive HUT results and increasing the orthostasis tolerance time after the
               intervention period in patients with NCS.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The effects of physical training as a nonpharmacological procedure for the
                  treatment of NCS require further investigations. Because of the short follow-up
                  period used in the present study, syncope recurrence could not be evaluated and
                  the clinical impact of the intervention on the natural progression of the disease
                  could not be determined.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
