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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kLP5L5wyqRJ7DRm4VFXcYht</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Recupera&#231;&#227;o no Primeiro Minuto no
               Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia
               Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lindemberg</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Derossi</surname>
            <given-names>Milena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guilhon</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares / Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC) / Centro
               Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia Aloisio de
               Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Aloisio de Castro, Rio de
               Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Chermont</bold>, Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca
               (CLIC) / Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - Estrada da Prata s/n. Prata. CEP
               25976-340, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>schermont@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, Derossi M, Guilhon S, Bernardez S,
                  Marchese L; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M,
                  Derossi M, Guilhon S, Bernardez S, Marchese L, Martins W, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET;
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET;
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chermont S, Marchese L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
                  ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, Bernardez S, Martins W,
                  N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Sabrina Lindemberg pela
                  Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>287</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no primeiro minuto (FCR<sub>1</sub>) &#233; um
                  preditor de mortalidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), mas seu progn&#243;stico n&#227;o
                  foi avaliado no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) nesses pacientes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M em pacientes
                  com IC e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos (DP6M). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Protocolo controlado, transversal, com 161 indiv&#237;duos, 126 pacientes com IC
                  sist&#243;lica est&#225;vel, divididos em dois grupos (G1 e G2), que receberam ou n&#227;o
                     <italic>&#946;</italic>-bloqueador e 35 volunt&#225;rios no grupo controle (G3) que
                  tiveram a FCR<sub>1</sub> registrada no TC6M. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A FCR1 e a DP6M foram significativamente diferentes nos tr&#234;s grupos. Os valores
                  m&#233;dios de FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M foram: FCR<sub>1</sub> = 12 &#177; 14 bpm G1, 18 &#177; 16
                  bpm G2 e 21 &#177; 13 bpm G3; DP6M = 423 &#177; 102 m G1, G2 396 &#177; 101 m e 484 &#177; 96 m G3 (p
                  &lt; 0,05). Os resultados demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M
                  no G1 (r = 0,3, p = 0,04) e G3 (r = 0,4, p = 0,03), mas n&#227;o em G2 (r = 0,12, p =
                  0,48). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A resposta da FCR<sub>1</sub> foi atenuada em pacientes em uso de &#946;B e mostrou
                  correla&#231;&#227;o com o TC6M, refletindo uma melhor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. A
                     FCR<sub>1</sub> ap&#243;s a DP6M parece representar uma alternativa quando os testes
                  de esfor&#231;o na esteira n&#227;o s&#227;o tolerados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (FCR) reflete a atividade auton&#244;mica no sistema
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> e &#233; um preditor de morbidade e mortalidade em
            pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, e quando calculada
            pela diferen&#231;a entre a FC no pico do exerc&#237;cio e a FC medida no primeiro minuto
            imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, torna-se a FCR no primeiro minuto (FCR<sub>1</sub>), que
            tem sido associada a resultados adversos na IC em v&#225;rios ensaios utilizando testes de
            esfor&#231;o na esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os beta-bloqueadores (&#946;B) s&#227;o obrigat&#243;rios no tratamento da IC devido &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o contra
            efeitos delet&#233;rios das catecolaminas nas c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio, al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, embora atenuem a
               FCR<sub>1 </sub>em testes de exerc&#237;cio e possam interferir em seu valor
               progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1</sub> foi estudada em testes de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, recomendado como padr&#227;o ouro para testes de esfor&#231;o na IC. Outra
            alternativa para avaliar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio na IC &#233; o teste de caminhada de seis
            minutos (TC6M), aplicado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a
            dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos (DP6M) e a mortalidade em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores validaram a FCR<sub>1</sub> como par&#226;metro preditivo, e ela parece
            ser um m&#233;todo adequado para avaliar a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio na IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, bem como uma melhor
            representa&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o real nas atividades da vida di&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pouco se sabe sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Um estudo
            anterior observou essa correla&#231;&#227;o na fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e um
            editorial recente observou a utilidade cl&#237;nica da FCR<sub>1</sub> ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio
            subm&#225;ximo na IC e mostrou a sensibilidade do TC6M para diferenciar uma resposta anormal
            da FCR<sub>1</sub>. O TC6M pode produzir uma resposta card&#237;aca como aquela obtida
            durante o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo no teste cardiopulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Visto que n&#227;o existem estudos com finalidade espec&#237;fica de avaliar a
               FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M, o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a resposta
            da FCR<sub>1</sub> e identificar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M na IC.
            Nesse estudo tamb&#233;m foi considerada a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da terapia com &#946;B sobre a
            FCR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo seguiu um protocolo controlado, transversal, de 161 indiv&#237;duos: 126
            pacientes (72 do sexo masculino; 62 anos &#177; 13 anos, IMC 27 &#177; 5 kg/m<sup>2)</sup> e 35
            volunt&#225;rios sem IC (16 masculino, 60 anos &#177; 13 anos, IMC 27 &#177; 3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;
            sedent&#225;rios) no grupo controle, avaliados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e
            exclus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram selecionados da Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da
            Universidade Federal Fluminense, com IC sist&#243;lica est&#225;vel (FEVE &lt; 50%, Simpson),
            conforme os crit&#233;rios de Framingham e Boston, NYHA II-III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, distribu&#237;dos em dois
            grupos, recebendo ou n&#227;o &#946;-bloqueador (Carvedilol, dose m&#233;dia de 30 &#177; 29 mg),
            respectivamente G1 e G2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O grupo sem
            &#946;-bloqueador foi constitu&#237;do por pacientes em sua primeira visita, portanto eles ainda
            n&#227;o estavam recebendo &#946;-bloqueador e foram submetidos ao TC6M. Indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis
            foram alocados em um terceiro grupo (G3). Tanto os pacientes como os indiv&#237;duos
            saud&#225;veis foram submetidos ao TC6M conforme as diretrizes da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de
            Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Pulmonar (AACVPR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa e
            todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o consistiram em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico da IC sist&#243;lica,
            isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, sem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a pulmonar ou vascular perif&#233;rica,
            idade &gt; 21 anos, de ambos os sexos, em ritmo sinusal, em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico
            padr&#227;o, todos recebendo betabloqueadores, est&#225;veis nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram baseados nos protocolos de seguran&#231;a de testes de esfor&#231;o
            com avalia&#231;&#227;o individual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, angina inst&#225;vel,
            miocardite ou pericardite aguda, doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica aguda ou febre, doen&#231;as
            neuromusculares, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica &gt; 20 mmHg (sintom&#225;tica), taquicardia sinusal
            &gt; 120 bpm (em repouso) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em repouso (PAS) &#8805; 180 mmHg e
            press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 110 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Os pacientes com etiologia chag&#225;sica tamb&#233;m
            foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis foram registradas utilizando-se protocolo sistem&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> de IC;
               FCR<sub>1</sub>; PAS; PAD, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), press&#227;o de pulso (PP),
            satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>), frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR), Escala
            de Borg e DP6M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>O TC6M foi realizado de acordo com a AACVPR, ap&#243;s 15 minutos de repouso, e a FC e a
               SpO<sub>2</sub> foram registradas durante todo o procedimento, especificamente no
            final de 2, 4 e 6 minutos durante o TC6M e imediatamente ap&#243;s o teste, no 1<sup>o</sup>
            e 2<sup>o</sup> mins durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A FC e a SpO2 foram obtidas por
            ox&#237;metros de dedo digitais (Nonin Onyx 9500, Onyx Manufactory, Massachusetts, EUA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Sintomas limitantes
            e a escala de Borg foram observados durante todo o teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1</sub> anormal foi estabelecida como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o igual ou inferior a 13-12
               bpm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Todos os testes foram realizados em um corredor de superf&#237;cie plana, de 30 metros de
            comprimento, marcado a cada 1 m de dist&#226;ncia, com cones posicionados no ponto de
               retorno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Durante o TC6M, a escala de Borg e dispneia foram registradas e o tempo foi informado a
            cada 2 minutos. Exatamente no 6&#186; minuto, os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a parar no lugar
            preciso, sentaram-se em uma cadeira e foram examinados durante o per&#237;odo de
               recupera&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1</sub> foi medida atrav&#233;s de uma aferi&#231;&#227;o dupla, registrada pelo ox&#237;metro e
            confirmada com o m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio do pulso radial, sempre no bra&#231;o esquerdo, durante um
            minuto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi determinado como sendo pelo menos 69 indiv&#237;duos, como
               visto em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Todos os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dias &#177;
               EPM e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada
               com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de fator &#250;nico para medidas repetidas para
               comparar vari&#225;veis e grupos, e o teste de Tukey quando o valor de "p" mostrou
               signific&#226;ncia. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) foi utilizado para avaliar
               a rela&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Todos os 161 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos ao protocolo. Cento e cinquenta e quatro
            indiv&#237;duos completaram todas as etapas do estudo. Sete pacientes (5 mulheres)
            interromperam o teste devido &#224; dispneia e fadiga. As caracter&#237;sticas basais s&#227;o
            apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais para os pacientes com IC alocados nos grupos (n =
                  154)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G1 (n = 84)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G2 (n = 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G3 (n = 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>* valor de p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Masculino</td>
              <td align="center">55(65,4%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(42,8%)</td>
              <td align="center">16(45,7%)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,030*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Feminino </td>
              <td align="center"> 29(34,6%)</td>
              <td align="center"> 20(57,2%)</td>
              <td align="center"> 19(54,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0,254</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Altura (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">165 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">160 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">161 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">0,026*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Peso (kg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 73 &#177; 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 19 </td>
              <td align="center"> 74 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,525 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> IMC (kg/m2) </td>
              <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 5 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 3 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,629 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> FEVE (%) (Simpson) </td>
              <td align="center"> 42 &#177; 6 </td>
              <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 7 </td>
              <td align="center">-----</td>
              <td align="center"> 0,283 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> NYHA II (n) </td>
              <td align="center"> 58 (69%) </td>
              <td align="center"> 23 (66%) </td>
              <td align="center">-----</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0,763 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> NYHA III (n) </td>
              <td align="center"> 26 (31%) </td>
              <td align="center"> 12 (34%) </td>
              <td align="center">-----</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PAS repouso (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 132&#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 125 &#177; 18 </td>
              <td align="center"> 124 &#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,021* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PAD repouso (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 81 &#177; 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 78 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 79 &#177; 7 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,142 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> FC repouso (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 82 &#177; 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 76 &#177; 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,0001* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Borg (0-10) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 0 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,449 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Escala de dispneia (0-5) </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,032* </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>G1: grupo 1 (pacientes recebendo betabloqueador), G2: grupo 2 (pacientes sem
                     betabloqueador); G3: grupo 3 (indiv&#237;duos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); IMC:
                     &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA:
                     New York Heart Association; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o
                     arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. p &lt; 0,05 * (vari&#225;veis com
                     signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M foi analisada para cada grupo e comparada entre os grupos. A
            poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da terapia com betabloqueador na FCR<sub>1</sub> foi considerada e o
            tratamento farmacol&#243;gico padr&#227;o foi descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
               2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico padr&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G1</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G2</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G3</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> Dose de &#946;B (mg)/(n&#176; de pacientes em uso; %) </td>
              <td align="center"> 30 &#177; 29 (100%) </td>
              <td align="center"> ---- </td>
              <td align="center"> ---- </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> IECA (n&#176; de pacientes em uso; %) </td>
              <td align="center"> 66 (78,6%) </td>
              <td align="center"> 35 (100%) </td>
              <td align="center"> ---- </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Digoxina (n&#176; de pacientes em uso; %) </td>
              <td align="center"> 56 (66,7%) </td>
              <td align="center"> 11 (31,4%) </td>
              <td align="center"> ---- </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Diur&#233;tico (de pacientes em uso; %) </td>
              <td align="center"> 70 (83,3%) </td>
              <td align="center"> 31 (88,6%) </td>
              <td align="center"> ---- </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>&#946;B: betabloqueador; IECA: Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina;</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis medidas durante e ap&#243;s o TC6M s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>, para toda a amostra e grupos. As respostas da
               FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M foram diferentes nos tr&#234;s grupos (p = 0,0002), conforme
            mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. No G1, G2 e G3 houve
            diferen&#231;a significante para os resultados relacionados &#224; FCR<sub>1</sub>. Os valores
            m&#233;dios da FCR<sub>1 </sub>foram: FCR<sub>1</sub> = 12 &#177; 14 bpm para o G1;
               FCR<sub>1</sub> = 18 &#177; 16 bpm para G2 e FCR<sub>1</sub> = 21 &#177; 13 bpm para o G3. N&#227;o
            houve diferen&#231;a para a resposta da FCR<sub>1 </sub>quando os g&#234;neros foram comparados em
            todos os grupos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis medidas e calculadas durante e ap&#243;s o TC6M</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G3 (n = 84)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G2 (n = 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>G3 (n = 35)</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>* p &lt; 0,05</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> FC em repouso (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 82 &#177; 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 76 &#177; 9 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,0001* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> 2&#176; min, FC (bpm) (durante TC6M) </td>
              <td align="center"> 100 &#177; 17 </td>
              <td align="center"> 107 &#177; 18 </td>
              <td align="center"> 108 &#177; 19 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,009* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> 4&#176; min, FC (bpm) (durante TC6M) </td>
              <td align="center"> 105 &#177; 20 </td>
              <td align="center"> 109 &#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 104 &#177; 18 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,253 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> 6&#176; min, FC (bpm) (durante TC6M) </td>
              <td align="center"> 99 &#177; 20 </td>
              <td align="center"> 107 &#177; 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 106 &#177; 17 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,012* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> FC prevista (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 159 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 156 &#177; 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 160 &#177; 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,254 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Reserva Cronotr&#243;pica (FC prevista-FC de repouso) </td>
              <td align="center"> 40 &#177; 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 36 &#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,0001* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> D&#233;ficit Cronotr&#243;pico </td>
              <td align="center"> 31 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 31 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 10 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,022* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> FCR<sub>1</sub> (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center"> 12 &#177; 14 </td>
              <td align="center"> 18 &#177; 16 </td>
              <td align="center"> 21 &#177; 13 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,0002* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PAS (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 132&#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 125 &#177; 18 </td>
              <td align="center"> 124 &#177; 15 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,006* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PAD (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center"> 81 &#177; 11 </td>
              <td align="center"> 78 &#177; 12 </td>
              <td align="center"> 79 &#177; 7 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,267 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Borg (0-10) </td>
              <td align="center"> 2 &#177; 2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 3 &#177; 2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,009* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> Escala de dispneia (0-5) </td>
              <td align="center"> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 1 &#177; 2 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,004* </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> DP6M (metros) </td>
              <td align="center"> 423&#177; 102 </td>
              <td align="center"> 396&#177;101 </td>
              <td align="center"> 484 &#177; 96 </td>
              <td align="center"> 0,003* </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>G1: grupo 1 (pacientes recebendo betabloqueador), G2: grupo 2 (pacientes sem
                     betabloqueador); G3: grupo 3 (indiv&#237;duos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), FC:
                     frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FCR<sub>1</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no
                     primeiro minuto; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial
                     diast&#243;lica; DP6M: dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos. p &lt; 0,05 *
                     (vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>FCR<sub>1</sub> ap&#243;s TC6M nos tr&#234;s grupos. FCR<sub>1</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no primeiro minuto; TC6M: teste de caminhada de seis
                  minutos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os resultados mostraram que a FCR<sub>1</sub> e a DP6M apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o
            significativa entre G1 (r = 0,3, p = 0,04) e G3 (r = 0,4, p = 0,03), confirmada pelo
            teste de Pearson, como observado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, respectivamente. No entanto, essa correla&#231;&#227;o
            entre FCR<sub>1 </sub>e DP6M n&#227;o foi demonstrada em pacientes do G2 (r = 0,12, p =
            0,48).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M no G1. FCR<sub>1</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no primeiro minuto; DP6M: dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis
                  minutos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M no G3. FCR<sub>1</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o no primeiro minuto; DP6M: dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis
                  minutos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os tr&#234;s grupos apresentaram resultados diferentes para a DP6M, como pode ser observado
            na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>. (p = 0,0038) Os valores m&#233;dios da
            DP6M foram: 423 &#177; 102 m para o G1; 396 &#177; 101 m para o G2 e 484 &#177; 96 m para o G3.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da DP6M nos 3 grupos. DP6M: Dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis
                  minutos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo investigou-se a aplicabilidade da FCR<sub>1 </sub>ao TC6M. A
               FCR<sub>1</sub> &#233; um marcador de forte marcador progn&#243;stico na IC e o TC6M permite a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,
            especialmente para pacientes que n&#227;o toleram o teste de esfor&#231;o na esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Este fato est&#225; em acordo com um estudo anterior, cujos objetivos foram definir os
            valores de corte para a FCR anormal e determinar se uma FCR anormal tem valor
            progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s o TC6M em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiop&#225;tica (FPI), o que
            suporta a l&#243;gica do presente estudo em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1 </sub>tem se mostrado um preditor de eventos adversos na IC ap&#243;s testes de
            esfor&#231;o na esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. No entanto, a FCR<sub>1</sub> ap&#243;s o TC6M ainda
            n&#227;o foi avaliada em pacientes com IC, apenas em pacientes com FPI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Os resultados observados no presente estudo mostraram um padr&#227;o de resposta da FCR<sub>1
            </sub>que foi estudado e comparado entre os tr&#234;s grupos dessa amostra, com uma diferen&#231;a
            significativa entre o comportamento da FCR<sub>1</sub> nos tr&#234;s grupos (p = 0,0002).</p>
      <p>O valor anormal da FCR<sub>1</sub> foi determinado como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 12 bpm, no TC6M.
            Estudos anteriores, usando testes de esfor&#231;o na esteira com esse ponto de corte,
            mostraram uma mortalidade de 19% no grupo com um FCR<sub>1</sub> &#8804; 12 bpm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Assim, no presente estudo foi utilizado um valor de FCR<sub>1</sub>
            validado para pacientes com IC em testes com esteira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1</sub> reflete a resposta cronotr&#243;pica e aparece atenuada em pacientes com
            IC; no entanto, h&#225; diverg&#234;ncia quanto &#224; interfer&#234;ncia dos &#946;Bs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Em
            concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, no presente estudo observou-se um padr&#227;o de resposta
            atenuada da FCR<sub>1</sub> em pacientes em uso de &#946;B quando comparados com pacientes
            sem &#946;B e volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Essa resposta pode ser atribu&#237;da a uma FC basal menor, e o fato de n&#227;o atingir o a FC de
            pico no teste deve-se, possivelmente, aos efeitos do &#946;B, de acordo com Cole e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Sheppard e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, que
            determinaram uma FC de pico de 116 &#177; 21 bpm, em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados do
            presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>O poss&#237;vel mecanismo que explica essa resposta atenuada da FCR<sub>1</sub> na IC &#233; pouco
            explicado. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, os receptores &#946;-1 e &#946;-2 t&#234;m um papel importante na
            media&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Essa resposta &#233;
            caracterizada pela domin&#226;ncia dos receptores &#946;-1 sobre os receptores &#946;-2, e a reativa&#231;&#227;o
            parassimp&#225;tica n&#227;o &#233; suprimida pelo sistema simp&#225;tico ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ushijima e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, descreveram que a
            hiperatividade simp&#225;tica com libera&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina, assim como a "<italic>down
               regulation</italic>" de receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos, estavam envolvidos nessa resposta
            atenuada da FCR<sub>1</sub>. A estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante o exerc&#237;cio inibe a
            reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica que ocorre ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e, consequentemente, quando essa
            atividade simp&#225;tica permanece exacerbada, ela poderia limitar a resposta da FC ao
            exerc&#237;cio e esses resultados da FCR<sub>1</sub> atenuada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. </p>
      <p>Esse mecanismo, explicado por Ushijima e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,
            pode elucidar o padr&#227;o atenuado da FCR<sub>1</sub> mostrado no presente estudo, mesmo
            naqueles indiv&#237;duos recebendo &#946;Bs, embora n&#227;o tenhamos quantificado marcadores da
            atividade parassimp&#225;tica para confirmar esse comportamento da FC.</p>
      <p>Primeiramente, essa resposta atenuada poderia ser caracter&#237;stica de um progn&#243;stico pior,
            mas esses pacientes apresentaram uma melhor DP6M que os pacientes sem &#946;B, semelhante aos
            resultados observados em volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, o que poderia ser devido a benef&#237;cios da
            terapia com &#946;Bs na melhoria dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>No entanto, no presente estudo, foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre FCR<sub>1
            </sub>e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> como demonstrado pelo
            TC6M, que tamb&#233;m tem valor preditivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Esse achado &#233; concordante com investiga&#231;&#245;es anteriores que demonstraram a capacidade da
               FCR<sub>1 </sub>em prever eventos adversos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o aquelas
            com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o valor da FCR anormal ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo foi definido como uma
            altera&#231;&#227;o de 42 bpm obtida a partir do pico da FC subtra&#237;da daquela medida aos dois
            minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o, para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Todos os pacientes do presente estudo
            apresentaram um valor menor de FCR<sub>1 </sub>do que os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis,
            provavelmente devido &#224; atividade parassimp&#225;tica atenuada, usual em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>O teste de caminhada de seis minutos &#233; um m&#233;todo de baixo custo para avaliar a
            toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e fornece informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica importante em pacientes com IC,
            recebendo ou n&#227;o &#946;B<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Recentemente,
            par&#226;metros registrados pelo ox&#237;metro t&#234;m sido considerados na determina&#231;&#227;o do
            progn&#243;stico, de modo que a FCR pode ser considerada uma vari&#225;vel cl&#237;nica f&#225;cil de ser
            obtida, pouco estudada em pacientes avaliados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DP6M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FCR<sub>1</sub> e DP6M nesses pacientes mostrou ser um dado
            importante nesses pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; qualquer um desses dois par&#226;metros, j&#225; que a
               FCR<sub>1</sub> e a DP6M foram demonstradas como preditoras de resultados
               adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Esse estudo foi o primeiro a mostrar a
            correla&#231;&#227;o entre a DP6M e FCR<sub>1 </sub>em pacientes com IC.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; concord&#226;ncia sobre a influ&#234;ncia do &#946;B na resposta da FCR, e nas respostas do
            t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e hemodin&#226;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> no TC6M.
            Portanto, &#233; relevante determinar o padr&#227;o da resposta da FCR<sub>1</sub> como um
            par&#226;metro preditivo em pacientes com IC em tratamento com &#946;B<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      <p>Olsson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica
            sobre o TC6M e os resultados em pacientes com IC, analisou 63 estudos randomizados e
            controlados, publicados entre 1988 e 2004, entre os quais apenas 10 estudos tinham
            inclu&#237;do pacientes recebendo carvedilol. A dose m&#233;dia utilizada na maioria dos estudos
            foi de 25 mg/dia, que &#233; semelhante &#224; do presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores em pacientes com IC em uso de &#946;B demonstraram uma FCR atenuada. No
            entanto, o valor preditivo da FCR<sub>1 </sub>n&#227;o foi alterado e mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com
            outros par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos como o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, al&#233;m de outros
            resultados adversos e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre FCR<sub>1 </sub>e TC6M no G1 e G3,
            mas n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o no G2.</p>
      <p>A FCR<sub>1 </sub>anormal pode sugerir altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade cardiovascular do
            sistema respons&#225;vel por reverter a retirada vagal durante o exerc&#237;cio em v&#225;rios
               pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o
            entre a DP6M e mortalidade na IC foi demonstrada por estudos consistentes como o SOLVD e
            um estudo de Rubim e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, que demonstrou alto
            &#237;ndice de mortalidade, cujos valores da DP6M foram significativamente menores quando
            comparados com o grupo sem &#243;bito (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, uma menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida pode ser indicativa de uma atividade
            auton&#244;mica anormal, caracterizada por uma hiperatividade do sistema simp&#225;tico na IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, em concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos, embora o
            mecanismo que leva &#224; uma menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M n&#227;o tenha sido
            explorado.</p>
      <p>Poss&#237;veis mecanismos que causam varia&#231;&#245;es na FCR e FCR<sub>1 </sub>sugerem que a
            velocidade &#224; qual o t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico aumenta ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio parece
            influenciar fortemente o comportamento da FCR<sub>1</sub>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, o aumento dos efeitos parassimp&#225;ticos na
            FC ocorreu rapidamente durante o primeiro minuto. A intensidade da reativa&#231;&#227;o
            parassimp&#225;tica aumentou de forma constante at&#233; os 4 minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o qual
            os efeitos parassimp&#225;ticos sobre a FC permaneceram relativamente constantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora os mecanismos da FCR<sub>1 </sub>anormal na IC n&#227;o estejam totalmente explicados,
            isso pode indicar uma desordem do equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, levando &#224; reativa&#231;&#227;o
            lentificada do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, enquanto que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a FCR<sub>1</sub> e a DP6M parece ser um
            novo e importante achado.</p>
      <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1 </sub>e DP6M em pacientes com IC consiste em um achado
            original e pode contribuir com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relevante em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo pode contribuir com uma evid&#234;ncia adicional de que FCR<sub>1
            </sub>anormal pode determinar um progn&#243;stico adverso. Essa vari&#225;vel, obtida no TC6M,
            pode fornecer uma informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo determinou o padr&#227;o de resposta da FCR<sub>1</sub> no TC6M em
            pacientes com IC em uso ou n&#227;o de &#946;B e em indiv&#237;duos sem IC.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que receberam &#946;B mostraram uma melhor toler&#226;ncia ao
            exerc&#237;cio, mesmo com FCR<sub>1 </sub>atenuada quando comparados com os pacientes que n&#227;o
            utilizaram &#946;B. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a FCR<sub>1 </sub>e DP6M em
            pacientes submetidos a tratamento com &#946;B e em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, mas n&#227;o houve
            correla&#231;&#227;o entre FCR<sub>1 </sub>e DP6M em pacientes que n&#227;o receberam &#946;B.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, a FCR<sub>1 </sub>pode ser um dado importante para avaliar os resultados do
            TC6M na IC, embora outros estudos sejam necess&#225;rios para explicar a magnitude dessa
            vari&#225;vel nesse teste e sua aplicabilidade como marcador de desfecho.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart Rate Recovery in the First Minute at the Six-Minute
               Walk Test in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
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            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Derossi</surname>
            <given-names>Milena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guilhon</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchese</surname>
            <given-names>Luana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Claudio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias
               Cardiovasculares / Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teres&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (CLIC) / Centro
               Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia Aloisio de
               Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia Aloisio de Castro, Rio de
               Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address to: Sergio Chermont,</bold> Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca
               (CLIC) / Centro Universit&#225;rio Serra dos &#211;rg&#227;os - Estrada da Prata s/n. Prata. Postal
               Code 25976-340, Teres&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>schermont@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Mesquita ET;
                  Acquisition of data: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, Derossi M, Guilhon S,
                  Bernardez S, Marchese L; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lindemberg S,
                  Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, Derossi M, Guilhon S, Bernardez S, Marchese L, Martins W,
                  N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET; Statistical analysis: Lindemberg S, Chermont S, Quint&#227;o
                  M, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET; Writing of the manuscript: Chermont S, Marchese L;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lindemberg S,
                  Chermont S, Quint&#227;o M, Bernardez S, Martins W, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Sabrina Lindemberg from
                  Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Heart rate recovery at one minute of rest (HRR<sub>1</sub>) is a predictor of
                  mortality in heart failure (HF), but its prognosis has not been assessed at
                  six-minute walk test (6MWT) in these patients. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> This study aimed to determine the HRR<sub>1</sub> at 6MWT in patients with HF and
                  its correlation with six-minute walk distance (6MWD). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional, controlled protocol with 161 individuals, 126 patients with
                  stable systolic HF, allocated into 2 groups (G1 and G2) receiving or not &#946;-blocker
                  and 35 volunteers in control group (G3) had HRR<sub>1</sub> recorded at the 6MWT.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD were significantly different in the 3 groups. Mean
                  values of HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD were: HRR<sub>1</sub> = 12 &#177; 14 beat/min G1; 18
                  &#177; 16 beat/min G2 and 21 &#177; 13 beat/min G3; 6MWD = 423 &#177; 102 m G1; 396 &#177; 101m G2 and
                  484 &#177; 96 m G3 (p &lt; 0.05). Results showed a correlation between HRR<sub>1</sub>
                  and 6MWD in G1(r = 0.3; p = 0.04) and in G3(r = 0.4; p= 0.03), but not in G2 (r=
                  0.12; p= 0.48). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> HRR<sub>1</sub> response was attenuated in patients using &#946;B and showed
                  correlation with 6MWD, reflecting better exercise tolerance. HRR<sub>1</sub> after
                  6MWT seems to represent an alternative when treadmill tests could not be
                  tolerated.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart rate recovery (HRR) shows the autonomic activity in cardiovascular system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and is predictive of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart
               failure (HF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>and when calculated by difference of HR at peak exercise to HR
               measured at the first minute immediately after exercise, it becomes the HRR after one
               minute of rest (HRR<sub>1</sub>), which has been associated with poor outcomes in HF
               in several trials using treadmill tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Beta-blockers (&#946;B) are mandatory in HF treatment due to protection against
               catecholamine deleterious effects on myocardial cells besides mortality decrease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, although they hamper the HRR<sub>1</sub> in
               exercise tests and may interfere with its prognostic value<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>HRR<sub>1</sub> has been studied in cardiopulmonary exercise tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, recommended as the gold standard for exercise
               test in HF. Another alternative to evaluate exercise tolerance in HF is the
               six-minute walk test (6MWT), applied in clinical practice with a significant
               association between the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and mortality in patients
               with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have validated the 6MWT as predictive and it seems an appropriate
               method to evaluate exercise tolerance in HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, as well as a better representation of actual
               exertion in daily living activities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Little is known about the prognostic value of HRR<sub>1</sub> in the 6MWT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. A previous study observed this correlation in idiopathic pulmonary
                  fibrosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and a recent editorial observed the clinical usefulness of HRR
               after submaximal exercise in HF and showed sensitivity of 6MWT to differentiate
               abnormal HRR response. The 6MWT may produce a cardiac response such as that obtained
               during maximal effort in cardiopulmonary testing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Although there have been no studies with the specific purpose of
               evaluating HRR<sub>1</sub> at the 6MWT, the present study aimed to determine
                  HRR<sub>1 </sub>response and identify a correlation between HRR<sub>1</sub> and
               6MWD in HF. In this study the possible influence of &#946;B therapy on HRR was also
               considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Following a cross-sectional, controlled protocol, of 161 individuals: 126 patients
               (72 male; age 62 &#177; 13 years; BMI 27 &#177; 5 Kg/m<sup>2)</sup> and 35 volunteer
               individuals without HF (16 male, age 60 &#177; 13 years; BMI 27 &#177; 3 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>;
               sedentary) in control group, were assessed according to inclusion and exclusion
               criteria.</p>
        <p>All patients were selected from the<italic> Heart Failure Clinic</italic> of
                  <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense </italic>, with stable systolic HF (LVEF
               &lt; 50%, Simpson), as Framingham and Boston criteria, NYHA II-III<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, distributed into 2 groups, receiving or not &#946;-blocker (Carvedilol,
               mean dose 30 &#177; 29 mg), respectively G1 and G2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The group without &#946;-blocker consisted of patients at their first
               visit, so they were not yet receiving &#946;-blocker and were submitted to 6MWT. Healthy
               individuals were allotted in a third group (G3). Both patients and healthy
               individuals were submitted to 6MWT following the American Association of
               Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. The study was approved by the institution
               research ethics committee and all patients signed the free and informed consent
               form.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria consisted of individuals with a diagnosis of systolic HF, ischemic
               or non-ischemic, without history of pulmonary or peripheral vascular disease, age
               &gt; 21 years, of both sexes, in sinus rhythm, undergoing standardized
               pharmacological treatment, all receiving beta-blockers, stable in last 3 months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were based on the exercise test's safety protocols, with
               individualized evaluation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, unstable
               angina, acute myocarditis or pericarditis, acute systemic disease or fever,
               neuromuscular diseases, orthostatic hypotension &gt; 20 mmHg (symptomatic), sinus
               tachycardia &gt; 120 beat/min (at rest) and resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805;
               180 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 110 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Patients with Chagas etiology were also
               excluded.</p>
        <p>Variables were recorded using a systematic protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> HR;
                  HRR<sub>1</sub>; SBP; DBP; mean arterial pressure (MAP); pulse pressure (PP);
               peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>); respiratory rate (RR); Borg Scale and
                  6MWD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed according to AACVPR, after 15 minutes of rest and HR and
                  SpO<sub>2</sub> were recorded throughout the procedure, specifically at the end of
               the 2<sup>nd, </sup>4<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> minutes during 6MWT and
               immediately after the test, at the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> min during the
               recovery period. HR and SpO<sub>2</sub> were acquired by digital finger oximeters
               (Nonin Onyx 9500, Onyx manufactory, Massachusetts, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Limiting symptoms
               and Borg scale were observed during the entire test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Abnormal HRR<sub>1</sub> was established as a decrease of 13 12 beats/min or
                  less<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>All tests were performed on a level hallway surface, 30 meters long, marked at each
               1-m distance, with traffic cones placed at the point of return<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>During the 6 MWT, Borg scale and dyspnea were recorded and time was informed each 2
               minutes. Exactly at the 6<sup>th</sup> minute, patients were instructed to stop at
               the precise place, sat on a chair and were examined during the recovery period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>The HRR<sub>1</sub> was measured through a double check measurement, recorded by an
               oximeter and confirmed with palpable method of radial pulse, always on the left arm,
               during one minute.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The minimum sample size was determined to be at least 69 subjects, as found in
                  previous publications. All results were expressed as means &#177; SEM and p &lt; 0.05
                  was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed by One-way ANOVA
                  for repeated measures to compare variables and groups and Tukey's test when "p"
                  value showed significance. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was obtained to
                  assess the association between HRR<sub>1 </sub>and 6MWD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>All 161 subjects were submitted to the protocol. A hundred fifty-four individuals
               completed all steps of the study. Seven patients (5 women) interrupted the test
               referring dyspnea and fatigue. Baseline characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics for patients with HF allocated In the groups (n =
                     154)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G1 (n = 84)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G2 (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G3 (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>* p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> Male </td>
                <td align="center"> 55(65.4%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 15(42.8%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 16(45.7%) </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.030* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Female </td>
                <td align="center"> 29(34.6%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 20(57.2%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 19(54.3%) </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Age (years) </td>
                <td align="center"> 61 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 64 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td align="center"> 60 &#177; 13 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0,254 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Height (cm) </td>
                <td align="center"> 165 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 160 &#177; 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 161 &#177; 28 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.026* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Weight (kg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 73 &#177; 16 </td>
                <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 19 </td>
                <td align="center"> 74 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.525 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> BMI (kg/m2) </td>
                <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 5 </td>
                <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 5 </td>
                <td align="center"> 27 &#177; 3 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.629 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> LVEF (%) (Simpson) </td>
                <td align="center"> 42 &#177; 6 </td>
                <td align="center"> 41 &#177; 7 </td>
                <td align="center">-----</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.283 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> NYHA II (n) </td>
                <td align="center"> 58 (69%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 23 (66%) </td>
                <td align="center">-----</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center"> 0.763 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> NYHA III (n) </td>
                <td align="center"> 26 (31%) </td>
                <td align="center"> 12 (34%) </td>
                <td align="center">-----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Resting SBP (mmHg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 132&#177; 15 </td>
                <td align="center"> 125 &#177; 18 </td>
                <td align="center"> 124 &#177; 15 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.021* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Resting DBP (mmHg) </td>
                <td align="center"> 81 &#177; 11 </td>
                <td align="center"> 78 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td align="center"> 79 &#177; 7 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.142 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Resting HR (beats/min) </td>
                <td align="center"> 71 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td align="center"> 82 &#177; 10 </td>
                <td align="center"> 76 &#177; 9 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.0001* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Borg ( 0-10) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 0 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.449 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dyspnea scale(0-5) </td>
                <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td align="center"> 0.032* </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>G1: group 1 (patients underwent beta-blocker); G2: group 2 (patients without
                        beta-blocker); G3: group 3 (individuals without heart failure); BMI: body
                        mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart
                        Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure HR:
                        heart rate. p&lt; 0,05 * (variables with statistical significance).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>HRR<sub>1 </sub>at 6MWT was analyzed for each group and in comparison between groups.
               The possible influence of beta-blocker therapy in HRR<sub>1</sub> was considered and
               standard pharmacological treatment was described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Standard pharmacological treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Drugs</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G1</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G2</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G3</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#946;B dose (mg) / (n&#186; of patients in use; %) </td>
                <td> 30 &#177; 29 (100%) </td>
                <td> ---- </td>
                <td> ---- </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> ACEI (n&#186; of patients in use; %) </td>
                <td> 66 (78.6%) </td>
                <td> 35 (100%) </td>
                <td> ---- </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Digoxin (n&#186; of patients in use; %) </td>
                <td> 56 (66.7%) </td>
                <td> 11 (31.4%) </td>
                <td> ---- </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Diuretic (n&#186; of patients in use; %) </td>
                <td> 70 (83.3%) </td>
                <td> 31 (88.6%) </td>
                <td> ---- </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>&#946;B: beta-blocker; ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors;</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Variables measured during and after 6MWT are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>, for all sample and groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variables measured and calculated during and after 6MWT</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G3 (n = 84)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G2 (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>G3 (n = 35)</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>* p &lt; 0,05</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Resting HR (beats/min) </td>
                <td> 71 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td> 82 &#177; 10 </td>
                <td> 76 &#177; 9 </td>
                <td> 0.0001* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> 2&#186; min. HR (beats/min) (during 6MWT) </td>
                <td> 100 &#177; 17 </td>
                <td> 107 &#177; 18 </td>
                <td> 108 &#177; 19 </td>
                <td> 0.009* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> 4&#186; min. HR (beats/min) (during 6MWT) </td>
                <td> 105 &#177; 20 </td>
                <td> 109 &#177; 15 </td>
                <td> 104 &#177; 18 </td>
                <td> 0.253 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> 6&#186; min. HR (beats/min) (during 6MWT) </td>
                <td> 99 &#177; 20 </td>
                <td> 107 &#177; 16 </td>
                <td> 106 &#177; 17 </td>
                <td> 0.012* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Predicted HR (beats/min) </td>
                <td> 159 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td> 156 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td> 160 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td> 0.254 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Chronotropic Reserve (predicted HR - Resting HR) </td>
                <td> 40 &#177; 16 </td>
                <td> 36 &#177; 15 </td>
                <td> 41 &#177; 15 </td>
                <td> 0.0001* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Chronotropic Deficit </td>
                <td> 31 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td> 31 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td> 27 &#177; 10 </td>
                <td> 0.022* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> HRR<sub>1</sub> (beat/min) </td>
                <td> 12 &#177; 14 </td>
                <td> 18 &#177; 16 </td>
                <td> 21 &#177; 13 </td>
                <td> 0.0002* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> SBP (mmHg) </td>
                <td> 132&#177; 15 </td>
                <td> 125 &#177; 18 </td>
                <td> 124 &#177; 15 </td>
                <td> 0.006* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> DBP (mmHg) </td>
                <td> 81 &#177; 11 </td>
                <td> 78 &#177; 12 </td>
                <td> 79 &#177; 7 </td>
                <td> 0.267 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Borg (0-10) </td>
                <td> 2 &#177; 2 </td>
                <td> 3 &#177; 2 </td>
                <td> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td> 0.009* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> Dyspnea scale (0-5) </td>
                <td> 1 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td> 1 &#177; 2 </td>
                <td> 0 &#177; 1 </td>
                <td> 0.004* </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left"> 6MWD (meters) </td>
                <td> 423 &#177; 102 </td>
                <td> 396 &#177; 101 </td>
                <td> 484 &#177; 96 </td>
                <td> 0.003* </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>G1: group 1 (patients underwent beta-blocker); G2: group 2 (patients without
                        beta-blocker); G3: group 3 (individuals without heart failure); HR: heart
                        rate; HRR1: heart rate recovery in first minute; SBP: systolic blood
                        pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; 6MWD: six-minute walk distance.
                        p&lt; 0,05 * (variables with statistical significance).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Responses of HRR<sub>1 </sub>at 6MWT were different in all groups (p = 0.0002), as
               shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>. In G1, G2 and G3 there was a
               significant difference for results related to HRR<sub>1.</sub> Mean values of
                  HRR<sub>1 </sub>were: HRR<sub>1</sub> = 12 &#177; 14 beat/min for G1; HRR<sub>1</sub> =
               18 &#177; 16 beat/min for G2 and HRR<sub>1</sub> = 21 &#177; 13 beat/min for G3. There was no
               difference for HRR<sub>1</sub> response when comparing genders in all groups.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>HRR<sub>1</sub> after 6MWT in 3 groups. HRR<sub>1</sub>: heart rate
                     recovery in first minute; 6MWT: six-minute walk test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Results showed HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD had a significant correlation between G1(r =
               0.3; p = 0.04) and G3(r = 0.4; p = 0.03), confirmed by Pearson test, as observed in
                  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">3</xref>, respectively. However, this correlation between HRR<sub>1</sub> and
               6MWD was not shown in G2 patients (r = 0.12; p = 0.48).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD correlation in G1. HRR<sub>1</sub>: heart rate
                     recovery in first minute; 6MWD: six-minute walk distance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>HRR1 and 6MWD correlation in G3. HRR<sub>1</sub>: heart rate recovery in
                     first minute; 6MWD: six-minute walk distance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The 3 groups were different when 6MWD was compared, as observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">figure 4</xref>. (p = 0.0038) Mean values of 6MWD were:
               423 &#177; 102 m for G1; 396 &#177; 101 m for G2 and 484 &#177; 96 m for G3.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 6MWD in 3 groups. 6MWD: six-minute walk distance</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0279-40036-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this present study we investigated the applicability of HRR<sub>1</sub> to the
               6MWT. The HRR<sub>1 </sub>is a strong prognostic marker in HF and the 6MWT allows the
               assessment of exercise tolerance of HF patients, especially for patients that do not
               tolerate the treadmill test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>This fact is in agreement with a previous study, of which purposes were to define
               cut-off values for abnormal HRR and to determine whether an abnormal HRR carries
               prognostic value after a 6MWT in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF),
               which supports the rationale of this present study with HF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>HRR<sub>1</sub> has been shown to be a predictor of adverse events in HF after
               treadmill tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. However, HRR<sub>1</sub> after 6MWT was not
               assessed in HF patients yet, but only in patients with IPF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>The results observed in this present study showed a pattern of HRR<sub>1
               </sub>response that was studied and compared among the 3 groups of this sample with a
               significant difference between HRR<sub>1 </sub>performance in the 3 groups (p =
               0.0002).</p>
        <p>The abnormal value of HRR<sub>1 </sub>was determined as a reduction &#8804; 12 beat/min in
               6MWT. Previous studies using treadmill tests with this cut-off point showed a
               mortality of 19% in the group with a HRR<sub>1</sub> &#8804; 12 beat/min<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Thus, in present study, a HRR<sub>1</sub> value validated for HF
               patients was used in treadmill tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>HRR<sub>1 </sub>reflects chronotropic response and appears to be attenuated in HF
               patients; however there are divergences regarding &#946;B interference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. In agreement with literature, in this present study we observed an
               attenuated pattern of response of HRR<sub>1</sub> in patients receiving &#946;B when
               compared with non-&#946;B patients and healthy volunteers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>This response could be attributed to a lower basal HR and not achieving the peak HR
               in the test is possibly due to &#946;B effects, according to Cole et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Sheppard et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, which
               determined a peak HR of 116 &#177; 21 beat/min, in parallel with the results of the
               present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>The possible mechanism that explains this attenuated response of HRR1 in HF is poorly
               elucidated. In normal conditions, &#946;-1 and &#946;-2 receptors have an important role in
               mediating the sympathetic stimulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This response is
               characterized by a dominance of &#946;-1 receptors over &#946;-2 receptors and the
               parasympathetic reactivation it is not suppressed by the sympathetic system after
                  exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ushijima et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, described that sympathetic
               hyperactivity with norepinephrine release, as well as "<italic>down regulation"
               </italic>of &#946;-adrenergic receptors are involved in this attenuated response of
                  HRR<sub>1</sub>. The sympathetic stimulation during exercise inhibits the
               parasympathetic reactivation that occurs after exercise, and consequently, when this
               sympathetic activity remains exacerbated, it could limit HR response to exercise and
               these results of attenuated HRR<sub>1</sub>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>This mechanism explained by Ushijima et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
               may elucidate this attenuated pattern of HRR<sub>1</sub> shown in the present study,
               even in those receiving &#946;B therapy, although we did not quantify markers of
               parasympathetic activity to confirm this HR performance.</p>
        <p>At first, this attenuated response could be characteristic of a worse prognosis, but
               these patients showed a better 6MWD than patients without &#946;B, similar to results
               observed in healthy volunteers, which could be due to benefits of &#946;B therapy in
               improving peripheral muscles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>However, the present study found an important association between HRR<sub>1</sub> and
               walked distance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> as shown by the
               6MWT, which also has predictive value<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>This finding is consistent with previous investigations demonstrating the capacity of
                  HRR<sub>1</sub> to predict adverse events in populations other than those with
                  HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the value for abnormal HRR after sub-maximal exercise was defined as a
               change of 42 beats/min acquired from peak HR subtracted to that measured at 2 minutes
               into recovery, for healthy subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. All patients in the present study showed a
               lower HRR<sub>1</sub> value than healthy subjects, probably due to poor
               parasympathetic activity usual in patients with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>The six-minute walk test represents an inexpensive method to evaluate exercise
               tolerance and provides important prognostic information in HF patients using or not
                  &#946;B<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.Recently,
               parameters registered by oximeter have been appreciated in determination of
               prognosis, so that HRR may be considered an easily obtained clinical variable, seldom
               studied in patients assessed in relation to 6MWD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>The positive correlation between HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD showed to be an important
               information in these patients regarding either of the parameters, as HRR<sub>1
               </sub>and 6MWD have been shown to predict adverse cardiac outcomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.This current study was the first to show a correlation between 6MWD and
                  HRR<sub>1</sub> in patients with HF.</p>
        <p>There is no agreement about &#946;B influence on HRR response, sympathetic tone and
               hemodynamic responses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> at the 6MWT. Thus, it
               is relevant to determine the pattern of HRR<sub>1 </sub>response, as a predictive
               parameter in HF patients receiving &#946;B therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        <p>Olsson et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, in a systematic review on 6MWT
               and outcomes in HF patients, analyzed 63 randomized controlled studies, published
               between 1988 and 2004, in which only 10 studies included patients receiving
               carvedilol. The mean dose used in the majority of studies was 25 mg/day, which is
               similar to this present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. </p>
        <p>Previous studies with HF patients receiving &#946;B demonstrated an attenuated HRR.
               Nevertheless, the predictive value of HRR<sub>1</sub> was not altered and showed
               correlation with other prognostic parameters, such as maximal oxygen uptake, further
               adverse outcomes and hospitalizations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study there was a linear correlation between HRR<sub>1 </sub>and 6MWD, both in
               G1 and G3, but there was no correlation in G2.</p>
        <p>Abnormal HRR may suggest abnormalities in cardiovascular capacity of the system
               responsible for reverse vagal withdrawal during exercise in several patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A strong correlation between 6MWD and
               mortality in HF was demonstrated by consistent studies such as SOLVD and a study by
               Rubim et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, which demonstrated a high
               mortality index, of which mean values for 6MWD were significantly lesser when
               compared with non-death group (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>In the present study, a short walked distance may be indicative of abnormal autonomic
               balance favoring sympathetic system in HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, in agreement with other studies, but mechanisms that induce a poor
               course in 6MWT have not been explored.</p>
        <p>Possible mechanisms that cause variations in HRR and HRR<sub>1</sub> suggest that the
               rate at which the parasympathetic tone increases after the cessation of exercise
               appears to heavily influence the time course of HRR<sub>1</sub>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Upon interruption of exercise, increase of parasympathetic effects on
               HR occurred rapidly within the first minute. The intensity of parasympathetic
               reactivation steadily increased further until 4 min into recovery, after which time
               parasympathetic effects on HR remained relatively constant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although mechanisms of impaired HRR<sub>1</sub> in HF are not totally explained, it
               may indicate disorder in autonomic balance leading to delayed reactivation of
               parasympathetic tone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, while the
               association between HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD appears to be a novel and important
               finding.</p>
        <p>The correlation between HRR<sub>1 </sub>and 6MWD in HF patients consists an original
               finding and may contribute with relevant clinical information in HF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>This present study may contribute additional evidence that abnormal HRR<sub>1</sub>
               could determine an adverse prognosis. This variable obtained at the 6MWT may provide
               simple clinical information with reference to exercise tolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study determined the pattern response of HRR<sub>1 </sub>at 6MWT in
               patients with HF receiving or not &#946;B and in individuals without HF.</p>
        <p>Patients with HF receiving &#946;B showed better exercise tolerance, even though they had
               an attenuated HRR<sub>1,</sub> when compared to patients that were not using &#946;B.
               There was a significant correlation between HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD in patients
               underwent &#946;B and in healthy individuals, but there was no correlation between
                  HRR<sub>1</sub> and 6MWD in patients not receiving &#946;B.</p>
        <p>Finally, HRR<sub>1</sub> may be an important parameter to evaluate the results of
               6MWT in HF, although further studies are necessary to explain the magnitude of this
               variable in this test and its applicability as an outcome marker.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
