<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KyMJMJbKXpgFTcD9kdqXhpg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Excesso de Horm&#244;nio Tireoidiano em Curto Prazo Afeta o
               Cora&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o Afeta a Atividade Adrenal em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szkudlarek</surname>
            <given-names>Ariani Cavazzani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldenucci</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyagui</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Itiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ilana Kassouf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Helton Estrela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalva Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Federal do
               Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;,
               Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Ariani Cavazzani Szkudlarek. Alameda Prudente de
               Moraes, 732, apto. 54, Centro. CEP 80430-220, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>arianiinaira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Szkudlarek AC, Aldenucci B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Szkudlarek AC, Aldenucci B, Miyagui NI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
                  Szkudlarek AC, Moraes RN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva IK, Foga&#231;a RTH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  financiamento: Szkudlarek AC, Silva IK; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Szkudlarek AC;
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Szkudlarek AC,
                  Foga&#231;a RTH; Supervis&#227;o: Ramos HE, Foga&#231;a RTH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ariani Cavazzani Szkudlarek pela
                  Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>270</fpage>
      <lpage>278</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O hipertireoidismo (Hi) exerce um amplo leque de influ&#234;ncias em diversos
                  par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos. Seu efeito perturbador sobre o sistema cardiovascular &#233;
                  um de seus impactos mais importantes. Al&#233;m disso, o Hi foi clinicamente associado
                  com o estresse induzido pela hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo
                  hipotal&#226;mico-pituit&#225;rio-adrenal. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Avaliar o impacto do Hi de curto prazo sobre o desempenho card&#237;aco e a atividade
                  adrenal de ratos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> A indu&#231;&#227;o de Hi em ratos Wistar atrav&#233;s de inje&#231;&#245;es de T3 (150
                  <italic>&#956;</italic>g/kg) por 10 dias (grupo com hipertireoidismo - GH) ou ve&#237;culo
                  (grupo controle). O desempenho cardiovascular foi avaliado por: ecocardiograma
                  (ECO); raz&#227;o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal (mg/gr); contratilidade de m&#250;sculos
                  papilares isolados (MPI) e mensura&#231;&#227;o direta da press&#227;o arterial. A atividade
                  adrenal foi avaliada pela raz&#227;o peso adrenal/ peso corporal (mg/gr) e n&#237;veis de 24
                  horas de corticosterona fecal (CF) no 1&#186;, 5&#186; e 10&#186; dias de tratamento com T3. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> No GH, o ECO mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o dos Volumes Finais Sist&#243;lico e Diast&#243;lico, Tempos de
                  Eje&#231;&#227;o, Relaxamento Isovolum&#233;trico e Diast&#243;lico Total, &#193;reas Sist&#243;licas e
                  Diast&#243;lica e raz&#227;o E/A. Aumentaram a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o
                  d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A raz&#227;o peso corporal/peso do cora&#231;&#227;o foi maior. Da mesma forma,
                  nos MPI, a taxa m&#225;xima de degrada&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a durante o relaxamento foi maior em
                  todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es extracelulares de c&#225;lcio. Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial
                  sist&#243;lica (PAS) foram maiores. (p &#8804; 0,05). Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na
                  raz&#227;o peso das adrenais/peso corporal ou n&#237;veis de 24 horas de CF. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p> O Hi induz efeitos inotr&#243;picos, cronotr&#243;picos e lusitr&#243;picos positivos no cora&#231;&#227;o
                  atrav&#233;s de efeito direto do T3, e aumenta a PAS. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o est&#227;o
                  correlacionadas com as altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade adrenal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Horm&#244;nios Tire&#243;ideos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertireoidismo / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Gl&#226;ndulas Suprarrenais</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (HT) induzem mudan&#231;as acentuadas no funcionamento de diversos
            sistemas fisiol&#243;gicos, incluindo os sistemas cardiovascular e de estresse. Na verdade, a
            maioria dos estudos tem se concentrado nas altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e vasos
            sangu&#237;neos em presen&#231;a de hipo e hipertireoidismo (Hi). Em geral, os HT aumentam o
            metabolismo basal e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio atuando diretamente sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos
               sangu&#237;neos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e experimentais s&#227;o frequentemente
            baseadas na demonstra&#231;&#227;o, por um lado, do aumento na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e da
            frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), e por outro, a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia total vascular
            perif&#233;rica (RTVP) seguida por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em longo prazo.
            Bases moleculares revelaram esse fen&#244;meno, demonstrando a regula&#231;&#227;o de genes
            relacionados com o acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o contra&#231;&#227;o (AEC) do cora&#231;&#227;o, que se sabe estar
            associado com o aumento dos efeitos inotr&#243;picos, cronotr&#243;picos e lusitr&#243;picos positivos.
            Al&#233;m disso, o excesso de HT tamb&#233;m foi clinicamente associado com o aumento da atividade
            do eixo hipotal&#226;mico pituit&#225;rio adrenal (HPA). A raz&#227;o &#233; que os pacientes com
            hipertireoidismo necessitam receber cortisol, indicando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva
               adrenal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Embora os HT pare&#231;am interagir com o
            eixo HPA, poucos estudos t&#234;m abordado se essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; verdadeira em humanos e
               animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, existe uma falta de conhecimento do papel dos HT e os
            efeitos do Hi na secre&#231;&#227;o de corticosterona. Os efeitos do Hi <italic>in vivo</italic>
            (Ecocardiografia - ECO) e <italic>in vitro</italic> (m&#250;sculos papilares isolados - MPI)
            nas fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e na fun&#231;&#227;o adrenocortical nunca foram confirmados em
            quaisquer estudos. Al&#233;m disso, medimos a corticosterona nas fezes (concentra&#231;&#227;o de
            Corticosterona Fecal - CF), permitindo o monitoramento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de
            corticosterona atrav&#233;s de uma t&#233;cnica livre de retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Usando um modelo animal de Hi, no qual as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas puderam ser confirmadas e
            o estado de estresse n&#227;o foi alterado por manipula&#231;&#245;es ou t&#233;cnicas invasivas, nosso
            objetivo foi realizar uma an&#225;lise plena do desempenho card&#237;aco, tanto "<italic>in
               vivo</italic>" quanto "<italic>in vitro</italic>", assim como verificar o impacto do
            Hi de curto prazo sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o adrenocortical.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos de dois meses de idade, pesando cerca de 250 gramas, foram
               separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC, n = 12) e grupo com
               hipertireoidismo (GH, n = 12).</p>
        <p>Ratos do GH foram injetados (<italic>i.p.</italic>) com T3 (150
               <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg) (Sigma Aldrich Chemicals, St. Louis, MO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> diariamente, durante 10 dias. Os ratos do GC receberam
               diariamente inje&#231;&#245;es <italic>i.p.</italic> do ve&#237;culo. Os animais foram mantidos em
               gaiolas individuais sob um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em
               Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Se&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Federal do
               Paran&#225; aprovou todos os protocolos experimentais utilizados nesse estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis hormonais basais</title>
        <p>Foram medidos os n&#237;veis de concentra&#231;&#227;o de T4 e T3 em ambos os grupos de animais,
               utilizando um ensaio imunom&#233;trico em fase s&#243;lida quimioluminescente de duas voltas,
               realizada com o analisador Immulite 2000.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ECO foi realizada em animais anestesiados (50 mg/kg de cetamina - Fort Dodge, Iowa,
               EUA e de 10 mg/kg de xilazina - Bayer, Alemanha, intramuscular)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A an&#225;lise funcional foi realizada por um dispositivo
               bidimensional para ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (Sonus 5500, Hewlet Packard) com
               transdutores S12 (5-12 MHz) e 15L6 (7-15 MHz), o que permitiu a an&#225;lise de at&#233; 160
               MHz. O transdutor foi colocado na regi&#227;o anterior lateral esquerda do t&#243;rax. Os
               cora&#231;&#245;es foram visualizados em duas dimens&#245;es com uma vista axial do ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo, inclusive as v&#225;lvulas mitral e a&#243;rtica e o &#225;pice na mesma imagem. A
               convers&#227;o digital da imagem foi realizada com a delimita&#231;&#227;o do septo ventricular e da
               parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As medidas do volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF)
               do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tempo de
               eje&#231;&#227;o (TE), tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) e o tempo diast&#243;lico total
               (TDT) foram registrados em cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. O VDF, o VSF e a
               fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foram medidos utilizando o m&#233;todo de
               Simpson. O d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico (DS) foi estimado pela subtra&#231;&#227;o do VSF do VDF. O TDT foi
               medido a partir do in&#237;cio do fechamento da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica at&#233; o fechamento da
               v&#225;lvula mitral. O TE foi medido desde a abertura at&#233; o fechamento da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.
               O TRIV foi medido a partir do intervalo de tempo entre o fechamento da v&#225;lvula
               a&#243;rtica e o come&#231;o do fluxo mitral. O tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovol&#250;mica (TCI) foi obtido
               pela medi&#231;&#227;o do intervalo de tempo do in&#237;cio do fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral at&#233; a
               sua reabertura (FMRM) e subtraindo-a do resultado medido da soma do TRI e TE. O
               padr&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliado pela raz&#227;o E/A, a qual foi
               calculada dividindo-se a velocidade de pico do enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce (E) pela
               velocidade de pico do fluxo sist&#243;lico atrial (A). A FC foi calculada como o inverso
               do per&#237;odo entre dois picos do complexo QRS do eletrocardiograma (ECG). O &#237;ndice de
               Tei, que indica a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica global<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, foi calculado pela soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o
               isovol&#250;mica e tempo de relaxamento isovol&#250;mico dividido pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, como
               descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A vari&#225;vel A (VA)
               foi calculada pela soma do tempo sist&#243;lico e o TRIV. A raz&#227;o VDF/peso corporal foi
               calculada como um &#237;ndice do desempenho ventricular intr&#237;nseco de acordo com o peso do
               animal. O trabalho sist&#243;lico (TS) avalia o desempenho ventricular atrav&#233;s da
               multiplica&#231;&#227;o do DS e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM). A variabilidade do observador
               foi registrada para duas medidas em uma amostra aleat&#243;ria de ratos. O coeficiente de
               correla&#231;&#227;o e padroniza&#231;&#227;o do erro estimado foi calculado de acordo com m&#233;todo de
               Bland e Altman.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial, raz&#227;o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal, raz&#227;o peso Adrenal/peso
               corporal e medidas de contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 24 horas, os animais foram anestesiados conforme descrito acima. A press&#227;o
               arterial foi medida atrav&#233;s da coloca&#231;&#227;o de uma c&#226;nula ligada a um transdutor de
               press&#227;o (WPI-World Precision Instrument, modelo BLPR) no interior da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida
               direita, alimentando um registrador de gr&#225;ficos e um conversor anal&#243;gico/digital
               (Data Translation 2821) ligado a um PC para aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados, usando o
               software Lab Pro Tech. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, medimos a press&#227;o arterial
               sist&#243;lica (PAS), a diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a PAM. A resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total
               (RVPT) foi calculada dividindo a PAM pelo DC. Usando a mesma c&#226;nula, amostras de
               sangue foram separadas em al&#237;quotas de soro, centrifugadas e congeladas a - 200 &#186;C
               para posterior dosagem hormonal.</p>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o e a suprarrenal direita foram ent&#227;o removidos e o seu peso &#250;mido medido e
               expresso em mg/gr de peso corporal. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi perfundido com uma
               solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode continuamente borbulhada com 95 % de O<sub>2</sub> e 5 % de
                  CO<sub>2</sub>, atrav&#233;s de uma c&#226;nula inserida na aorta. Os m&#250;sculos papilares do
               ventr&#237;culo direito foram removidos e suas extremidades foram fixadas com grampos em
               O. Os m&#250;sculos foram transferidos para uma c&#226;mara muscular de 10 mL, onde uma
               extremidade foi fixada a um bra&#231;o m&#243;vel e a outra a um transdutor de for&#231;a (WPI,
               F10). Eles foram ent&#227;o superfundidos com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode. A sa&#237;da do transdutor de
               for&#231;a alimentou o registrador de fita (Lafayette Instruments Company) e o sistema
               digital de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram estimulados eletricamente
               a 0,5 Hz com pulsos quadrados supram&#225;ximos atrav&#233;s de eletrodos de placa de platina
               paralelos usando um gerador de pulso isolado. Todos os m&#250;sculos foram esticados at&#233; o
               comprimento no qual obtemos a sua for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. O comprimento e os
               di&#226;metros das prepara&#231;&#245;es foram medidos sob o microsc&#243;pio. Ap&#243;s os experimentos,
               determinou-se o peso muscular &#250;mido. Assumindo uma &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal
               uniforme e densidade muscular de 1,06 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, a &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversal
               (AST em mm<sup>2</sup>) foi calculada dividindo-se o peso &#250;mido pelo produto do
               comprimento e densidade dos m&#250;sculos: AST = massa (mg)/(comprimento (mm) x densidade
               (1,06 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Em todos os casos, os m&#250;sculos papilares foram estimulados
               durante um per&#237;odo de equil&#237;brio de 45 min. Ent&#227;o, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio da
               solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode foi consecutivamente alterada para 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 5,0 e 10,0 mM. A
               taxa m&#225;xima de desenvolvimento de for&#231;a durante a contra&#231;&#227;o (dF/dt<sub>max</sub>) e a
               taxa m&#225;xima de degrada&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a durante o relaxamento (dF/dt<sub>min</sub>) foram
               medidas em todas as concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio. Para avaliar a depend&#234;ncia do tempo de
               repouso na for&#231;a contr&#225;til gerada pelos m&#250;sculos papilares, a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa
               (PPP) foi medida atrav&#233;s da interrup&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;ctrica em 1, 3, 5, 10 e 20
                  segundos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Para medir a quantidade de
               potencia&#231;&#227;o, a for&#231;a produzida pela primeira contra&#231;&#227;o depois do per&#237;odo de repouso
               foi considerada como a PRP e normalizada para o estado de contra&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel
               anterior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia do Hi na CF</title>
        <p>Para monitorar a influ&#234;ncia do Hi na atividade adrenocortical, fizemos a extra&#231;&#227;o e
               medi&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de CF, de acordo com o peso fecal, conforme descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. As amostras de fezes de 24 horas de ambos os grupos de animais foram
               recolhidas no primeiro, quinto e d&#233;cimo dias do tratamento. Elas foram secas, pesadas
               e armazenadas a -20 &#176; C. A obten&#231;&#227;o das amostras foi efetuada &#224;s 13:00 hs e nos dias
               em que as gaiolas n&#227;o eram limpas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a
               raz&#227;o peso adrenal/peso corporal foi usada para combinar a an&#225;lise de dados, uma vez
               que esse par&#226;metro &#233; alterado apenas em condi&#231;&#245;es de aumento da estimula&#231;&#227;o da
               pituit&#225;ria no c&#243;rtex adrenal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Duas amostras foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. A an&#225;lise de
               vari&#226;ncia com um fator foi aplicada para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas seguida pelo teste de
               Tukey, utilizando os softwares SigmaPlot 9.0 e Sigma Stat 2.0. Para garantir um
               melhor controle do erro tipo I, para amostras repetidas foi aplicado o p&#243;s-teste de
               Bonferroni, que &#233; mais preciso do que o p&#243;s-teste de Tukey quando h&#225; um pequeno
               n&#250;mero de grupos, j&#225; que o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#233; dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de
               grupos utilizados (&#945;/n). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EP de pelo menos 8
               observa&#231;&#245;es. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi assumida para p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis hormonais basais</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de T4 foram ligeiramente inferiores no grupo tratado com T3: 2,54 &#177; 0,4
               mg/dL e 2,1 &#177; 0,47 mg/dL, respectivamente (p &gt; 0,05). Os n&#237;veis de T3 s&#233;rico foram
               significativamente mais elevados no grupo tratado com T3: 35 &#177; 11,3 ng/dL e 103 &#177;
               16,4 ng /dL, respectivamente (p &#8804; 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Os dados da ECO s&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabelas 1</xref> e
                  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>. No GH a ECO mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do VSF,
               VDF, TDT, TE, TRIV, &#193;rea Diast., &#193;rea Sist., VA e raz&#227;o E/A; a FC, FE e DC
               aumentaram. Em ambos os grupos, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
               TCI, DS, &#237;ndice de Tei e TD. A raz&#227;o VDF/peso corporal n&#227;o foi diferente entre os
               grupos (GC: 0,002 mL/g &#177; 0,0001 e GH: 0,0018 mL/g &#177; 0,0001) e o TS foi maior no GH
               (GC: 33.792 mL/mmHg &#177; 1,11 e GH: 38,11 mL/mmHg &#177; 1,36).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados de Desempenho Card&#237;aco de Animais do Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo
                     Hipertireoidismo (GH) obtidos por Ecocardiografia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>VSF</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>VDF</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TRI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TCI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TDT</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TE</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>FE</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>GC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 0,006</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 0,002</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">270 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>
                  <bold>GH</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,02</td>
                <td align="center">18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,002</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,004</td>
                <td align="center">380<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           9,2</td>
                <td align="center">59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,001</td>
                <td align="center">72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           1,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; EP de oito animais.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t01-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>P &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais de controle. Tempo - em ms. Volume -
                        em mL. VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final ; TRI:
                        tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TCI: tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica;
                        TDT: tempo diast&#243;lico total; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o;
                        FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados de Desempenho Card&#237;aco de Animais do Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo
                     Hipertireoidismo (GH) obtidos por Ecocardiografia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left"/>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DS</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>DC</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>VA</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TD</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#193;rea diast.</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#193;rea Sist.</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Indice Tei</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>E/A</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>GC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,33 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 7,98</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 0,002</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>
                  <bold>GH</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,31 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">118<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           6,82</td>
                <td align="center">92<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,002</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                           0,35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; EP de oito animais.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t02-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> P &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais de controle. Tempo - em ms. Volume -
                        em mL. &#193;rea - em cm<sup>2</sup>. DS: D&#233;bito sist&#243;lico; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco;
                        &#225;rea diast.: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica; &#225;rea sist.: &#225;rea sist&#243;lica; VA: vari&#225;vel A;
                        TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; E/A: raz&#227;o E/A.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Press&#227;o arterial, Raz&#227;o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal e medi&#231;&#245;es das contra&#231;&#245;es
               papilares</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de PAS foram maiores no HG. Os valores da PAS, PAD e PAM (&#177; EP, em mmHg)
               obtidos no grupo controle foram 112 &#177; 14, 97,6 &#177; 11 e 102,4 &#177; 12, respectivamente,
               enquanto nos ratos com hipertireoidismo foram 135,4 &#177; 15,0 , 116,7 &#177; 19 e 122,93 &#177;
               16,5, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na RVPT (mmHg/ml/min) entre os grupos. Os
               valores calculados no GC e GH foram: 1,15 &#177; 0,1 e 1,04 &#177; 0,09, respectivamente. O
               peso corporal (g) foi de 309 &#177; 19 no GC e 296 &#177; 25 no GH. A raz&#227;o peso do
               cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal (mg/gr) foi maior no GH. Os valores (&#177; EP) foram 3,3 &#177; 0,16 no
               GC e 5,1 &#177; 0,36 no GH (p &#8804; 0,05).</p>
        <p>A AST papilar do GC e GH foram 0,42 &#177; 0,16 e 1,05 &#177; 0,6 mm<sup>2</sup>,
               respectivamente. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>, os
               grupos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas na for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima
                  (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>) (GC: 62 &#177; 28,7; GH: 56,3 &#177; 22,1) e na PPP (1, 3, 5, 10 e 20
               segundos), em quaisquer das concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio extracelular utilizadas como
               mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>, para a concentra&#231;&#227;o de
               c&#225;lcio de 2 mM. Um registro original de 3 seg de PPP de MPI sendo estimulado
               eletricamente em 0,5 Hz do GH &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
                  2</xref>. No entanto, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio externo necess&#225;ria para produzir
               50% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos. Essa concentra&#231;&#227;o
               (mM) foi de 0,85 &#177; 0,25 no GC e 0,66 &#177; 0,2 no GH.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>PPP do MPI do GC e GH em [Ca<sub>2+</sub>], de 2 mM. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias
                     &#177; EP de oito animais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Registro Original de 3 seg de PPP do MPI eletricamente estimulado a 0,5 Hz
                     do GH. [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] = 2 mM. Observe o per&#237;odo de pausa entre as contra&#231;&#245;es
                     de 3 segundos ap&#243;s a seta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No GH, a dF/dt<sub>max</sub>, que indica a velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o do MPI, foi maior
               somente com 2 mM de Ca<sup>2+</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).
               No entanto, a dF/dt<sub>min</sub>, que indica a velocidade de relaxamento do MPI foi
               superior com 1, 2 , 3 e 5 mM de Ca<sup>2+</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxa m&#225;xima de desenvolvimento de for&#231;a durante a contra&#231;&#227;o
                        (dF/dt<sub>max</sub>) do MPI do GC e GH.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxa m&#225;xima de degrada&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a durante o relaxamento
                        (dF/dt<sub>min</sub>) do MPI do GC e GH.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Influ&#234;ncia do Hi de curto prazo na raz&#227;o peso adrenal/peso corporal e CF</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na raz&#227;o peso adrenal/peso corporal (mg/gr). Os valores (&#177; EP)
               foram 0,091 &#177; 0,01 no GC e 0,1 &#177; 0,013 no HG. Em contraste, houve uma diferen&#231;a na CF
               no quinto dia de tratamento. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no dia 10, quando as
               experi&#234;ncias foram efetuadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corticosterona Fecal de Animais do Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo
                     Hipertireoidismo (GH)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>GC 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GH 1</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GC 5</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GH 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GC 10</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>GH 10</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td> 273,19 &#177; 62,73</td>
                <td align="center">317,32 &#177; 48,96</td>
                <td align="center">272,94 &#177; 30,83</td>
                <td align="center">613,54 &#177; 104,74</td>
                <td align="center">305,82 &#177; 65,79</td>
                <td align="center">361,27 &#177; 65,99</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dias &#177; EP de oito animais.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t03-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>P &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais de controle. Concentra&#231;&#227;o em ng/g de
                        fezes. 1: 1 &#186; dia de inje&#231;&#227;o, 5: 5 &#186; dia de inje&#231;&#227;o; 10: 10&#186; dia de
                        inje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m mostrado as intera&#231;&#245;es entre os HT e o sistema cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora poucos estudos tenham abordado o efeito do excesso de HT no eixo HPA de seres
            humanos e animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, o fato de que existe um impacto tem sido clinicamente aceito. No entanto,
            segundo o nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar as consequ&#234;ncias do
            Hi de curto prazo sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do c&#243;rtex adrenal na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es
            fisiologicamente analisadas do desempenho card&#237;aco tanto "<italic>in vivo</italic>"
            quanto "<italic>in vitro</italic>". Utilizamos um modelo animal e, atrav&#233;s de diferentes
            abordagens, mostramos os efeitos diretos (hip&#243;tese do mioc&#225;rdio) e hemodin&#226;micos
            (hip&#243;tese vascular - Lei de Frank Starling) dos HT no DC. Tamb&#233;m demonstramos que as
            influ&#234;ncias do Hi de curto prazo no sistema cardiovascular n&#227;o resultam em altera&#231;&#245;es da
            fun&#231;&#227;o do c&#243;rtex adrenal, isto &#233;, as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas nos ratos com
            hipertireoidismo de curto prazo s&#227;o independentes dos efeitos dos HT no c&#243;rtex
            adrenal.</p>
      <p>Tem sido demonstrado que o Hi induz a hipertrofia card&#237;aca e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.
            Al&#233;m disso, Hi resulta em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Tamb&#233;m foi
               sugerido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que o Hi &#233; um fator de risco
            independente para isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, os achados cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m mostrado
            uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o da tireoide, a massa card&#237;aca e a hipertrofia
            ventricular em indiv&#237;duos com idades entre 45 e 79 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Diferente do que se poderia esperar de uma hipertrofia chamada de
            "fisiol&#243;gica", tamb&#233;m foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, ou seja, discos
            intercalares n&#227;o organizados, FC alta em repouso e diminui&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Com efeito, a taquicardia em repouso, bem como um risco
            aumentado de desenvolver arritmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, s&#227;o alguns
            dos efeitos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos comumente encontrados no Hi. Em apoio &#224; essa hip&#243;tese, os
            nossos dados em ratos com Hi de curto prazo tamb&#233;m mostraram FC alta. A esse respeito, a
            FC pode ser alterada atrav&#233;s da modifica&#231;&#227;o direta das propriedades el&#233;tricas, ou pela
            altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis dos fatores neuro-humorais que modulam a atividade do n&#243;dulo
               sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. A base molecular do efeito
            cronotr&#243;pico positivo do T3 n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecida. As altera&#231;&#245;es podem
            estar na express&#227;o dos dois genes respons&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;pela codifica&#231;&#227;o de canal para
               I<sub>f</sub> (corrente hiperpolarizante) e I<sub>Ca,T</sub> (corrente transit&#243;ria de
            c&#225;lcio), embora a I<sub>Ca,T</sub> pare&#231;a ser a principal e, provavelmente, a mais
            afetada pelo Hi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Embora o impacto do Hi sobre o sistema cardiovascular tenha sido amplamente estudado,
            n&#243;s contribu&#237;mos fortemente para uma an&#225;lise detalhada. Atrav&#233;s da combina&#231;&#227;o de
            experimentos "<italic>in vivo</italic>" e "<italic>in vitro</italic>", confirmamos que
            as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas observadas em v&#225;rios estudos existem em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m
            disso, utilizamos o mesmo regime anest&#233;sico, tanto na condi&#231;&#227;o "<italic>in
            vivo</italic>" como "<italic>in vitro</italic>", para assegurar uma correla&#231;&#227;o adequada
            de resultados conforme previamente estabelecido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a massa card&#237;aca do GH aumentou, conforme mostrado pela raz&#227;o peso do
            cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal aumentada (mg/gr) do GH. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da morfologia
            hipertr&#243;fica do cora&#231;&#227;o e suas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais foram confirmados pelas
            experi&#234;ncias de ECO e PMI. Nossos dados mostraram um aumento da FC, FE, DC (<italic>in
               vivo</italic>) e dF/dt<sub>min</sub> (<italic>in vitro</italic>). Da mesma forma,
            nossos dados mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no VDF, VSF, TRIV, TDT, TE, VA e na raz&#227;o E/A
               (<italic>in vivo</italic>), os quais em conjunto indicam efeitos positivos
            inotr&#243;picos, cronotr&#243;picos e lusitr&#243;picos. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do TE e TRIV, assim como
               dF/d<sub>tmin</sub>, encontrada no GH, podem ser explicadas pelo aumento da taxa de
            capta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> para o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SR) e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos
            n&#237;veis de fosfolambam, o que caracteriza um efeito direto sobre o mecanismo contr&#225;til de
            regula&#231;&#227;o do DC. Os nossos resultados tamb&#233;m podem explicar a intoler&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> ao exerc&#237;cio de indiv&#237;duos hipertiroideos devido a
            uma incapacidade de aumentar ainda mais os par&#226;metros conforme exigido pelo exerc&#237;cio.
            Isso sugere que os cora&#231;&#245;es dos indiv&#237;duos com Hi podem estar operando perto da sua
            capacidade m&#225;xima, ou seja, a reserva card&#237;aca &#233; diminu&#237;da, uma vez que isso justifica a
            maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias devido &#224; taquicardia e, em longo prazo, disfun&#231;&#227;o
            ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Em contraste, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas medi&#231;&#245;es <italic>in vitro</italic> da for&#231;a m&#225;xima
            de contra&#231;&#227;o e a dF/dt<sub>max</sub>. Esses resultados sugerem que um cora&#231;&#227;o com Hi n&#227;o
            &#233; capaz de desenvolver uma contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima mais forte ou mais r&#225;pida durante a s&#237;stole
            do que um cora&#231;&#227;o normal. Por outro lado, a raz&#227;o para n&#227;o existirem altera&#231;&#245;es na for&#231;a
            m&#225;xima de contra&#231;&#227;o pode ser o TE reduzido <italic>in vivo</italic>, o que resultou em
            menos tempo para atingir a for&#231;a m&#225;xima. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com os
            resultados negativos de altera&#231;&#245;es <italic>in vivo </italic>no DS e TCI. Aqueles
            resultados correlacionados <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> tamb&#233;m
            est&#227;o de acordo com os estudos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca observados no Hi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. No entanto, os &#237;ndices de Tei de ambos os
            grupos, utilizado para detectar disfun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, n&#227;o foram
            estatisticamente diferentes. Esse resultado aparentemente contradit&#243;rio s&#243; ocorreu
            porque no GH, o TE diminuiu proporcionalmente ao TRI.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados de n&#227;o altera&#231;&#227;o no PPP de 1, 3, 5, 10 ou 20 segundos possivelmente
            indicam que a taxa de capta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> para o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico pelo
            SERCA2a pode refletir, em ambos os grupos, em um descanso longo o suficiente para
            capta&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio para o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico. Esses resultados podem ser devidos &#224;
            diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/ Ca<sup>2+</sup> no GH. De fato,
            mostraram que o SERCA2a e o trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> estava aumentado e
            diminu&#237;do, respectivamente, em ratos com Hi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.
            Desse modo, uma quantidade menor de Ca<sup>2+</sup> deixa as c&#233;lulas, mantendo uma
            concentra&#231;&#227;o citos&#243;lica suficiente para produzir uma resposta PPP semelhante &#224; do
            GC.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao impacto do Hy na pr&#233;-carga, tem sido sugerido que a complac&#234;ncia venosa
            est&#225; aumentada no Hi. Portanto, a pr&#233;-carga aumenta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. De fato, sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas (magnitude, raio, espessura da parede
            e complac&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) a pr&#233;-carga pode ser determinada pelo VDF.
            Portanto, podemos concluir, a partir dos nossos dados da ecocardiografia de menor VDF,
            que a pr&#233;-carga est&#225; reduzida no GH. No entanto, devido &#224; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, a FC
            alta encontrada no Hi deveria induzir &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o no VDF caso a pr&#233;-carga n&#227;o estivesse
            aumentada. Assim, o VDF deve ser corrigido para o peso corporal, a fim de atingir um
            &#237;ndice de pr&#233;-carga mais confi&#225;vel, uma vez que os animais com hipertireoidismo perdem
               peso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Dessa forma, nossos resultados n&#227;o
            mostram diferen&#231;a no VDF/peso corporal entre o GC e o GH, indicando fortemente que a
            pr&#233;-carga n&#227;o est&#225; aumentada em animais com hipertireoidismo. Al&#233;m disso, embora o DS
            n&#227;o seja diferente no GH, o que pode ser conclu&#237;do pelo menor VDF, a FE sobe e d&#225; uma
            forte evid&#234;ncia do efeito direto dos HT no cora&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a contratilidade. Al&#233;m
            disso, o efeito cronotr&#243;pico positivo dos HT assegura um maior DC de repouso encontrado
            no GH, apesar do DS inalterado.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos o efeito do Hi sobre a press&#227;o arterial, uma vez que a disfun&#231;&#227;o
            da tireoide est&#225; associada &#224; altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. As medidas mostraram
            uma PAS maior no GH. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com estudos em humanos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e d&#225; origem a mais uma evid&#234;ncia do aumento da
            contratilidade card&#237;aca no GH. Isso &#233; corroborado pela FE mais alta (em face da
            diminui&#231;&#227;o do VDF e VSF), em vez de altera&#231;&#245;es da RVPT, j&#225; que as modifica&#231;&#245;es na RVPT,
            na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio da complac&#234;ncia, levariam a um aumento proporcional na PAS e
            PAD. Por outro lado, alguns estudos t&#234;m mostrado uma RVPT reduzida na presen&#231;a de
               Hi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Considerando que o nosso estudo n&#227;o encontrou nenhuma diferen&#231;a
            significativa na RVPT entre os dois grupos, o aumento da PAS poderia ser resultado do
            aumento da contratilidade devido &#224; a&#231;&#227;o direta dos HT sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, levando a um
            aumento da for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o e da FC.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados sugerem efeitos funcionais que est&#227;o de acordo com estudos biol&#243;gicos
            sobre as a&#231;&#245;es diretas do HT em termos de express&#227;o e da atividade dos canais i&#244;nicos
            relacionados com o AEC card&#237;aco, ou seja, a express&#227;o aumentada do receptor de
            dihidropiridina, RyR, SERCA2a, &#945; - MHC, actina, troponina I, bomba de
               Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> e canais de K<sup>+</sup> dependentes de voltagem e
            express&#227;o reduzida de fosfolambam, &#946; - MHC e trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>
            conforme descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>Por fim, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao c&#243;rtex adrenal, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo HPA do rato tem sido associada
            com o Hi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A atividade aumentada do eixo HPA &#233; seguida, em quest&#227;o de
            minutos, pelo aumento dos n&#237;veis de corticosterona (principal glucocorticoster&#243;ide em
            ratos). No entanto, os poucos estudos que abordaram a possibilidade de correla&#231;&#227;o direta
            entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o da tire&#243;ide e gl&#226;ndulas adrenais foram realizados atrav&#233;s de medi&#231;&#245;es
            de concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica basal de ACTH e corticosterona, ambos os quais est&#227;o elevados
            em tireotoxicose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Tem sido demonstrado que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicocorticoides no sangue n&#227;o &#233; um indicador
            apropriado de um evento estressante, porque &#233; influenciado pela amostragem estressante e
            reflete uma situa&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Na verdade, a coleta
            de sangue aumenta os n&#237;veis de corticosterona se n&#227;o for terminada em um per&#237;odo de dois
            minutos e se o animal estiver sendo manuseado pela primeira vez. Para os ratos, a
            captura, o tratamento e a coleta de sangue s&#227;o eventos estressantes. Portanto, eles
            interferem com as concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicocorticoide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Em contraste, a coleta de amostra fecal &#233; f&#225;cil e permite o monitoramento
            das concentra&#231;&#245;es de corticosterona sem estressar o animal. &#201; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva
            para estudar o impacto das diferentes abordagens sobre a atividade adrenal.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, foram coletadas amostras fecais de 24 horas para monitorar as
            influ&#234;ncias do Hi no eixo HPA. Seguiram-se inje&#231;&#245;es de T3 sempre no mesmo hor&#225;rio, ou
            seja, &#224;s 13:00 hrs, uma vez que a interfer&#234;ncia do tempo pode influenciar os n&#237;veis de
               corticosterona<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a coleta de
            fezes foi feita apenas nos dias em que as gaiolas n&#227;o eram limpas, pois a defeca&#231;&#227;o
            aumenta nos dias de substitui&#231;&#227;o da gaiola e este aumento poderia interferir com o
               CF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. N&#243;s medimos a CF no 1&#186;, 5&#186; e 10&#186; dia de
            tratamento com T3, j&#225; que 15% a 25 % de corticosterona &#233; excretada nas fezes. Dessa
            forma, eliminamos o componente de estresse que acompanha a medi&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de
            corticosterona. A CF foi maior no GH no quinto dia. Mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no d&#233;cimo
            dia de tratamento. Fomos capazes de excluir a possibilidade de uma CF maior, encontrada
            no GH, devido &#224; resposta ao estresse inicial para as inje&#231;&#245;es, seguidas de adapta&#231;&#227;o a
            esse est&#237;mulo, porque tamb&#233;m aplicamos inje&#231;&#245;es de ve&#237;culo no GC. Em vez disso, esse
            achado mostra que o Hi inicialmente altera a taxa metab&#243;lica do c&#243;rtex adrenal. No
            entanto, a altera&#231;&#227;o cessa enquanto se mant&#233;m o estado de hipertireoidismo e o feedback
            negativo do glicocortic&#243;ide-ACTH fica intacto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Esse achado est&#225; de
            acordo com a raz&#227;o inalterada do peso adrenal/peso corporal. O crescimento da adrenal
            est&#225; geralmente associado com uma maior estimula&#231;&#227;o pituit&#225;ria do c&#243;rtex adrenal,
            produzindo hipercortisolismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Esse fato sugere fortemente que os efeitos do Hi
            s&#227;o independentes da ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo HPA pelos HT. A &#250;ltima afirma&#231;&#227;o sugere que
            estudos adicionais com humanos, experimentais e cl&#237;nicos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para
            determinar o impacto do Hi sobre o sistema cardiovascular, bem como a sua intera&#231;&#227;o com
            a gl&#226;ndula adrenal e, portanto, a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na gl&#226;ndula adrenal
            na tireotoxicose.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo mostra que o Hi de curto prazo aumenta o DC devido a um
            aumento na FC. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta a contratilidade - como demonstrado pela redu&#231;&#227;o na
            VDF, VSF, TRI, TE e TDT e FE. Finalmente, ele acelera o relaxamento, conforme mostrado
            pela maior dF/d<sub>tmin</sub> do MPI e TRI e redu&#231;&#245;es do TDT (isto &#233;, o Hi induz
            efeitos positivos inotr&#243;picos, cronotr&#243;picos e lusitr&#243;picos sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, como
            mostrado <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic>) e aumenta a PAS. Tais
            efeitos n&#227;o est&#227;o correlacionados com a hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo HPA. O Hi n&#227;o aumenta o
            peso da gl&#226;ndula adrenal ou CF em condi&#231;&#245;es em que o estado de estresse n&#227;o &#233; alterado
            por manipula&#231;&#227;o ou t&#233;cnicas invasivas. Esses resultados devem ser levados em
            considera&#231;&#227;o para investiga&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas futuras.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; CAPES pelo apoio financeiro para esse trabalho.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone-targeting the heart.
               Endocrinology. 2001;142(1):11-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ojamaa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid hormone-targeting the heart</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Kahaly GJ, Dillmann WH. Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocr
               Rev. 2005;26(5):704-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kahaly</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillmann</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid hormone action in the heart</article-title>
          <source>Endocr Rev</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>704</fpage>
          <lpage>728</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation.
               2007;116(15):1725-35. Erratum in Circulation. 2008;117(3):e18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danzi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid disease and the heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1725</fpage>
          <lpage>1735</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Ferreira MM, Teixeira PF, Mansur VA, Reuters VS, Almeida CP, Vaisman
               M. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes normotensos com
               hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(6):806-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reuters</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em
                  pacientes normotensos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>806</fpage>
          <lpage>812</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Lizcano F, Salvador J. Effects of different treatments for
               hyperthyroidism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Exp Pharmacol
               Physiol. 2008;35(9):1085-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lizcano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvador</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of different treatments for hyperthyroidism on
                  the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1085</fpage>
          <lpage>1090</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Tsatsoulis A, Johnson EO, Kalogera CH, Seferiadis K, Tsolas O. The
               effect of thyrotoxicosis on adrenocortical reserve. Eur J Endocrinol.
               2000;142(3):231-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsatsoulis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalogera</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seferiadis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsolas</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of thyrotoxicosis on adrenocortical
                  reserve</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>235</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Johnson EO, Kamilaris TC, Calogero AE, Gold PW, Chrousos GP.
               Experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism is associated with activation of the rat
               hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Eur J Endocrinol.
               2005;153(1):177-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamilaris</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calogero</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gold</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrousos</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism is associated
                  with activation of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Gottschalk J, Einspanier A, Ungemach FR, Abraham G. Influence of
               topical dexamethasone applications on insulin, thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in
               dogs. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90(3):491-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottschalk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Einspanier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ungemach</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of topical dexamethasone applications on
                  insulin, thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in dogs</article-title>
          <source>Res Vet Sci</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>497</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Johnson EO, Calogero AE, Konstandi M, Kamilaris TC, Vignera Sl,
               Chrousos GP. Effects of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism on central
               hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in rats: in vitro and in situ studies.
               Pituitary. 2013;16(2):275-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calogero</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konstandi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamilaris</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignera</surname>
              <given-names>Sl</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrousos</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism on
                  central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in rats: in vitro and in situ
                  studies</article-title>
          <source>Pituitary</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>286</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Bachman ES, Hampton TG, Dhillon H, Amende I, Wang JF, Morgan JP, et
               al. The metabolic and cardiovascular effects of hyperthyroidism are largely
               independent of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Endocrinology.
               2004;145(6):2767-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bachman</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hampton</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhillon</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amende</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The metabolic and cardiovascular effects of
                  hyperthyroidism are largely independent of beta-adrenergic
                  stimulation</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2767</fpage>
          <lpage>2774</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Pabis FC, Miyague NI, Francisco JC, Woitowicz V, Carvalho KA,
               Faria-Neto JR, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial infarction evolution
               in young and adult rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(5):321-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pabis</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyague</surname>
              <given-names>NI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francisco</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woitowicz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial infarction
                  evolution in young and adult rats</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>326</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Tei C, Nishimura RA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Noninvasive
               Doppler-derived myocardial performance index: correlation with simultaneous
               measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.
               1997;10(2):169-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tei</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Noninvasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance
                  index: correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization
                  measurements</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Grignola JC, Gin&#233;s F, Guzzo D. Comparison of the Tei index with
               invasive measurements of right ventricular function. Int J Cardiol.
               2006;113(1):25-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grignola</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gin&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of the Tei index with invasive measurements
                  of right ventricular function</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Bocalini DS, Santos LD, Antonio EL, Santos AA, Davel AP, Rossoni LV,
               et al. Myocardial remodeling after large infarcts in rat converts post
               rest-potentiation in force decay. Arq Bras Cardiol.
               2012;98(3):243-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocalini</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antonio</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davel</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossoni</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial remodeling after large infarcts in rat
                  converts post rest-potentiation in force decay</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Young KM, Walker SL, Lanthier C, Waddell WT, Monfort SL, Brown JL.
               Noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in carnivores by fecal
               glucocorticoid analyses. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2004;137(2):148-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanthier</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waddell</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monfort</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in
                  carnivores by fecal glucocorticoid analyses</article-title>
          <source>Gen Comp Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>165</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Touma C, Sachser N, Mosti E, Palme R. Effects of sex and time of day
               on metabolism and excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice. Gen Comp
               Endocrinol. 2003;130(3):267-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Touma</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sachser</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosti</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palme</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of sex and time of day on metabolism and
                  excretion of corticosterone in urine and feces of mice</article-title>
          <source>Gen Comp Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>278</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Saibaba P, Sales GD, Stodulski G, Hau J. Behaviour of rats in their
               home cages: daytime variations and effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed
               by time sampling techniques. Lab Anim. 1996;30(1):13-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saibaba</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sales</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stodulski</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hau</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Behaviour of rats in their home cages: daytime
                  variations and effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed by time sampling
                  techniques</article-title>
          <source>Lab Anim</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Ojamaa K, Balkman C, Klein IL. Acute effects of triiodothyronine on
               arterial smooth-muscle cells. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56(1
               Suppl):61-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ojamaa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balkman</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Acute effects of triiodothyronine on arterial
                  smooth-muscle cells</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Owen PJ, Sabit R, Lazarus JH. Thyroid disease and vascular function.
               Thyroid. 2007;17(6):519-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabit</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lazarus</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid disease and vascular function</article-title>
          <source>Thyroid</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>524</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Weltman NY, Wang D, Redetzke RA, Gerdes AM. Longstanding
               hyperthyroidism is associated with normal or enhanced intrinsic cardiomyocyte
               function despite decline in global cardiac function. PLoS One.
               2012;7(10):e46655.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weltman</surname>
              <given-names>NY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redetzke</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Longstanding hyperthyroidism is associated with normal
                  or enhanced intrinsic cardiomyocyte function despite decline in global cardiac
                  function</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e46655</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Brown L, Fenning A, Chan V, Wilson K, Anderson B, Burstow D.
               Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac structure and function in rats. Heart Lung
               Circ. 2002;11(3):167-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenning</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burstow</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac structure and
                  function in rats</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Dorr M, Wolff B, Robinson DM, John U, Ludemann J, Meng W, et al. The
               association of thyroid function with cardiac mass and left ventricular hypertrophy. J
               Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):673-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dorr</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolff</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>John</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ludemann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meng</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The association of thyroid function with cardiac mass
                  and left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>673</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Hu LW, Liberti EA, Barreto-Chaves ML. Myocardial ultrastructure in
               cardiac hypertrophy induced by thyroid hormone - an acute study in rats. Virchows
               Arch. 2005;446(3):265-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberti</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto-Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial ultrastructure in cardiac hypertrophy induced
                  by thyroid hormone - an acute study in rats</article-title>
          <source>Virchows Arch</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>446</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Dillmann W. Cardiac hypertrophy and thyroid hormone signaling. Heart
               Fail Rev. 2010;15(2):125-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dillmann</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac hypertrophy and thyroid hormone
                  signaling</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>132</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Casini AF, Gottieb I, Neto LV, Almeida CA, Fonseca RH, Vaisman M.
               Angina pectoris em paciente com hipertireoidismo e coron&#225;rias angiograficamente
               normais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(5):e176-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casini</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottieb</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neto</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Angina pectoris em paciente com hipertireoidismo e
                  coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e176</fpage>
          <lpage>e178</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Biondi B, Klein I. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for
               cardiovascular disease. Endocrine. 2004;24(1):1-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Biondi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular
                  disease</article-title>
          <source>Endocrine</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Le Bouter S, Demolombe S, Chambellan A, Bellocq C, Aimond F,
               Toumaniantz G, et al. Microarray analysis reveals complex remodeling of cardiac ion
               channel expression with altered thyroid status: relation to cellular and integrated
               electrophysiology. Circ Res. 2003;92(2):234-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le Bouter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demolombe</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambellan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellocq</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aimond</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toumaniantz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Microarray analysis reveals complex remodeling of
                  cardiac ion channel expression with altered thyroid status: relation to cellular
                  and integrated electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Mangoni ME, Nargeot J. Genesis and regulation of the heart
               automaticity. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(3):919-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangoni</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nargeot</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Genesis and regulation of the heart
                  automaticity</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>919</fpage>
          <lpage>982</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Schaefer A, Meyer GP, Brand B, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Drexler H, Klein
               G. Effects of anesthesia on diastolic function in mice assessed by echocardiography.
               Echocardiography. 2005;22(8):665-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schaefer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilfiker-Kleiner</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drexler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of anesthesia on diastolic function in mice
                  assessed by echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>665</fpage>
          <lpage>670</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Jiang M, Xu A, Narayanan N. Thyroid hormone downregulates the
               expression and function of sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated CaM kinase II in the
               rabbit heart. 2006. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
               2006;291(3):384-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narayanan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid hormone downregulates the expression and
                  function of sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated CaM kinase II in the rabbit heart.
                  2006</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <lpage>394</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Iglesias P, Acosta M, S&#225;nchez R, Fern&#225;ndez-Reyes MJ, Mon C, D&#237;ez JJ.
               Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with hyperthyroidism before and
               after control of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol.
               2005;63(1):66-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iglesias</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acosta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Reyes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;ez</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with
                  hyperthyroidism before and after control of thyroid function</article-title>
          <source>Clin Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Diekman MJ, Harms MP, Endert E, Wieling W, Wiersinga WM. Endocrine
               factors related to changes in total peripheral vascular resistance after treatment of
               thyrotoxic and hypothyroid patients. Eur J Endocrinol.
               2001;144(4):339-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diekman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harms</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Endert</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wieling</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiersinga</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Endocrine factors related to changes in total peripheral
                  vascular resistance after treatment of thyrotoxic and hypothyroid
                  patients</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Axelband F, Dias J, Ferr&#227;o FM, Einicker LM. Nongenomic signaling
               pathways triggered by thyroid hormones and their metabolite 3-iodothyronamine on the
               cardiovascular system. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(1):21-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Axelband</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferr&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Einicker</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Nongenomic signaling pathways triggered by thyroid
                  hormones and their metabolite 3-iodothyronamine on the cardiovascular
                  system</article-title>
          <source>J Cell Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>226</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Brent GA. The molecular-basis of thyroid-hormone action. N Engl J
               Med. 1994;331(13):847-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brent</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The molecular-basis of thyroid-hormone
                  action</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>331</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>847</fpage>
          <lpage>853</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Reed TD, Babu GJ, Ji Y, Zilberman A, Ver Heyen M, Wuytack F, et al.
               The expression of SR calcium transport ATPase and the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger are
               antithetically regulated during mouse cardiac development and in
               hypo/hyperthyroidism. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32(3):453-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babu</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ji</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilberman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ver Heyen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wuytack</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The expression of SR calcium transport ATPase and the
                  Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger are antithetically regulated during mouse cardiac
                  development and in hypo/hyperthyroidism</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>453</fpage>
          <lpage>464</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Kamilaris TC, Debold CR, Johnson EO, Mamalaki E, Listwak SJ,
               Calogero AE, et al. Effects of short and long duration hypothyroidism and
               hyperthyroidism on the plasma adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses to
               ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats. Endocrinology.
               2005;128(5):2567-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamilaris</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Debold</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mamalaki</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Listwak</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calogero</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of short and long duration hypothyroidism and
                  hyperthyroidism on the plasma adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses to
                  ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2567</fpage>
          <lpage>2576</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Harvard CW, Saldanha VF, Bird R, Gardner R. Adrenal function in
               hyperthyroidism. Br Med J. 1970;1(5692):337-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harvard</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saldanha</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bird</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Adrenal function in hyperthyroidism</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <year>1970</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>5692</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>339</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Bamberg E, Palme R, Meingassner JG. Excretion of corticosteroid
               metabolites in urine and faeces of rats. Lab Anim.
               2001;35(4):307-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bamberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palme</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meingassner</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Excretion of corticosteroid metabolites in urine and
                  faeces of rats</article-title>
          <source>Lab Anim</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>314</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Vasconcellos AS, Marie OM, Chelini RP, Marcelo ABV, Guimar&#227;es CA,
               Oliveira CA. Comparison of two methods for glucocorticoid evaluation in maned wolves.
               Pesq Vet Bras. 2011;31(1):79-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marie</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chelini</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcelo</surname>
              <given-names>ABV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of two methods for glucocorticoid evaluation
                  in maned wolves</article-title>
          <source>Pesq Vet Bras</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Pecori GF, Pesce S, Maroni P, Pagliardini L, Lasio G, Losa M, et al.
               Inhibitory effect of prepro-thyrotrophin-releasing hormone on adrenocorticotrophic
               hormone secretion by human corticotroph tumours. J Neuroendocrinol.
               2010;22(4):294-300.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pecori</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pesce</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maroni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagliardini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lasio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Losa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Inhibitory effect of prepro-thyrotrophin-releasing
                  hormone on adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion by human corticotroph
                  tumours</article-title>
          <source>J Neuroendocrinol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>300</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Short-Term Thyroid Hormone Excess Affects the Heart but
               Does not Affect Adrenal Activity in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szkudlarek</surname>
            <given-names>Ariani Cavazzani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldenucci</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyagui</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Itiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ilana Kassouf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Helton Estrela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalva Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR
               -Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;,
               Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Ariani Cavazzani Szkudlarek. Alameda Prudente de
               Moraes, 732, apto. 54, Centro. Postal Code 80430-220, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>arianiinaira@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Szkudlarek AC, Aldenucci B; Acquisition of
                  data: Szkudlarek AC, Aldenucci B, Miyagui NI; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Szkudlarek AC, Moraes RN; Statistical analysis: Silva IK, Foga&#231;a RTH;
                  Obtaining funding: Szkudlarek AC, Silva IK; Writing of the manuscript: Szkudlarek
                  AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Szkudlarek AC,
                  Foga&#231;a RTH; Supervision: Ramos HE, Foga&#231;a RTH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ariani Cavazzani
                  Szkudlarek from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hyperthyroidism (Hy) exerts a broad range of influences on a variety of
                  physiological parameters. Its disruptive effect on cardiovascular system is one of
                  its most remarkable impacts. Moreover, Hy has been clinically associated with
                  stress - induced hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Evaluate the impact of short-term Hy on cardiac performance and adrenal activity
                  of rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Induction of Hy in Wistar rats through injections of T3 (150
                  <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg) for 10 days (hyperthyroid group - HG) or vehicle (control
                  group). The cardiovascular performance was evaluated by: echocardiography (ECHO);
                  heart weight/body weight (mg/gr) ratio; contractility of isolated papillary
                  muscles (IPM) and direct measurement of blood pressures. Adrenal activity was
                  evaluated by adrenal weight/body weight (mg/gr) ratio and 24-hour fecal
                  corticosterone (FC) levels on the, 5<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> days of T3
                  treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In HG, the ECHO showed reduction of the End Systolic and End Diastolic Volumes,
                  Ejection, Total Diastolic and Isovolumic Relaxation Times, Diastolic and Systolic
                  Areas and E/A ratio. Heart Rate, Ejection Fraction and Cardiac Output increased.
                  The heart weight/body weight ratio was higher. Similarly, in IPM, the maximum rate
                  of force decay during relaxation was higher in all extracellular calcium
                  concentrations. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels were higher. (p &#8804; 0.05). On
                  the other hand, there was no difference in the adrenal weight/body weight ratio or
                  in the 24-hour FC levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Hy induces positive inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic effects on the heart by
                  direct effects of T3 and increases SBP. Those alterations are not correlated with
                  changes in the adrenal activity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thyroid Hormones</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperthyroidism / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenal Glands</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdution</title>
        <p>Thyroid hormones (TH) induce marked changes in the functioning of many physiological
               systems, including the cardiovascular and stress systems. Indeed, most studies have
               focused on the abnormalities of cardiac and blood vessel function in the presence of
               hypo and hyperthyroidism (Hy). In general, TH increase basal metabolism and oxygen
               consumption acting directly on the heart and blood vessels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Clinical
               and experimental evaluation are often based on the demonstration of an increase in
               myocardial contractility and heart rate (HR) on the one side and reduced peripheral
               vascular total resistance (PVTR) followed by a decrease in cardiac efficiency in the
               long run on the other side. Molecular bases have revealed this phenomenon, showing
               regulation of genes related to excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) of the heart,
               known to be associated with increased positive inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic
               effects. Furthermore, TH excess has also been clinically associated with increased
               activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA). The reason is that
               hyperthyroid patients need to receive cortisol, indicating a diminished adrenal
                  reserve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Although TH seems to interact
               with the HPAA, only few studies have addressed whether the association in humans and
               animals is true<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Moreover, there is lack of knowledge on the
               role of TH and the effects of Hy on corticosterone secretion. The effects of Hy
                  <italic>in vivo</italic> (Echocardiography - ECHO) and <italic>in vitro</italic>
               (Isolated Papillary Muscles - IPM) on the systolic and diastolic functions and the
               adrenocortical function have never been confirmed in any study. Additionally, we
               measured corticosterone in feces (concentration of Fecal Corticosterone - FC),
               allowing the monitoring of corticosterone concentrations by a feedback free
               technique.</p>
        <p>Using an animal model of Hy, in which cardiac alterations could be confirmed and the
               stress status was unaltered by manipulations or invasive techniques, we aimed to make
               a comprehensive analysis of the cardiac performance, both <italic>"in vivo"</italic>
               and <italic>"in vitro"</italic>, as well as to verify the impact of short-term Hy on
               adrenocortical function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Two-month-old male Wistar rats, weighing about 250 grams were randomly separated
                  into two groups: control (CG, n = 12) and hyperthyroid (HG, n= 12).</p>
          <p>Rats from the HG were injected (<italic>i.p.</italic>) with T3 (150
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>g/kg) (Sigma Aldrich Chemicals, St. Louis, MO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> daily for 10 days. The CG received daily
                     <italic>i.p.</italic> injections of vehicle. The rats were kept in individual
                  cages and under a 12-hour dark/light cycle. The Animal Experimentation Ethics
                  Committee of the Biological Sciences Section at Federal University of Paran&#225;
                  approved all experimental protocols used in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Basal hormonal levels</title>
          <p>We measured the concentration levels of T4 and T3 in both groups of animals using
                  a solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assay performed by the
                  Immulite 2000 analyzer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>ECHO was performed in anesthetized animals (50 mg/kg of ketamine - Fort Dodge;
                  Iowa, USA and 10 mg/kg of xylazine - Bayer; Germany, intramuscularly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The functional analysis was carried out by
                  a two-dimensional device for transthoracic echocardiography (5500 Sonos, Hewlet
                  Packard) with S12 (5 - 12 MHz) sectors conductor and 15L6 (7-15 MHz), which
                  allowed the analysis of up to 160 MHz. The transducer was placed on the left
                  anterior-lateral region of the thorax. The hearts were visualized in
                  two-dimensions with an axial view of the left ventricle, including the mitral and
                  aortic valves and the apex in the same image. The digital conversion image was
                  performed by the delimitation of the ventricular septum and the posterior wall of
                  the left ventricle. The measures of left ventricular-end diastolic volume (EDV),
                  left ventricular-end systolic volume (ESV), ejection time (ET), isovolumic
                  relaxation (IRT) and total diastolic time (TDT) were registered in five
                  consecutive cardiac cycles. EDV, ESV and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF)
                  were measured using the Simpson method. Systolic output (SO) was estimated by
                  subtracting the ESV of the EDV. The TDT was measured from the onset of aortic
                  valve closure to closure of the mitral valve. The ET was measured from the opening
                  to closure of the aortic valve. The IRT was measured from the interval between the
                  aortic valve closure and the start of mitral flow. The isovolumic contraction time
                  (ICT) was obtained by measuring the time interval of the onset of mitral closure
                  to its reopening (MCMR) and subtracting it from the measured sum of IRT and ET.
                  The left ventricular filling pattern was assessed by the E/A ratio, which was
                  calculated by dividing the peak early diastolic filling velocity (E) by the peak
                  atrial systolic flow velocity (A). The HR was calculated as the inverse of the
                  period between two QRS complex peaks in the electrocardiogram (ECG). The Tei
                  index, which indicates global ventricular systolic and diastolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, was calculated by the sum of isovolumic
                  contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time divided by ejection time as
                  previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The A variable (AV)
                  was calculated by the sum of systolic time and IRT. The EDV/body weight ratio was
                  calculated as an index of the ventricular intrinsic performance according to the
                  animal weight. The systolic work (SW) evaluates the ventricular performance by
                  multiplying the SO and the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The observer
                  variability was registered for two measurements in a random sample of rats. The
                  correlation coefficient and standardization of the estimated error was calculated
                  in accordance to Bland and Altman method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure, Heart weight/body weight ratio, Adrenal weight/body weight
                  ratio and Isolated papillary twitch measurements</title>
          <p>After 24 hours, the animals were anesthetized as described above. The blood
                  pressure was measured by placing a cannula connected to a pressure transducer
                  (WPI-World Precision Instrument, model BLPR) inside the right carotid artery fed
                  into a chart recorder and an analog/digital converter (Data Translation 2821)
                  connected to a PC for data acquisition and analysis using a Lab Tech Pro software.
                  After 15 min of stabilization, we measured the systolic (SBP), the diastolic (DBP)
                  and the MABP. The total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) was calculated by
                  dividing the MABP by the CO. Using the same cannula, blood samples were separated
                  into serum aliquots, centrifuged and frozen at - 20&#186; C for posterior hormonal
                  dosage.</p>
          <p>The heart and right adrenal were then removed and their wet weight measured and
                  expressed as mg/gr of body weight. Following, the heart was perfused with Tyrode's
                  solution continuously bubbled with 95 % O<sub>2</sub> and 5 % CO<sub>2</sub>,
                  through a cannula inserted into the aorta. The papillary muscles from the right
                  ventricle were removed and their ends were clamped using O-shaped clamps. The
                  muscles were transferred to a 10 mL muscle chamber where one end was fixed to a
                  movable arm and the other to a force transducer (WPI, F10). They were then
                  superfused with Tyrode's solution. The force transducer&#180;s output was fed into the
                  strip chart recorder (Lafayette Instruments Company) and the digital data
                  acquisition system. The papillary muscles were electrically stimulated at 0.5 Hz
                  with supramaximal square pulses via parallel platinum plate electrodes using an
                  isolated pulse generator. All muscles were stretched to the length at which we
                  obtained their maximal twitch force. The length and diameters of the preparations
                  were measured under a microscope. After the experiments, we determined blotted wet
                  muscle weight (verificar com o autor). Assuming a uniform cross-sectional area and
                  muscle density of 1.06 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, the cross-sectional area (CSA in
                     mm<sup>2</sup>) was calculated by dividing the wet weight by the product of the
                  muscle length and density: CSA= mass (mg)/(length(mm) x density (1.06
                     g/cm<sup>3</sup>). In all cases, the papillary muscles were stimulated for a 45
                  min equilibration period. Then, Tyrode's solution calcium concentration was
                  consecutively changed to 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 10.0 mM. The maximum rate of force
                  development during contraction (dF/dt<sub>max</sub>) and the maximum rate of force
                  decay during relaxation (dF/dt<sub>min</sub>) were measured in all calcium
                  concentrations. In order to evaluate the time dependence of the rest in the
                  contractile force generated by the papillary muscles, post-rest potentiation (PRP)
                  was measured by interrupting the electrical stimulation for 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20
                     seconds<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. To measure the amount of
                  potentiation, the force produced by the first contraction after the rest period
                  was considered as PRP and normalized to previous steady state contraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of the influence of Hy in the FC</title>
          <p>To monitor the influence of Hy in the adrenocortical activity, we performed the
                  extraction and concentration measurement of FC, according to fecal weight, as
                     described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The 24-hours feces samples of the two
                  groups of animals were collected on the first, the fifth and the tenth days of
                  treatment. They were dried, weighted and stored at -20 C. The sample gathering was
                  made at 1 p.m and on days when the cages were not cleaned<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
                  Moreover, the adrenal weight/body weight ratio was used to combine the data
                  analysis, since this parameter is altered only in conditions of enhanced pituitary
                  stimulation of the adrenal cortex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Two samples were compared using Students t-test. A one way analysis of variance
                  was applied for multiple comparisons followed by Tukey, using SigmaPlot 9.0 and
                  Sigma Stat. 2.0 software. To ensure better control of type I error, for repeated
                  samples we applied the Bonferroni post-test, as it is more accurate than Tukey's
                  post-test when there is a small number of groups, as the significance level is
                  divided by the total number of groups used (&#945;/n). Data was expressed as the means
                  &#177; SE of at least 8 observations. Statistical significance was assumed for p &#8804;
                  0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Basal hormonal levels</title>
          <p>T4 levels were slightly lower in the T3 treated group: 2.54 &#177; 0.4
                     <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL and 2.1 &#177; 0.47 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL, respectively (p
                  &gt; 0.05). Serum T3 levels were significantly higher in the T3 treated group: 35
                  &#177; 11.3 ng/dL and 103 &#177; 16.4 ng/dL, respectively (p &#8804; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>ECHO data is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">2</xref>. HG showed reduction of ESV, EDV, TDT, ET,
                  IRT, Diast. area, Syst. area, AV and E/A ratio; HR, EF and CO increased. In both
                  groups, there was no alteration between groups regarding the ICT, SO, Tei index
                  and DT. The EDV/body weight ratio was not different between groups (CG: 0.002
                  mL/gr &#177; 0.0001 and HG: 0.0018 mL/gr &#177; 0.0001) and SW was higher in the HG (CG:
                  33.792 mL/mmHg &#177; 1.11 and HG: 38.11 mL/mmHg &#177; 1.36).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac performance data from control (CG) and hyperthyroid (HG) animals
                        obtained by Echocardiography</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>ESV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>EDV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IRT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>ICT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>TDT</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>ET</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>EF</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CG</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">16 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">131 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">270 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                  <td>
                    <bold>HG</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
                              &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
                              &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">15 &#177; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">380<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              1.2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Values are means &#177; SE of eight animals.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t04-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared to control animals. Time - in msec. Volume - in mL.
                           ESV: end systolic volume; EDV: end diastolic volume; IRT: isovolumic
                           relaxation time; ICT: isovolumic contraction time; TDT: total diastolic
                           time; HR: heart rate; EF: ejection fraction. ET: Ejection time.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac Performance Data from Control (CG) and Hyperthyroid Animals (HG)
                        obtained by Echocardiography</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>SO</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>CO</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>AV</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>DTEW</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Diast. area</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Syst. area</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Tei index</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>E/A</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CG</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 7.98</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                  <td>
                    <bold>HG</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.31 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">118<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              6.82</td>
                  <td align="center">92<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref> &#177;
                              0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
                              &#177; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
                              &#177; 0.35</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Values are means &#177; SE of eight animals.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t05-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared to control animals. Time - in msec. Volume - in mL.
                           Area &#8211; in cm2. SO: systolic output; CO: cardiac output; Diast. area:
                           Diastolic area; Syst. area: Systolic area; AV: A variable; DTEW:
                           deceleration time of E wave; E/A: ratio of the maximal early to atrial
                           mitral flow velocities.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure, Heart weight/body weight ratio and Papillary twitch
                  measurements</title>
          <p>SBP levels were higher in the HG. SBP, DBP and MABP (&#177; SE, in mmHg) obtained in
                  the control group were 112 &#177; 14; 97.6 &#177; 11 and 102.4 &#177;12 respectively while in the
                  hyperthyroid rats they were 135.4 &#177; 15.0;116.7 &#177; 19 and 122.93 &#177; 16.5
                  respectively.</p>
          <p>There was no difference in the TPVR (mmHg/mL/min) between the groups. The
                  calculated values in the CG and HG were: 1.15 &#177; 0.1 and 1.04 &#177; 0.09,
                  respectively.</p>
          <p>The body weight (g) was 309 &#177; 19 in the CG and 296 &#177; 25 in the HG. The heart
                  weight/body weight ratio (mg/gr) was higher in the HG. The values (&#177; SE) were 3.3
                  &#177; 0.16 in the CG and 5.1 &#177; 0.36 in the HG (p &#8804; 0.05).</p>
          <p>The papillary CSA from control and hyperthyroid groups were 0.42 &#177; 0.16 and 1.05 &#177;
                  0.6 mm<sup>2</sup> respectively. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure
                     1</xref>, the groups did not show statistically differences in the maximum
                  twitch force (mN/mm<sup>2</sup>) (CG: 62 &#177; 28.7; HG: 56.3 &#177; 22.1) and in the PRP
                  (1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 seconds) in any of the extracellular calcium concentrations
                  used as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref> for the calcium
                  concentration of 2 mM. An original record of 3 sec PRP of IPM being electrically
                  stimulated at 0.5 Hz from the HG is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure
                     2</xref>. Nevertheless, the concentration of external calcium necessary to
                  produce 50 % of the maximal force was statistically different in the groups. This
                  concentration (mM) was 0.85 &#177; 0.25 in the CG and 0.66 &#177; 0.2 in the HG.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PRP of IPM from CG and HG at [Ca<sub>2+</sub>] of 2 mM. Values are means
                        &#177; SE of eight animals.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Original record of 3 sec PRP of IPM electrically stimulated at 0.5 Hz
                        from the HG. [Ca<sub>2+</sub>] = 2 mM. Note the pause period between
                        contractions of 3 sec after the arrow.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In the HG, the dF/dt<sub>max</sub> which indicates the speed of contraction of IPM
                  was higher only at 2 mM of Ca<sup>2+</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure
                     3</xref>). However, the dF/dt<sub>min</sub> which indicates the speed of
                  relaxation of IPM was higher at 1, 2, 3 and 5 mM of Ca<sup>2+</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Maximum rate of force development during contraction
                           (dF/dt<sub>max</sub>) of IPM from the CG and HG.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Maximum rate of force decay during relaxation (dF/dt<sub>min</sub>) of
                        IPM from the CG and HG</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0270-40014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influence of short-term Hy in the adrenal weight/body weight ratio and
                  FC</title>
          <p>There was no difference in the adrenal weight/body weight ratio (mg/gr). The
                  values (&#177; SE) were 0.091 &#177; 0.01 in the CG and 0.1 &#177; 0.013 in the HG. In contrast,
                  there was a difference in the FC on the fifth day of treatment. However, there was
                  no difference on day 10 when the experiments were carried out (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fecal Corticosterone from Control (CG) and Hyperthyroid (HG)
                        Animals</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>CG 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HG 1</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>CG 5</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HG 5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t06-fn01">*</xref>
										</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>CG 10</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>HG 10</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                  <td>273,19 &#177; 62,73</td>
                  <td align="center">317,32 &#177; 48,96</td>
                  <td align="center">272,94 &#177; 30,83</td>
                  <td align="center">613,54 &#177; 104,74</td>
                  <td align="center">305,82 &#177; 65,79</td>
                  <td align="center">361,27 &#177; 65,99</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Values are means &#177; SE of eight animals.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="t06-fn01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 compared to control animals. Concentration, in ng/g of feces.
                           1: 1<sup>st</sup> day of injection; 5: 5<sup>th</sup> day of injection;
                           10: 10<sup>th</sup> day of injection.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Many studies have shown the interactions between TH and the cardiovascular
                  system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although only a few studies have addressed the impact of TH excess on the HPAA of
               humans and animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, the fact that there is an impact has been clinically accepted.
               Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate
               the consequences of short-term Hy on the function of the adrenal cortex in the
               presence of physiologically-analyzed cardiac performance alterations both "<italic>in
                  vivo</italic>" and "<italic>in vitro</italic>". We used an animal model and,
               through different approaches, we showed the direct (myocardium hypothesis) and the
               hemodynamic (vascular hypothesis - Frank Starling Law) effects of TH on CO. We also
               demonstrated that the influences of short-term Hy on the cardiovascular system do not
               result in alterations of the adrenal cortex function, <italic>i.e.,</italic> the
               alterations seen in the short-term hyperthyroid rats are independent from the TH
               effects on the adrenal cortex.</p>
        <p>It has been shown that Hy induces cardiac hypertrophy and exercise intolerance.
               Moreover, Hy results in cardiac failure in the long term<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. It has
               also been suggested<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> that Hy is an
               independent risk factor for myocardial ischemia. Moreover, clinical findings have
               shown a strong correlation between thyroid function, cardiac mass and ventricular
               hypertrophy in subjects between 45 and 79 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Different from what could be expected from a so-called "physiological"
               hypertrophy, histological alterations were also found, <italic>i.e.</italic>
               disorganized intercalated discs, high HR at rest and decreased cardiac
                  efficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Indeed, tachycardia at rest, as well as an
               increased risk to develop atrial arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
               are some of the electrophysiological effects commonly found in Hy. Supporting this
               hypothesis, our data on short-term Hy rats also showed high HR. In this respect, the
               HR may be changed by directly modifying the electrical properties or by changing the
               levels of neurohumoral factors that modulate the activity of the sinus node<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. The molecular basis of positive chronotropic
               effect of T3 is not entirely clear. The alterations could be in the expression of the
               two genes responsible for the channel coding for I<sub>f</sub> (hyperpolarizing
               current) and I<sub>Ca,T</sub> (calcium transitory current), although I<sub>Ca,T</sub>
               appears to be the main one and probably the most affected by Hy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Although the impact of Hy on the cardiovascular system has been broadly studied, we
               made a strong contribution to a comprehensive analysis. By combining <italic>"in
                  vivo"</italic> and <italic>"in vitro" </italic>experiments, we confirmed that the
               cardiac alterations seen in many studies exist in both situations. Furthermore, we
               used the same anesthetic regimen both "<italic>in vivo</italic>" and "<italic>in
                  vitro</italic>" conditions to ensure an adequate correlation of results as
                  previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> established.</p>
        <p>In our study, the cardiac mass of HG increased as shown by the augmented heart
               weight/body weight ratio (mg/gr) of the HG. Furthermore, the increased hypertrophic
               morphology of the heart and its functional alterations were confirmed by the ECHO and
               IPM experiments. Our data showed an increase in HR, EF, CO (<italic>in vivo)</italic>
               and dF/dt<sub>min</sub> (<italic>in vitro)</italic>. Likewise, our data showed a
               decrease in EDV, ESV, IRT, TDT, ET, AV and E/A ratio (<italic>in vivo</italic>),
               which altogether indicate positive inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic effects.
               The decrease in ET and IRT, as well as the dF/dt<sub>min</sub>, found in the HG may
               be explained by the increased rate of Ca<sup>2+</sup> uptake to the sarcoplasmic
               reticulum (SR) and/or decreased levels of phospholamban, which characterizes a direct
               effect on the contractile mechanism of CO regulation. Our results can also explain
               the exercise intolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> of hyperthyroid
               individuals due to an inability to further raise the parameters as required by
               exercise. This suggests that hyperthyroid individuals' hearts may be operating close
               to their maximum capacity, <italic>i.e</italic>., the cardiac reserve is lowered, as
               it justifies the higher incidence of arrhythmias due to tachycardia and, in the
               long-term, ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.</p>
        <p>In contrast, there was no difference in the <italic>in vitro</italic> measurements of
               maximum twitch force and the dF/dt<sub>max</sub>. These findings suggest that a
               hyperthyroid heart is not capable of developing stronger or more rapid maximum
               contraction during systole than a normal heart is. On the other hand, the reason for
               no alteration on the maximum twitch force might be that the <italic>in vivo</italic>
               diminished ET, which resulted in less time to reach the maximum force. Such
               observation is in agreement with findings of no alteration <italic>in vivo</italic>
               SO and ICT. Those <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> correlated
               findings are also in agreement with studies on the cardiac function seen in Hy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. However, both groups' Tei index, which is
               used to detect both systolic and diastolic dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, was not
               statistically different. This apparently contradictory result only occurred because
               in the HG, the ET decreased proportionally to the IRT.</p>
        <p>Our findings of no alteration of PRP of 1, 3, 5, 10 or 20 seconds possibly indicates
               that the rate of Ca<sup>2+</sup> uptake to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by SERCA2a may
               reflect, in both groups, along-enough rest for the calcium uptake to the sarcoplasmic
               reticulum. These results may be due to a decreased expression of the
                  Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger in the HG. In fact, Reed et al., 2000,
               showed that the SERCA2a and Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger were increased
               and decreased, respectively, in Hy in mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.
               In this manner, a smaller amount of Ca<sup>2+</sup> leaves the cells, maintaining a
               sufficient cytosolic concentration to produce a PRP response similar to the one in
               the CG.</p>
        <p>Regarding the impact of Hy on preload, it has been suggested that venous compliance
               is augmented in Hy. Therefore, the preload increases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In fact, under physiological conditions (magnitude, radius, wall
               thickness and compliance of left ventricle) preload can be determined by EDV.
               Therefore, we could conclude from our ECHO data of lower EDV that preload is lowered
               in the HG. Nevertheless, due to the concentric hypertrophy, the high HR found in Hy
               should induce decrease in the EDV if preload was not augmented. Thus, the EDV must be
               corrected for the body weight in order to achieve a more reliable preload index since
               the hyperthyroid animals lose weight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In
               this manner, our results show no difference in EDV/body weight between the CG and HG,
               strongly indicating that preload is not augmented in hyperthyroid animals. Moreover,
               although SO is not different in the HG, which can be assumed by the lower EDV, EF
               rises and gives strong evidence of direct effect of TH on the heart, increasing
               contractility. In addition, the positive chronotropic effect of TH ensures a higher
               resting CO found in the HG in spite of the unchanged SO.</p>
        <p>Additionally, we evaluated the effect of Hy on blood pressure, since thyroid
               dysfunction is associated with alterations in the systolic and/or diastolic
                  pressures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The
               measurements showed a higher SBP in the HG. This finding is in agreement with studies
               in humans<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and gives rise to another evidence
               of increased heart contractility in the HG. This is supported by the higher EF (in
               face of decreased EDV and ESV), rather than TPVR alterations, since modifications in
               the TPVR in the absence of compliance disturbance, would lead to proportional
               increases in SBP and DBP. On the other hand, some studies have shown a reduced TPVR
               in the presence of Hy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Considering that our study found no
               significant difference in the TPVR between groups, increased SBP could be a result of
               increased contractility due to direct action of TH on the heart, leading to increases
               force of contraction and HR.</p>
        <p>Our findings suggest functional effects that are in agreement with biological studies
               concerning the direct actions of TH in terms of expression and activity of ion
               channels related to the cardiac ECC, <italic>i.e.</italic> augmented expression of
               dihydropyridine receptor, RyR, SERCA2a, &#945; - MHC, actin, troponin I,
                  Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> pump and voltage dependent K<sup>+</sup> channels and
               reduced expression of Phospholamban, &#946; - MHC and Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>
               exchanger as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Finally, regarding the adrenal cortex, the activation of the rat HPAA has been
               associated with Hy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The augmented activity in the HPAA is
               followed, within minutes, by increased levels of corticosterone (the main
               glucocorticosteroid in rats). However, the few studies that addressed the possibility
               of direct correlation between thyroid dysfunction and adrenal gland were conducted
               through measurements of basal plasma concentration of ACTH and corticosterone, both
               of which are elevated in thyrotoxicosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>It has been shown that the glucocorticoid concentration in the blood is not an
               appropriate indicator of a stressful event, because it is influenced by the stressful
               sampling and it reflects a transitory situation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. In fact, the
               sampling of blood increases corticosterone levels if it is not terminated within two
               minutes and if the animal was being handled for the first time. For the rats, the
               capturing, the handling and the bleeding are stressful events. Therefore, they
               interfere with glucocorticoid concentrations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In contrast, fecal sample collection is easily performed and allows
               monitoring of corticosterone concentrations without stressing the animal. It is a
               non-invasive technique to study the impact of different approaches on the adrenal
               activity.</p>
        <p>In our study, we collected twenty-four hour fecal samples to monitor the influences
               of Hy on the HPAA. T3 injections followed and were given always at the same time,
                  <italic>i.e.</italic> 1 p.m., since time interference can influence corticosterone
                  levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Moreover, fecal collection was
               made only on days when the cages were not cleaned as defecation increases on days of
               cage replacement and this increase could interfere with the FC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. We measured FC on the 1<sup>st</sup>, the 5<sup>th</sup> and
               the 10<sup>th</sup> day of T3 treatment as 15% to 25% of corticosterone are excreted
               on feces. This way we eliminated the stress component that follows plasmatic
               measurement of corticosterone. The FC was higher in the HG on the fifth day. But
               there was no difference on the tenth day of treatment. We were able to exclude the
               possibility of a higher FC found in the HG due to initial stress response to the
               injections followed by adaptation to that stimulus, as we also applied vehicle
               injections to the CG. Instead, this finding shows that Hy initially alters the
               adrenal cortex metabolic rate. However, the alteration ceases as one maintains the
               hyperthyroid state and the glucocorticoid-ACTH negative feedback is intact<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. This finding is in agreement with an unchanged adrenal weight/body
               weight ratio The adrenal growth is usually associated with enhanced pituitary
               stimulation of the adrenal cortex producing hypercortisolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This fact
               strongly suggests that Hy effects are independent from the HPAA activation by the TH.
               The last statement suggests that additional experimental and clinical human studies
               are necessary to establish the impact of Hy on the cardiovascular system, as well as
               its interaction with the adrenal gland and; therefore, the need for adrenal gland
               clinical intervention in thyrotoxicosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our study shows that short-term Hy increases the CO due to an increase
               in the HR. As well, it increases contractility - as shown by the reduction in the
               EDV, ESV, IRT, ET and TDT and EF. Finally, it accelerates relaxation, as shown by the
               higher dF/dt<sub>min</sub> of IPM and IRT and TDT reductions (<italic>i.e.</italic>
               Hy induces positive inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic effects on the heart as
               shown by both <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> experiments) and
               increases SBP. Such effects are not correlated with HPAA hyper-activation. Hy does
               not increase the weight of adrenal gland or FC in conditions where the stress status
               is not changed by manipulation or invasive techniques. Those results shall be taken
               into consideration for future clinical investigations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
