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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s46qCMsRppypgQ8wKt83zqt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Idosos e Concord&#226;ncia
               entre Quatro Crit&#233;rios Diagn&#243;sticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velarde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Guillermo Coca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Antunes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ
               - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira Saad. Rua Moreira Cesar,
               160/708. CEP 24030-062, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>auxiliadorasaad@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Saad MAN, Cardoso GP, Cruz Filho RA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Saad MAN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Saad MAN, Cardoso GP, Martins WA, Velarde
                  LGC, Cruz Filho RA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Velarde LGC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Saad MAN,
                  Cardoso GP, Martins WA, Cruz Filho RA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual: Cardoso GP, Martins WA, Cruz Filho RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira Saad pela
                  Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>263</fpage>
      <lpage>269</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco que aumenta a
                  incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e Diabete Melito (DM). O envelhecimento da
                  popula&#231;&#227;o vem acompanhado de maior preval&#234;ncia de SM, que varia dependendo da
                  popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e do crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico utilizado. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de SM em idosos por quatro crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos e a
                  concord&#226;ncia entre esses. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal realizado em 243 indiv&#237;duos acima de 60 anos (180 mulheres) em
                  Niter&#243;i (RJ). Foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de exame cl&#237;nico glicemia jejum, insulinemia
                  jejum, perfil lip&#237;dico e medidas antropom&#233;tricas - peso, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia
                  abdominal e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril. A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi estimada utilizando
                  crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) modificado, National
                  Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII),
                  International Diabetes Federation (IDF) e Joint Interim Statement (JIS). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia foi elevada pelos quatro crit&#233;rios, OMS (51,9%), NCEP-ATPIII
                  (45,2%), IDF (64,1%) e JIS (69,1%), e a concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios
                  diagn&#243;sticos pelo &#237;ndice <italic>kappa</italic> foi moderada em quase todas as
                  compara&#231;&#245;es OMS <italic>vs.</italic> IDF (k = 0,47; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC)
                  95%, 0,35 - 0,58); OMS <italic>vs.</italic> NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,51; IC 95%, 0,40 -
                  0,61); OMS <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,45; IC 95%, 0,33 - 0,56); IDF
                     <italic>vs.</italic> NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,55, IC 95%, 0,45 - 0,65) e NCEP-ATPIII
                     <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,53; IC 95%, 0,43 - 0,64), exceto entre IDF
                     <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (K= 0,89; IC 95%, 0,83 - 0,95), considerada boa. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi elevada pelos quatro crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos,
                  principalmente pelo JIS. Houve uma boa concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios JIS e IDF e
                  moderada entre os outros.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A agrega&#231;&#227;o de obesidade central, disglicemia, dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial
            caracterizam a chamada S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM). Diversos estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> t&#234;m
            demonstrado que a preval&#234;ncia da SM aumenta com a idade, tornando o seu diagn&#243;stico
            necess&#225;rio devido ao aumento de 2,5 vezes do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e de
            cinco vezes para o desenvolvimento de Diabete Melito (DM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em 1988, Reaven<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> descreveu uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o
            entre anormalidades metab&#243;licas e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, denominando-a "S&#237;ndrome X".
            A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
            definiu o primeiro crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico cujo componente importante e indispens&#225;vel era a
            hiperglicemia. Em 2001, o <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment
               Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATPIII) prop&#244;s um novo crit&#233;rio, em que a glicemia n&#227;o era
            mais considerada fator imprescind&#237;vel, tornando-se apenas um dos componentes. Nesse
            crit&#233;rio a presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s dos cinco componentes da SM - Circunfer&#234;ncia
            Abdominal (CA) aumentada, glicemia de jejum aumentada, HDL- colesterol baixo,
            hipertrigliceridemia e press&#227;o arterial elevada conferem o diagn&#243;stico de SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e
            Tratamento da SM, elaborada em 2005, utilizou como base este crit&#233;rio para o diagn&#243;stico
            da SM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade vem aumentando nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas em todas as faixas
            et&#225;rias, concomitante ao envelhecimento populacional. Diante das evid&#234;ncias da rela&#231;&#227;o
            entre obesidade e risco cardiovascular, a <italic>International Diabetes
               Federation</italic> (IDF) prop&#244;s em 2005 uma nova defini&#231;&#227;o de SM valorizando a
            obesidade abdominal, atrav&#233;s da CA, tornando-a imprescind&#237;vel ao diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em 2009 Alberti e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apresentaram um
            crit&#233;rio de consenso para o diagn&#243;stico de SM - <italic>Joint Interim Statement
            </italic>(JIS) com aval de v&#225;rias sociedades, que definiram pela n&#227;o obrigatoriedade de
            qualquer componente, e sim, a presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s componentes alterados em
            cinco, e a medida da CA de acordo com as diferentes etnias.</p>
      <p>Considerando que a SM representa um maior risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, DM,
            altera&#231;&#245;es da mobilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, d&#233;ficit
               cognitivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13 </xref>em idosos, aliado a escassez de dados no Brasil, este estudo tem
            como objetivo principal determinar a preval&#234;ncia de SM por quatro diferentes crit&#233;rios
            diagn&#243;sticos e a concord&#226;ncia entre esses numa popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 60 anos de
            idade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal com inclus&#227;o de 243 pacientes, 180 do sexo feminino,
            acima de 60 anos de idade, volunt&#225;rios, em amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, todos atendidos no
            ambulat&#243;rio de Geriatria e Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i
            (RJ). Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam os mais diversos diagn&#243;sticos e motiva&#231;&#245;es
            para o atendimento. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade
            de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero 0183.0.258.258.10 e todos os
            participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os obesos m&#243;rbidos, os portadores de insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e renal
            terminal, os indiv&#237;duos em uso de corticosteroides, imunossupressores e com defici&#234;ncias
            cognitivas.</p>
      <p>Foi procedida anamnese, coleta de dados sociais e uso de f&#225;rmacos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica
            constou de aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com esfigmoman&#244;metro autom&#225;tico marca OMRON HEM
            742INT(Bannockburn,Illinois 60015 USA) no membro superior esquerdo, com o paciente
            sentado ap&#243;s pelo menos cinco minutos de repouso, utilizando a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas
            aferi&#231;&#245;es com diferen&#231;a menor de 4 mmHg entre elas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Os dados antropom&#233;tricos inclu&#237;am peso em quilogramas (kg) e estatura em
            cent&#237;metros (cm) com uma balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica marca FILIZOLA (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil)
            aferida pelo INMETRO. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado a partir da divis&#227;o
            peso expresso em kilogramas pelo quadrado da estatura em metros.</p>
      <p>A CA foi medida com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica da marca SANNY (S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, SP,
            Brasil), no ponto m&#233;dio entre as cristas il&#237;acas e as &#250;ltimas costelas, com paciente em
            posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica no final do movimento respirat&#243;rio da expira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>As coletas de sangue foram realizadas em jejum de 12 horas e posteriormente analisadas
            no Laborat&#243;rio Central de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Foram feitas as dosagens s&#233;ricas da glicose em
            jejum, colesterol total, HDL - colesterol e dos TG tendo sido usados kits comerciais da
            marca Labtest (Lagoa Santa, Belo Horizonte, Brasil). O LDL - colesterol foi calculado
            pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. As amostras foram analisadas por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico em
            equipamento automatizado marca Labmax 240 (Belo Horizonte, Brasil).</p>
      <p>As dosagens de insulina foram realizadas no equipamento ELECSYS (Roche, Jap&#227;o) pelo
            m&#233;todo de eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia. O Homa1- IR foi calculada multiplicando-se a
            glicose em jejum (mmol/L) pela insulina de jejum (&#956;IU/mL) e dividindo-se por 22,5 e
            considerado positivo para resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica Homa1-IR &gt; 2,7<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O diagn&#243;stico de SM foi estabelecido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios
            da OMS modificado, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF e JIS, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">tabela 1</xref>. O ponto de corte utilizado para a CA no crit&#233;rio da IDF e
            JIS foi da etnia europeia.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OMS (modificado)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
								</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>NCEP-ATPIII &#8224;</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IDF &#8225;</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>JIS &#167;</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Press&#227;o arterial</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 140/90 mmHg ou tratamento de HAS(&#8725;&#8725;)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130/85 mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130/85 mmHg ou tratamento de HAS</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130/85 mmHg ou tratamento de HAS</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td> Antropometria</td>
              <td align="center">RCQ (&#182;) &#9794; &gt; 0,9 e &#9792; &gt; 0,85 e/ou IMC (#) &gt; 30
                           kg/m<sup>2</sup>
							</td>
              <td align="center">CA(&#167;&#167;) &#8805; 102 &#9794; &#8805; 88 &#9792;</td>
              <td align="center">CA &#8805; 94 &#9794; &#8805; 80 &#9792;</td>
              <td align="center">CA &#8805; 94 &#9794; &#8805; 80 &#9792;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Glicose</td>
              <td align="center">DM, ITG (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">**</xref>)
                        ou Homa-1 IR (<italic>&#8224;&#8224;</italic>) &gt; 2,7</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 100</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>TG</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 150 (&#8225;&#8225;)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805;150</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805;150</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805;150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>HDL-col</td>
              <td align="center">&#9794; &lt; 35 &#9792; &lt; 39</td>
              <td align="center">&#9794; &lt; 40 &#9792; &lt; 50</td>
              <td align="center">&#9794; &lt; 40 &#9792; &lt; 50</td>
              <td align="center">&#9794; &lt; 40 &#9792; &lt; 50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Crit&#233;rio SM</td>
              <td align="center">DM, ITG ou Homa-1 IR &gt; 2,7 +2 outros componentes</td>
              <td align="center">3 ou mais componentes</td>
              <td align="center">CA mais 2 componentes</td>
              <td align="center">3 ou mais componentes</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>OMS: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>(&#8224;) NCEP-ATPIII: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program;
                     (&#8225;) IDF: Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes; (&#167;) JIS: Joint Interim Statement;
                     ( &#8725;&#8725;) HAS: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica; (&#182; ) RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril;
                     (#) IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn02">
            <label>(**)</label>
            <p>ITG: Toler&#226;ncia diminu&#237;da a glicose; (&#8224;&#8224;) Homa1-IR: Homeostastic model
                     assessment; (&#8225;&#8225;) Tanto os TG alterados ou HDL-c baixo constituem apenas um
                     fator pela OMS; (&#167;&#167;) CA: Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para analisar os dados num&#233;ricos obtidos foram utilizados os testes
                  <italic>t</italic>-Student e ANOVA de um fator. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica avaliou a
               concord&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de SM entre os crit&#233;rios utilizados na pesquisa, OMS,
               NCEP-ATPIII, IDF e JIS utilizando o &#237;ndice de <italic>Kappa.</italic> Foi
               estabelecido n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. Para essas an&#225;lises foi usado o programa
               S-Plus 8.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Participaram do estudo 243 idosos, dos quais 180 mulheres (74%). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de
            71 &#177; 7 anos quando avaliada toda a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e, 71 &#177; 7 anos no sexo feminino e
            70 &#177; 7 anos no sexo masculino (p &gt; 0,05). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela
               2</xref> v&#234;-se a m&#233;dia dos componentes da SM avaliados por g&#234;nero.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Componentes da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica de acordo com o g&#234;nero</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Masculino (n = 63)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Feminino (n = 180)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
                        (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 4,4</td>
              <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">99 ,9 &#177; 10,1</td>
              <td align="center">96 &#177; 12,7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicemia jejum (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">114 &#177; 39</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">182 &#177; 38</td>
              <td align="center">206 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">145 &#177; 74</td>
              <td align="center">139 &#177; 74</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL - Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>LDL - Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">106 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">120 &#177; 40</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Nas mulheres os valores do IMC (p &gt; 0,05), colesterol total (p &lt; 0,01) e das
            lipoprote&#237;nas HDL-c e o LDL-c (p &lt; 0,05) foram maiores do que nos homens, enquanto os
            valores da CA (p &lt; 0,05), glicemia de jejum (p &gt; 0,05) e triglicer&#237;deos (p &gt;
            0,05) foram maiores nos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Foram classificados como tendo SM pelos crit&#233;rios da OMS, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF e JIS,
            respectivamente, 51,9%, 45,2%, 64,1% e 69,1% dos participantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia da SM de acordo com o g&#234;nero foi de 49,4%,
            45,6%, 65,6% e 68,9 % pelos crit&#233;rios OMS, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF e JIS, respectivamente, no
            sexo feminino. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 58,7%, 44,4%,
            60,3% e 69,8% de acordo com os crit&#233;rios OMS, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF e JIS,
            respectivamente.</p>
      <p>No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref> pode-se observar a preval&#234;ncia da SM
            pelos quatro crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados, de acordo com as faixas et&#225;rias (60-69,
            70-79 e &#8805; 80 anos) em ambos os g&#234;neros.</p>
      <p>O crit&#233;rio de JIS foi o que mais diagnosticou SM quando avaliados todos os participantes
            (69,1%), no g&#234;nero feminino (68,9%) e no masculino (69,8%). Por outro lado, o crit&#233;rio
            NCEP-ATPIII foi que menos diagnosticou SM tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral estudada (45,2%),
            quanto no g&#234;nero feminino (45,6%) e masculino (44,4%).</p>
      <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o de SM foi analisada por
            meio da determina&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice <italic>Kappa</italic>, sendo considerada moderada entre
            os crit&#233;rios OMS <italic>vs.</italic> IDF (k=0,47; IC 95%, 0,35 - 0,58); OMS
               <italic>vs</italic>. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,51; IC 95%, 0,40 - 0,61); OMS
               <italic>vs</italic>. JIS (k = 0,45; IC 95%, 0,33 - 0,56); IDF <italic>vs</italic>.
            NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,55; IC 95%, 0,45 - 0,65) e NCEP-ATPIII <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k =
            0,53; IC 95%, 0,43 - 0,64). A concord&#226;ncia foi considerada muito boa entre IDF
               <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,89; IC 95%, 0,83 - 0,95).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo de proje&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de
            Geografia e Estat&#237;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstra que a
            popula&#231;&#227;o idosa ter&#225; maior intensidade de crescimento a partir de 2020 passando de 28,3
            milh&#245;es para 52 milh&#245;es de idosos em 2040, representando um quarto da popula&#231;&#227;o
            brasileira. Quanto a SM, essa apresenta uma preval&#234;ncia mundial tamb&#233;m em ascens&#227;o, o
            que provavelmente est&#225; relacionada com o aumento da obesidade, sedentarismo,
            modifica&#231;&#245;es nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e do importante processo de envelhecimento. O
            resultado da maior preval&#234;ncia de SM &#233; o reconhecido aumento da morbimortalidade
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com os
                  quatro crit&#233;rios. *SM: S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica; &#8224;OMS: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de;
                  &#8225;NCEP- ATP III: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program; &#167; IDF:
                  Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes; &#8725;&#8725;JIS: Joint Interim Statement.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0263-40013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica por faixa et&#225;ria de acordo com os quatro
                  crit&#233;rios. *OMS: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de; &#8224;NCEP- ATP III: Third Report of the
                  National Cholesterol Education Program; &#8225;IDF: Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes;
                  &#167;JIS: Joint Interim Statement.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0263-40013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Na literatura observa-se grande variabilidade quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de SM entre os
            idosos, o que depende grandemente do crit&#233;rio utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico e, tamb&#233;m,
            das caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas e regionais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo avaliaram-se a preval&#234;ncia e a concord&#226;ncia entre crit&#233;rios
            diagn&#243;sticos da SM, de acordo com o mais recente crit&#233;rio, JIS, comparado com os
            crit&#233;rios da OMS, NCEP-ATPIII e IDF em popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos do ambulat&#243;rio de Clinica
            M&#233;dica e Geriatria. A preval&#234;ncia da SM foi maior no crit&#233;rio da JIS (69,1%) seguida da
            IDF (64,1%), OMS (51.9%) e NCEP-ATPIII (45,2%). Essa maior preval&#234;ncia pelos crit&#233;rios
            da JIS e IDF ocorreu, provavelmente, pelo menor ponto de corte da CA e glicemia de jejum
            atribu&#237;do por esses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Alkerwi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> constataram preval&#234;ncia de SM de 88% em mulheres
            e 74% nos homens, na faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 e 69 anos, utilizando o crit&#233;rio da JIS, com
            ponto de corte para a CA de 94 cm para homens e 80 cm para mulheres. Em estudo de Ford e
               cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, realizado nos Estados Unidos e
            utilizando o crit&#233;rio da JIS, com ponto de corte para CA de 102 cm para homens e 88 cm
            em mulheres, a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 59,3% em homens e 55,4% nas mulheres. Segundo
            esses autores, os seus achados diferem dos europeus, com menor preval&#234;ncia de SM,
            provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia do maior ponto de corte da CA utilizado. Com o
            envelhecimento observa-se aumento da CA pelo ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, como visto no
            presente estudo tanto em homens quanto em mulheres, o que deve ser valorizado devido &#224;
            associa&#231;&#227;o desse aumento com o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Em estudo realizado na cidade de Novo Hamburgo (RS), onde foram avaliados 378 idosos com
            mais de 60 anos, a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 50,3% e 56,9% pelos crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATPIII
            e IDF, respectivamente, com maior preval&#234;ncia em mulheres pelos dois crit&#233;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. No presente estudo a preval&#234;ncia pelos crit&#233;rios
            NCEP-ATPIII e IDF em mulheres tamb&#233;m foi maior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, 45,6%
               <italic>vs.</italic> 44,4% pelo NCEP-ATPIII e 65,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 60,3% pela
            IDF. Entretanto, pelos crit&#233;rios JIS e OMS o resultado foi diferente, com preval&#234;ncia
            maior no sexo masculino, 69,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 68,9% pelo JIS e 58,7%
               <italic>vs</italic>. 49,4% pela OMS. Estudo realizado em Macap&#225; demonstrou
            preval&#234;ncia de 18,8% pelo crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATPIII e 38,9% pelo crit&#233;rio da IDF nos
            idosos quilombolas e 34% e 43% em idosos n&#227;o quilombolas, com maior preval&#234;ncia entre as
               mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na It&#225;lia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, estudo em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65
            anos encontrou-se preval&#234;ncia de SM de 20% em mulheres e 33% em homens, pelo crit&#233;rio do
            NCEP-ATP III. Em outro estudo num servi&#231;o de Geriatria na Turquia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, a preval&#234;ncia de SM em indiv&#237;duos acima de 65 anos foi de 24%,
            tamb&#233;m pelo NCEP-ATPIII. Quando comparado com os resultados do presente estudo,
            considerando-se somente o NCEP-ATPIII, verificou-se uma maior preval&#234;ncia de SM nessa
            popula&#231;&#227;o por esse crit&#233;rio: 45,6% para mulheres e 44,4% para homens, parecido com os
            resultados do estudo de Novo Hamburgo (RS), mas n&#227;o t&#227;o elevados. Provavelmente essa
            diferen&#231;a reflete as caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas e regionais que predominam na popula&#231;&#227;o de
            cada regi&#227;o. Isso fica mais claro quando se analisa um estudo franc&#234;s em que a
            preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 11,3% nas mulheres e 12,5% nos homens com mais de 70 anos, pelo
            crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATPIII<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Na Finl&#226;ndia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> a preval&#234;ncia de SM em idosas pelo crit&#233;rio da
            IDF foi maior do que pelo NCEP-ATPIII, semelhante ao observado em estudo brasileiro
            realizado em Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. </p>
      <p>Na China<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, onde existe uma crescente modifica&#231;&#227;o
            no estilo de vida da sociedade com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos ocidentais e, com isso, um
            aumento de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, um estudo em popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 60 anos demonstrou
            preval&#234;ncia elevada de SM, sendo 54% em mulheres e 35% em homens, pelo crit&#233;rio da IDF.
            Quando aplicado o crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATPIII nessa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia caiu para
            39% e 18%, respectivamente. Na Austr&#225;lia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, em
            indiv&#237;duos acima de 70 anos a preval&#234;ncia de SM pelo crit&#233;rio da IDF foi de 46% nas
            mulheres e 36% nos homens.</p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre estudos populacionais em idosos de outros pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e mesmo em
            outras regi&#245;es do Brasil demonstra a import&#226;ncia de estudos regionais, pois os
            diferentes valores de preval&#234;ncia para a SM encontrados nesses estudos apontam para que
            se valorize mais os aspectos &#233;tnicos populacionais e h&#225;bitos regionais. Os achados
            demonstram a dificuldade em se ter um crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico que seja preciso, sens&#237;vel e
            espec&#237;fico, e que possa ser &#250;til para avaliar as popula&#231;&#245;es em geral ultrapassando as
            limita&#231;&#245;es das especificidades regionais. </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de SM <italic>per si</italic> j&#225; identifica um maior risco
               cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, por&#233;m n&#227;o se sabe qual o
            crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de SM seria o melhor preditor de eventos cardiovasculares. Assmann
            e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> compararam os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da
            IDF e do NCEP-ATPIII em adultos entre 18 e 65 anos, como preditores de desfechos
            cardiovasculares em dez anos de acompanhamento. Embora mais casos de SM tenham sido
            diagnosticados pelo IDF, o crit&#233;rio do NCEP-ATPIII teve maior valor preditivo para risco
            cardiovascular. Um estudo coorte chin&#234;s numa popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 50 anos evidenciou a
            preval&#234;ncia de SM em 28% dos homens e 48,4% das mulheres diagnosticadas pelo JIS, e
            associou com o aumento do risco de mortalidade cardiovascular quando tr&#234;s componentes da
            SM ou mais estavam presentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Estudo de Athyros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstrou que a
            preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular aumentou na presen&#231;a de SM, independentemente da
            defini&#231;&#227;o utilizada, por&#233;m com maior evid&#234;ncia quando utilizado o crit&#233;rio NCEP-ATPIII
            em compara&#231;&#227;o com o crit&#233;rio da IDF. Segundo relato de He e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, em idosos chineses a SM diagnosticada pelo IDF, mas n&#227;o pelo
            NCEP-ATPIII, elevou as chances de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e acidente vascular
            cerebral.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo a concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para SM foi moderada
            entre OMS <italic>vs.</italic> IDF (k = 0,47), OMS <italic>vs.</italic> NCEP-ATPIII (k =
            0,51), OMS <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,45), IDF <italic>vs.</italic> NCEP-ATPIII (k
            = 0,55), NCEP-ATPIII <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,53) e muito boa entre IDF
               <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,89). Em Luxemburgo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, a concord&#226;ncia entre as defini&#231;&#245;es NCEP ATPIII, IDF e JIS foram
            excelentes (k = 0,89), particularmente entre IDF <italic>vs.</italic> JIS (k = 0,93).
            Nos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> a concord&#226;ncia foi de k =
            0,92 entre o crit&#233;rio do NCEP ATPIII e IDF em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa. Estudo na
               &#193;frica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> em indiv&#237;duos entre 25 e 64 anos
            encontrou concord&#226;ncia entre OMS <italic>vs.</italic> IDF de k = 0,61, entre OMS
               <italic>vs.</italic> NCEP-ATPIII de k = 0,59 e NCEP-ATPIII <italic>vs.</italic> IDF
            de k = 0,82. Provavelmente a diferen&#231;a de concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos
            da SM nas diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es se deve a caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas, h&#225;bitos alimentares e
            estilo de vida, dificultando, com isso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um mesmo crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico
            para todas as popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo temos o tamanho da amostra e a prov&#225;vel especificidade
            regional, que impedem de certa forma a extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses dados para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o
            idosa brasileira e mundial.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos estudada foi
            elevada pelos quatro crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados, particularmente pelo JIS, e a
            concord&#226;ncia entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos foi considerada muito boa entre JIS e IDF,
            sendo apenas moderada entre os outros. Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas populacionais de cada
            regi&#227;o, torna-se clara a necessidade de novos estudos regionais para melhor avaliar a
            preval&#234;ncia da SM em idosos e, com isso, se aprimorar o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento com
            redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly and Agreement
               among Four Diagnostic Criteria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velarde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Guillermo Coca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Antunes da</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ
               - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira Saad. Rua Moreira Cesar,
               160/708. Postal Code 24030-062, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>auxiliadorasaad@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Saad MAN, Cardoso GP, Cruz Filho, RA;
                  Acquisition of data: Saad MAN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Saad MAN,
                  Cardoso GP, Martins WA, Velarde LGC, Cruz Filho, RA; Statistical analysis: Velarde
                  LGC; Writing of the manuscript: Saad MAN, Cardoso GP, Martins WA, Cruz Filho, RA;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cardoso GP, Martins WA,
                  Cruz Filho, RA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maria Auxiliadora
                  Nogueira Saad from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an aggregation of risk factors that increase the
                  incidence of cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus (DM). Population aging is
                  accompanied by higher prevalence of MS, which varies depending on the population
                  studied and the diagnostic criteria used. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To determine prevalence of MS in the elderly using four diagnostic criteria and
                  agreement between them. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional study on 243 patients older than 60 years (180 women) in Niter&#243;i,
                  RJ. They were evaluated by clinical examination, fasting glucose, fasting insulin,
                  lipid profile and anthropometric measurements - weight, height, waist
                  circumference and waist/hip ratio. Prevalence of MS was estimated by World Health
                  Organization (WHO) modified, National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult
                  Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and
                  Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Prevalence was high with the four criteria WHO (51.9%), NCEP-ATPIII (45.2%), IDF
                  (64.1%) and JIS (69.1%), and agreement between criteria by kappa was moderate in
                  almost all comparisons WHO vs. IDF (k = 0.47;95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35 to
                  0.58); WHO vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.61); WHO vs. JIS (k =
                  0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.56); IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.65)
                  and NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43-0.64), except between IDF vs. JIS
                  (K = 0.89;95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95), which was considered good. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Prevalence of MS was high with the four diagnostic criteria, mainly by JIS. There
                  was good agreement between JIS and IDF criteria and moderate among the others.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The combination of central obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and arterial
               hypertension characterize the so-called Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Several studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> have shown that MS prevalence increases with age, making its diagnosis
               necessary due to the 2.5-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease and five-fold
               increase for the development of diabetes mellitus (DM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>In 1988, Reaven<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> described a close association
               between metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance, calling it "Syndrome X". The
               World Health Organization (WHO), in 1998<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>,
               established the first diagnostic criterion, of which hyperglycemia was the important
               and indispensable component. In 2001, the National Cholesterol Education Program
               Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) proposed a new criterion, in which glycemia
               was no longer considered an indispensable factor, becoming just one of the
               components. In this criterion, the presence of at least three of the five components
               of MS - increased Waist Circumference (WC) increased fasting glucose, low HDL
               cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure comprise the diagnosis of
                  MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The I Brazilian Guideline for the
               Diagnosis and Treatment of MS, developed in 2005, used this criterion as the basis
               for MS diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of obesity has increased in recent decades in all age groups,
               concomitantly with the population aging. Considering the evidence of the association
               between obesity and cardiovascular risk, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
               in 2005 proposed a new definition of MS taking into account abdominal obesity through
               the WC, making it essential for the diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>In 2009 Alberti et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> presented a consensus
               criterion for the diagnosis of MS -the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) - that was
               endorsed by several societies, which chose the non-mandatory presence of any of the
               components, but the presence of at least three altered components in five and the WC
               measurement according to different ethnicities.</p>
        <p>Considering that the MS represents a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, DM,
               mobility alterations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, cognitive
                  deficits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in the elderly, together with the scarcity of
               data in Brazil, this study aims at determining the prevalence of MS by four different
               diagnostic criteria and the agreement between them in a population older than 60
               years old.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The present is a cross-sectional study including 243 patients, 180 of which females,
               over 60 years old, volunteers in a convenience sample, all treated at the Outpatient
               Clinic of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine of Funda&#231;&#227;o Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Niter&#243;i
               (RJ). Patients included the study had different diagnosis and reasons for the
               treatment received. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculdade de
               Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, number 0183.0.258.258.10 and all
               participants signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
        <p>Morbidly obese patients, patients with liver failure and end-stage renal disease,
               individuals on corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and cognitive disabilities were
               excluded.</p>
        <p>Anamnesis was performed, with collection of social data and information on medication
               use. Clinical evaluation consisted of blood pressure measurement with an OMRON HEM
               742INT automatic sphygmomanometer (Bannockburn, Illinois 60015 USA) in the left arm,
               with the patient in the sitting position, after at least five minutes of rest, using
               the average of the last two measurements with a difference &lt; 4 mmHg between
                  them<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Anthropometric measures included
               weight in kilograms (kg) and height in centimeters (cm) using a Filizola
               anthropometric scale (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) calibrated by INMETRO. The Body Mass
               Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in
               meters.</p>
        <p>The waist circumference (WC) was measured using a SANNY inelastic measuring tape (S&#227;o
               Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil), at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the last
               rib, with the patient standing at the end of exhalation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were obtained after a 12-fast and subsequently analyzed at Laborat&#243;rio
               Central de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL - cholesterol
               and TG were measured using Labtest commercial kits (Lagoa Santa, Belo Horizonte,
               Brazil). LDL - cholesterol was calculated by the Friedewald equation. The samples
               were analyzed by an enzymatic method in automated Labmax 240 equipment (Belo
               Horizonte, Brazil).</p>
        <p>Insulin measurements were performed on an ELECSYS equipment (Roche, Japan) by the
               method of electrochemiluminescence. The Homa1-IR was calculated by multiplying
               fasting glucose (mmol / L) by fasting insulin (&#956;IU / mL) and dividing by 22.5 and a
               Homa1-IR &gt; 2.7 was considered positive for insulin resistance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The diagnosis of MS was established according to the modified
               WHO, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and JIS criteria as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 1</xref>. The cutoff used for WC in IDF and JIS criteria was that
               of European ethnicity.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Definitions and diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>WHO (modified)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn01">*</xref>
									</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>NCEP-ATPIII &#8224; </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IDF &#8225; </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>JIS &#167;</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg or SAH
                           treatment(//)</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 130/85 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 130/85 mmHg or SAH
                           treatment</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 130/85 mmHg or SAH
                           treatment</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anthropometrics</td>
                <td align="center">WHR (&#182; ) &#9794; &gt;&#160;0.9 and &#9792; &gt;&#160;0.85and/or BMI
                           (#) &gt;&#160;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
								</td>
                <td align="center">WC(&#167;&#167;) <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 &#9794;
                              <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 &#9792;</td>
                <td align="center">WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 &#9794;
                              <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 &#9792;</td>
                <td align="center">WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 &#9794;
                              <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 &#9792;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glucose</td>
                <td align="center">DM.IGT (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t03-fn02">**</xref>) or Homa-1 IR (<italic>&#8224;&#8224;</italic>) &gt;&#160;2.7</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 110</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 100</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 150 ( &#8225;&#8225;)</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 150</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 150</td>
                <td align="center"><underline>&gt;</underline> 150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-col</td>
                <td align="center">&#9794; &lt;&#160;35 &#9792; &lt;&#160;39</td>
                <td align="center">&#9794; &lt;&#160;40 &#9792; &lt;&#160;50</td>
                <td align="center">&#9794; &lt;&#160;40 &#9792; &lt;&#160;50</td>
                <td align="center">&#9794; &lt;&#160;40 &#9792; &lt;&#160;50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>MS Criterion</td>
                <td align="center">DM, IGT or Homa-1 IR &gt;&#160;2.7 +2 other
                           components</td>
                <td align="center">3 or more components</td>
                <td align="center">WC plus 2 components</td>
                <td align="center">3 or more components</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t03-fn01">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>WHO: World Health Organization;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>(&#8224;)NCEP-ATPIII-Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program;
                        (&#8225;)IDF-International Diabetes Federation; (&#167;) JIS: Joint Interim Statement.
                        ( //) SAH: Systemic Arterial Hypertension; (&#182; )WHR: waist/hip ratio;(#)BMI:
                        Body Mass Index;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t03-fn02">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; (&#8224;&#8224;) Homa1-IR: Homeostatic model
                        assessment; (&#8225;&#8225;)Bothaltered TG orlow HDL-c constitute only one factorbyWHO;
                        (&#167;&#167;)WC: waist circumference.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Student's <italic>t</italic> test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze numerical
                  data. Statistical analysis evaluated the concordance in the diagnosis of MS among
                  the criteria used in the survey, WHO, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and JIS using the Kappa
                  index. Significance level was set at 0.05. S-Plus 8.0 software program was used
                  for these analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 243 elderly individuals participated in study, of which 180 were women
               (74%). Mean age was 71 &#177; 7 years when assessing the entire study population and 71 &#177;
               7 years in females and 70 &#177; 7 in males (p &gt; 0.05). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref> shows the mean MS components evaluated by gender.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Metabolic Syndrome componentsaccording togender</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Male (n = 63)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Female (n = 180)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold> P</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
                           (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">99.9 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 12.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">182 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">145 &#177; 74</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 74</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL - cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>LDL - cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t04-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>BMI: Body Mass Index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In women, BMI (p &gt; 0.05), total cholesterol (p &lt; 0.01) HDL-c and LDL-c (p &lt;
               0.05) values were higher than in males, whereas the WC (p &lt; 0.05), fasting glucose
               (p &gt;0.05) and triglycerides (p &gt; 0.05) values were higher in men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A total of 51.9%, 45.2%, 64.1% and 69.1% of participants were classified as having MS
               according to WHO criteria, NCEP ATPIII, IDF and JIS, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Chart 1</xref>). The prevalence of MS according to gender
               was 49.4%, 45.6%, 65.6% and 68.9% by WHO, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and JIS criteria,
               respectively, in females. In males, the prevalence of MS was 58.7%, 44.4%, 60.3% and
               69.8% according to the WHO, NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and JIS criteria, respectively.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study population according to the
                     four criteria. *MS: Metabolic Syndrome; &#8224;WHO: World Health Organization; &#8225;NCEP-
                     ATP III: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program; &#167; IDF:
                     International Diabetes Federation; &#8725;&#8725;JIS-Joint Interim Statement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0263-40013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Chart 2</xref> shows the prevalence of MS according to
               the four diagnostic criteria used, according to age groups (60-69, 70-79 and &#8805; 80
               years) in both genders.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of metabolic syndrome by age range according to the four
                     criteria. *WHO: World Health Organization; &#8224;NCEP - ATP III: Third Report of the
                     National Cholesterol Education Program; &#8225;IDF: International Diabetes
                     Federation; &#167;JIS: Joint Interim Statement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0263-40013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The JIS criterion was the one that diagnosed the most MS cases when evaluating all
               participants (69.1%), in females (68.9%) and in males (69.8%). On the other hand, the
               NCEP-ATPIII MS criterion diagnosed the least, both in the general population studied
               (45.2%) and in females (45.6%) and males (44.4%).</p>
        <p>The agreement between the criteria used for the definition of MS was analyzed by
               determining the kappa index, considered moderate between WHO criteria vs. IDF (k =
               0.47, 95% CI, 0.35-0.58); WHO vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.51, 95% CI, 0.40-0.61); WHO vs.
               JIS (k = 0.45, 95% CI, 0.33-0.56); IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.55, 95%CI, 0.45 0.65)
               and NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.43 0.64). The agreement was considered
               very good between IDF vs. JIS (k = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The population projection study carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography
               and Statistics (IBGE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> shows that the elderly
               will have a higher intensity of growth from 2020 on, going from 28.3 million to 52
               million elderly individuals in 2040, representing a quarter of the Brazilian
               population. As for the MS, its prevalence is also on the rise worldwide, which is
               probably related to the increase in obesity, sedentary lifestyle, changes in dietary
               habits and the important process of aging. The result of a higher prevalence of MS is
               the recognized increase in cardiovascular morbimortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>The literature shows great variability in the prevalence of MS among the elderly,
               which depends greatly on the criteria used for the diagnosis and also the ethnic and
               regional characteristics of the study population.</p>
        <p>The present study assessed the prevalence and agreement between diagnostic criteria
               of MS, according to the latest criteria, JIS, compared with the WHO, NCEP-ATP III and
               IDF criteria in an elderly population treated at the Outpatient Clinic of Internal
               Medicine and Geriatrics. The prevalence of MS was higher using the JIS criterion
               (69.1%) followed by the IDF (64.1%), WHO (51.9%) and NCEP-ATPIII (45.2%) criteria.
               This higher prevalence by JIS and IDF criteria was probably due to the lower cutoff
               of WC and fasting glycemia established by them<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Alkerwi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> found a
               prevalence of MS of 88% in women and 74% men, aged between 60 and 69 years, using the
               JIS criterion, with a WC cutoff of 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women.</p>
        <p>In a study by Ford et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, carried out in the
               United States and using the JIS criterion, with a cutoff of 102 cm for men and 88 cm
               for women, the prevalence of MS was 59.3% in men and 55.4% in women. According to
               these authors, their findings differ from those found in Europeans, with a lower
               prevalence of MS, probably due to the higher cutoff used. With aging, there is an
               increase in WC due to the accumulation of abdominal fat, as seen in the present study
               both in men and women, which should be taken into account because of its association
               between this increase and the risk of mortality from all causes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>In a study carried out in the city of Novo Hamburgo, state of Rio Grande do Sul,
               Brazil, among 378 elderly individuals evaluated, aged &gt; 60 years, the prevalence
               of MS was 50.3% and 56.9% by the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, respectively, with a
               higher prevalence in women by the two criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In the present study, the prevalence by NCEP-ATPIII and IDF was also
               higher in women than in men, 45.6% vs. 44.4% by NCEP-ATPIII and 65.6% vs. 60.3% by
               the IDF. However, when using the WHO and JIS criteria, the result was different, with
               a higher prevalence in males, 69.8% vs. 68.9% using JIS and 58.7% vs. 49.4% using WHO
               criteria. A study carried out in Macapa, state of Amapa, Brazil, showed a prevalence
               of 18.8% according to NCEP-ATP III criterion and 38.9% by the IDF criterion among
               elderly African descendants and 34% and 43% among elderly non African descendants,
               with a higher prevalence among women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>In Italy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, a study in individuals older than
               65 years found a prevalence of MS of 20% in women and 33% in men, using the of
               NCEP-ATP III criterion. In another study carried out in a Geriatrics service in
                  Turkey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, the prevalence of MS in
               individuals older than 65 years was 24%, also by the NCEP-ATPIII.</p>
        <p>When compared with the results of the present study, considering only the NCEP-ATPIII
               criterion, there was a higher prevalence of MS in the population by this criterion:
               45.6% for women and 44.4% for men, similar to the results of the study in Novo
               Hamburgo (RS), although not so high. This difference probably reflects the ethnic and
               regional characteristics that predominate in the population of each region. This
               becomes clearer when considering a French study in which the prevalence of MS was
               11.3% in women and 12.5% in men older than 70 years, using the NCEP-ATPIII
                  criterion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In Finland<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, the prevalence of MS in elderly women by the
               IDF criterion was higher than by the NCEP-ATPIII, similar to what was observed in a
               Brazilian study carried out in the state of Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>In China<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, where there is a growing change in
               society's lifestyle, with the incorporation of Western habits and, thus, an increase
               in metabolic diseases, a study in a population older than 60 years showed a high
               prevalence of MS, of 54% in women and 35% in men, according to the IDF criterion.
               When the NCEP-ATPIII criterion was applied to the same population, the prevalence
               decreased to 39% and 18%, respectively. In Australia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, the prevalence of MS according to the IDF criterion was 46% in women
               and 36% in men older than 70 years.</p>
        <p>The comparison between studies in the elderly population from other countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and even in other regions of Brazil demonstrates the importance of
               regional studies, as the different prevalence values for MS found in these studies
               indicate the need tostrongly consider the population ethnic aspects and regional
               habits. The findings demonstrate the difficulty in having a diagnostic criterion that
               is accurate, sensitive and specific and that can be useful for assessing the general
               population, overcoming the limitations of regional specificities.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of MS itself identifies an increased cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, but it is unclear which diagnostic criterion
               for MS would be the best predictor of cardiovascular events. Assmann et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> compared the diagnostic criteria of IDF and
               NCEP-ATPIII in adults between 18 and 65 years as predictors of cardiovascular events
               during ten years of follow-up. Although most cases of MS have been diagnosed by IDF,
               the NCEP-ATPIII criterion had higher predictive value for cardiovascular risk. A
               cohort study in a Chinese population older than 50 years showed a prevalence of MS of
               28% in men and 48.4% in women diagnosed by the JIS criterion, and it was associated
               with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality when three or more components of MS
               were present<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>A study by Athyros et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35 </xref>showed that the
               prevalence of cardiovascular disease increased in the presence of MS, regardless of
               the definition used, but it was more evident when using the NCEP-ATPIII criterion,
               when compared with the IDF. According to a report by He et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> in elderly Chinese diagnosed with MS by IDF, but not by the
               NCEP-ATPIII, it increased the chance of coronary heart disease and cerebral vascular
               accident.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the correlation between the diagnostic criteria for MS was
               moderate between WHO vs. IDF (k = 0.47), WHO vs. NCEP-ATP III (k = 0.51), WHO vs. JIS
               (k = 0.45), IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.55), NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0.53) and very
               good between IDF vs. JIS (k = 0.89). In Luxembourg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, the agreement between the NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and JIS criteria was
               excellent (k = 0.89), particularly between IDF vs. JIS (k = 0.93). In the United
                  States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> the agreement was k = 0.92 between
               the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria in postmenopausal women. A study in Africa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> in individuals between 25 and 64 years found
               an agreement between WHO vs. IDF of k = 0.61, between WHO vs. NCEP-ATPIII of k = 0.59
               and NCEP-ATPIII vs. IDF of k = 0.82.</p>
        <p>The difference in concordance between the MS diagnostic criteria in different
               populations is probably due to ethnic characteristics, dietary habits and lifestyle,
               thus making it difficult to use a single diagnostic criterion for all
               populations.</p>
        <p>Limitations of this study include the sample size and the likely regional
               specificity, which somehow prevent the extrapolation of these data to the entire
               elderly population of Brazil and worldwide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We observed that the prevalence of MS in the elderly population was high using the
               four diagnostic criteria, particularly by JIS, and the agreement between the
               diagnostic criteria was considered very good between JIS and IDF, but only moderate
               among the others. Due to population characteristics of each region, it is clear the
               need for further regional studies to better assess the prevalence of MS in the
               elderly and, therefore, to improve disease diagnosis and treatment with
               cardiovascular risk reduction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
