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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tzB7QXxwBJqPm97bxLqc7xh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2014000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005000003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial Esquerda Prejudicada Associada com a
               Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica na Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agca</surname>
            <given-names>Fahriye Vatansever</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozluk</surname>
            <given-names>Ozlem Arican</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaagac</surname>
            <given-names>Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Serafettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peker</surname>
            <given-names>Tezcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuzeytemiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senturk</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Resarch
               Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bursa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas
               Education and Resarch Hospital, Bursa, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Adana State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Adana State Hospital,
               Adana, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Erhan Tenekecioglu. Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas E&#287;itimve
               Arast&#305;rma Hastanesi, Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m, Bursa, T&#252;rkiye (Turquia). E-mail:
                  <email>erhantenekecioglu@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tenekecioglu E, Peker T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Tenekecioglu E, Ozluk OA, Peker T, Kuzeytemiz M, Y&#305;lmaz M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados: Agca FV, Karaagac K, Peker T, Kuzeytemiz M, Senturk M; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica:Agca FV, Ozluk OA, Karaagac K, Kuzeytemiz M, Senturk M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Tenekecioglu E, Karaagac K, Demir S, Senturk M, Y&#305;lmaz M; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Tenekecioglu E, Ozluk OA,
                  Demir S, Y&#305;lmaz M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>102</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>253</fpage>
      <lpage>262</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; o fator de risco mais prevalente e modific&#225;vel para a
                  fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A sobrecarga de press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo induz altera&#231;&#245;es
                  fisiopatol&#243;gicas que ocasionam altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e nas propriedades
                  el&#233;tricas. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Nesse estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes
                  hipertensos para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e a
                  fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p> Foram estudados 57 pacientes hipertensos (idade: 53 &#177; 4 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do
                  ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: 76 &#177; 6,7%), incluindo 30 pacientes consecutivos com FAP e 30
                  indiv&#237;duos de controle pareados por idade. Os volumes do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram
                  medidos atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado. Foram determinados tr&#234;s
                  tipos de volume do AE: volume m&#225;ximo do AE (AEVmax), contra&#231;&#227;o atrial prematura do
                  AE (AEVpreA) e volume m&#237;nimo do AE (AEVmin). Foram calculadas as fun&#231;&#245;es de
                  esvaziamento do AE. Volume total de esvaziamento do AE = AEVmax - AEVmin e a
                  FEtotal do AE = (AEVmax - AEVmin)/AEVmax, volume de esvaziamento passivo do AE =
                  AEVmax-AEVpreA, e a FE do AE = (AEVmax - AEVpreA)/AEVmax, o volume de esvaziamento
                  ativo do AE = AEVpreA- AEVmin e a FE ativa do AE = (AEVpreA - AEVmin)/AEVpreA.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> O per&#237;odo hipertenso &#233; maior no grupo de hipertensos com FAP. O AEVmax aumentou
                  significativamente no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado ao grupo de
                  hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,010). A FEAE diminuiu significativamente no grupo de
                  hipertensos com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,020).
                  A' diminuiu no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado com hipertensos sem
                  FAP (p = 0,044). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> O volume aumentado do AE e fun&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativa do AE prejudicada foram
                  associados com a FAP em pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o tratados. Um per&#237;odo hipertenso
                  mais longo est&#225; associado com a FAP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma das arritmias mais comuns no ambiente cl&#237;nico e est&#225;
            associada a v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas. A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; o fator de risco mais
            prevalente e modific&#225;vel para FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial
            sist&#234;mica (HAS) aumenta a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e induz a
            disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, o que, posteriormente, aumenta a press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo
            (AE) e causa estresse nas paredes do mesmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A sobrecarga de
            press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo induz altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas, as quais causam uma
            remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional. Essas mudan&#231;as alteram as caracter&#237;sticas
            eletrofisiol&#243;gicas do VE e aumentam a atividade atrial ect&#243;pica culminando no in&#237;cio dos
            ataques de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP). O aumento da morbidade e mortalidade da
            FA requer a previs&#227;o dessa arritmia nas fases iniciais da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>A c&#226;mara do AE n&#227;o &#233; apenas um simples espa&#231;o de transporte, mas tamb&#233;m uma estrutura
            din&#226;mica. A fun&#231;&#227;o do AE inclui a expans&#227;o do AE durante a s&#237;stole do VE (fase de
            reserva), esvaziamento atrial esquerdo passivo (fase condutiva) e ativo (fase contr&#225;til
            ou de propuls&#227;o) durante a di&#225;stole precoce e tardia do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Imagens de
            Doppler tecidual e bidimensional t&#234;m sido usadas com sucesso em diferentes fases do
            ciclo card&#237;aco para medir o volume do AE e diversas fun&#231;&#245;es do AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O volume e
            a dimens&#227;o do AE t&#234;m sido apontados como preditores da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o
            do AE pode deteriorar-se antes do aumento do AE, e ao inv&#233;s dos volumes do AE, suas
            fun&#231;&#245;es devem ser avaliadas para prever a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nesse estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar o volume e as fun&#231;&#245;es do AE em indiv&#237;duos
            hipertensos que n&#227;o foram tratados de forma adequada, e avaliar se as fun&#231;&#245;es do AE
            constituem um par&#226;metro &#250;til para estimar a FAP em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu de dois grupos principais: pacientes com aumento de
            press&#227;o arterial (PA) e um grupo de controle normotenso. O grupo de controle normotenso
            (Grupo1) incluiu 30 pacientes adultos com cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais. O grupo com
            o aumento de PA foi composto de 57 pacientes atendidos em ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia
            para avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e hipertens&#227;o. Todos os pacientes apresentavam uma
            press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica cl&#237;nica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805;
            90 mmHg, medidas em tr&#234;s ocasi&#245;es diferentes pelo m&#233;dico atendente. Depois que o
            indiv&#237;duo havia repousado na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada por pelo menos 5 minutos, a press&#227;o
            arterial foi medida duas vezes com um esfigmoman&#244;metro padr&#227;o de merc&#250;rio (um manguito
            grande foi utilizado quando necess&#225;rio). As causas secund&#225;rias do aumento da press&#227;o
            arterial (PA) foram descartadas por exames laboratoriais, radiol&#243;gicos e outros exames
            cl&#237;nicos. As angiografias coron&#225;rias dos pacientes mostraram coron&#225;rias normais; n&#227;o
            houve qualquer estreitamento ou oclus&#227;o das art&#233;rias coronarianas. Todos os pacientes
            estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, confirmado por um
            eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Um total de 52% dos 57 pacientes apresentaram pelo
            menos um epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, formando o grupo 3. Os 27 indiv&#237;duos
            hipertensos que n&#227;o apresentaram qualquer epis&#243;dio de FAP formaram o grupo 2. FA foi
            diagnosticada com base no eletrocardiograma mostrando a presen&#231;a de oscila&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas e
            irregulares (&gt; 400 por minuto) com amplitudes e morfologias vari&#225;veis. Os ataques de
            FAP retornavam ao ritmo sinusal normal espontaneamente. Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o de que os
            pacientes estavam livres de ataques de FAP por 10 dias a partir do primeiro ataque,
            realizamos an&#225;lises durante o ritmo sinusal. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a
            valvar card&#237;aca (estenose mitral e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada a severa, estenose
            a&#243;rtica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o, incluindo calcifica&#231;&#227;o anular mitral, de moderada a severa),
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &lt; 50%), doen&#231;a card&#237;aca
            isqu&#234;mica, cardiomiopatia, cirurgia card&#237;aca, dist&#250;rbios da tire&#243;ide, anemia, doen&#231;as
            infecciosas ou pulmonares. O peso corporal foi medido utilizando balan&#231;as eletr&#244;nicas
            calibradas. A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Du
               Bois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>: ASC (m<sup>2</sup>) = 0,007184 x
            altura (cm) 0,725 &#215; peso (kg) 0,425. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como
            peso (kg) dividido pelo quadrado da altura (m).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo usando um
               equipamento de ecocardiograma Vingmed Vivid Seven Doppler (GE Vingmed Ultrasound,
               Horten, Noruega), com uma sonda de 2,5 MHz FPA. Durante o ecocardiograma, um
               eletrocardiograma de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o foi registrado continuamente. Durante o exame de
               ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica o &#225;trio esquerdo e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram
               medidos em modo M de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de
               Ecocardiografia. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do VE foi calculada com o m&#233;todo de Simpson
               modificado atrav&#233;s da medi&#231;&#227;o dos volumes finais sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.
               A massa do VE (MVE) foi calculada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Devereux<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>: MVE = 0,8 x (1,04 x [ (DDVE + + ESIV +EPP
                  )<sup>3</sup> - (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>] ) + 0,6 g e, em seguida, dividida pela &#225;rea da
               superf&#237;cie corporal para obter o &#237;ndice de MVE (IMVE). A HVE foi definida pelo
               aumento do IMVE &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres e &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em
                  homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A grava&#231;&#227;o do Doppler
               ecocardiograma permitiu a an&#225;lise das velocidades do fluxo mitral diast&#243;lico da onda
               E (m/s), onda A (m/s), a raz&#227;o E/A,tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE) e o tempo
               de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda A (TDA). O volume atrial esquerdo (VAE) foi medido usando o
               m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado nas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais apicais de 2 e 4
                  c&#226;maras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Tr&#234;s tipos de volume do AE foram determinados: volume m&#225;ximo
               do AE (AEVmax) na fase final sist&#243;lica do VE, imediatamente antes da abertura da
               valva mitral, volume de contra&#231;&#227;o prematura do AE (AEVpreA) no in&#237;cio da onda P no
               ECG, e volume m&#237;nimo do AE (AEVmin) na fase diast&#243;lica final do VE, logo ap&#243;s o
               fechamento da valva mitral. O AEVmax, AEVpreA e o AEVmin foram ent&#227;o divididos pela
               &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal para obter os &#237;ndices de volume. A FE total do &#225;trio
               esquerdo (fun&#231;&#227;o de reserva), a FE atrial esquerda passiva (fun&#231;&#227;o condutiva), e a FE
               atrial esquerda ativa (fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba propulsora) foram calculadas como &#237;ndices da
               fun&#231;&#227;o de fase global do AE. A fun&#231;&#227;o de reserva do AE foi avaliada utilizando o
               volume total de esvaziamento (VTE) = AEVmax - AEVmin e a FE Total do AE (FETAE) =
               (AEVmax - AEVmin)/(AEVmax x 100). A fun&#231;&#227;o condutiva do AE foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo
               do volume de condu&#231;&#227;o do AE (VCAE), o volume de esvaziamento passivo do &#225;trio
               esquerdo (VEPAE) = AEVmax - AEVpreA e a FE passiva do AE (FEPAE) = (AEVmax -
               AEVpreA)/(AEVmax x 100). A fun&#231;&#227;o propulsora ou contr&#225;ctil do AE foi avaliada atrav&#233;s
               do c&#225;lculo do volume de esvaziamento ativo do &#225;trio esquerdo (VEAAE) = AEVpreA -
               AEVmin, e a FE ativa atrial esquerda (FEAAE) = (AEVpreA - AEVmin)/AEVpreA x 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>O volume de amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til tecidual (comprimento axial de 2 mm) (DPT)
               foi posicionado no anel mitral sobre a parede lateral do VE no corte apical de 4
               c&#226;maras. Aten&#231;&#227;o especial foi dada ao alinhamento em paralelo do feixe do Doppler com
               a parede lateral para otimizar as medi&#231;&#245;es. As medi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o obtidas durante a
               expira&#231;&#227;o final, a uma velocidade de varredura de 100 mm/s e uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s
               batidas &#233; medida. O limite de Nyquist &#233; definido em um intervalo de 20 a -20 cm/s com
               ganho m&#237;nimo e configura&#231;&#245;es de filtro baixas para otimizar a mostra espectral.
               Estudos anteriores t&#234;m demonstrado que n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a significativa entre os
               picos de velocidade A' das por&#231;&#245;es basais septal e lateral, ao contr&#225;rio da
               velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce E'<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O pico de
               enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce e as velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial derivadas do DPT
               foram medidos <italic>offline</italic>. A raz&#227;o da velocidade de fluxotransmitral
               diast&#243;lico precoce e a velocidade tecidual anular (E/E') foi medida e a E/E' foi
               usada como &#237;ndice da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. O TRIV foi obtido por meio de medi&#231;&#245;es
               de velocidades do DPT de onda puls&#225;til nas paredes m&#233;dia e lateral no corte apical de
               4 c&#226;maras (uma m&#233;dia entre os dois valores).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As estat&#237;sticas descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A
               fim de investigar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A
               compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos para os dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos foi realizada com o
               teste t; o teste de Mann-Whitney U foi usado para os dados n&#227;o normalmente
               distribu&#237;dos. As rela&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas pelo coeficiente de
               correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os valores lim&#237;trofes da an&#225;lise ROC foram estatisticamente
               significativos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi utilizada para
               avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da FAP e dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o nas fun&#231;&#245;es e volumes do &#225;trio
               esquerdo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de &#945; = 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram
               realizadas com o pacote estat&#237;stico MedCalc vers&#227;o 12.4.0 e SPSS 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dos grupos est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. Entre os grupos de hipertensos, a idade, o sexo, a press&#227;o arterial
            sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, a glicemia e o
            perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes. Os pacientes hipertensos com
            FAP tinham um per&#237;odo mais longo de hipertens&#227;o conhecida. As dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio
            esquerdo foram significativamente maiores no grupo de hipertensos com FAP. O volume
            atrial esquerdo m&#225;ximo indexado (AEVImax), o volume de contra&#231;&#227;o prematura indexado
            (AEVIpreA) e o volume atrial esquerdo indexado m&#237;nimo (AEVImin) estavam aumentados no
            grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado ao grupo de hipertensos sem FAP. O VETAE
            estava aumentado nos grupos hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, mas n&#227;o foi
            significativamente diferente entre os grupos de hipertensos. A FETAE foi
            significativamente maior no grupo de hipertensos sem FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo
            normotenso, e n&#227;o diminuiu de forma significativa (p = 0,051) no grupo de hipertensos
            com FAP comparado com o grupo de hipertensos sem FAP. Enquanto o VEPAE e a FEPAE, no
            grupo de hipertensos sem FAP, estavam diminu&#237;dos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normotenso, no
            grupo de hipertensos com FAP esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes
            comparados ao grupo de hipertensos sem FAP. Enquanto a VEAAE estava aumentada no grupo
            hipertenso sem FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normotenso, observou-se que estava diminu&#237;da
            nos hipertensos com FAP comparada aos sem FAP. A FEAAE estava diminu&#237;da de forma
            significativa quando comparada com o grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas e demogr&#225;ficas dos grupos do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Grupo</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Normotenso</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT sem FAP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT com FAP</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Homens / mulheres</td>
              <td align="center">16/14</td>
              <td align="center">15/12</td>
              <td align="center">17/13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">120 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">153 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">154 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">85 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">85,3 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o (ano)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 3,1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t01-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Medicamentos (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IECA / BRA</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">4 (%15)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (%16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-bloqueadores</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">6 (%22)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (%20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bloqueadores de C&#225;lcio</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">7 (%26)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (%26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">10 (%37)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (%36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">75 &#177; 5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC (kg/m2)</td>
              <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 2,8</td>
              <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
              <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 3,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">93,4 &#177; 7,5</td>
              <td align="center">95,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
              <td align="center">96,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">189,6 &#177; 17,2</td>
              <td align="center">182,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
              <td align="center">184,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">45,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
              <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
              <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 11,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">116,4 &#177; 11,3</td>
              <td align="center">115&#177; 11,2</td>
              <td align="center">118,1 &#177; 10,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">138,0 &#177; 37,5</td>
              <td align="center">134,3 &#177; 29,0</td>
              <td align="center">132,8 &#177; 25,3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t01-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p> p &lt; 0,05: comparado com indiv&#237;duos normotensos;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t01-fn02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p> p &lt; 0,01: comparado com pacientes hipertensos sem FAP. HT: Hipertenso; FAP:
                     Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica; IECA: Enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA:
                     Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nos Ggupos do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Grupo</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Normotenso</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT sem FAP</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT com FAP</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>DDVE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4,69 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">4,74 &#177; 3,6</td>
              <td align="center">4,67 &#177; 3,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DSVE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">2,85 &#177; 0,20</td>
              <td align="center">2,94 &#177; 0,32</td>
              <td align="center">2,83 &#177; 0,39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Espessura do SIV (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">73,3 &#177; 4,0</td>
              <td align="center">76,60 &#177; 6,3</td>
              <td align="center">77,09 &#177; 7,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">88,7 &#177; 9,2</td>
              <td align="center">128,2 &#177; 9,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">135,66 &#177; 5,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Di&#226;metro do AE (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,45</td>
              <td align="center">4,04 &#177; 0,25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4,60 &#177; 0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AEVImax (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 3,5</td>
              <td align="center">19,37 &#177; 3,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">24,28 &#177; 3,59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AEVImin (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
              <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 3,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AEVIpreA (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">11,46 &#177; 3,42</td>
              <td align="center">14,89 &#177; 4,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">18,46 &#177; 7,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VETAE (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">8,55 &#177; 1,44</td>
              <td align="center">12,08 &#177; 1,87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">13,78 &#177; 2,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VEPAE (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">4,85 &#177; 1,24</td>
              <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">7,02 &#177; 1,86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VEAAE (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">5,87 &#177; 1,65</td>
              <td align="center">7,38 &#177; 2,29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">6,11 &#177; 2,63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VCAE (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
              <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 4,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 5,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FETAE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55,14 &#177; 7,34</td>
              <td align="center">62,81 &#177; 10,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">58,17 &#177; 9,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEPAE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32,12 &#177; 5,42</td>
              <td align="center">27,57 &#177; 5,71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30,24 &#177; 12,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEAAE(%)</td>
              <td align="center">35,23 &#177; 11,52</td>
              <td align="center">46,44 &#177; 13,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">37,89 &#177; 12,58 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E mitral (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,13</td>
              <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,18</td>
              <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A mitral (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,09</td>
              <td align="center">0,93 &#177; 0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,17 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de desac. da onda mitral E (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">197,4 &#177; 21,2</td>
              <td align="center">184,5 &#177; 27,3</td>
              <td align="center">179,45 &#177; 32,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tempo de desac. da onda mitral A (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">99,5 &#177; 12,8</td>
              <td align="center">98,73 &#177; 21,8</td>
              <td align="center">113,20 &#177; 9,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler tecidual</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E' (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0,102 &#177; 0,016</td>
              <td align="center">0,095 &#177; 0,024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,104 &#177; 0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A' (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center">0,088 &#177; 0,021</td>
              <td align="center">0,120 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,091 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn02">&#182;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>Raz&#227;o E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 1,4</td>
              <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t02-fn01">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="t02-fn01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0,05: comparado com o grupo normotenso;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="t02-fn02">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p> p &lt; 0,05: comparado com pacientes hipertensos sem FAP. DDVE: Di&#226;metro
                     diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo
                     esquerdo; SIV: Septo interventricular; FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IMVE: &#205;ndice de
                     massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; AEVImax: Volume atrial
                     esquerdo m&#225;ximo indexado; AEVImin: Volume atrial esquerdo indexado m&#237;nimo;
                     AEVIpreA: Volume de contra&#231;&#227;o prematura indexado; VETAE: Volume de esvaziamento
                     total do &#225;trio esquerdo; VEPAE: Volume de esvaziamento passivo do &#225;trio
                     esquerdo; VEAAE: Volume de esvaziamento ativo do &#225;trio esquerdo; VCAE: Volume
                     de condu&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; FETAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o total do &#225;trio esquerdo;
                     FEPAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o passiva do &#225;trio esquerdo; FEAAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                     ativa atrial esquerda.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de hipertensos para DSVE, DDVE, FE. A
            MVE e o IMVE foram maiores no grupo hipertenso com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de
            hipertensos sem FAP. Na an&#225;lise do Doppler transmitral, a onda E foi maior no grupo
            hipertenso com FAP comparado com o grupo hipertenso sem FAP. A onda A foi menor no grupo
            de hipertensos com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo hipertenso sem FAP. O tempo de
            desacelera&#231;&#227;o das ondas E e A n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos
            hipertensos. Na an&#225;lise com Doppler tecidual das velocidades do anel mitral, A' foi
            significativamente menor nos pacientes hipertensos com FAP comparado com o grupo de
            hipertensos sem FAP. A raz&#227;o E/E' aumentou de forma significativa no grupo hipertenso
            sem FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem FAP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela
               2</xref>).</p>
      <p>As seguintes correla&#231;&#245;es foram encontradas: 1 - A PAS estava negativamente
            correlacionada com a FEAAE (r = -0,39, p&lt;0,05). 2 - AEVImax e AEVIpreAestavam
            correlacionados com E/E' (AEVImax; r = 0,412 , p &lt; 0,05; AEVIpreA: r = 0,384, p
            &lt;0,05).3 - AEVImax e AEVIpreAestavam correlacionados com o IMVE (AEVImax, r = 0,342,
            p &lt; 0,05; AEVIpreA: r = 0,329, p &lt;0,05).4 - A FEAAE estava correlacionada com A':
            (r = 0,431, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, o AEVImax produziu uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 70% (p &lt; 0,05)
            para predi&#231;&#227;o de ataques de FAP. Quando o AEVImax (&gt; 20,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) foi
            utilizado como ponto de corte para predizer a FAP em pacientes com HT, a FAP pode ser
            identificada com uma sensibilidade de 80% e uma especificidade de 51%. A sensibilidade e
            especificidade para a FEAAE (&#8804; 0,45) para prever a FAP foram de 74% e 55%,
            respectivamente. A &#225;rea sob a curva era de 68% (p &lt; 0,05). A sensibilidade e
            especificidade para A' (&#8804; 0,11m/s) para prever a FAP foram de 67 % e 45%,
            respectivamente. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 65% (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>). Nas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada
            para avaliar a influencia da FAP e da dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o no volume e fun&#231;&#245;es do
            &#225;trio esquerdo, observamos que, enquanto a FAP tem influ&#234;ncia sobre o AEVImax, AEVImin,
            AEVpreA e FEAAE, a dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o tem influ&#234;ncia apenas na FEAAE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC para AEVImax na previs&#227;o da FAP (S: 80%; E: 51%; AUC:
                  0,700).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC para FEAAE na previs&#227;o da FAP (S: 74%; E: 55%; AUC:
                  0,679).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC para A&#8217; na previs&#227;o da FAP (sen: 67%; spe: 45%; AUC:
                  0,654).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada; a influ&#234;ncia da FAP e da dura&#231;&#227;o
                  da hipertens&#227;o nas fun&#231;&#245;es e volumes do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Vari&#225;vel Dependente</bold>
              </td>
              <td>
                <bold>Par&#226;metro</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&#946;</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>t</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Valor de p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>AEVImax</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-2,959</td>
              <td align="center">-2,757</td>
              <td align="center">,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,185</td>
              <td align="center">-,830</td>
              <td align="center">,410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>AEVIpreA</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-2,514</td>
              <td align="center">-2,221</td>
              <td align="center">,031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,134</td>
              <td align="center">-,569</td>
              <td align="center">,572</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>AEVImin</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-2,728</td>
              <td align="center">-2,614</td>
              <td align="center">,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,137</td>
              <td align="center">-,634</td>
              <td align="center">,529</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>VEPAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-,445</td>
              <td align="center">-,519</td>
              <td align="center">,606</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,051</td>
              <td align="center">-,287</td>
              <td>,775</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>FEPAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">,021</td>
              <td align="center">,591</td>
              <td align="center">,557</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,001</td>
              <td align="center">-,082</td>
              <td align="center">,935</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>VEAAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">,214</td>
              <td align="center">,306</td>
              <td align="center">,761</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">,004</td>
              <td align="center">,025</td>
              <td align="center">,980</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>FEAAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">,096</td>
              <td align="center">2,171</td>
              <td align="center">,034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,026</td>
              <td align="center">-2,381</td>
              <td align="center">,021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>VETAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-,231</td>
              <td align="center">-,285</td>
              <td align="center">,777</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">-,047</td>
              <td align="center">-,283</td>
              <td align="center">,778</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>FETAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">,071</td>
              <td align="center">1,917</td>
              <td align="center">,060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">,001</td>
              <td align="center">,164</td>
              <td align="center">,871</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>VCAE</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">FAP</td>
              <td align="center">-,398</td>
              <td align="center">-,147</td>
              <td align="center">,884</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">dura&#231;&#227;o HT</td>
              <td align="center">,216</td>
              <td align="center">,383</td>
              <td align="center">,703</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>AEVImax: Volume atrial esquerdo m&#225;ximo indexado; FAP: FAP: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial
                     parox&#237;stica; HT: Hipertens&#227;o; AEVIpreA: Volume de contra&#231;&#227;o prematura indexado;
                     AEVImin: Volume atrial esquerdo indexado m&#237;nimo; VEPAE: Volume de esvaziamento
                     passivo do &#225;trio esquerdo; FETAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o total do &#225;trio esquerdo;
                     VEAAE: Volume de esvaziamento ativo do &#225;trio esquerdo; FEAAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o
                     ativa atrial esquerda; VETAE: Volume de esvaziamento total do &#225;trio esquerdo;
                     FETAE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o total do &#225;trio esquerdo; VCAE: Volume de condu&#231;&#227;o do
                     &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesse estudo, o &#225;trio esquerdo no grupo de hipertensos com FAP foi caracterizado por um
            maior aumento comparado ao grupo de hipertensos sem FAP. Enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba
            propulsora do AE estava aumentada em pacientes hipertensos quando comparados aos
            normotensos, ela estava diminu&#237;da em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com
            pacientes hipertensos sem FAP.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o provoca um aumento do estresse da parede do VE ocasionando hipertrofia
            mioc&#225;rdica. O aumento da espessura da parede eleva a press&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico do
            VE, induzindo a fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio, o que constitui um meio favor&#225;vel para a arritmia
            n&#227;o s&#243; no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como tamb&#233;m no &#225;trio esquerdo. Anteriormente, foi relatado
            que o aumento da massa do VE e do tamanho do AE estavam associados com a FA &#8203;&#8203;em
            pacientes hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da
            circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea diast&#243;lica do &#225;trio esquerdo para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, devido ao
            aumento da rigidez ventricular esquerda. Em nosso estudo, a massa do VE , E/E' e os
            &#237;ndices de volume do AE aumentaram no grupo de hipertensos com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com
            indiv&#237;duos hipertensos sem FAP. H&#225; um conflito na cardiologia sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o
            in&#237;cio da FA e o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo. Em grandes estudos prospectivos tem sido
            estabelecido que o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; um fator de risco independente para o
            desenvolvimento da FA. Por outro lado, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sugerido que a dilata&#231;&#227;o do
            &#225;trio &#233; resultado da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Parece que a FA e o aumento do &#225;trio t&#234;m uma
            associa&#231;&#227;o casual. Durante o aumento da sobrecarga de press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo, o
            mioc&#225;rdio do AE opera de acordo com a lei de Frank-Starling, aumentando a sua fun&#231;&#227;o de
            reservat&#243;rio at&#233; um ponto cr&#237;tico ap&#243;s o qual a taxa de esvaziamento total come&#231;a a
            diminuir. Com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural, as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica atrial
            tamb&#233;m s&#227;o prejudicadas, e o dist&#250;rbio el&#233;trico influencia a sequ&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#227;o do
            mioc&#225;rdio na c&#226;mara do &#225;trio esquerdo,aumentando ainda mais o comprometimento
            estrutural.</p>
      <p>No in&#237;cio de enchimento do VE, o AE funciona como um canal de esvaziamento passivo
            durante o relaxamento do VE, o que &#233; fortemente influenciado pela complac&#234;ncia do
               VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento passivo do AE
            est&#225; relacionada com m&#250;ltiplos fatores, por exemplo, a for&#231;a de suc&#231;&#227;o do VE durante a
            di&#225;stole, a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do &#225;trio esquerdo ap&#243;s a expans&#227;o, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica
            final do VE e a press&#227;o do AE. Na hipertens&#227;o com ritmo sinusal, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica
            final do VE est&#225; aumentada e a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til normal do &#225;trio esquerdo causa o
            decr&#233;scimo da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda de esvaziamento passivo. Na hipertens&#227;o com FA, a
            fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE est&#225; diminu&#237;da, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE est&#225; aumentada
            e a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m est&#225; possivelmente prejudicada; isso
            resulta em um aumento da press&#227;o do AE,levando a um incremento da fun&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento
            passivo do AE no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole. No estudo de Cui e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de quantifica&#231;&#227;o ac&#250;stica
            e o volume de esvaziamento r&#225;pido era significativamente maior em pacientes hipertensos
            com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com hipertensos sem FAP. No estudo de Barbier e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> a fun&#231;&#227;o do AE e o enchimento ventricular foram
            avaliados em pacientes hipertensos com e sem FAP; a fun&#231;&#227;o de transporte do AE n&#227;o foi
            significativamente diferente entre os hipertensos com e sem FAP. Em nosso estudo, a
            FEPAE e o VEPAE diminu&#237;ram significativamente em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos sem FAP quando
            comparados com indiv&#237;duos normotensos, o que &#233; consistente com estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. A FEPAE e o VEPAE n&#227;o aumentaram
            significativamente em pacientes hipertensos quando comparados com o grupo hipertenso sem
            FAP. Como mencionado acima, o in&#237;cio do enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; afetado pela
            press&#227;o do AE, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o
            houve diferen&#231;a significativa na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, na press&#227;o
            arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. A massa ventricular esquerda foi maior no grupo
            hipertenso com FAP que no grupo de hipertensos sem FAP. Em termos de disfun&#231;&#227;o
            diast&#243;lica, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A representa a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica no grupo de hipertensos sem
            FAP e seu valor aumenta no grupo de hipertensos com FAP, porque a onda E aumenta e a
            onda A diminui nesse grupo. &#192; medida que a c&#226;mara atrial esquerda dilata, sua fun&#231;&#227;o
            contr&#225;ctil come&#231;a a deteriorar se e a velocidade A, que est&#225; relacionada com a contra&#231;&#227;o
            auricular,diminui, e a velocidade E aumenta, resultando na 'normaliza&#231;&#227;o' da raz&#227;o
            E/A.</p>
      <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; tamb&#233;m uma c&#226;mara contr&#225;til que se esvazia ativamente imediatamente
            antes do inicio da s&#237;stole do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Em v&#225;rios
            estudos, foi observado que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada com o aumento da contratilidade
            atrial, compensando a diminui&#231;&#227;o do enchimento inicial do VE em pacientes com
            complac&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. O
            aumento da contratilidade atrial tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; lei de Frank-Starling, na qual a
            dimens&#227;o atrial aumentada leva ao alongamento atrial, resultando em aumento da for&#231;a
            atrial. Em nosso estudo, consistente como que foi observado em estudos anteriores,
            observamos que a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do AE estava aumentada no grupo hipertenso sem FAP
            quando comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de normotensos. Com o aumento da c&#226;mara do &#225;trio esquerdo,
            a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til come&#231;a a se deteriorar e o mioc&#225;rdio disfuncional forma a base para o
            dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, que compreende a sequ&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio
            esquerdo, resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o do esvaziamento ativo do AE. Barbier e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>investigaram as fun&#231;&#245;es do AE e observaram que o
            encurtamento fracional do AE estava reduzido em pacientes hipertensos com FAP quando
            comparado com pacientes hipertensos sem FAP. Henein e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> estudaram as fun&#231;&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos normotensos
            e pacientes hipertensos com e sem FAP. As fun&#231;&#245;es do AE foram determinadas por
            ecocardiografia com <italic>strain</italic> e pela t&#233;cnica de rastreamento de pontos
               (<italic>speckle tracking</italic>) e a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do AE estava diminu&#237;da nos
            pacientes com FAP em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes hipertensos sem FAP. Em nosso estudo, a
            fun&#231;&#227;o da bomba propulsora atrial esquerda estava diminu&#237;da em pacientes hipertensos com
            FAP comparados com os hipertensos sem FAP. Essa disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til acontece
            provavelmente devido a altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas cr&#244;nicas do mioc&#225;rdio do AE e deve estar
            relacionada com o processo chamado de remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda. Isso tamb&#233;m foi
            demonstrado em nosso estudo pela velocidade A' significativamente mais baixa no grupo de
            hipertensos com FAP comparado com o grupo hipertenso sem FAP. Recentemente, no estudo de
            Yoon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, a fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba do AE foi
            avaliada em pacientes com FAP e a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do AE foi determinada atrav&#233;s da
            velocidade A'. Eles relataram que a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til prejudicada est&#225; associada com a
            FAP e que a velocidade A' pode prever os ataques da FAP.</p>
      <p>Nesse estudo eles tamb&#233;m observaram que, al&#233;m da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea elevada, a dura&#231;&#227;o do
            per&#237;odo de hipertens&#227;o &#233; o ponto crucial e o fator precipitante subjacente para a FAP. O
            grupo de hipertensos com FAP apresentava hipertens&#227;o em longo prazo quando comparado com
            o grupo de hipertensos sem a arritmia. Os efeitos cumulativos de longo prazo da press&#227;o
            arterial elevada devem explicar as diferen&#231;as de volumes do AE, massa do VE e raz&#227;o de
            disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica entre os grupos de hipertensos com e sem FAP.</p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes hipertensos pode estar associada com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da
            contratilidade atrial. Esse mecanismo deve ser tal que, pacientes cujo mioc&#225;rdio atrial
            &#233; mais predisposto ao aumento da carga e estresse da parede, desenvolvem disfun&#231;&#227;o do
            mioc&#225;rdio atrial, gerando disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e um meio para a degenera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o
            el&#233;trica dentro do &#225;trio.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>&#201; dif&#237;cil distinguir se a fun&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da da bomba atrial era causada por
               remodelamento do AE ou a um processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o espont&#226;nea da
               FA. Esse fato n&#227;o diz respeito ao diagn&#243;stico de FAP, mas pode afetar os valores para
               a detec&#231;&#227;o da FAP. Al&#233;m disso, fornecer um intervalo de tempo preciso entre o ataque
               da FAP e o exame corrente foi dif&#237;cil porque a FAP &#233; uma doen&#231;a elusiva, e geralmente
               os epis&#243;dios de FAP s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A FA &#233; uma doen&#231;a importante para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Nesse estudo verificou-se que, em
            pacientes hipertensos, a FAP est&#225; associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. Devido ao
            fato de que a hipertens&#227;o &#233; o fator de risco mais comum para essa arritmia nociva, os
            hipertensos devem ser cuidadosamente monitorizados e adequadamente tratados. A FA est&#225;
            intimamente associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. Considerando o fato de que a
            hipertens&#227;o mal tratada pode mais facilmente levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, os
            pacientes hipertensos devem cuidadosamente tratados e avaliados frequentemente para a
            detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
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        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article id="SA1" article-type="translation" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Disturbed Left Atrial Function is Associated with
               Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agca</surname>
            <given-names>Fahriye Vatansever</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozluk</surname>
            <given-names>Ozlem Arican</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaagac</surname>
            <given-names>Kemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Serafettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peker</surname>
            <given-names>Tezcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuzeytemiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senturk</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas
               Education and Resarch Hospital, Bursa, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Adana State Hospital,
               Adana, Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Erhan Tenekecioglu. Kardiyoloji Klini&#287;i, Bursa Yuksek
               Ihtisas E&#287;itim ve Arast&#305;rma Hastanesi, Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m, Bursa, T&#252;rkiye. E-mail:
                  <email>erhantenekecioglu@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tenekecioglu E, Peker T; Acquisition of
                  data: Tenekecioglu E, Ozluk OA, Peker T, Kuzeytemiz M, Y&#305;lmaz M; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Agca FV, Karaagac K, Peker T, Kuzeytemiz M, Senturk M;
                  Statistical analysis: Agca FV, Ozluk OA, Karaagac K, Kuzeytemiz M, Senturk M;
                  Writing of the manuscript: Tenekecioglu E, Karaagac K, Demir S, Senturk M; Y&#305;lmaz
                  M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tenekecioglu E,
                  Ozluk OA, Demir S, Y&#305;lmaz M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for atrial
                  fibrillation. The pressure overload in the left atrium induces pathophysiological
                  changes leading to alterations in contractile function and electrical properties.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> In this study our aim was to assess left atrial function in hypertensive patients
                  to determine the association between left atrial function with paroxysmal atrial
                  fibrillation (PAF). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p> We studied 57 hypertensive patients (age: 53&#177;4 years; left ventricular ejection
                  fraction: 76&#177;6.7%), including 30 consecutive patients with PAF and 30 age-matched
                  control subjects. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured using the modified
                  Simpson's biplane method. Three types of LA volume were determined: maximal
                  LA(LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA(LAVpreA) and minimal LA volume(LAVmin). LA
                  emptying functions were calculated. LA total emptying volume = LAVmax&#8722;LAVmin and
                  the LA total EF = (LAVmax-LAVmin )/LAVmax, LA passive emptying volume = LAVmax&#8722;
                  LAVpreA and the LA passive EF = (LAVmax-LAVpreA)/LAVmax, LA active emptying volume
                  = LAVpreA&#8722;LAVmin and LA active EF = (LAVpreA-LAVmin )/LAVpreA. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> The hypertensive period is longer in hypertensive group with PAF. LAVmax
                  significantly increased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to
                  hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.010). LAAEF was significantly decreased in
                  hypertensive group with PAF as compared to hypertensive group without PAF
                  (p=0.020). A' was decreased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to
                  those without PAF (p = 0.044).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> Increased LA volume and impaired LA active emptying function was associated with
                  PAF in untreated hypertensive patients. Longer hypertensive period is associated
                  with PAF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial function, left</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="3"/>
        <table-count count="3"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias in the clinical
               setting and associated with several systemic conditions. Hypertension is the most
               prevalent and modifiable risk factor for AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. High blood pressure
               (BP) increases left ventricle (LV) end-diastolic pressure and induce LV diastolic
               dysfunction, which subsequently increases the left atrial (LA) pressure and causes
               stress on LA walls<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The pressure overload in the left atrium
               induces pathophysiological changes, which causes structural and functional
               remodeling. These changes alter LA electrophysiological features and increase atrial
               ectopic activity, culminating in the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF)
               attacks. Increased morbidity and mortality of AF require the prediction of this
               arrhythmia in the early stages of the disease.</p>
        <p>The LA chamber is not a simple transport space, but also has a dynamic structure. LA
               function includes LA expansion during LV systole (reservoir phase), passive (conduit
               phase) and active (booster or contractile phase) left atrial emptying during early
               and late LV diastole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Two-dimensional and tissue Doppler imaging at
               different phases of the cardiac cycle have been successfully used in LA volume
               measurement and various LA functions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. LA dimension and
               LA volume have been reported as predictors of AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Furthermore, LA
               function may deteriorate before LA enlargement and rather than LA volumes, LA
               functions should be assessed for prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
                  (PAF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>In this study our aim was to investigate the LA volume and LA functions in
               hypertensive subjects that were not adequately treated and to assess whether LA
               functions should be a useful parameter for estimation of PAF in hypertensive
               patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of two main groups; patients with increased BP and a
               normotensive control group. The normotensive control group (Group 1) included 30
               adult patients with structurally normal hearts. The group with increased BP comprised
               57 patients attending cardiology outpatient clinics for myocardial ischemia and
               hypertensive assessment. All patients had clinical systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805;140
               mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, measured on 3 different occasions by
               the attending physician. After the subject had rested in the sitting position for at
               least 5 minutes, blood pressure was measured twice with a standard mercury
               sphygmomanometer (a large cuff was used when necessary). The secondary causes of
               increased blood pressure (BP) were ruled out by laboratory, radiological and other
               clinical examinations. Patients' coronary angiography results showed normal
               coronaries; no narrowing or occlusion was detected in the coronary arteries. All
               patients were in sinus rhythm at the time of the basic assessment, which was
               confirmed by a 12-lead electrocardiogram. A total of 52% of 57 patients had an at
               least one episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, which comprised group 3. The 27
               hypertensive subjects that did not have any PAF attack comprised group 2. AF was
               diagnosed based on an electrocardiogram showing the presence of rapid, irregular
               oscillations (&gt; 400 per minute) with varying amplitude and morphology. The PAF
               attacks returned to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously. After the confirmation that
               the patients were free from PAF attacks for 10 days after the first attack, we
               performed study analyses during sinus rhythm. Patients with valvular heart disease
               (mitral stenosis and moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, moderate to severe
               aortic stenosis and regurgitation including mitral annular calcification), heart
               failure (left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%), ischemic heart disease,
               cardiomyopathy, cardiac surgery, thyroid disease, anemia, infectious or pulmonary
               diseases were not included. Body weight was measured using calibrated electronic
               scales. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated by the Du Bois<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> formula: BSA(m<sup>2</sup>) = 0.007184 &#215; height (cm) 0.725 &#215;
               weight (kg) 0.425. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the
               square of height (m).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic study</title>
          <p>All patients received a comprehensive echocardiographic examination using a
                  Vingmed Vivid Seven Doppler echocardiographic (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten,
                  Norway) unit with a 2.5 MHz FPA probe. During echocardiography, a one-lead
                  electrocardiogram was recorded continuously. During the transthoracic
                  echocardiographic examination, the left atrium and the left ventricle (LV) were
                  measured in M-mode according to the recommendations of the American Society of
                  Echocardiography. LV ejection fraction (EF) was calculated with the modified
                  Simpson's method by measuring the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic
                  volumes with apical four-chamber view<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. LV
                  mass (LVM) was calculated according to the formula of Devereux et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>; LVM = 0,8 x (1.04 x [(LVEDD + IST + PWT)3
                  - (LVEDD) 3]) + 0,6 g and then divided by the body surface area to obtain the LVM
                  index (LVMI). LVH was defined by increase in LVMI &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women
                  and &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
                  Doppler echocardiographic recording allowed analysis of the diastolic mitral flow
                  velocities of the E-wave (m/s), A-wave (m/s) and E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration
                  time (E-dec) and A-wave deceleration time (A-dec.). Left atrial volumes (LAV) were
                  measured using the modified Simpson's biplane method as orthogonal apical 2- and
                  4-chamber views<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Three types of LA volume were determined:
                  maximal LA volume (LAVmax) at the LV end-systolic phase just before mitral valve
                  opening, preatrial contraction LA volume (LAVpreA) at the beginning of P-wave on
                  the ECG, and minimal LA volume (LAVmin) at the LV end-diastolic phase just after
                  mitral valve closure. LAVmax, LAVpreA and LAVmin were then divided by the body
                  surface area to obtain the volume indices. Left atrial Total EF (reservoir
                  function), left atrial passive EF (conduit function), and left atrial active EF
                  (booster pump function) were calculated as indices of global LA phasic function.
                  LA reservoir function was assessed using total emptying volume (TEV) = LAVmax &#8722;
                  LAVmin and the LA Total EF (LATEF) = (LAV max - LAV min ) / LAV max x 100. LA
                  conduit function was assessed by calculating the left atrial conduit volume
                  (LACV), the left atrial passive emptying volume (LAPEV) = LAVmax &#8722; LAVpreA and the
                  LA passive EF (LAPEF) = (LAV max - LAVpreA) / LAV max x 100. LA booster or
                  contractile function was assessed by calculating the left atrial active emptying
                  volume (LAAEV) = LAVpreA &#8722; LAVmin and the left atrial active EF (LAAEF) = (LAVpreA
                  - LAV min ) / LAVpreA x 100<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>The pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) sample volume (2 mm axial length) is
                  placed on the mitral annulus on the lateral LV wall in the apical four-chamber
                  view. Special attention was paid to align the Doppler beam in parallel to the LV
                  lateral wall to optimize Doppler measurements. Measurements are obtained during
                  end expiration, at a sweep speed of 100 mm/s and an average of three beats was
                  measured. The Nyquist limit is set at a range of 20 to &#8722;20 cm/s with minimum gain
                  and low filter settings to optimize the spectral display. Previous studies have
                  demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the basal septal and
                  basal lateral peak A' velocity, unlike the early diastolic E' velocity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Peak diastolic early filling and atrial
                  contraction velocities derived from DTI were measured offline. The ratio of early
                  diastolic transmitral inflow velocity to annular tissue velocity (E/E') were
                  measured and E/E' was used as an index of LV diastolic function. IVRT was obtained
                  by measurements from pulsed wave TDI velocities on the medial and lateral walls of
                  the apical four chamber view (an average between the three values).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics are given in the mean &#177; standard deviation form. In order
                  to investigate the distribution of data, Shapiro-Wilk's test was used. Comparison
                  of the two groups for normally distributed data was performed with t-test;
                  Mann-Whitney U test was used for the data that were not normally distributed.
                  Relationships between variables were assessed by Pearson's correlation
                  coefficient. Threshold values of the ROC analysis were statistically significant.
                  Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of
                  PAF and hypertension duration on left atrial volumes and functions. The level of
                  significance set at &#945; = 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed with MedCalc
                  statistical package version 12.4.0 and SPSS 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The clinical variables of the groups are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>. Age, gender, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rates,
               body mass index, fasting glucose levels, and lipid profiles were not significantly
               different between the hypertensive groups. Hypertensive patients with PAF had longer
               period of known hypertension. The left atrial dimensions were significantly higher in
               the hypertensive group with PAF. Indexed maximum left atrial volume (LAVImax),
               indexed preatrial contraction volume (LAVIpreA) and indexed minimum left atrial
               volume (LAVImin) were increased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to
               the hypertensive group without PAF. The LATEV was increased in the hypertensive
               groups when compared to normotensive group, but it was not significantly different
               between the hypertensive groups. LATEF was significantly increased in hypertensive
               group without PAF as compared with normotensive group and it was non significantly (p
               = 0.051) decreased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to hypertensive group
               without PAF. While LAPEV and LAPEF in the hypertensive group without PAF were
               decreased compared to normotensive group, those parameters in hypertensive group with
               PAF were not significantly different compared to the hypertensive group without PAF.
               While LAAEV was increased in hypertensive group without PAF compared to normotensive
               group, it was found to be decreased in hypertensive group with PAF compared to the
               hypertensive group without PAF. The LAAEF was increased in hypertensive group without
               PAF as compared with normotensive group, but in the hypertensive patients with PAF
               LAAEF was significantly decreased compared to the hypertensive group without PAF
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and Biochemical Characteristics of Study Groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Normotensive</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT without PAF</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT with PAF</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of subjects</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Men/women</td>
                <td align="center">16/14</td>
                <td align="center">15/12</td>
                <td align="center">17/13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">153 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">154 &#177; 11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">85.3 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Duration of hypertension (year)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 3.1 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t04-fn02">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medications (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">4(%15)</td>
                <td align="center">5(%16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">6(%22)</td>
                <td align="center">6(%20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcium-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">7(%26)</td>
                <td align="center">8(%26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">10(%37)</td>
                <td align="center">11(%36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 3.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">93.4 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">95.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">96.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">189.6 &#177; 17.2</td>
                <td align="center">182.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">184.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">45.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 11.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">116.4 &#177; 11.3</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 11.2</td>
                <td align="center">118.1 &#177; 10.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">138.0 &#177; 37.5</td>
                <td align="center">134.3 &#177; 29.0</td>
                <td align="center">132.8 &#177; 25.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t04-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p> p &lt; 0.05; compared with normotensive subjects</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t04-fn02">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p> p&lt;0.01; compared with hypertensive patients without PAF. HT:
                        Hypertension; PAF: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; ACEI: Angiotensin
                        converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: Body
                        mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic Parameters in Study Groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Normotensive</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT without PAF</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT with PAF</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4.69 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.74 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">4.67 &#177; 3.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2.85 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">2.94 &#177; 0.32</td>
                <td align="center">2.83 &#177; 0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVS Thickness (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73.3 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center">76.60 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">77.09 &#177; 7.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">88.7 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">128.2 &#177; 9.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">135.66 &#177; 5.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA diameter (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.45</td>
                <td align="center">4.04 &#177; 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.60 &#177; 0.42 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVImax (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">19.37 &#177; 3.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">24.28 &#177; 3.59 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVImin (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 3.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVIpreA (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">11.46 &#177; 3.42</td>
                <td align="center">14.89 &#177; 4.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">18.46 &#177; 7.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LATEV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">8.55 &#177; 1.44</td>
                <td align="center">12.08 &#177; 1.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13.78 &#177; 2.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAPEV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">4.85 &#177; 1.24</td>
                <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.02 &#177; 1.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAAEV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">5.87 &#177; 1.65</td>
                <td align="center">7.38 &#177; 2.29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.11 &#177; 2.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LACV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 4.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 5.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LATEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55.14 &#177; 7.34</td>
                <td align="center">62.81 &#177; 10.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">58.17 &#177; 9.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAPEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32.12 &#177; 5.42</td>
                <td align="center">27.57 &#177; 5.71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30.24 &#177; 12.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAAEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35.23 &#177; 11.52</td>
                <td align="center">46.44 &#177; 13.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">37.89 &#177; 12.58 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral-E (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 0.12 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral-A (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 &#177; 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.17 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral E dec. time (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">197.4 &#177; 21.2</td>
                <td align="center">184.5 &#177; 27.3</td>
                <td align="center">179.45 &#177; 32.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral A dec. time (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">99.5 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">98.73 &#177; 21.8</td>
                <td align="center">113.20 &#177; 9.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tissue Doppler-derived parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E' (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.102 &#177; 0.016</td>
                <td align="center">0.095 &#177; 0.024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.104 &#177; 0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A' (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.088 &#177; 0.021</td>
                <td align="center">0.120 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.091 &#177; 0.02 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn02">&#182;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>E/E' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t05-fn01">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="t05-fn01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05; compared with normotensive group</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="t05-fn02">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05; compared with hypertensive patients without PAF. HT:
                        Hypertension; PAF: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; LVDD: Left ventricular
                        diastolic diameter; LVSD: Left ventricular systolic diameter; IVS:
                        Interventricular septum; EF: Ejection fraction; LVMI: Left ventricle mass
                        index; LA: Left atrial; LAVImax: Indexed maximum left atrial volume;
                        LAVImin: Indexed minimum left atrial volume; LAVIpreA: Indexed preatrial
                        contraction volume; LATEV: Left atrial total emptying volume; LAPEV: Left
                        atrial passive emptying volume; LAAEV: Left atrial active emptying volume;
                        LACV: Left atrial conduit volume; LATEF: Left atrial total ejection
                        fraction; LAPEF: Left atrial passive ejection fraction; LAAEF: Left atrial
                        active ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No differences were noted between the hypertensive groups for LVESD, LVEDD, EF. LVM
               and LVMI were higher in the hypertensive group with PAF compared to the hypertensive
               group without PAF. In the transmitral Doppler analysis, E-wave was higher in
               hypertensive group with PAF compared to hypertensive group without PAF. A-wave was
               lower in hypertensive group with PAF compared to hypertensive group without PAF. The
               E- and A-deceleration time was not significantly different between the hypertensive
               groups. In the tissue Doppler analysis of the mitral annular velocities, A&#180; was
               significantly lower in hypertensive patients with PAF compared to hypertensive group
               without PAF. E/E' ratio was significantly increased in the hypertensive group with
               PAF as compared with hypertensive group without PAF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>The following correlations were found: 1-SBP was negatively correlated with LAAEF (r
               = -0.39, p &lt; 0.05). 2- LAVImax and LAVI-preA were correlated with E/E' (LAVImax; r
               = 0.412, p &lt; 0.05; LAVI-preA: r = 0.384, p &lt; 0.05). 3- LAVImax and LAVI-preA
               were correlated with LVMI (LAVImax; r = 0.342, p &lt; 0.05 ; LAVI-preA: r = 0.329, p
               &lt; 0.05). 4- LAAEF was correlated with A': r = 0.431, p &lt; 0.05)</p>
        <p>Using ROC curve analysis, LAVImax yielded an area under the curve of 70% (p &lt;
               0.05) for prediction of PAF attacks. When the LAVImax (&gt; 20.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)
               was used as cutoff to predict PAF in patients with HT and PAF could be identified
               with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 51%. The sensitivity and specificity
               for LAAEF (&#8804; 0.45) to predict PAF were 74% and 55% respectively. The area under the
               curve was 68% (p &lt; 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for A' (&#8804;0.11m/s) to
               predict PAF were 67% and 45% respectively. The area under the curve was 65% (p &lt;
               0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">3</xref>). In multivariate
               logistic regression analyses to evaluate the influence of PAF and hypertension
               duration on left atrial volumes and functions, we found that while PAF has influence
               on LAVImax, LAVImin, LAVpreA and LAAEF, hypertension duration has influence on LAAEF
               only (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve analysis for LAVImax in predicting PAF (sen: 80%; spe: 51%; AUC:
                     0.700).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve analysis for LAAEF in predicting PAF (sen: 74%; spe: 55%; AUC:
                     0.679).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve analysis for A&#8242; in predicting PAF (sen: 67%; spe: 45%; AUC:
                     0.654).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-102-03-0253-40009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis; the influence of PAF and
                     hypertension duration on left atrial volume and function</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Dependent Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Parameter</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#223;</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>t</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAVImax</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-2.959</td>
                <td align="center">-2.757</td>
                <td align="center">.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.185</td>
                <td align="center">-.830</td>
                <td align="center">.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAVIpreA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-2.514</td>
                <td align="center">-2.221</td>
                <td align="center">.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.134</td>
                <td align="center">-.569</td>
                <td align="center">.572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAVImin</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-2.728</td>
                <td align="center">-2.614</td>
                <td align="center">.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.137</td>
                <td align="center">-.634</td>
                <td align="center">.529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAPEV</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-.445</td>
                <td align="center">-.519</td>
                <td align="center">.606</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.051</td>
                <td align="center">-.287</td>
                <td align="center">.775</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAPEF</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">.021</td>
                <td align="center">.591</td>
                <td align="center">.557</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.001</td>
                <td align="center">-.082</td>
                <td align="center">.935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAAEV</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">.214</td>
                <td align="center">.306</td>
                <td align="center">.761</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">.004</td>
                <td align="center">.025</td>
                <td align="center">.980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LAAEF</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">.096</td>
                <td align="center">2.171</td>
                <td align="center">.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.026</td>
                <td align="center">-2.381</td>
                <td align="center">.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LATEV</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-.231</td>
                <td align="center">-.285</td>
                <td align="center">.777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">-.047</td>
                <td align="center">-.283</td>
                <td align="center">.778</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LATEF</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">.071</td>
                <td align="center">1.917</td>
                <td align="center">.060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">.001</td>
                <td align="center">.164</td>
                <td align="center">.871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid;border-top:solid">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>LACV</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">PAF</td>
                <td align="center">-.398</td>
                <td align="center">-.147</td>
                <td align="center">.884</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom:solid">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">HT duration</td>
                <td align="center">.216</td>
                <td align="center">.383</td>
                <td align="center">.703</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HT: Hypertension; PAF: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; LAVImax: Indexed
                        maximum left atrial volume; LAVImin: Indexed minimum left atrial volume;
                        LAPEV: Left atrial passive emptying volume; LAPEF: Left atrial passive
                        ejection fraction; LAAEV: Left atrial active emptying volume; LAAEF: Left
                        atrial active ejection fraction; LATEV; Left atrial total emptying volume;
                        LATEF: Left atrial total ejection fraction; LACV: Left atrial conduit
                        volume.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, the left atrium in hypertensive group with PAF was characterized by
               further enlargement when compared to the hypertensive group without PAF. While LA
               booster pump function was increased in hypertensive patients when compared to
               normotensive subjects, it was impaired in hypertensive subjects with PAF as compared
               with hypertensive patients without PAF.</p>
        <p>Hypertension causes an increase in LV wall stress that causes myocardial hypertrophy.
               Increased LV wall thickness elevates LV diastolic filling pressure, inducing
               myocardial fibrosis, which constitutes a favorable milieu for arrhythmia, not only in
               the left ventricle but also in the left atrium. Previously it has been reported that
               increased LV mass and LA size were associated with AF in hypertensive subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. LA dilation is attributed to impairment of the diastolic blood flow
               from left atrium to left ventricle due to the increased left ventricular stiffness.
               In our study LV mass, E/E' and LA volume indices were increased in the hypertensive
               group with PAF as compared with hypertensive subjects without PAF. There is a
               conflict in cardiology about the association between onset of AF and left atrial
               enlargement. In large prospective trials it has been established that left atrial
               enlargement is an independent risk factor for the development of AF. On the other
               hand, several studies have suggested that atrial dilation is a result of AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. It seems that AF and atrial enlargement is in a casual association.
               During the increased pressure overload in the left atrium, LA myocardium operates
               according to the Frank-Starling Law, enhancing its reservoir function to a critical
               point, after which the total emptying rate begins to decline. With structural
               deterioration, the atrial electrical conduction properties are also impaired and
               electrical disturbance influences the myocardial contraction sequence in left atrial
               chamber, further increasing structural impairment.</p>
        <p>In the early filling of the LV, the LA acts as a conduit, passively emptying during
               LV relaxation, which is strongly influenced by LV compliance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. LA passive emptying function is associated with multiple
               factors, i.e., the suction force of the LV during diastole, the recoil function of
               the left atrium after expansion, LV end-diastolic pressure and LA pressure. In
               hypertension with sinus rhythm, LV end-diastolic pressure is increased and the normal
               recoil function of the left atrium causes the decrease in passive emptying function
               of the left atrium. In hypertension with AF, LV diastolic function is impaired, LV
               end-diastolic pressure is elevated and the recoil function of left atrium is also
               possibly impaired; that results in increased LA pressure, prompting an increase in LA
               passive emptying function in early diastole. In the study of Cui et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> LA function was evaluated with acoustic
               quantification method and the rapid emptying volume was significantly higher in
               hypertensive patients with PAF compared to hypertensive patients without PAF. In the
               study of Barbier et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> LA function and
               ventricular filling was evaluated in hypertensive patients with and without PAF; the
               transport function of LA was not significantly different between the hypertensive
               patients with and without PAF. In our study, LAPEF and LAPEV were significantly
               decreased in hypertensive subjects without PAF when compared to normotensive
               subjects, as consistently shown in previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. LAPEF and LAPEV were non-significantly increased in hypertensive
               patients with PAF as compared to the hypertensive group without PAF. As mentioned
               above, the early filling of left ventricle is affected by LA pressure, left
               ventricular systolic and diastolic function. In our study, there was no significant
               difference in left ventricular ejection fraction, systolic and diastolic blood
               pressure. Left ventricular mass was higher in hypertensive group with PAF than in the
               hypertensive group without PAF. In terms of diastolic dysfunction, the E/A ratio
               represents the diastolic dysfunction in the hypertensive group without PAF and its
               value increases in the hypertensive group with PAF, while E-wave increases and A-wave
               decreases in this group. As the left atrial chamber dilates, its contractile function
               begins to deteriorate and A-velocity, which is related with atrial contraction,
               decreases and E-velocity increases, resulting in 'normalization' of E/A ratio.</p>
        <p>The left atrium is also a contractile chamber that actively empties immediately
               before the onset of LV systole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In several
               studies, hypertension was found to be associated with increased atrial contractility
               compensating for decreased early LV filling in patients with reduced left ventricular
                  compliance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Increased atrial
               contractility has been attributed to Frank-Starling law, in which increased atrial
               dimension leads to atrial stretching, resulting in increased atrial force. In our
               study, consistent with what was found in previous studies, we observed that LA
               contractile function was enhanced in the hypertensive group without PAF when compared
               to normotensive population. With enlargement of the left atrial chamber, contractile
               function begins to deteriorate and dysfunctional myocardium becomes the basis for
               electrical conduction disorder that comprises the contraction sequence in left
               atrium, resulting in reduced LA active emptying. Barbier et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> investigated the LA functions and LA fractional shortening was
               found to be reduced in the hypertensive patients with PAF when compared to the
               hypertensive subjects without PAF. Henein et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> studied the left atrial functions in normotensive subjects and
               hypertensive patients with and without PAF. LA functions were determined with strain
               imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography and LA contractile function was reduced
               in hypertensive patients with PAF compared to the hypertensive subjects without PAF.
               In our study, left atrial booster pump function was decreased in hypertensive
               patients with PAF compared to the hypertensive patients without PAF. This contractile
               dysfunction is probably due to chronic degenerative changes in the LA myocardium and
               should be associated with the process called left atrial remodeling. This was also
               supported by significantly lower A'-velocity in the group of hypertensive patients
               with PAF compared to those without PAF in our study. Recently, in the study by Yoon
               et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, LA pump function was evaluated in
               patients with PAF and LA contractile dysfunction was determined through the
               A'-velocity. They reported that the impaired contractile function is associated with
               PAF and A'-velocity may predict the PAF attacks.</p>
        <p>In this study we also found that in addition to the high blood pressure, the
               hypertension period duration is the crucial point and the underlying precipitating
               factor for PAF. The hypertensive group with PAF had long-term hypertension when
               compared to the hypertensive group without the arrhythmia. The cumulative long-term
               effects of high blood pressure should explain the differences in LA volumes, LV mass
               and diastolic dysfunction ratio between the hypertensive groups with and without
               PAF.</p>
        <p>The occurrence of AF in hypertensive individuals may be associated with impairment of
               atrial contractility. This mechanism should be that patients whose atrial myocardium
               is more predisposed to increased load and wall stress, develop atrial myocardial
               impairment causing contractile dysfunction and a milieu for electrical conduction
               degeneration within the atrium.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>It is difficult to distinguish whether the impaired atrial pump function was
                  attributed to LA remodeling or to a recovery process after spontaneous conversion
                  of AF. This fact does not concern the diagnosis of PAF, but it may affect the
                  values for detecting PAF. Also, providing an accurate time interval between PAF
                  attack and the current examination was difficult because PAF is an elusive
                  disease, and PAF episodes are generally asymptomatic.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>AF is an important disease for public health. In this study we found that, in
               hypertensive patients, PAF is associated with left atrial dysfunction. Due to the
               fact that hypertension is the most common risk factor for this noxious arrhythmia,
               hypertensive subjects should be closely monitored and be adequately treated. AF is
               closely associated with left atrial dysfunction. Considering the fact that poorly
               treated hypertension can more easily lead to left atrial dysfunction, hypertensive
               patients should be treated carefully and evaluated frequently for detection of left
               atrial dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
